Abstract:

This study evaluates the impact of healthcare interoperability on patient outcomes from a global, multi-stakeholder perspective. Interoperability (the seamless exchange, integration, and utilization of health information across diverse healthcare systems) is vital for effective patient care coordination, error reduction, and treatment efficacy. However, while interoperability is well-established in high-income countries, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) still face significant barriers, including infrastructure limitations, inconsistent policies, and resource constraints. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study conducted surveys and qualitative interviews involving healthcare providers, administrators, digital health vendors, and patients across 24 countries. Survey data revealed that over 90% of respondents recognize interoperability's positive impact on patient outcomes, notably through improved care coordination, reduced medical errors, and enhanced data accuracy. Qualitative insights further highlighted real-world benefits, such as reduced hospital readmissions, improved chronic disease management, and greater patient safety due to comprehensive medication records. Nevertheless, the research identified considerable variability in stakeholders’ understanding of interoperability, particularly in LMICs, where data submission to national health management systems is often mistaken for interoperability. Key challenges identified include limited digital infrastructure and significant skill gaps among health workers. In conclusion, healthcare interoperability significantly enhances patient outcomes globally but requires tailored strategies to overcome implementation challenges in resource-limited settings. The study recommends further development of scalable, affordable interoperability frameworks, sustained longitudinal assessments, and patient-centered interoperability solutions to maximize healthcare quality, safety, and continuity worldwide.

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