Abstract:

The purpose is to investigate if gender affects knowledge of the International Trade War. The results will show that if both men and women had knowledge in full, of the devastating effects of an International Trade War, before it's escalation, any trade war would be withheld. If women fully understood and participated in war issues, then the negotiations and agreements would be richer, stronger, subtler and firmly rooted especially in developing countries. The Author used the Chi Method to understand how knowledgeable are the Professional Men and Women in Zambia on The International Trade War and the data will show the knowledge imbalance. The Article confirms that more needs to be done with the dissemination of information and participation of women because the lack of knowledge and participation does not bring positive results according to the findings in research which is briefly referred to in the Literature Review. Sadly, it appears that the gender gap will always exist.

References:

[1]    Agbajobi, S. 2010. The Role of Women in Conflict Resolution. University of Birmingham.

[2]    Anahita Thoms. 2019. In the Long-Term Trade Tensions Will Produce Losers. World Economic Forum Articles. Cologny, Geneva Switzerland.

[3]    Brauntigam D. 2010. The Dragon's Gift- the real story of China in Africa. Oxford university press.

[4]    Marion, J. Ralf Peters. Jose Marie Salazar- Xirinachs. 2011. Trade and Employment from myths to facts. ILO Publications, Geneva, Switzerland.

[5]    Potter Antonia.2008. Women Gender and Peace-making in Civil Wars 97802305845569 in Dorby J, Giuty R. M (ed) Contemporary Peace Making, Palmgrove Macmillan, London.

[6] Rodriguez Clare.2010. Offshoring in a Ricardian World. American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics vol. 2 no. 2 2010.

[7] Sanjay Bulaki Boradi. 2019.International Trade, Types, advantages and disadvantages. efinancemanagement.com.

[8]    Simon Ruth, Fujikawa Megumi, Hannon Paul. 2019. US Trade War on Global Impact Grows. The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones and Company. New York.

[9]    Shane Cari. 2018. The Biggest Losers in Trump's Trade War? Women. www.ozy.com.

[10] Waldron Thea, Erin Baines. 2019. Gender and Embodied War Knowledge. Journal on Human Rights Practice pp393- 405. Oxford Press.

[11] Worssman, L. 2011. Education Policies to Make Globalization More Effective. ILO/WTO Publications, Geneva, Switzerland.

[12] York Erica. 2019. New Report Finds Trade War is a lose -lose for US and China. Taxfoundation.org.

[13] UN Security Council Resolution 1325 adopted in 2000. UNCTAD Press. PR. 2019. 03.

Abstract:

The main objective of the study was to ascertain the perception of instructors and learners regarding the role of supervision on expertise building in building construction course in vocational institutes in Ghana. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design and it was carried out at Cape Coast Technical Institute. Utilizing a simple random sampling technique, 90 students were selected while purposive sampling was adopted in the selection of the 10 teachers for the study. This means, in all, 100 participants were selected for the study. A questionnaire was the major instruction for data collection for the study. The result of the study shows that the teachers and several students strongly believe and were convinced that supervision of instruction can be instrumental to the development of expertise in building construction. It facilitates students understanding of valuable aspects of building construction; develop the right attitude and requisite skills. Given the above findings, it is recommended that instructors should be abreast the latest pedagogical approach in building construction to acquaint teachers with a practical yet simple way of imparting requisite skills in building construction students. Also, teachers of building construction should be cooperative with supervisors, be open and willing to adopt the constructive recommendation of supervisors and refrain from teaching student in an autocratic manner. It is also important for building construction teachers to be abreast with the latest information on building construction to build students' expertise valuable for the labour market.

References:

Abstract:

Introduction: Knowledge about teaching mathematics remains a contentious issue in the preparation of pre-service teachers in Ghana. This study explored relationships among entry-level mathematical knowledge (ELMK), mathematics content knowledge (MCK) and mathematics pedagogical content knowledge (MPCK) scores of pre-service teachers in colleges of education (CoEs) in Ghana.

Methods: The cross-sectional survey design was adopted for this study. A total of 998 pre-service teachers from ten (10) public colleges of education were sampled via multi-stage sampling technique. Structured questionnaire and unstructured observation schedule were used for the survey. College mathematics test results were used as secondary data. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency count, percentage) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation, paired-samples t-test and regression analysis) with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 22.

Results: The majority of pre-service teachers in Ghanaian colleges of education had average but relatively weak grades in ELMCK. ELMCK did not significantly predict pre-service teachers’ MCK statistically (p ≥ 0.05) although a statistically significant positive correlation existed between the variables. Although a negative correlation existed between ELMCK and PMCK, ELMCK significantly predicted pre-service teachers’ PMCK statistically (p ≤ 0.05) but the effect size was statistically negligible.

Conclusions: This study concluded that, CoEs in Ghana admit pre-service teachers with average but weak grades in ELMK. Therefore, Ghanaian CoEs should structure and introduce PMCK alongside MCK for pre-service teachers. Mathematics tutors in CoEs should organize remedial lessons for pre-service teachers to scale-up their MCK and PMCK that adequately equip them with MKT.

References:

Abstract:

This study examined relationships among the exogenous constructs of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model to identify those that significantly predict others. Questionnaires were used to collect data from 273 distance education students pursuing various diploma, bachelor’s degree and post-graduate diploma programs at the Cape Coast study center of the Institute for Distance and e-Learning (IDeL) of the University of Education, Winneba in Ghana. Proportional stratified random sampling technique was employed to obtain the sample of students. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares – Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicated that in acceptance of WhatsApp for supporting higher distance learning, effort expectancy and social influence predict performance expectancy; mobile self-efficacy and facilitating conditions predict effort expectancy; and facilitating conditions predict social influence. Also, mobile self-efficacy was found to significantly predict behavioral intention. We recommend that prior to introduction of a new technology such as WhatsApp for supporting learning, necessary resources and training should be provided by educational administrators and faculty to the students. This would make the students perceive that they can use the technology effectively to bring about gains in their learning; and subsequently accept the technology.

References:

Abstract:

The traditional method of teaching Mathematics has been criticised by researchers as learner passive paving the way for Problem Based Learning (PBL) strategy into the teacher education curriculum in Ghana. This development has aroused concerns about the effectiveness of lesson plans designed for teaching using the traditional method. Consequently, the introduction of a PBL lesson plan that is learner-centred, interactive, and involves the cooperation of learners in small group activities has become indispensable. The study seeks to determine the features of the PBL lesson plan that fits into the realities in the teaching and learning of Mathematics for pre-service teachers at the colleges of education in Ghana. The methodology employed in this study involved a literature review of a traditional lesson plan for pre-service teachers in Ghana alongside a proposed PBL lesson plan for pre-service teachers through a qualitative analysis before the enactment of the instructional process. The result and discussions of the two lesson plans placed the PBL lesson plan as a more constructive and a deeper reflection of the three domains of learning (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor) which are crucial in stating instructional objectives and for teaching Mathematics. The paper recommended that the PBL strategy should be integrated into the teacher education curriculum in Ghana since its features better fit into the realities in Mathematics education in Ghana.

References:

[1]    Aggarwal, J. C., (2002). Principles, Methods & Techniques of Teaching (2nd ed). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

[2]    Amin, M (2010). Serba-Serbi Pengajaran Bahasa Buku 2, (Surabaya: Edufutura Press), 78- 81

[3]    Ampiah, J., Akyeampong, A. K., and Leliveld, M. (2004). Science, mathematics and ICT (SMICT), secondary education in sub-Saharan Africa - country profile Ghana. Centre for International Cooperation (CIS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.

[4]    Anderson L.W (1989): The Effective Teacher: McGraw Hill Book Company: Singapore.

[5]  Bloom, B.S. (Ed.). Engelhart, M.D., Furst, E.J., Hill, W.H., Krathwohl, D.R. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay Co Inc.

[6]    Boye, E.S. (2019). Problem based learning in the teaching and learning of Mathematics in Ghana: A literature review. Texila International Journal of Academic Research. ISSN: 2520-3088 DOI: 10.21522/TIJAR.2014.SE.19.02.Art008

[7]    Brown, G (1975). Micro Teaching, London: Methuen and Co. Ltd.

[8]    Conkell, C. & Imwold, C. (1992). Planning practices and attitudes of physical education teachers. Physical Educator, 49(2), 1-5.

[9]    Dave, R.H. (1975). Developing and writing behavioral objective (R J Armstrong, ed.) Educational Innovators Press.

[10] Enu, J, Agyman, O. K., and Nkum D. (2015). Factors influencing students’ mathematics performance in some selected colleges of education in Ghana. International Journal of Education Learning and Development, 3(3), 68-74.

[11] Hanley, S. (1994). On Constructivism. Retrieved from http://www.inform.umd.edu/UMS%2BState/UMDProjects/MCTP/Essays/Constructivism.txt.

[12] Hoque, M.E, (2016). Three Domains of Learning: Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor. The journal of EFL Education and Research, Vol.2: ISSN-2520-5897.

[13] Krathwohl, D.R., Bloom, B.S., and Masia, B.B. (1964). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook II: Affective domain. New York: David McKay Co.

Abstract:

Human resources for health are key for delivery of health care services. According to WHO’s 2006 World Health Report, Ethiopia had 0.247 doctors, nurses and midwives combined per 1,000 population, and was one of the 57 countries with health workforce crisis. International Non-Governmental Organizations and International agencies utilizes financial and non-financial incentive to retain experienced health workers to deliver health services for targeted population. This study employed health facility based cross sectional survey. Quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques was used to gather primary information using tools. The study was conducted in the selected health facilities in Hadya zone, Southern Nations and Nationalities Region, Ethiopia. In Hadiya zone, there were 13 rural districts and 4 town administrations. The study targeted 4 rural districts selected randomly and all 4 town administrations. All health professionals who were working in the public health sector targeted for the study. The research aim was to examine the relationship between financial and non-financial incentives and health workers performance and quality of health care.  This study found that 64.1% (Male 59.3%%; Female 66.7) respondents reported that both financial and non-financial incentives were equally important to improve health workers performance and motivation in provision of quality of health care services. This clearly indicated that the importance of non-financial incentives on the top of financial incentive to motivate Health Workers for better performance and quality of health care.

References:

Abstract:

Background: Strategies to engage pregnant women in their prenatal care, educating them and encourage hospital deliveries are important elements to consider in efforts aimed to improve quality Antenatal Care (ANC).

Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study employing both qualitative and quantitative methods was conducted in Lundazi District, Zambia. Engagement processes between ANC providers and pregnant mothers during the provision of antenatal care were explored. Data was collected from sixty pregnant women who attended ANC clinic in five public health facilities. It was also collected from seventy-five ANC providers. Data were collected through focus group discussion with ANC users, observation during consultation and self-administered questionnaire from ANC providers.

Results: This study observed that one to one individualized health education was not reinforced despite the health and gestational age of clients. Only thirty-seven percent of ANC providers explained their findings to the clients during physical examination. Clients were not counselled on blurred vision, severe headache, convulsions, fever and difficulties in breathing. This study further found that ANC providers could not explain the reason for referral submitting that Antenatal mothers would still not understand even if staff took the entire year explaining. However, eighty percent of the ANC users were encouraged to deliver from the health facility.

Conclusion: Lack of engagement with ANC users indicates missed opportunities for delivering quality ANC Care. Reforcement of this component would improve the quality of care and improve maternal and fetal wellbeing.

References:

Abstract:

This paper explored the perception of University of Cape Coast distance education students on the use of mobile technologies to facilitate interactions among students and tutors as a learning-support system. The paper aimed at establishing whether distance education students would accept to be taught using a blend of mobile technologies and biweekly direct face-to-face tutorials on weekends. A questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 300 students pursuing various Diploma, Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees by distance at University of Cape Coast using systematic sampling technique. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. It was found that scheduled face-to-face tutorial sessions of distance education in University of Cape Coast were not supportive enough to address students’ learning needs. Also, all the respondents possessed mobile devices and perceived blending of mobile learning in distance education as an avenue to enhance collaborative learning with faculty and colleagues. It was recommended that curriculum and instructional designers of distance education courses must consider incorporating mobile learning pedagogies in the distance courses and learning experiences to address students’ learning needs using mobile technologies.

References:

Abstract:

This study purposely investigated the impact of using inquiry-based teaching method on students’ academic achievement and retention of concept in integrated science against the traditional method in some selected senior high schools in the Obuasi Municipality. The study also investigated the difference in the mean achievement score between male and female students taught integrated science using inquiry -based method.

The sample for the study was 292 students in SHS two from Christ the King Catholic Senior High School and Obuasi Secondary Technical in the Obuasi Municipality. The sample were obtained through random sample technique.

The experimental group received instructions in integrated science using inquiry-based method of teaching whereas the control group were taught with the traditional method.

The data were collected through the use of pretest- posttest research design and were analyze according to the research question for the study. The main research question for the study was: What is the effect of inquiry-based method of teaching on students’ achievement and retention of concepts in integrated science?

The results from the study indicates that the students in the experimental group performed better than the students in the control group.

The findings also show that students who were instructed with inquiry-based method have higher retention capacity than their counterpart students who were exposed to traditional method.

There was a slightly gender disparity in the achievement and retention capacity of both male and female students taught integrated science with inquiry-based method in favour of the male. This means that inquiry-based method is very rewarding to students in terms of achievement and retention regardless of gender.

References:

Abstract:

Malaria is a serious public health burden with high morbidity and mortality in Nigeria accounting for 60% outpatient visits, 30% childhood mortality, 25% infant mortality and 11% maternal mortality, respectively, in the country. Malaria is endemic in Nigeria with consequent high economic burden. Malaria is one of the leading causes of death in Nigeria. The prevalence of malaria is high in Nigeria resulting from several climatic, bioenvironmental and socio-demographic factors. Malaria prevalence is higher amongst dwellers with high poverty and illiteracy levels. The prevalence of malaria was evaluated retrospectively in this study using clinical records over 12 months in a remote primary healthcare facility in South-South Nigeria. The findings show varied malaria prevalence rates amongst the months, with 3 months below 50% and the remaining 9 months above 50%. The overall period prevalence was 56% (541/966). The high prevalence rate reported in this study reflects the endemicity of malaria in Nigeria and is consistent with other reports that malaria prevalence is higher in the south-south Nigeria than observed with other regions of the country. The study prevalence 56% is twice higher than the average national period prevalence of 23%.

References:

[1]    Abdullah, M., Tazeen, A., Hisamuddin, M., Naqvi, I. H., Verma, H. N., Ahmed, A., Parven, S., 2017, A clinical report on mixed infection of malaria, dengue and chikungunya from New Delhi, India. Indian Virological Society, 28(4), 422–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-017-0404-6.

[2] Adu-Gyasi, D., Asante, K. P., Amoako, S., Amoako, N., Ankrah, L., Dosoo, D., Tchum, S. K., Adjei, G., Agyei, O., Amenga-Etego, S., and Owusu-Agyei, S., 2018, Assessing the performance of only HRP2 and HRP2 with pLDH based rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of malaria in middle Ghana, Africa. PLoS ONE, 13(9), e0203524. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203524.

[3] Aina, O., Agomo, P., Olukosi, Y., Okoh, H., Iwalokun, B., Egbuna, K. et al, 2013, “Malariometric survey of Ibeshe community in Ikorodu, Lagos State: dry season.” Malaria Research and Treatment, 13. doi: 10.1155/2013/487250.

[4] Amala, S. E. & Nwibani, C. P., 2015, “Malaria in pregnancy and its association with ABO blood group and haemoglobin genotype.” International Journal on Developmental Research, 5(8), 5317–5320.

[5] Aribodor, D. N., Ugwuanyi, I. K. & Aribodor O. B., 2016, Challenges to Achieving Malaria Elimination in Nigeria. American Journal of Public Health Research, 4(1), 38-41. doi: 10.12691/ajphr-4-1-6.

[6] Ayogu, E. E., Ukwe, C. V., and Nna, E. O., 2016, Assessing the reliability of microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests in malaria diagnosis in areas with varying parasite density among older children and adult patients in Nigeria. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 62(3), 150 – 156. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.183167.

[7] Bassey, S. E. & Izah, S. C., 2017, Some determinant factors of malaria prevalence in Nigeria. Journal of Mosquito Research, 2(7), 48-58. doi:10.5376/jmr.2017.07.0007.

[8] Bassey, S. E. and Nwakaku, I. L., 2017, Prevalence of Malaria Parasitemia among Children between 1-10 Years Old Attending Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. EC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 3(2), 43-48.

[9] Crump, J. A. & Kirk, M. D., 2015, Estimating the burden of febrile illnesses. PLoS Neg | Tropical Diseases, 9(12), e0004040. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004040.

[10]    Dawaki, S., Hesham, M. A., Init, I., Jamaiah, I., Atroosh, W. M., Abdulsalam, A. M., Sady, H., Elyana, F. N., Adamu, A. U., Yelwa, S. I., Ahmed, A., Al Areeqi M. A., Subramaniam, L. R., Nabil A. Nasr, N. A., & Lau, Y., 2016, Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State. Malaria Journal, 15, 351. doi: 10.1186/s12936-016-1394-3.

[11]    Garba, B., Muhammed, A., Musa, A. et al., 2016, “Diagnosis of malaria: a comparison between microscopy and rapid diagnostic test among under five children at Gusau, Nigeria.” Sub—Saharan Africa Journal of Medicine, 3, 96–101. doi: 10.4103/2384-5147.184371.

[12]    Garba D. D., Ameh J. B., Whong, C. M. Z. and Aminu-Mukhtar M, 2016, Prevalence of malaria parasites among blood donors in Kaduna, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 4(6), 2112-2119. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20161770.

[13]    Griffin, J. T., Hollingsworth, T. D., Okell, L. C., Churcher, T. S., White, M., Hinsley, W., Bousema, T., Drakeley, C. J., Ferguson, N. M., Basáñez, M., Ghani, A. C., 2010, Reducing Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in Africa: a model-based evaluation of intervention strategies. PLoS Medicine, 7(8). Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000324.

[14]    Khanam, S., 2017, Prevalence and Epidemiology of Malaria in Nigeria: A Review. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences, 4(8), 10-12. ISSN 2394-5885 (Print) & ISSN 2394-5893 (Online). Retrieved from: http://www.ijrpb.org/papers/v4-i8/2.pdf.

[15]    Megnekou, R., Djontu, J. C., Nana, B. C., Bigoga, J. D., Fotso, M., Fogang, B., and Leke, R. F. G., 2018, Accuracy of One Step malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in detecting Plasmodium falciparum placental malaria infection in women living in Younde, Cameroon. Malaria Journal, 17, 450. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2595-8.

[16]    National Malaria Elimination Programme. https://nmcp.gov.ng/about-national-malaria-elimination-programme/. Accessed September 05, 2020.

[17]    Nigeria Malaria Fact Sheet, 2011. https://photos.state.gov/libraries/nigeria/231771/Public/December-MalariaFactSheet2.pdf. Accessed, September 15, 2020.

[18]    Nzeako, S. O., Nduka, F. O. and Origie, O. A., 2013, “Prevalence of malaria in pregnant women attending antenatal care at University of Port Harcourt Primary Healthcare Centre Aluu, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.” International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 1(10), 268–272. http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsres-2013-p268-272. Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/ijsres.

[19]    Okangba, C, Elikwu, C., Shobowale, E., Shonekan, O. and Nwadike, V., 2016, “Histidine rich protein 2 performance in determining the prevalence of malaria among patients presenting with clinical symptoms of malaria.” Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 5(1), 339–350.

[20]    Seiyaboh, E. I., Inyang, I. R. and Izah, S. C., 2016, Seasonal Variation of Physico-Chemical Quality of Sediment from Ikoli Creek, Niger Delta. International Journal of Innovative Environmental Studies Research, 4(4), 29-34.

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[22]    Uneke, C. J., Ogbu, O. and Nwojiji, V., 2006, “Potential risk of induced malaria by blood transfusion in South-eastern Nigeria.” McGill Journal of Medicine, 9(1), 8–13. PMCID: PMC2687905; PMID: 19529802. Retreived from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687905/pdf/mjm9_1p8.pdf.

[23]    Ugah, U. I., Alo, M. N., Owolabi, J. O., Okata-Nwali, O. D., Ekejindu, I. M., Ibeh, N., Elom, M. O., 2017, Evaluation of the utility value of three diagnostic methods in the detection of malaria parasites in endemic area. Malaria Journal, 16, 189, Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-017-1838-4.

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Abstract:

This study on assessment of knowledge of essential supply chain functions among HIV/AIDS supply chain workforce in Nigeria comprised of research objectives, questions and hypothesis. A pre-tested self-completed structured questionnaire (422) was administered to respondents, 396 were completed and returned, with a response rate of (93.8%). The respondents had received previous trainings and knowledge distribution of essential supply chain functions was good for (serving customers (84.9%), procurement (82.6%), logistics management information system (78.8%), monitoring and evaluation (77.6%) and product selection (71.0%)), but less than average for warehouse and distribution (48.0%), inventory strategy (48.7%), quantification (44.2%) and risk management (33.4%). The study revealed knowledge gaps in some essential supply chain functions among HIV/AIDS supply chain workforce. Chi-square statistic was employed for statistical comparison and hypothesis testing and revealed that knowledge of essential supply chain functions is significant factor of HIV/AIDS supply chain workforce capacity (p<0.05). There is need to strengthen HIV/AIDS workforce capacity in the areas they are deficient to ensure effective provision of service and improved health outcomes.

References:

[1] Adekola, A. and Adelanwa, A. (2014). Developing the SCM workforce in Nigeria through contextualised preservice education and continued professional development. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 7(Suppl 1): O22.

[2] Adeloye, D., David, R. A., Olaogun, A. A., Auta, A., Adesokan, A., Gadanya, M., Opele, J. K., Owagbemi, O., and Iseolorunkanmi, A. (2017). Health workforce and governance: the crisis in Nigeria, Human Resources for Health, 15:32 DOI 10.1186/s12960-017-0205-4.

[3] Akinyemi, O. and Atilola, O. (2013). Nigerian resident doctors on strike: insights from and policy implications of job satisfaction among resident doctors in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Int J Health Plann Manage, 28(1): e46–61.

[4] Anywangwe, S. C. E. and Mtonga, C. (2007). Inequities in the global health workforce: the greatest impediment to health in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 4:93-100.

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[6] Brown, A. and Sankaranarayanan, A. (2014). Human Resource Development in Supply Chain Management of Health Commodities - A realist review of UN sources, ISBN: ISBN: 978-1-74088-410-5. 10.13140/RG.2.1.2365.1046.

[7] Brown, A., Atif, M., Hasselberg, E., Steele, P., Wright, C., and Babar, Z. (2014). Human resources health supply chains and access to essential medicines. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 7(Suppl 1):2.

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[9] Cometto, G., Babar, Z., Brown, A., Hedman, L. and Campbell, J. (2014). Health supply chain personnel: an integral part of the health workforce.” Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 7(Suppl 1): I1.

[10] Dowling P. (2011). Healthcare Supply Chains in Developing Countries: Situational Analysis. Arlington, Va.: USAID | DELIVER PROJECT.

[11] Ebele, F.U., Aregbosola, B.G., Hasstrup, D.T. and Adams, E. (2014). The Effect of Climate Change on Agricultural Production among Farmers in Kwali Area Council of Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 1(2):13-26.

[12] Fowkes, F. J. I., Draper, B. I., Hellard, M. and Stoové, M. (2016). Achieving development goals for HIV, tuberculosis and malaria in sub-Saharan Africa through integrated antenatal care: barriers and challenges, BMC Medicine, 14:202 DOI 10.1186/s12916-016-0753-9.

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[16] IOM (Institute of Medicine). (2013). Evaluation of PEPFAR. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

[17] Itiola, A. J., and Agu, K. A. (2018). Country ownership and sustainability of Nigeria’s HIV/AIDS Supply Chain System: qualitative perceptions of progress, challenges and prospects. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 11:21 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-018-0148-8.

[18] Leatherman, S., Ferris, T. G., Berwick, D., Omaswa, F. and Crisp, N. (2010). The role of quality improvement in strengthening health systems in developing countries. Int J Qual Health Care, 22(4):237–243.

[19] Matovu, J. K. B., Rhoda, K., Wanyenze, Susan Mawemuko, Gakenia Wamuyu-Maina, William Bazeyo, Olico-Okui and David Serwadda. (2011). Building capacity for HIV/AIDS program leadership and management in Uganda through mentored Fellowships. Glob Health Action, 4:5815. doi:10.3402/gha.v4i0.5815.

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[22] Mazibuko, G. N., Sagwa, E., Kagoya, H. R., Kibuule, D., Rennie, T., Mavere, T., Ghoneim, R., Mabirizi, D., Naikaku, E., Niaz, Q. and Lates, J. (2014). Incorporating pharmaceutical supply management modules in the preservice curriculum of the BPharm program, of the University of Namibia, School of Pharmacy, Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 7(Suppl 1): P12.

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[25] Schneider, D., Evering-Watley, M., Walke, H., Bloland, P. B. (2011). Training the Global Public Health Workforce through Applied Epidemiology Training Programs: CDC’s Experience, 1951–2011. Public Health Rev, 33:190–203.

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[35] Windisch, R., Waiswa, P., Neuhann, F., Scheibe, F. and Savigny, D. (2011). Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in Uganda: using supply chain management to appraise health systems strengthening. Globalization and Health, 7:25.

Abstract:

Effective and efficient biomedical wastes management is vital in the health care delivery system, safe environment and public health could possibly be achieved through the standard practices of the biomedical waste procedures with safety measures in place. The study was aimed to evaluate the practices and the level of awareness of health workers towards biomedical waste management in selected hospitals in Abuja. Data were collected by structured questionnaire and on- the-spot observation. Three private and three public hospitals that provided health care services in Abuja were surveyed. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were used in the analysis of the data. Chi-square (χ²) test was used to determine the level of significance set at p<0.05. The male health workers were 220 (55.00%) and the female were 180 (45.00%) in the survey. The nurses were the highest number of respondents in the study with frequency percentage of 117(28.75%) followed by the laboratory scientists 96 (24.00%), Pharmacists 71 (17.75%, Doctors 64(16.00%) and other health care workers 54 (13.50%). The practices of handling biomedical waste among health workers was a significant factor of biomedical waste management (p<0.05). The awareness on safety measures among health workers was a significant factor of biomedical waste management (p<0.05). Improvement in the aspects of training retraining of health workers will go a long way to fill the lapses in the biomedical waste’s management practices. Government should establish policies and laws to enforce strict compliance in accordance with WHO stipulations.

References:

[1] Awodele, O., Adewoye, A. A and Oparah, A. C. (2016) Assessment of medical waste management in seven hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. Bio Medical Central Public Health 16-269.

[2] Chima, G.N., Abanobi O. C., Abaraogu, U.J. Uwalaka C, H. Asonye, I.C., Nwakpa, P. (2014) Hospital Waste generation and Management Practices in Owerri, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 8(11) pp 623-632.

[3] Chima, G.N., Ezekwe, I.C., Digha, N.O. (2011) ‘An assessment of medical waste management in health institutions in Yenagoa, South-South, Nigeria’. World Review of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development 8 (2/3/4) pp.224–233.

[4] Debere M. K., Gelaye K. A., Alamdo A. G., and Trifa Z. M., (2013). Assessment of the health care waste generation rates and its management system in hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2011. BMC Public Health, 13: 28-37.

[5] Denloye, A.A., Ojuromi, O.T., Ochei, K. and Ade-Serrano, E.A. (2018) Bio safety Knowledge, Waste Disposal Practices and Identification of Parasites in Biomedical Wastes from Healthcare Establishments in Lagos and Abuja, Nigeria. Biomedical journal of scientific and Technical Research 5(4) pp 4759-64.

[6] Deress, T. Hassen, F. Adane, K. and Tsegaye, A. (2017) Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice about Biomedical Waste Management and Associated Factors among the Healthcare Professionals at Debre Markos Town Healthcare Facilities, Northwest Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental and Public Health pp1-10.

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Abstract:

 Testicular torsion is a true surgical emergency caused by twisting of the testicle on the spermatic cord leading to disruption of the vascular supply and time sensitive ischemia with or without necrosis of testicular tissue. The annual incidence is 1 in 4000 males under the age of 25 years globally, with peak presentation in adolescents between 12 to 16 years as well in the neonatal period. However, there are rare cases in which adult males present with testicular torsion and this case study explores one such instance looking at it's unique features and at the same time underscoring an important point that torsion can occur outside the bimodal peak. The case report illustrates that age distribution maybe clinically misleading and should not be relied upon for a diagnosis.

References:

[1] Ringdahl, E., Teague, L. ,2006, Testicular torsion. Am Fam physician. 2006 Nov 15;74(10):1739-43.

[2] Karen, C., JaNeille, S., Gerry H ,2011, Testicular torsion: A case study and evaluation of young men's knowledge about testicular pain. W Vamed J207 :35-37.

[3]  Lahdes-Vasama, T., Rajakorpi H, Wikstöm, S., 2007, A 19-year review of paediatric patients with acute scrotum. Scand S Surg. 2007:96:62-66[PubMed] [Google Scholar].

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[5] Kallerhoff, M., Gross, A. J, Bötefül, J. C, 1996, The influence of temperature on changes in pH, lactase and morphology during testicular ischemia. The British journal of urology, vol 78, no.3 pp 440-445,1996.

[6] Dogra, V., Bhalt, S, 2004, Acute painful scrotum. Radiol Clin North Am.2004; 42:349-363[PubMed].

[7] Marcozzi, D., Suner, S,2001, The non-traumatic acute scrotum. Emerg Med clin North Am 2001; 19:547-567[PubMed].

[8] Farrington, N, L., Lucky, MA, Bannes, T., Calvert, R,2014, Confirmed testicular torsion in a 67-year-old. J surg case Rep. 2014;1[PMC free article].

[9] Gordhan, C. G., Sadeghi-Nejad H.,2015, Scrotal pain: evaluation and management. Korean J Urol.2015:56(1):3-11 doi: 10.4111/KSU.2015.56.1.3[PMC free article] [PubMed].

[10]   Eaton, S.H., Cendron, M.A., Estrada, C.R., Bauer, S.B., Borer, J.G., Cilento, B.G., Diamond D.A., Retik, A. D., Peters, C.A.,2005, Intermittent testicular torsion: diagnostic features and management outcomes. JUrol.2005, 174:1532-1535[PubMed] [Google Scholar].

Abstract:

It is cardinal to note that several studies have revealed that there is a robust relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and general physical health. These findings that can be generalized to Zambia. Zambia which is one of the most urbanized countries in sub-Saharan Africa, there are assumptions that it is possible that social, and economic factors may contribute to the mental health of the people. The purpose of this study is to establish the relationship between socioeconomic status, home environment, and mental illness in Zambia. In order to guide the paper, the aim was to establish the relationship between socioeconomic statuses to mental illness. A quantitative methodology was used whereby data was collected using questionnaires from the respondents.

The results established that low school accessibility is associated with higher risk of mental illness among younger men (20–31) and women (20–45), while it is a slightly protective factor for elderly individuals of both sexes. The association between social inequalities and the manifestation of psychological instability symptoms has been observed in relation to unemployment, lower education, low income and some material deprivation and most severely affects women of low SES, children, adolescents and the elderly. In the data, a low level of education and inactivity shows the strongest effect on the incidence of mental disorders, particularly among unemployed men.

References:

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[4] Högberg, T. and Magnusson, A. (2005). "To be a nurse or a neighbour? A moral concern for psychiatric nurses living next door to individuals with a mental illness." Nursing Ethics, 12(5), 468-478.

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Abstract:

With 2.19 billion users, Facebook is one of the most famous and prosperous social network services (SNS). Because of its pervasiveness and especially concerning the recent issue on the collection of personal data of both users and non-users, some experts and psychologists believe that users are influenced to behave in certain ways vastly different from their usual behaviour. The present study provided insight into why students adopt a characteristic or identity in this online setting via a thorough examination of the student's level of participation on Facebook. The descriptive research design was employed for the study. The sample size used was 240 drawn from the first and third-year undergraduate students of the University of Ghana (UG). Purposive sampling technique was adopted for sample selection. The main research instrument for the study was a questionnaire. The study revealed that most of the students were digitally inclined and is very active on Facebook. It was also seen that due to the visual possibilities of Facebook, students tailored their characteristics or identity towards wanting their audience to like them, to be desired by their girlfriend and sought after by popular users. It was also discovered that unlike anonymous media such as chat room, users can be held accountable for deviant behaviour on the Facebook environment because pertinent information about them are kept and shared with third parties.

References:

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