Abstract:

The study was carried to assess students’ environmental and sustainability literacy at a selected institution of higher learning in Zimbabwe. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The questionnaire used was validated, and the Cronbach’s alpha was used to determine reliability (α = 0.767). Purposive, stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 70 respondents for the study from a population of 1352. The study revealed that the level of knowledge was mediocre, and one-way ANOVA showed no statistically significant difference in the level of knowledge among the groups (F (3,66) =2.376, p=0.078). Results also showed a positive attitude towards environment and sustainability issues; and identified the need to train every student about environment and sustainability (83%), with government support (93%) to achieve an environmentally sustainable world (96%). It was concluded that although the attitude among students was positive, the current syllabi are not explicit about environmental and sustainability issues which bear negatively on their environmental knowledge. The study recommends the introduction of a compulsory environmental education course in Higher and Tertiary Education in order to raise the environmental and sustainability literacy.

References:

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Study. South African Journal of Education,2018.38(2). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15700/saje.v38ns2a1459/.

[23] C. Mandikonza., & H. Lotz-Sisitka, Emergence of Environment and Sustainability Education (ESE) in Teacher Education Contexts in Southern Africa: A Common Good Concern. Educational Reserach for Social Change (ERSC),2016.5(1), 107-130. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2221-4070/2016/v5i1a7.

Abstract:

Employee engagement has arisen as a widespread organizational perception in current years. It is the level of strength of mental and emotional connection employees feel toward their workplaces and its values and beliefs. When employees are engaged and aware of the business framework and work as a team to improve performance within the job for the advantage of the organization. Employee engagement resourcefulness has a straight effect on the organization's level of production. Every company/ organization requires their workers to be engaged in their respective work. Employee engagement is linked to customer satisfaction which is connected to an organization's financial success. Engagement arises when adequate individuals give attention to performing good work and care concerned about what the company is thriving to attain and in what way it is an accomplishment. This helpful mentality and behavior only arise once people get satisfied with their jobs they do and are convinced that the organization supports them, with an effective HR manager. This paper covers a literature review from several study findings and practices employed by the use of an expressive research method. It schemes the effect of worker’s engagement on the productivity of the organization. It also showcased the factors affecting the worker’s assignation and organizational results.

References:

[1] Sanchez, P. M. (2007) ‘The employee survey: More than asking questions’, Journal of Business Strategy, pp. 48–56. doi: 10.1108/02756660710732657.

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[3] Chummun, B. Z. (2012) Evaluating business success in the Microinsurance industry of South Africa.

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[6] Taylor, R. F. (2004) ‘Extending Conceptual Boundaries: Work, Voluntary Work and Employment’, Work, Employment and Society. SAGE Publications, 18(1), pp. 29–49. doi: 10.1177/0950017004040761.

[7] Hubert Gatignon (2003) ‘Statistical Analysis of Management Data | Hubert GATIGNON | Springer’, in Statistical Analysis of Management Data. Available at:

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[8] Hewitt Associates, L. (2004): Hewitt Associates, L., 2004. Research Brief: employee engagement higher at double digit growth companies. [Online] Available at: www.hewitt.com [Accessed 25 March 2013]. Available at: http://www.sciepub.com/reference/136842 (Accessed: 14 April 2021).

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[17] Jamrog, J. J. and Overholt, M. H. (2004) ‘Measuring HR and organizational effectiveness’, Employment Relations Today. Wiley, 31(2), pp. 33–45. doi: 10.1002/ert.20015.

[18] Chen, L. Y. (2006) ‘Leadership Behaviors and Knowledge Sharing in Professional Service Firms Engaged in Strategic Alliances’, Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 11(2), p. 51–1254. doi: 10.1177/01461672012710001.

[19] Schaufeli, W. et al. (2002) ‘The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach’, Journal of Happiness studies. Springer, 3(1), pp. 71–92. doi: 10.1023/A:1015630930326.

Abstract:

In this study we have analyzed the use of finasteride which is a type P-selective 5a-reductase inhibitor. By decreasing dihydroxytestestrone (DHT) level, it is found to be effective in the treatment of male androgenic alopecia. In this study, we compared the effect of topical vs. systemic finasteride in the treatment of androgenic alopecia.  Our study is a randomized clinical trial study having 30 male patients. They have come for alopecia treatment at Nesam hospital, Coimbatore, India. We have selected male patients with androgenic alopecia and divided them into two groups (A, B), randomly having 15 patients in each group. For group A, Topical finasteride (0.1%) with minoxidil (5%) solution was given. Group B patients received topical minoxidil with oral finasteride (1mg) tablets. All patients were regularly followed up till the end of 6 months. A Patient had a first review in the first week followed by monthly follow up. Following parameters were taken into account: size of bald area, total hair count, and terminal hair. Data was analyzed by Chi-square statistical test. Each month the terminal hair, size of bald area and hair count between the two groups were compared. In the initial few months group, A showed good improvement. But Serial measurements indicated that a significant increase in hair counts and terminal hair counts is seen in both groups.  This study showed that on long term follow-up of more than 3 months, both topical and systemic finasteride groups had similar results.

References:

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[3] El-Domyati M, Attia S, Saleh F, et al - 2009 Androgenetic alopecia in males: a histopathological and ultrastructural study. J CosmetDermatol. 2009; 8(2)83–91.

[4] Noubarani M, Rostamkhani H, Erfan M, Kamalinejad M, Eskandari MR, Babaeian M, Salamzadeh J. – 2014, Effect of adiantum capillus veneris linn on an animal model of testosterone-induced hair loss. Iran J Pharm Red. Winter; 13(Suppl): 113–118.

[5] Trueb RM.- 2002 Molecular mechanisms of androgenetic alopecia. Ther Umsch ;59(5) 211–6.

[6] Finn DA, Beadles-Bohling AS, Beckley EH, et al – 2006.A new look at the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride. Cns Drug Rev; 12:53–76.

[7] Mazzarella GF, Loconsole GF, Cammisa GA, Mastrolonardo GM & Vena (1997) Topical finasteride in the treatment of androgenic alopecia. Preliminary evaluations after a 16-month therapy course, Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 8:3, 189-192, DOI: 10.3109/09546639709160517.

[8] Caserini M, Radicioni M, Leuratti C, et al – 2016, Effects of a novel finasteride 0.25% topical solution on scalp and serum dihydrotestosterone in healthy men with androgenetic alopecia. Int J ClinPharmacolTher; 54(1):19–27.

[9]    Robinson J Published December 18, 2016. Accessed July 04, 2017.  Hair transplant: what to expect–/skin-problems-and-treatments/hair-loss/men-hair-loss17/hair transplant/WebMD https://www.webmd.com.

[10] Dunlop F. 2005- Androgenetic alopecia in men
and women: An overview of cause and treatment. Available from: http://www.folicle.comsection 22.html.

[11] Rafi AW, Katz RM – 2011, Pilot study of 15 patients receiving a new treatment regimen for androgenic alopecia: the effects of atopy on AGA. ISRN Dermatol. 2011; 241953.

[12]             Hajheydari Z, Akbari J, Saeedi M, Shokoohi L. Comparing the therapeutic effects of finasteride gel and tablet in treatment of the androgenetic alopecia. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2009 Jan-Feb;75(1):47-51. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.45220. PMID: 19172031.

[13] Caserini M, Radicioni M, Leuratti C, et al – 2014, A novel finasteride 0.25% topical solution for androgenetic alopecia: pharmacokinetics and effects on plasma androgen levels in healthy male volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther.;52(10):842–9.

[14] Lee SW, Juhasz M, Mobasher P, Ekelem C, Mesinkovska NA. A Systematic Review of Topical Finasteride in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia in Men and Women. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(4):457-463.

[15] Mazzarella GF, Loconsole GF, Cammisa GA, Mastrolonardo GM & Vena - Received 23 Aug 1996, accepted 18 Mar 1997, Published online: 12 Jul 2009 - Topical finasteride in the treatment of androgenic alopecia. Preliminary evaluations after a 16-month therapy course Pages 189-192.

[16] Price VH, Menefee E, Sanchez M, Ruane P, Kaufman KD- 2002 Changes in hair weight and hair count in men with androgenetic alopecia after treatment with finasteride, 1 mg, and daily. J Am Acad Dermatol; 46:517-23.

[17] Chandrashekar B S, Nandhini T, Vasanth V, Sriram R, Navale S. Topical minoxidil fortified with finasteride: An account of maintenance of hair density after replacing oral finasteride. Indian Dermatol Online J 2015; 6:17-20.

Abstract:

The study focused on the microbiological quality of dried fish sold in the streets and supermarkets in Harare Central Business District. The analysis was based on determining the microbiological load of dried fish samples. Samples were systematically collected from three different streets and three different supermarkets each week. The study period was from January 2020 to April 2020.The samples were analyzed for Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus spp and Penicillium spp. The methods used were pour plate, streaking and microscopy. Results obtained from this study showed that street sold fish microbial levels were within unacceptable levels food safety standards. Supermarket sold dried fish microbial levels were also within the unacceptable levels. In comparing the levels of indicator microorganisms between streets and supermarkets, the results showed that the contamination of level was similar for all the microorganisms except Salmonella. Purchasing dried fish in supermarkets does not guarantee food safety. It was concluded that street and supermarket sold dried fish pose high food safety concerns and can be a potential source of foodborne illnesses.

References:

[1] J. Cannon, ‘Fish’ Dictionary of British History. 3^rd Edition. Oxford University Press: England. 2009.

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[3] H. H. Huss, L. Ababouch and L. Gram. Assessment and management of seafood safety and quality. FAO Fisheries Technical Journal.2003.44: 230-248.

[4] C. Arias. Microbiology hand book: Fish and Seafood, Leatherhead publishing and RSC Publishing 2009. UK.

[5] Standards Association of Zimbabwe. Street Vending in Zimbabwe. College Press: Harare. 2016.

[6] A. M. Garode, and S.M. Waghode, Bacteriological Health Significance: A Case Study of Buldana District, India’, Journal of Biological Sciences, 2012. 13:69-71.

[7] FAO The market for fish and fish products in Zimbabwe. FAO. Available from http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ad030e/AD030e05/html 2005 (Accessed on February 22, 2019.).

[8] V. R. Hamandishe. P.T Saidi, V.E. Chikosi and H. A. Nhiwatiwa. Comparative Evaluation of Carcass Quality, Nutritional Value, and Consumer Preference of Oreochromisniloticus from Two Impoundments with Different Pollution Levels in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Food Science. 2018 .8:1-10.

[9]    P. Finglas, and G. C. Birch. Food Chemistry. Elsevier: Edinburgh. 2017.

[10] Ministry of Health and Child Care. Zimbabwe. Annual Report. WHO Country Office Zimbabwe. 2014.

[11] T.H Gadaga, B. K Samende, C. Musuma, and D. Chibanda. The microbiological quality of informally vended food in Harare, Zimbabwe. 2008.19:829-832.

[12] T. H. Gadaga et al., The microbiological quality of informally vended food in Harare, Zimbabwe. 2008.19:829-832.

[13] World Health Organisation. http://www.who.int/csr/don/20-september-2018-cholera-zimbabwe/en/, 2018.Disease outbreak news.

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[15] B. Maas-van Berkel, B. van den Boogaard and C. Heijnen. Preservation of fish and meat. Wageningen: Agromisa Foundation. 2004.

[16] S. Imathiu. Street Vended Foods: Potential for Improving Food and Nutrition Security or a Risk Factor for Foodborne.

[17] P. Chattopadhyay. Fish – catching and handling. Academic Press: London. 2000.

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[19] FSANZ. Compendium of Microbiological Criteria for Food. FSANZ. Available www.foodstandardsgov.au, www.foodstandards.govt.nz. 2016. (Accessed on February 2, 2019).

[20] E.E. Telzak, E.P. Bell, D.A. Kautter, L. Crowell, L.D. Budnick, D.L.Morse, & S. Schultz. An international outbreak of type E botulism due to uneviscerated fish. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1990 16:340–342.

[21] K. A. Wheeler and A. D. Hocking. Interactions among xerophilic fungi associated with dried salted fish. Journal Application Bacteriology. 1993.12:89-97.

[22] C.M. Visagie, J. Houbraken, J.C. Frisvad, S.B. Hons, C.H.W. Klaasen, G. Perronw, K.A. Seifert, J. Varga, T. Yaguchi and R.A Samson. Identification of nomenclo ture of the genus Penicillium. Studies in Mycology. 2014 78:343-371.

[23] A. Nahida. Study on Bacteriological Quality of Street-vended Foods Collected from Different Private Universities in Dhaka City. University of Dhaka: Bangladesh. 2016.

[24] R. Kwiri, C. Winini, J. Tongonya, W. Gwala, E. Mpofu, F. Mujuru, S. T. Gwala, L. Makarichi and P. Muredzi. Microbiological safety of cooked vended foods in an urban informal market: A case study of Mbare Msika, Harare, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences. 2014. 3: 216-221.

[25] L.K. Makelele, Z. A. Kazadi, R. W. Oleko, R. Foma, R.K. Mpalang, K. N. Ngboluaand. N. G. Bongo. Microbiological quality of food sold by street vendors in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. African Journal of Food Science. 2015. 5:285-290.

[26] L.K Makelele et al., Microbiological quality of food sold by street vendors in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. African Journal of Food Science. 2015. 5:285-290.

[27] A. Akbar and A. K. Anal. Prevalence and antibiogram study of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus in poultry meat. Asian Pacific Journal Tropical Bio medics. 2013. 32:163-168.

[28] R. Nair and S. Chisoro. The expansion of regional supermarket chains and implications for local suppliers: A comparison of findings from South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe. UNU-WIDER Working Paper. 2016. 16:169.

[29] A.V. Holy and F.M. Makhoane. Improving street food vending in South Africa: Achievements and lessons learned. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 200612:89-92.

[30] S. Rane. 2011.Street Vended Food in Developing World: Hazard Analyses. Indian Journal of Microbiology. 2011.51:100-106.

[31] A. Binici and K. G. Kaya. Effect of brine and dry salting methods on the physicochemical and microbial quality of chub. Journal of Fish Processing. 2017. 12:123-146.

[32] R.M. Kirby, B. Bartram and A. Carr. Water in food production and processing. Food Control. 2003 14:283-299.

[33] J. A. Ihuahi, J.O. Olokor and F.S. Omojowo. Fish safety and quality-Sources of contamination and hygiene indicators in fresh and proceed fish. National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research: Nigeria. 2009. 7:23-46.

[34] R.T. Noble, D.F. Moore, M.K. Leecaster, C.D. McGeeand and S.B. Weisberg. Comparison of total coliform, faecal coliform, and enterococcus bacterial indicator response for ocean recreational water quality testing. Water Research Journal. 2003.37:1637-1643.

[35] M.J. Whipple and J.S. Rohovec. The effect of heat and low pH on selected viral and bacterial fish pathogens. Aquaculture. 1994.13: 179–189.

[36] L. Novotny, L. Dvorska, A. Lorencova, V. Beran and I. Pavlik. Fish: a potential source of bacterial pathogens for human beings. Veterinary Medicine Journal. 2004. 49:.343-358.

Abstract:

Treatment of malaria, with the appropriate diagnostic tool, helps to reduce morbidity and mortality in children. The absence of resources and inadequate labor in emerging countries like Ghana make malaria microscopy difficult. The Rapid Diagnostic Test kit (RDT) remains unpopular despite its availability and ease of use because of limited research on its effectiveness leading to over­ prescription of antimalarial drugs. This study shows how reliable the malaria diagnostic test is. Out of 132 children were recruited in all into the study with more females (59.1%) than males (40.9%). 35 (26.5%) of children who were recruited tested positive for Plasmodium falciparum with the Malaria rapid diagnostic test cassette while 97 (73.5%) children tested negative for Plasmodium falciparum with the malaria diagnostic test cassette. In Malaria Microscopy, 35 (26.5%) children tested positive while 97 (73.5%) tested negative for malaria parasites. Out of the 35 children who tested positive, RDT picked 33 as positive and 2 as negative (sensitivity = 94.3%). While out of the 97 that tested negative for microscopy, RDT picked 94 as negative and 3 as positive (specificity= 96.9%). The positive predictive value and negative predictive values are 91.7% and 97.9%, respectively.This clearly shows the Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) is an effective diagnostic tool for the testing of malaria in children in the Akuapem North District in the Eastern Region of Ghana.

References:

[1] WHO. (2016b). World Malaria Report, 2016. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malariareport-2016/report/en/.

[2] WHO.(2018). World MalariaReport2018. Retrieved from Geneva: https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2018/en/.

[3] WHO. (2011). Report on the regional workshop on strengthening quality management systems for parasitological diagnosis of malaria. Retrieved from http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/IC_Meet_Rep_2012_EN_14512.pdf.

[4] Maltha, J., Gillet, P., & Jacobs, J. (2013b). Malaria rapid diagnostic tests in travel medicine. Clin Microbiol Infect, 19(5), 408-415. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12152.

[5] Mouatcho, J. C., & Goldring, J. P. (2013). Malaria rapid diagnostic tests: challenges and prospects. (1473-5644 (Electronic).

[6] Abba, K., Kirkham, A. J., Olliaro, P. L., Deeks, J. J., Donegan, S., Garner, P., & Takwoingi,Y.(2014). Rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosing uncomplicated
non-falciparum or Plasmodium vivax malaria in endemic countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12), Cd011431. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011431.

[7] Kumar, N., Singh, J. P., Pande, V., Mishra, N., Srivastava, B., Kapoor, R., . . . Anvikar, A.R. (2012). Genetic variation in histidine-rich proteins among Indian Plasmodium falciparum population: a possible cause of variable sensitivity of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Malar J, 11, 298. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-11-298.

[8] Lee, N., Gatton, M. L., Pelecanos, A., Bubb, M., Gonzalez, I., Bell, D.,McCarthy, J. i.S. (2012). Identification of optimal epitopes for Plasmodium falciparum rapid diagnostic tests that target histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3. J Clin Microbiol, 50(4), 1397-1405. doi:10.1128/jcm.06533- 11.

[9] WHO. (2015b). WHO-FIND malaria RDT evaluation programme: product testing round i.5. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/mpac/mpac-sept2014-round5- product-testing-presentation.pdf.

[10]http://mofa.gov.gh/site/sports/district-directorates/eastern-region/216-akuapem-north.

Abstract:

This study was conducted to evaluate the approaches gynaecologists in Osun East Senatorial district; South west Nigeria uses to screen and manage their infertile women for sexual dysfunction. Forty gynaecologists and their resident doctors managing infertile women at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, were interviewed (June -December 2020) using an in-depth-interview guide and semi-structured questionnaires. All the forty doctors assessed the sexual functioning of infertile patients. The Assessment was usually done at the first time of seeing the patient and at other times when patients start a discussion about it or when a patient’s complaints are directly related to it. Ways of eliciting sexual concerns were by asking on the frequency of sexual intercourse per week, about ejaculatory intercourse, sexual satisfaction, and dyspareunia. None of them used any standardized assessment tools to screen infertile women. Most are not aware of any standardized tools for sexual functions assessment because they had no training in sexual dysfunction in both undergraduate and postgraduate training as it was not in their curricula. While they welcome the introduction of the tools in training and in the case file of patients, they believed that routine screening using these tools would increase the waiting time and would be an added burden on the doctors. This study showed that gynaecologists and residents are poorly equipped to address sexual problems and sexual dysfunction among infertile women. It is imperative that the curricula of medical training be updated to include assessing sexual functioning tools for better care.

References:

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Abstract:

While atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk is increased in patients with type 2 diabetes, the magnitude and socio-demographic determinants of this risk are not known in Uganda. We aimed to establish the magnitude of the predicted 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk and describe its socio-demographic determinants among patients with type 2 diabetes in Uganda. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in eight (8) diabetes clinics from November 2020 to February 2021. We enrolled 500 patients with type 2 diabetes aged between 40 to 79 years. Patients were interviewed on their socio-demographic characteristics. Anthropometric and laboratory measurements were performed. The predicted 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk was categorized using the Pooled Cohorts Risks Equations. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was conducted to establish associated socio-demographic factors. The majority of participants were females (78%), with a mean age of 55.14years (SD±8.96). Of the patients studied, 20% were at low risk (score <5%), 14.2% borderline risk (score 5-≤7.5%), 45.2% intermediate risk (score7.5-<20) and 20.6% high risk (score ≥20%). Elevated risk of score ≥7.5% was found in 65.8%. The male gender (AOR= 5.456, 95% CI 2.998-9.932, p=0.001), at least 50 years of age (AOR=7.841 95% CI 4.863-12.642, p=0.001), part-time employment (AOR=1.726, 95% CI 1.221-2.441, p=0.002) and being widowed (AOR=2.4, 95% CI 1.192-4.833, p=0.002) were significantly associated with cardiovascular disease risk. The cardiovascular disease risk among patients with type 2 diabetes is high. The male gender, age of at least 50years, part-time employment, and being widowed are socio-demographic factors that should be prioritized at primary level management of cardiovascular disease.

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Abstract:

The study investigated the role top management play in developing security and safety culture in the organization. Specifically, a case study exploration was used to evaluate one primary area of interest: 1. the role top management plays in developing organization’s security and safety culture. The strategy used for this work was exploratory, with both qualitative and quantitative approaches since the data collected would be converted into numerical value for better interpretation. The target population was the staff of Enterprise Group in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, and the sample was composed of 30 management and staff members, using convenience sampling. Primary and secondary sources of data were used in this study. A survey questionnaire was used to acquire information from the target management and staff of Enterprise Group Ltd. The data gathered was analyzed quantitatively by using descriptive statistical tables and percentages where the Chi-Square test was considered. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25 software was also used in the analysis. The study concluded that top management plays a role in developing security and safety culture in organizations through Security and Safety Supervision Committee, by building enabling security and safety working environment in organizations, ensuring there are policies and procedures guidelines in place in organizations. When there is Daily Reporting and available systems to address non-compliance issues in the organization to develop security and safety culture among employees. it is recommended that the Government and regulatory bodies of organizations should emphasize the establishment of security and safety policies in organizations.

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