Abstract:

The vascular complication of diabetes mellitus is a problem for the patient, and the ability to cope with the disease and the associated inflammation is a critical aspect of diabetes. Cytokines-induced inflammation in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) plays an active role in chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, kidney injury, and stroke. We investigated the role of total salvianolic acids (TSA), total tanshinones (TTSN), and their combination (TSA/TTSN) on the activated vascular endothelial cell and its inhibitory effect on signal transduction and cytokines regulation. In the extracellular medium of the injury model of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by thrombin, the human IL-6, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 were significantly elevated (p ˂ 0.05). However, suppression in the TSA, TTSN, and TSA/TTSN (100 µg/L)-treated groups (p > 0.05) were notable. TSA alone but not TTSN and TSA/TTSN combination, inhibited the expression of P-selectin (p < 0.05) and E-selectin (p < 0.01) respectively, in VECs. Western blot analysis showed JAK and STAT expression in VECs however, the protein expression was modest in the Salvia miltiorrhiza-treated groups, indicating the potential of TSA/TTSN in the inflammatory pathways of IL-6, JAK, and STAT signal transduction in endothelial cells (ECs). This study has made novel observations regarding the components of Salvia miltiorrhiza regulatory effect on cytokines in Vascular Biology.

References:

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Abstract:

The adult population (15-49 years) are the most productive and yet the most vulnerable to HIV infections in Ghana. A phenomenon that threatens the socio-economic growth of the country and the survival of its people. Poor knowledge, ill-informed attitudes, and risky lifestyles are the key factors that hinder the prevention of HIV spread among adults. The study’s aim was to explore knowledge, attitudes, and risky behaviours among adults which hinder the prevention of HIV/AIDS in Ghana. A case-control study of 362 adults was conducted in the Ahafo and Northern regions of Ghana in 2020. Descriptive and inferential statistics were significant at 1% and 5%. Results indicated that the majority of adults in Ghana are sexually active with limited education but high knowledge of HIV/AIDS. The study revealed significant levels of association between HIV infections and age, sex, marital status, sex with multiple partners, use of the condom, sex for money, sexually transmitted infections, alcohol or drug abuse, personal income, access to places where sex is traded, and migration. The study concludes that both cases and controls generally had good knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS but show poor attitudes towards PLHIV and also engaged in risky behaviours that might predispose others to HIV infections. Findings also highlight the need for culturally adaptive and age-specific HIV education for adults across all regions. Identified misconceptions on HIV/AIDS, poor attitudes of adults towards PLHIV, and risky behaviours of adults regarding HIV/AIDS need specific and targeted education towards behavioural change.

References:

[1] WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF (2017). Towards Universal Access: Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector. April. Geneva, WHO.

[2] UNAIDS (2019). Global AIDS Update: Communities at the Centre; July 2019. UNAIDS. AIDS info website; accessed September 2019, available at: http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/. UNAIDS. Fact sheet; September 2019.

[3] Wilson C. N., and Sathiyasusuman, A. (2015). Associated Risk Factors of STIs and Multiple Sexual Relationships among Youths in Malawi. Plus, One Journal. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134286.

[4] Ghana National AIDS Control Programme Annual Report, 2019 accessed December 2020, available at:

https://ghanaids.gov.gh/mcadmin/Uploads/NACP%20Annual%20Report%2019_Final.pdf.

[5] Ghana National AIDS Commission, Annual report, 2018, p.1-5, accessed September 2019, available at:

https://ghanaids.gov.gh/mcadmin/Uploads/nationalHIVandAIDSPolicy.pdf.

[6] UNAIDS. 2019 Global AIDS Update: Communities at the Centre; July 2019. UNAIDS. AIDS info website; accessed September 2019, available at: http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/ UNAIDS. Fact sheet; September 2019.

[7] Ghana National AIDS Control Programme Annual Report, 2018: Ghana Health Service, December 2019.

[8] Ghana Health Service, 2019. Ghana National Sentinel Surveillance Report, 2019. Ghana Health Service. Accessed at

https://ghanaids.gov.gh/mcadmin/Uploads/HSS%202019%20Report%2027-08-2020.pdf.

[9] Arya, M., Viswanath, K., 2013). Effect of Media Use on HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge and Condom Use in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS ONE 8(7): e68359.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068359.

[10] Ankomah, A., Ganle, J. K., Lartey, M. Y., Kwara, A., Nortey, P. A., Okyerefo, M. P. K., & Laar, A. K. (2016). ART access-related barriers faced by HIV-positive persons linked to care in southern Ghana: a mixed method study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16(1), 738.

[11] Buor, D., (2000b). Help Break Taboos on Sexuality. Ghana News Agency. General News of Monday, 18 September. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Help-break-taboos-on-sexuality-Lecturer-11252

[12] Agyemang, S., (2009). Addressing HIV/AIDS pandemic in the Ejura Sekyedumase District: a study of knowledge, attitudes and sexual behavior among unmarried 15–24-year-olds. KNUSTSpace. handle/123456789/609.  http://dspace.knust.edu.gh/handle/123456789/609

[13] Odoi-Agyarko, K. (2004). Socio-cultural Factors and Determinants Affecting Sexual Behaviour among the Youth in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Paper Presented at the National HIV/AIDS Research Conference (NHARCON) held at La Palm Royal Beach Hotel, Accra, Ghana, February 11-13.

Abstract:

Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (MRDTs) are important for malaria disease management. However, the performance of the RDTs is affected when the targeted antigens in the parasite have a variation or are altogether absent. The most common parasite target antigen in RDTs, Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2), has been reported to be absent in some P. falciparum parasites. 371 patient samples, from Akuapem North (58.5%), Atiwa East (21.3%), and from New Juaben (20.2%), were used in the study. PCR provided the highest number, 14.8% (55/371), of positive detections for falciparum infections. Microscopy detected parasites in 20/261 (7.7%) samples, and the minimum parasite density by microscopy was 430 parasites/µL. Out of the 371 samples, 27 (7.3%) were positive by RDT. The highest RDT positivity rate, 13.3% (10/75), was observed at New Juaben. False-negative RDT results were obtained in 43/55 (78.2%) of the negative branded RDT kits. Only two microscopies positive sample were RDT positive. Using 18SrDNA PCR, 55 (14.8%) samples were positive for P. falciparum. In Akuapem North, 79.2 % (19/24) of the PCR positive samples had P. falciparum parasites that lacked exon 2 of PFHRP2. An overall RDT positivity rate of 7.3% (27/371) and false-negative rate of 78.2% (43/55) were observed for the study sites. Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations with deletions of the PFHRP2 and PFHRP3 genes are present in Ghana. There is an urgent need to investigate the prevalence and geographic distribution of these parasites.

References:

[1] WHO. (2016b). World Malaria Report, 2016. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malariareport-2016/report/en/.

[2] WHO. (2018). World Malaria Report 2018. Retrieved from Geneva: https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2018/en/.

[3] WHO. (2011). Report on the regional workshop on strengthening quality management systems for parasitological diagnosis of malaria. Retrieved from http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/IC_Meet_Rep_2012_EN_14512.pdf.

[4] Abba, K., Kirkham, A. J., Olliaro, P. L., Deeks, J. J., Donegan, S., Garner, P., & Takwoingi, Y. (2014). Rapid diagnostic tests for diagnosing uncomplicated non-falciparum or Plasmodium vivax malaria in endemic countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12), Cd011431. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011431.

[5] Kumar, N., Singh, J. P., Pande, V., Mishra, N., Srivastava, B., Kapoor, R., Anvikar, A. R. (2012). Genetic variation in histidine-rich proteins among Indian Plasmodium falciparum population: a possible cause of variable sensitivity of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Malar J, 11, 298. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-11-298.

[6] Lee, N., Gatton, M. L., Pelecanos, A., Bubb, M., Gonzalez, I., Bell, D., McCarthy, J. S. (2012). Identification of optimal epitopes for Plasmodium falciparum rapid diagnostic tests that target histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3. J Clin Microbiol, 50(4), 1397-1405. doi:10.1128/jcm.06533-11.

[7] WHO. (2015b). WHO-FIND malaria RDT evaluation programme: product testing round 5. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/mpac/mpac-sept2014-round5- product- testing-presentation.pdf.

[8] Maltha, J., Guiraud, I., Lompo, P., Kabore, B., Gillet, P., Van Geet, C., Jacobs, J. (2014). Accuracy of PFHRP2 versus Pf-pLDH antigen detection by malaria rapid diagnostic tests in hospitalized children in a seasonal hyperendemic malaria transmission area in Burkina Faso. Malar J, 13, 20. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13- 20.

[9]    Mouatcho, J. C., & Goldring, J. P. (2013). Malaria rapid diagnostic tests: challenges and prospects. (1473-5644 (Electronic)).

[10] WHO. (2017b). Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance: results of WHO product testing of malaria RDTs: round 7 (2015-2016). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/978924151268/en/.

[11] http://www.easternregion.gov.gh/index.php/profile/.

[12] Gupta, H., Matambisso, G., Galatas, B., Cisteró, P., Nhamussua, L., Simone, W., Mayor, A. (2017). Molecular surveillance of PFHRP2 and PFHRP3 deletions in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Mozambique. Malar J, 16. doi:10.1186/s12936-017-2061-z.

[13] WHO. (2017a). False-negative RDT results and implications of new reports of P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2/3 gene deletions. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/publications/gmp/false-negative-rdt-results.pdf?sfvrsn=ec917b72_2.

[14] Baiden, F., Webster, J., Tivura, M., Delimini, R., Berko, Y., Amenga-Etego, S., Chandramohan, D. (2012). Accuracy of rapid tests for malaria and treatment outcomes for malaria and non-malaria cases among under-five children in rural Ghana. PLoS One, 7(4), e34073. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034073.

[15] Nkrumah, B., Acquah, S. E., Ibrahim, L., May, J., Brattig, N., Tannich, E., Huenger, F. (2011). Comparative evaluation of two rapid field tests for malaria diagnosis: Partec Rapid Malaria Test(R) and Binax Now(R) Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test. BMC Infect Dis, 11, 143. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-11-143.

[16] Bisoffi, Z., Sirima, S. B., Menten, J., Pattaro, C., Angheben, A., Gobbi, F., Van den Ende, J. (2010). Accuracy of a rapid diagnostic test on the diagnosis of malaria infection and malaria-attributable fever during low and high transmission season in Burkina Faso. Malar J, 9, 192. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-192.

[17] Rakotonirina, H., Barnadas, C., Raherijafy, R., Andrianantenaina, H., Ratsimbasoa, A., Randrianasolo, L., Menard, D. (2008). Accuracy and reliability of malaria diagnostic techniques for guiding febrile outpatient treatment in malaria-endemic countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 78(2), 217-221.

[18] Amoah, L. E., Abankwa, J., & Oppong, A. (2016). Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 diversity and the implications for PFHRP 2: based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ghana. Malar J, 15, 101. doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1159-z.

[19] Berzosa, P., de Lucio, A., Romay-Barja, M., Herrador, Z., Gonzalez, V., Garcia, L.,Benito, A. (2018). Comparison of three diagnostic methods (microscopy, RDT, and PCR) for the detection of malaria parasites in representative samples from Equatorial Guinea. Malar J, 17(1), 333. doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2481-4.

[20] Gatti, S., Gramegna, M., Bisoffi, Z., Raglio, A., Gulletta, M., Klersy, C., Scaglia, M. (2007). A comparison of three diagnostic techniques for malaria: a rapid diagnostic test (NOW Malaria), PCR and microscopy. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 101(3), 195-204. doi:10.1179/136485907x156997.

[21] Tham, J. M., Lee, S. H., Tan, T. M., Ting, R. C., & Kara, U. A. (1999). Detection and species determination of malaria parasites by PCR: comparison with microscopy and with Parasite-F and ICT malaria Pf tests in a clinical environment. J Clin Microbiol, 37(5), 1269-1273.

[22] Gardner, M. J., Hall, N., Fung, E., White, O., Berriman, M., Hyman, R. W., Barrell, B. (2002). Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Nature, 419(6906), 498-511. doi:10.1038/nature01097.

[23] Gamboa, D., Ho, M. F., Bendezu, J., Torres, K., Chiodini, P. L., Barnwell, J. W., Cheng, Q. (2010). A large proportion of P. falciparum isolates in the Amazon region of Peru lack PFHRP2 and PFHRP3: implications for malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS One, 5(1), e8091. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008091.

[24] Abdallah, J. F., Okoth, S. A., Fontecha, G. A., Torres, R. E., Banegas, E. I., Matute, M. L., Udhayakumar, V. (2015). Prevalence of PFHRP2 and PFHRP3 gene deletions in Puerto Lempira, Honduras. Malar J, 14, 19. doi:10.1186/s12936-014-0537-7.

[25] Akinyi, S., Hayden, T., Gamboa, D., Torres, K., Bendezu, J., Abdallah, J. F., Udhayakumar, V. (2013). Multiple genetic origins of histidine-rich protein 2 gene deletion in Plasmodium falciparum parasites from Peru. Sci Rep, 3, 2797. doi:10.1038/srep02797.

[26] Kyabayinze, D. J., Zongo, I., Cunningham, J., Gatton, M., Angutoko, P., Ategeka, J., Bell, D. (2016). HRP2 and pLDH-Based Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Expert Microscopy, and PCR for Detection of Malaria Infection during Pregnancy and at Delivery in Areas of Varied Transmission: A Prospective Cohort Study in Burkina Faso and Uganda. PLoS One, 11(7), e0156954. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156954.

Abstract:

Modern contraceptive use can enhance the living standard and reduce mortality among people living in rural and urban areas. However, contraceptive use tends to be low in the rural than the urban populace. A descriptive, cross-sectional study of systematic sampling technique was used to select 570 persons of reproductive age in the rural and urban communities of Oyo State. A semi-structured questionnaire on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude and factors influencing uptake of modern contraceptives was administered to respondents. of the 570 respondents, the mean age was 34.3 ±8.4 years. The majority (63.3%) were female compared to 36.7% male respondents. Most (97.0%) of respondents had heard of family planning in the past. The result shows significant differences in location, gender, marital status, occupation, ethnicity, and a number of children (P<0.001). The majority (33.3%) of the respondents sourced family planning information from health care providers, while 31.3% sourced theirs from mass media – Radio, TV, or newspapers. Respondents in urban areas were currently using family planning methods than respondents in rural areas (61.8% vs. 38.2%). People in the urban area are 2.344 times the odds of utilizing any family planning compared to people in rural area (95% CI 1.495, 3.676). Urban and rural disposition to modern contraception services is influenced by economic, socio-cultural, environmental factors, location, age, educational, traditional beliefs, religion, family type, and level of knowledge. Although some signs of progress have been made in family planning at the communities, more work needs to be done. Men need to be actively involved, and other fears about family planning addressed.

References:

[1] United Nations, Trends in Contraceptive Use Worldwide 2015, UN, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2015.

[2] Lim S, Allen K, Bhutta Z, Dandona L, Forouzanfar M, Fullman N et al.(2015) Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/measuring-the-health-related-sustainable-development-goals-in-188 assessed May 13 2021.

[3] Lu, Y.; Slusky, D. J. G. (2018). “The Impact of Women's Health Clinic Closures on Fertility”. American Journal of Health Economics. 5 (3): 334–359. doi:10.1162/ajhe_a_00123. ISSN 2332-3493.

[4] National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF. (2019). Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF.

[5] OECD (2012) NIGERIA-OVERVIEW- West Africa Gateway

https://www.oecd.org/swac/publications/Nigeria_e-version_en_light.pdf.

[6] United Nations (2015) World Population Prospect. Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division 59 World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision.

[7] NBS. (2013). National Bureau of Statistics, Annual Abstract of Statistics, 2011. Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics.

[8] Jayalakshmi A, Kirani, A., Prabhakar P K and Pushpanjali, S. (2002) A Study of Male Involvement in Family Planning. Health and Population Perspectives and Issues 25 (3): 113 - 123, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265183365.

[9] Donta B., Nair S., Saggurti N., Ghule M., Battala M., Dasgupta A., Gajanan V., Silverman J. and Raj A. (2016) The Importance of Husbands’ Engagement in Family Planning Discussion to Promote Contraception Use for Birth Spacing in Rural India. Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 31 (2) 5-20.

[10] Blackstone, S. R., & Iwelunmor, J. (2017). Determinants of contraceptive use among Nigerian couples: evidence from the 2013 Demographic and Health Survey. Contraception and reproductive medicine, 2(1), 1-8.

[11] WHO. (2018). Family Planning/contraception fact sheet. Retrieved Feb.26, 2019 from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception.

[12] United Nations Population Fund (2017) “Family planning”. Retrieved 6 March 2019.

[13] Bajos, N.; Le Guen, M.; Bohet, A.; Panjo, Henri; Moreau, C. (2014). “Effectiveness of family planning policies: The abortion paradox”. PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e91539. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091539. PMC 3966771. PMID 24670784.

[14] Packham, A. (2017). “Family planning funding cuts and teen childbearing”. Journal of Health Economics. 55: 168–185. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.07.002. ISSN 0167-6296.

[15] Lu, Y.; Slusky, D. J. G. (2018). “The Impact of Women's Health Clinic Closures on Fertility”. American Journal of Health Economics. 5 (3): 334–359. doi:10.1162/ajhe_a_00123. ISSN 2332-3493.

[16] Thomas, O. (2020). City Population - statistics, maps & charts. Retrieved 09 25, 2020, from Oyo State in Nigeria:

https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA031.

[17] All Nigeria information (2021) https://allnigeriainfo.ng/local-government-areas-in-oyo-state/ Accessed 6, May 2021.

[18] Alana Ojo Olukayode & Idowu Oluwafemi Amos. (2018) Factors Influencing Non-Utilization of Modern Methods of Family Planning Among Couples in Paikon-Kore, (FCT) Nigeria Covenant Journal of Business & Social Sciences (CJBSS) Vol. 9 No. 2, Dec. 2018

https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health.

[19] Clifford Obby Odimegwu (1999) Family Planning Attitudes and Use in Nigeria: A Factor Analysis: International Family Planning Perspectives, 1999, 25(2):86-91.

[20] Thimothy Okeowo Olujide (2014) Attitude, Knowledge and Utilization of Family Planning Methods among Rural Women in Ogun State, Nigeria Agrosearch 14(1):39DOI: [accessed May 12 2021].https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287812629/10.4314/agrosh.v14i1.5.

[21] Khalil B., Sarfraz M, and Khan R., (2015) Socio-economic and demographic determinants of contraceptive uptake in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. 54(2):40-44.

[22] Duru C. B., Nnebue C.C., Iwu A.C., Oluoha R.U., Ndukwu E.U., Nwaigbo E. (2018). Utilization of Family Planning Services among Women of Reproductive Age in Urban and Rural Communities of Imo State, Nigeria: A Comparative Study. Afrimedic Journal, 6(1): 11-26.

[23] Gummaraj N.V., Menzil M., Kurre B., Deepa L.N., Meundi A.D. (2018). Contraceptive Practices among the Eligible Couples from a Rural and an Urban Area of Karnataka. National Journal of Community Medicine. 9(7):524-528.

[24] Habyarimana F. and Ramroop S, (2018). The Analysis of Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use Among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Rwanda. The Open Public Health Journal. Volume 11: 348-359 DOI: 10.2174/1874944501811010348.

[25] Kaggwa EB, Diop N, Storey JD. The role of individual and community normative factors: a multilevel analysis of contraceptive use among women in the union in Mali. Int. Family Planning Perspective. 2008 Jun; 34(2):79-88. doi: 10.1363/ifpp.34.079.08. PMID: 18644759.

[26] Lasong J., Zhang Y., Gebremedhin S.A., et al. (2020). Determinants of modern contraceptive use among married women of reproductive age: a cross-sectional study in rural Zambia. BMJ Open10: e030980.doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2019-030980.

[27] Kaniki F.R., (2019). Factors influencing the use of modern contraceptive methods among rural women of childbearing age in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 8:2582-6.

[28] Akokuwebe, M.E. and Ojo, O. A., (2016). Factors Influencing Acceptability of Family Planning among Women in Rural Communities in Ife Central Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. Ibadan Journal of the Social Sciences, 14 (2), 250-261.

[29] Esike C.O.U., Anozie O.B., Ani M., Ekwedigwe K., Onyebuchi A.K., Ezeonu P.O., et al. (2017) Barriers to family planning acceptance in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 34:212-7.

[30] Etokidem, A. J., Ndifon, W., Etowa, J., & Asuquo, E. F. (2017). Family planning practices of rural community dwellers in cross river state, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of clinical practice, 20(6), 707-715.

[31] Blackstone, S. R., & Iwelunmor, J. (2017). Determinants of contraceptive use among Nigerian couples: evidence from the 2013 Demographic and Health Survey. Contraception and reproductive medicine, 2(1), 1-8.

[32] Islam, A. Z. (2018). Factors affecting modern contraceptive use among fecund young women in Bangladesh: does couples’ joint participation in household decision-making matter? Reproductive health, 15(1), 1-9.

[33] Mutombo N. and Bakibinga P. (2014). The effect of joint contraceptive decisions on the use of Injectables, Long-Acting and Permanent Methods (ILAPMs) among married female (15–49) contraceptive users in Zambia: a cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health. 11:51 http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/11/1/51.

[34] Donta B., Nair S., Saggurti N., Ghule M., Battala M., Dasgupta A., Gajanan V., Silverman J. and Raj
A. (2016) The Importance of Husbands’ Engagement in Family Planning Discussion to Promote Contraception Use for Birth Spacing in Rural India. Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 31 (2) 5-20.

[35] Obwoya J. G., Wulifan J.K. and Kalol A. (2018). Factors Influencing Contraceptives Use among Women in the Juba City of South Sudan. International Journal of Population Research. Volume 2018, Article ID 6381842, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6381842.

Abstract:

Having the registration process and requirements that are easy and affordable is one thing, and having the entire process that supports cooperative performance is yet another. This study intended to establish the influence of the registration process and requirements on the performance of the cooperative societies. The study adopted a descriptive research design using a mix method paradigm.12.6% of the total cooperatives in the Central province of Zambia were sampled from 16% of the total districts in the province. A total of 210 respondents were arrived at through purposive and systematic random sampling techniques. The desk review, semi-structured questionnaires with a reliability test of Cronbach's Alpha of 0.890, and interview schedules were the instruments used to collect data. The data were analyzed qualitatively using themes and quantitatively using descriptive statistics using SPSS Version 22. The study reveals that cooperative registration requirements are affordable, and the process is easy but hardly supports the cooperative growth and performance. The study, therefore, recommends the revision of the registration process being used so as to enhance cooperative performance and eventually bring about social and economic development in rural Zambia.

References:

[1] Siame, M., 2016, Performance of Zambia's Cooperatives- Case Study of Kabwe Lusaka Kafue Based Co-operatives, retrieved 25th February from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324954678_.

[2] Ntalasha, R. (2016). Developing Cooperatives in Zambia, retrieved on 25th February from http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/developing-Cooperatives-in-zambia/.

[3] Ochieng, G. M., 2013, an Investigation of the Impact of Cooperative Movement in Rural Development in Kenya. International journal of business and commerce, Vol. 3, No. 2.

[4] Jeanne, B., 1993), No practice, no improvement: A true story. https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4170320110.

[5] Pekka, H., Josette, M., Ole, L., and Lyle, B. 1993. The development of cooperatives and other rural organizations, the role of the World Bank, World Bank Technical papers number 199, Africa technical department series. The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

[6] FAO, 2013, the state of food and agriculture 2013. http://www.fao.org/3/i3300e/i3300e00.htm.

[7] International Cocoa Initiative, 2014, The International Cocoa Initiative Strategy, Putting the future of children at the heart of cocoa sustainability. https://cocoainitiative.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/03/ICI_strategy_EN_digital_pxp.pdf.

[8] Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry, 2018, Co-operative’s development. Annual Report.

[9] Children International, 2019. https://www.savethechildren.net/research-reports/search?year=2019&search=Child%20Rights.

[10]    Ministry of National Development Planning, 2017, Seventh National Development Plan 2017-2021, Vol 1.

[11]    ILO, 2015), Cooperatives and Sustainable Development: Analysis of Cooperative Voices and Sustainable Development Survey Report, a Contribution to the Post-2015 Development Debate.

[12]    ILO, 2001; ILO's World Employment Report 2001: Despite Improved Employment Outlook, Digital Divide Looms Large. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_007830/lang--en/index.htm.

[13]    European Commission (EU), 2012; Fiscal Sustainability Report, Economic and Financial Affairs. https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/european_economy/2012/pdf/ee-2012-8_en.pdf.

[14] World Cooperative Monitor, 2019, Exploring the Cooperative Economy, Report, 2019. Euricse.

[15] International Co-operative Alliance, 2017, Cooperative identity, values & principles. https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity.

[16] Kothari and Guarav, 2017, Research Methodology, methods and techniques, new age international publishers, New Delhi.

[17] David M. L., et al., 2017, Statistics for Managers, 8th Ed. Pearson. India.

[18] University of Wisconsin Centre for Cooperat, 1995; The role of cooperative societies in economic development. https://uwcc.wisc.edu/resources/.

[19] UN General Assembly Economic and Social Council, 2001, Poverty and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: statement/adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, UN. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (25th sess.: 2001: Geneva).

[20] CSO, 2015; 2015 Living conditions monitoring survey report (LCMS), Republic of Zambia Central
Statistical Office. CSO - Serving Your Data Needs. https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/Living_Conditions/2015%20Living%20Conditions%20Monitoring%20Survey%20Report.pdf.

[21] World Bank, 2016; The World Bank Annual Report 2016. Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24985 License: CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO.

[22] International Co-operative Alliance (ACI), (2017), Cooperative identity, values & principles. https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity.

[23] IICA – World Bank, 1993; Moving out of poverty in North East Brazil, IBRD Results, 91659. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/869521468224087526/pdf/916590BRI0Box30ion0402001000Public0.pdf.

Abstract:

HIV/AIDS prevalence remains a major global public health and development challenge despite key interventions to curb its spread. Ghana, in particular, for a decade now, has experienced a persistent increase in the number of HIV new infections among adults, with the new infection rates varying across the administrative regions. The study examines socio-demographic, health, social, behavioural, and biomedical factors contributing to the spread of HIV among adults in Ghana and how these factors vary across administrative regions. A case-control study was carried on involving 362 respondents made of 181 HIV cases and controls, each from the Ahafo and Northern regions of Ghana. Structured questionnaires were administered. Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, their health status, social behavioural, and biomedical factors that have potential influence on the spread of HIV was collected. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the degree to which each of the risk factors collected were associated with the spread of HIV in Ghana and across regions. Out of 21 risk factors identified, 13 accounted for the spread of HIV in the Ahafo region compared to only 6 in the Northern region. The study concludes that factors for HIV spread in Ghana are many but vary across administrative regions in the country. It, therefore, suggests the need to create job opportunities, have HIV awareness campaign programmes, regulate the sale of alcoholic and other related drugs, discourage sex trade, promote condom use throughout the country for those who cannot abstain, and tailored to regions.

References:

[1] UNAIDS. 2019 Global AIDS Update: Communities at the Centre; July 2019. UNAIDS. AIDS info website; accessed September 2019, available at: http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/. UNAIDS. Fact sheet; September 2019.

[2] Ghana AIDS Commission (2019). Status of the National HIV and AIDS Response Report. Accra: Ghana AIDS Commission. 212. https://www.ghanaids.gov.gh/.

[3] Ghana National AIDS Commission, Annual report, 2018, p.1-5, accessed September 2019, available at: https://ghanaids.gov.gh/mcadmin/Uploads/nationalHIVandAIDSPolicy.pdf.

[4] Ghana National AIDS Control Programme Annual Report, 2019 accessed December 2020, available at: https://ghanaids.gov.gh/mcadmin/Uploads/NACP%20Annual%20Report%2019_Final.pdf.

[5] Chan, M., Sidibe, M., Lake, A., 2007. Towards Universal Access: Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector. April. Geneva, WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF 201706. https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-06/Towards-universal-access-en_0.pdf.

[6] World Bank report, 2017. Annual Report 2017: worldbank.org/annual report. Accessed at: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/908481507403754670-0330212017/original/AnnualReport2017WBG.pdf.

[7] Manyahi J., Jullu B. S., Abuya M. I., Juma J., Ndayongeje J., Kilama B., Sambu V., Nondi J., Rabiel B., Somi G., Matee M. I. (2015). Prevalence of HIV and syphilis infections among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Tanzania, 2011. BMC Public Health. 2015 May 22; 15:501. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1848-5.

[8] Ankomah, A., Ganle, J. K., Lartey, M. Y., Kwara, A., Nortey, P. A., Okyerefo, M. P. K., & Laar, A. K. (2016). ART access-related barriers faced by HIV-positive persons linked to care in southern Ghana: a mixed method study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 16(1), 738. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-2075-0.

[9] Audet C.M, Burlison J., Troy D Moon T. D., Sidat M., Vergara A.E., & Vermund S. H. (2010). Sociocultural and epidemiological aspects of HIV/AIDS in Mozambique. BMC International Health and Human Rights 2010, 10:15. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/10/15.

[10] Park, L., S., Siraprapasiri, T., Peerapatanapokin, W., Manne, J., Niccolai, L., and Kunanusont, C. (2010). HIV transmission rates in Thailand: evidence of HIV prevention and transmission decline. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 54(4): 430-436.

[11] Shelton, J., D., Halperin, D., T., Nantulya, V., Potts, M., Gayle, H., D., Holmes, K., K. (2004). Partner reduction is crucial for balanced ―ABC‖ approach to HIV prevention: Behaviour change programmes to prevent HIV have mainly promoted condom use or abstinence, while partner reduction remains the neglected component of ABC. BMJ, 328: 891-4.

[12] Stoneburner, R., L., and Low-Beer, D. (2004). Population-Level HIV Declines and Behavioral Risk Avoidance in Uganda. SCIENCE 304, 714.

[13] Jewkes, R., Dunkle, K., Koss, M., P., Levin, J., B., Nduna, M., Jama, N., and Sikweyiya (2006). Rape perpetration by young, rural South African men: Prevalence, patterns and risk factors. Social Science and Medicine, 63(11): 2949-2961.

[14] Lurie, M., Rosenthal, S., Williams, B. (2009). Concurrency driving the African HIV epidemics: where is the evidence? Lancet, 374:1420-1421.

[15] Sawer, L., and Stillwaggon, E. (2010). Concurrent sexual partnerships do not explain the HIV epidemics in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. Journal of the International AIDS Society13:34.

[16] Agyemang, S., (2009). Addressing HIV/AIDS pandemic in the Ejura Sekyedumase District: a study of knowledge, attitudes and sexual behavior among unmarried 15–24-year-olds. KNUST Space. handle/123456789/609. http://dspace.knust.edu.gh/handle/123456789/609.

[17] Buor, D., (2000b). Help Break Taboos on Sexuality. Ghana News Agency. General News of Monday, 18 September. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Help-break-taboos-on-sexuality-Lecturer-11252.

[18] Odoi-Agyarko, K. (2004). Socio-cultural Factors and Determinants Affecting Sexual Behaviour Among the Youth in the Upper East Region of Ghana. Paper Presented at the National HIV/AIDS Research Conference (NHARCON) held at La Palm Royal Beach Hotel, Accra, Ghana, February 11-13.

[19] Auerbach, J. (2009). Transforming Social Structures and Environments to help in HIV Prevention. Health Affairs, 28 (6): 1655-1665.

[20] Choudhry, V., Ambresin, A-E., Nyakato, V. N., & Agardh, A. (2015). Transactional sex and HIV risks-evidence from a cross-sectional national survey among young people in Uganda. Global Health Action, 8, 1-11. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v8.27249.

[21] Ghanem A., Little S. J., Drumright L., Liu L., Morris S., and Garfein R. S. (2015) PMC High-Risk Behaviors Associated with Injection Drug Use Among Recently HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men in San Diego, CA doi: 10.1007/s10461-011-9970-6.

[22] Clínicas, H., Medicina, F. De, & Paulo, D. S. (2012). Prior history of sexually transmitted diseases in women living with AIDS in São Paulo, Brazil, 16(3), 226–231.

[23] Wilson C. N., and Sathiyasusuman A (2015). Associated Risk Factors of STIs and Multiple Sexual Relationships among Youths in Malawi. Plos One Journal. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134286.

[24] Omoria R., and Laith J. A (2017). Sexual network drivers of HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 transmission. AIDS (London, England). May 2017 DOI:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001542.

[25] Pettifor, A., Rees, H., Kleinschmidt, I., Steffenson, A., MacPhail, C., Hlongwa-Madikizela
L., Vermaak K., Padian N. S. (2005). Young people's sexual health in South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviors from a nationally representative household survey. PMID: 16135907 DOI: 10.1097/01. AIDS. 0000183129.16830.06.

[26] Rahmanian, S., Wewers, M. E., Koletar, S., Reynolds, N., Ferketich, A., & Diaz, P. (2011). Cigarette Smoking in the HIV-Infected Population. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, 8(3), 313–319. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.201009-058WR.

[27] Ghana Health Service, 2019. Ghana National Sentinel Surveillance Report, 2019. Ghana Health Service. Accessed at https://ghanaids.gov.gh/mcadmin/Uploads/HSS%202019%20Report%2027-08-2020.pdf.

[28] Beauclair, R., Helleringer, S., Hens, N., & Delva, W. (2016). Age differences between sexual partners, behavioural and demographic correlates, and HIV infection on Likoma Island, Malawi. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 36121. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36121.

[29] Fortson J.G. the gradient in sub-saharan Africa: Socioeconomic status and HIV/AIDS. Demography 45, 303 – 322 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0006.

[30] Kolawole, I. E., 2010. Awareness and Perceptions of HIV/AIDS Preventive Strategies among students of Universities of Zululand and Ado-Ekiti. Unizulu Institutional Repository, 10530(633), http://hdl.handle.net/10530/633.

[31] Achappa, B., Madi, D., Bhaskaran, U., Ramapuram, J. T., Rao, S., & Mahalingam, S. (2013). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV. North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 5(3), 220–223. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947 2714.109196.

Abstract:

Self-injection of DMPA-SC method is one of the Government of Nigeria’s (GON) national family planning goals to address the unmet need for contraception. Some studies on DMPA-SC/SI have demonstrated its feasibility to improve modern contraceptive uptake. However, there is a gap in the predictors of method uptake and continuation across self-injecting and provider-administered in Nigeria. This study explored the uptake of self-injection DMPA-SC contraceptives among women in two geopolitical zones of Nigeria. The study employed 20 focused group discussions (FGDs) and 40 In-depth interviews (IDIs). Self-structured pretested questionnaire to elicit information from 844 women registered for Family Planning in selected health facilities. Descriptive statistics were calculated and multivariate logistic regression was used to model determinants of DMPA-SC/SI family planning uptake. Six months of Secondary Data from the Health Management Information system (HMIS) was used to triangulate the trends in uptake. About 97.6% reported ever heard DMPA-SC/SI family planning method; 78.4% reported its uptake; while 88.5% reported ever heard of self-injection as an option of family planning method. Data for each State showed a remarkable increase in uptake of DMPA-SC/SI. The motivations to use DMPA-SC/Self Injection were ease of accessibility, convenience, and self-administer/care. Factors that encourage the uptake of DMPA-SC/SI were; health benefits, the prevailing economic situation and its effectiveness. Findings from the study showed that interventions that deploy health education, awareness, social mobilization, advocacy, policy implementation, and public sensitization, making contraceptive services available for free, will increase the uptake of DMPA-SC/SI in the study areas.

References:

[1] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Contraceptive Use by Method 2019: Data Booklet. UN. Epub ahead of print December 10, 2019. DOI: 10.18356/1bd58a10-en.

[2] Kantorová V, New JR, Biddlecom A, et al. Setting Ambitious yet Achievable Targets Using Probabilistic Projections: Meeting Demand for Family Planning. Stud Fam Plann 2017; 48: 223–233.

[3] Sedgh G, Ashford LS, Hussain R. Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries: Examining Women’s Reasons for Not Using a Method. N Y Guttmacher Inst 2016; 93.

[4] Thapa P, Pokharel N, Shrestha M. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Contraception among the Married Women of Reproductive Age Group in Selected Wards of Dharan Sub-Metropolitan City. J Contracept Stud 2018; 03: 18.

[5] National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF. 2019. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018, https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR359/FR359.pdf (2019, accessed October 24, 2020).

[6] Okunade K, Daramola E, Ajepe A, et al. A 3-year review of the pattern of contraceptive use among women attending the family planning clinic of a University Teaching Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Afr J Med Health Sci 2016; 15: 69.

[7] Singhal S. Impact of Injectable Progestogen Contraception in Early Puerperium on Lactation and Infant Health. J Clin Diagn Res. Epub ahead of print 2014. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/7775.4110.

[8] Beson P, Appiah R, Adomah-Afari A. Modern contraceptive use among reproductive-aged women in Ghana: prevalence, predictors, and policy implications. BMC Women’s Health 2018; 18: 157.

[9] Starbird E, Norton M, Marcus R. Investing in Family Planning: Key to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Glob Health Sci Pract 2016; 4: 191–210.

[10] Schrumpf LA, Stephens MJ, Nsarko NE, et al. Side effect concerns and their impact on Women’s uptake of modern family planning methods in rural Ghana: a mixed-methods study. BMC Women’s Health 2020; 20: 57.

[11] Darroch JE. Adding It Up: Investing in Contraception and Maternal and Newborn Health, 2017—Estimation Methodology. N Y Guttmacher Inst 2018; 97.

[12] PATH. DMPA-SC self-injection supports women to use injectable contraception longer. F Poptionspathorg ǀ Wwwpathorgdmpa-Sc 2018; 2.

[13] Cover J, Namagembe A, Tumusiime J, et al. Continuation of injectable contraception when self-injected vs. administered by a facility-based health worker: a nonrandomized, prospective cohort study in Uganda. Contraception 2018; 98: 383–388.

[14] Kohn JE, Simons HR, Della Badia L, et al. Increased 1-year Continuation of DMPA among women randomized to self-administration: results from a randomized controlled trial at Planned Parenthood. Contraception 2018; 97: 198–204.

[15] Liu J, Shen J, Diamond-Smith N. Predictors of DMPA-SC continuation among urban Nigerian women: the influence of counseling quality and side effects. Contraception 2018; 98: 430–437.

[16] Ahuru RR. The influence of women empowerment on maternal and childcare use in Nigeria. Int J Healthc Manag 2019; 1–10.

[17] Cochran WG. Professor of Statistics, Emeritus Harvard University. 10.

[18] Yaya S, Uthman OA, Ekholuenetale M, et al. Women empowerment as an enabling factor of contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of cross-sectional surveys of 32 countries. Reprod Health 2018; 15: 214.

[19] Adebowale SA, Ajiboye BV, Arulogun O. Patterns and Correlates of Condom Use among Unmarried Male Youths in Nigeria: NDHS 2008. Afr J Reprod Health 2017; 17: 149–159.

[20] Ahuru R, Nzoputam C. Barriers to use of modern contraceptive among reproductive-age women in rural communities in Delta State, Southern Nigeria. 2020; 9: 15–32.

[21] Aliyu AA, Dahiru T. Reproductive Health and Family Planning Services in Africa: Looking beyond Individual and Household Factors. In: Amarin Z, Abduljabbar H (eds) Family Planning and Reproductive Health. IntechOpen. Epub ahead of print December 2, 2020. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92138.

[22] Burke HM, Chen M, Buluzi M, et al. Effect of self-administration versus provider-administered injection of subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on continuation rates in Malawi: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e568–e578.

[23] Kanwal N, Muttappallymyalil J, Al-Sharbatti S, et al. Contraceptive Utilisation Among Mothers of Reproductive Age in Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2017; 17: e50–e58.

[24] Olugbenga-Bello AI, Adebimpe WO, Akande RO, et al. Health risk behaviors and sexual initiation among in-school adolescents in rural communities in southwestern Nigeria. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2014; 26: 503–510.

[25] Solanke BL. Factors influencing contraceptive use and non-use among women of advanced reproductive age in Nigeria. J Health Popul Nutr 2017; 36: 1.

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outcomes: evidence from 34 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 33: 3501–3508.

[31] Sedgh G, Hussain R. Reasons for Contraceptive Nonuse among Women Having Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries. Stud Fam Plann 2014; 45: 151–169.

[32] Chimah U, Lawoyin T, Ilika A, et al. Contraceptive knowledge and practice among senior secondary schools’ students in military barracks in Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2016; 19: 182.

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Abstract:

Industrial growth is an essential condition for sustainable economic development. However, data management also plays an important role in ensuring effective planning and result-oriented decision-making in an organization. Although big data management is essential in this regard, its usage in most countries seems to be a new field. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of big data management on industrial growth in the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. The study used expost-facto design approach and time-series or secondary data covering 2018 to 2020. A sample of 43 countries were used for the study. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression technique was used as a technique for data analysis. The results from the descriptive analysis revealed that ICT access and usage had a higher mean value than internet access which signifies that ICT access and usage contributed more to industrial growth in OECD than internet access (INA). The findings from the analysis of the hypotheses also found that ICT access and usage and internet access have a significant effect on industrial growth in OECD countries. The study, therefore, concluded that big data management had positive effects on industrial growth in OECD countries and recommended that governments of OECD countries should invest more on internet access so as to promote efficiency in big data management and that they should also provide ICT infrastructure that are necessary for effective management of big data and industrial growth.

References:

[1] Ware, B. (2018). Top 10 data management challenges: Availability and security https://www.progress.com/blogs/top-10-data-management-challenges-availabilitysecurity/.

[2] Crawford, M (2016). Making sense of sensors. https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/making-sense-of-sensors.

[3] Belyh, A. (2019). Brief history of big data. https://www.cleverism.com/brief-history-big-data.

[4] Bulao, J., (2021). How much data is created every day in 2021? https://techjury.net/blog/how much-data-is-created-every-day/.

[5] Connall, M. (2021). Top 20 big data statistics for 2021. https://www.sigmacomputing.com/blog/top-20-big-data-statistics/.

[6] Arora,V., (2018). How big data influences the decision making for enterprises? https://thenextscoop.com/big-data-influences-decision-making/.

[7] Forbes, (2019). 95 percent of businesses need to manage unstructured data. https://www.dataideology.com/data/95-percent-of-businesses-need-to-manage-unstructured-data.

[8] Vaghela, Y. (2018). Four common big data challenges. https://www.dataversity.net/four-common-big-data-challenges/.

[9] Lynkova, D., (2019). 39+ big data statistics for 2020. https://leftronic.com/big-data-statistics/Madeline.

[10]Statistical Commission (2016). Report on the global working group on big data for official statistics. Vienna: UNIDO.

[11] Bahrini, R. & Qaffas, A. A., (2019). Impact of information and communication technology on economic growth: Evidence from developing countries. Economies 7(21), 1-13. Doi:10.3390/economies7010021.

[12] Rai, A. (2020). What is big data: Characteristics, types, benefits and examples. https://www.upgrad.com/blog/what-is-big-data-types-characteristics-benefits-and-examples.

[13] Slideshare, (2015). Big data unit. https://www.slideshare.net/navjotkaur313371/big-data-unit-i.

[14] Big Data Framework (2019). Where does ‘big data’ come from? https://www.bigdataframework.org/short-history-of-big-data/.

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