Abstract:

The study assessed the parenting style and gender influence on the career choice of undergraduate students of a private tertiary institution in Accra Ghana. A Cluster sampling technique was employed to collect data. A sample size of 160 respondents, made up of 62 males and 98 females of the Methodist University College, participated in this study. Standardised questionnaires were used to collect data from respondents. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression techniques in SPSS were applied to test the hypotheses of the study. The findings indicated that parenting styles reliably predict career choices among both male and female undergraduates. Democratic and strict parenting styles had a positive and significant influence on career choice. Gender difference had a negative influence on career choice. Permissive parenting style, uninvolved-neglectful parenting style, educational level of students, and age of students were statistically insignificant on career choice of students.

Keywords: Parenting styles and career choice, Gender, Authoritarian, Permissive and authoritative parenting.

References:

[1] Salami, S. (1999). Relationship Between Work Values and Vocational Interests Among High School Students in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Educational Research, 5(2), 65-74.

[2] Mlama, P. (2001). Gender Equity Programming in Higher Education. Paper Presented at The Higher Education Policy Forum.

[3] Evans, D. (2006). A paper on Long Life Goals: Antecedents in Gender Beliefs and Effects on Gender Stereotypical Career Interest. Oxford, Ohio: Miami University.

[4] Onyango, C (2016). Education Retrieved from www.education.com/reference/article/effect-parenting-styles-children-behavior/.

[5] Holland, J. (1996a). Exploring Careers with A Typology: What We Have Learned and Some New Directions. American Psychologist. 51, 397- 406.

[6] Gottfredson, L. (2002). Gottfredson’s Theory of Circumscription, Compromise, and Self Creation. In D. Brown; Associate (Eds), Career Choice and Development (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

[7] Lent, R., Brown, S., & Hackett, G. (2002). Social Cognitive Career Theory. (4th ed.). (D. &. Associates, Ed.) San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

[8] Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W.H Freeman and Company.

[9] Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of Authoritative Parental Control on Child Behaviour. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 37(4), 887-907.

[10] Almiskry, S., Baker, R., & Mohammed, O. (2009). Gender difference and Career Choice interest among undergraduate students: Implication for Career Choice. European Journal of Scientific Research, 26 (3), 465-469. Retrieved November 19, 2019, from http://www.eurojournals.com.ejsr.htm.

[11] Igbinedion, V. (2011). Perception and Factors that Influence Students Vocational Choice of Secretarial Studies in Tertiary Institutions in Edo State, Nigeria. European Journal of Educational Studies, 3 (2), 325-337.

[12] Agarwala, T. (2008). Factors Influencing Career choice of Management Students in India. Career Development International, 13(4), 362-376.

[13] Latif, A., Aziz, A., & Ahmed, M. (2016). Influences of Education on Career Choice: A Study on Sylhet Cit Bangladesh, Management Studies and Economic Systems (MSES). 2(3), 211-217.

[14] Gravetter, F., & Forzano, L. (2006). Research Methods for The Behavioural Sciences (2nd ed.). Thomson Wadsworth.

[15] Darling, N. & Toyokawa, T. [1997]. A wscale to measure three dimensions of parenting style: demandingness, supportiveness and psychological anatomy grating. Construction and Validation of The Parenting Style Inventory II.

[16] Manerikar, V. & Manerikar, S. [2015]. Cronbach’s Alpha. A Peer Reviewed Research Journal. XIX [1],117-119. Doi;10.1007/bf02310555.

[17] Turner, E., Chandler, M., & Heffer, R. (2009). Influence of Parenting Styles, Achievement Motivation, And Self-efficacy on Academic Performance in College Students. Journal of College Student Development, 50 (3), 337-346.

[18] Patton, W., & McMahon, M. (2006). Career Development and Systems Theory: Connecting Theory and Practice (2nd ed.). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.

[19] Kumar, A. (2007). Personal, Academic & Career Development in Higher Education: Soaring to Success. New York, NY: Routledge.

[20] Rani, S. (2014). Impact of Parenting Styles on Career Choice of Adolescents. Journal of Education and Social Policy, 1 (1). 34-39.

[21] Cartwright, H., McNally, S., White, C., & Verduyn, C. (2005). Parent Skill Training: An effective intervention for internalizing symptoms in younger children. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 7, 128-139.

[22] Owusu-Kwarteng, L. (2015). Telling a Different Story: The Effect of Parenting on the Academic and Professional Achievement of 24 British-Ghanaian Highflyers. Power and Education, 7, 289-305. doi:10.1177/1757743815600292.

[23] Brown, S., & Lent, R. (2005). Career Development and Counselling: Putting Theory and Research to Work. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

[24] Joseph, F., & Olu, A. (2017). Adolescents’ Gender and Age as Correlates Career Choice Among Secondary School Students in Southwest Nigeria. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 157-162.

Abstract:

The study embarked on the management of information systems, what it is all about as well as the impact of fifth generation (5G) technologies, the advantages and disadvantages, and the countries that roll out 5G technologies in Africa. The study was done in some African countries, specifically South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia, and Nigeria. The study employed a survey research design and used a case study approach. Primary data were collected from the mentioned countries. Respondents were companies and few randomly identified individuals. The study identifies the advantages as well as disadvantages of 5G technologies. The study results show that most African countries are still to invest in 5G technologies and those that are using them are yet to bear heavy costs.

Keywords: Africa, Management Information Systems, 5G, Technologies.

References:

[1]. Encyclopedia, 2021: Special Reports could easily be obtained from the system; Management Information Systems (MIS) retrieved from: https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/management-information-systems-mis.html.

[2]. The Free Encyclopedia, 2021, Management-information-system retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/management-information-system.

[3]. Adikesavan, T. (2014). Management Information Systems: Best Practices and Applications in Business. PHI Learning Private Limited, 2^nd Edition. https://www.amazon.com.

[4]. What is 5G? retrieved from: https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-security/mobile/inspired/5G.

[5]. 5G technology and networks (speed, use cases, rollout)-Thales retrieved from https://www.thalesgroup.com.

[6].   The Impact of 5G: Creating New Value across retrieved from https:// www.pwc.com/.

[7].   Master Information Systems Management retrieved from: https://www.best-masters.com/ranking-master-information-systems-management-in-western-europe.html.

[8].   Is Africa ready for 5G? /Africa/DW/29.11.2019 retrieved from: https://www.dw.com-is-africa-ready-for-5g/9-51474261.

[9].   Moskowitz, J. M. (2019). We have no reason to believe 5G is safe.

https://blogs.scientificamerican.comblogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/we-have-no-reason-to-believe-5g-is-safe/.

[10].  Dilsha, M.D; Neenu, W., 2015, Introduction to 5G Wireless Technology. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) NSDMCC, 4 (6), https: www.ijert.org.

[11].   Namibia to assess environmental impact of 5G-developing telecoms retrieved form https://www.developingtelecoms.com  and from https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-business/telecom-regulation/9841-namibia-to-assess-environmental-impact-of-5g.html.

[12].  Rashid, Y., Rashid, A., Warraich, M.A., Sabir, S.S, Waseem, A., 2019, Case Study Method: A
Step-by-Step Guide for Business Researchers, Vol.18 Journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1609406919862424.

[13].  Baskarada, S. (2014). Qualitative case study guidelines: The Qualitative Report, 19, 1-25. https://www.semanticscholar.org.

[14].  Tellis, W. (1997). Introduction to Case Study. The Qualitative Report, Volume 3, Number 2, July. http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR3-2/tellis1.html.

[15].  Zainal, Z., 2007, Case Study as a research method. Journal Kemanuslaan bil.9 Psyking.net/htmlobj-3837/case_study_as_a_research_method.pdf

Abstract:

References:

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[2] The Economist. (2015). Why does Kenya lead the world in mobile money? [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2015/03/02/why-does-kenya-lead-the-world-in-mobile-money.

[3] Kenneth Chidi Igiri, Arden University, 2020. Impact of Mobile Money on SMEs in Ghana Since 2018 Final. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339677715_Impact_of_Mobile_Money_on_SMEs_in_Ghana_Since_2018_Final [Accessed 29 Aug. 2021].

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[17] Harris, L.R & Brown, G.T.L (2010). Mixing Interview and Questionnaire Methods: Practical Problems in Aligning Data. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 15(1). (n.d.).

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[20] Suri, T. and Jack, W. (2016). The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money. Science, 354(6317), pp.1288–1292.

[21] Economic and Financial Report published in July 2021.

Abstract:

As US regulatory framework lays the foundation of safety aspects and the efficacy of clinical effects of food products, specifically dietary supplement products, the reality of regulatory compliance is not well understood. Especially, live microorganisms as dietary supplements have many challenges in label compliance due to the unclear regulatory framework, but also due to the complexity of such living organisms. Field surveys were conducted in Southern California, USA (specifically in the Orange County and Los Angeles County regions) at local retailers or online from January 2019 to April 2021. Dietary supplements and food categories that included probiotics specifically into formula were assessed for label compliance and ingredient safety through manual annotations and curation of information. The data were observed and documented statistically. Eighty (80) unique products were collected where the number of probiotic strains ranged from 34 to 1 strain. Thirty-three (33) unique statement of identity were recorded, range of violations were maximum 9 to minimum 0. Violations were checked against the US label compliance per Chapter 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) in food and dietary supplement label compliance regulations. Eighty-one (81) unique probiotics were observed where 33 were not confirmed of GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status, and 6 had no NDI (new dietary ingredient) status. Most labels were not in compliance with all the regulatory nuances that were found. Although most probiotics were only listed on the species level, it is still a topic worthwhile the discussion of increasing regulatory awareness to the industry. Non-compliance with labels could be mitigated by such educational outreach.

Keywords: Clinical Substantiations, Compliance, Label Compliance, Probiotics, Regulatory. 

References:

[1] Health Canada. 2020. Compendium of Monographs. Retrieved December 14^th, 2020. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/natural-non-prescription/applications-submissions/product-licensing/compendium-monographs.html.

[2] Wallace, T. C. 2015. Twenty years of the dietary supplement health and education act—how should dietary supplements be regulated? The Journal of Nutrition, 145(8), 1683-1686.

[3] Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Ensure Safe Food from Production to Consumption. Ensuring Safe Food: from Production to Consumption. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 1998. The Current US Food Safety System. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209121/.

[4] U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA). 2020a. Good Clinical Practices. Retrieved January 14^th, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch.

[5] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2020b. Guidance for industry: Structure/function claims, small entity compliance Guide. Retrieved November 11^th,2020. http://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/ucm103340.htm.

[6] U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). 2020. Clinical trials. Available from https://www.ftc.gov/.

[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2019a. Generally Recognized as Safe. Available from https://www.fda.gov/food/food-ingredients-packaging/generally-recognized-safe-gras.

[8] Smith, A.B., 2019. The Regulation of Probiotics in the United States. In Lactic Acid Bacteria (pp. 693-710). CRC Press.

[9] Chapter 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 170. 2020. Retrieved September 12^th, 2020. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-170?toc=1.

[10] Merenstein, D., Guzzi, J., & Sanders, M. E. 2019. More information needed on probiotic supplement product labels. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34(12), 2735-2737.

[11] Saldanha, L. G., Dwyer, J. T., Bailen, R. A., Andrews, K. W., Betz, J. W., Chang, H. F., & Coates, P. M. 2018. Characteristics and challenges of dietary supplement databases derived from label information. The Journal of nutrition, 148(suppl_2), 1422S-1427S.

[12] Microsoft Corporation. 2019. Microsoft Office. Retrieved from https://office.microsoft.com.

[13] Chapter 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 101. 2020. Retrieved September 12^th, 2020. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=101.

[14] Chapter 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations Subpart A. 2020. Retrieved September 12^th, 2020. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=101&showFR=1&subpartNode=21:2.0.1.1.2.1.

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[17] Scherer, R.W., Huynh, L., Ervin, A.M., Taylor, J. and Dickersin, K., 2013. Clinical Trials. gov registration can supplement information in abstracts for systematic reviews: a comparison study. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 13(1), pp.1-9.

[18] Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G.R., Merenstein, D.J., Pot, B., Morelli, L., Canani, R.B., Flint, H.J., Salminen, S. and Calder, P.C., 2014. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology.

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[20] Sanders, M.E., Akkermans, L.M., Haller, D., Hammerman, C., Heimbach, J.T., Hörmannsperger, G. and Huys, G., 2010. Safety assessment of probiotics for human use. Gut microbes, 1(3), pp.164-185.

[21] Snydman, D.R., 2008. The safety of probiotics. Clinical infectious diseases, 46(Supplement_2), pp. S104-S111.

[22] Lake, B., Washington, T., Gambier, M., Australia, S., Ireland, N., Liable, U.P., Goldbaum,
S.R., Goldbaum, D.R., Replies, G., Legal, N.E.N.S.N. and Herald, D.R.T., FDA Letters 1-12.

Abstract:

Internet has become a part of our lives. Two-thirds of adult men and one third of females use internet in India. In that, 12% of websites are pornographic, 30% of net traffic is sex-related, 35% of downloads are of pornographic material. In India, 72% of adult males and 28% of adult women viewed pornography. One-third of people accessed the net for porn while in office or in school/college. In a study done on college students in a small town in South India, 84.2% view porn on a daily basis, one-half felt that they use porn more than they intended to see and were awake late at night; two-thirds felt that their academic grades dropped. On a multicity sex survey in South India on college students—69% watch, sex videos 6 hours a week; 24% of girls feel porn is harmless; 30% of students had sex relations with lovers, and 12% of girls became pregnant. In an objective assessment of porn consumption in medical students in Central India, 14 % of boys and 8% of girls were found to have the potential to become internet sex addicts. Cybersex addiction is six times more in men than in women. In the self-claimed hypersexual people, porn consumption was 6 times higher, total sexual outlets per week was three times higher, total sexual partners was double when compared with non-hypersexual people.

References:

[1] Gunter, B., 2015. News and the Net. Routledge.

[2] Young, K.S. and De Abreu, C.N. eds., 2010. Internet addiction: A handbook and guide to evaluation and treatment. John Wiley & Sons.

[3] Khanna, N., 2018. Sexual abuse of children–a legal study in relation to child pornography.

[4] Gautam, A., 2018. Pornistan: How to survive the porn epidemic in India. Readomania.

[5] Young, K.S., 2004. Internet addiction: A new clinical phenomenon and its consequences. American behavioral scientist, 48(4), pp.402-415.

[6] Wolak, J., Mitchell, K. and Finkelhor, D., 2007. Unwanted and wanted exposure to online pornography in a national sample of youth Internet users. Pediatrics, 119(2), pp.247-257.

[7] Cooper, A., Griffin-Shelley, E., Delmonico, D.L. and Mathy, R.M., 2001. Online sexual problems: Assessment and predictive variables. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 8(3-4), pp.267-285.

[8] Eleuteri, S., Tripodi, F., Petruccelli, I., Rossi, R. and Simonelli, C., 2014. Questionnaires and scales for the evaluation of the online sexual activities: A review of 20 years of research. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 8(1).

[9] Laier, C., Pekal, J. and Brand, M., 2014. Cybersex addiction in heterosexual female users of Internet pornography can be explained by gratification hypothesis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(8), pp.505-511.

[10] Wéry, A. and Billieux, J., 2017. Problematic cybersex: Conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Addictive behaviours, 64, pp.238-246.

[11] Walkowitz, J.R., 2013. City of dreadful delight: narratives of sexual danger in late-Victorian London. University of Chicago Press.

[12] de Alarcón, R., de la Iglesia, J.I., Casado, N.M. and Montejo, A.L., 2019. Online porn addiction: What we know and what we don’t—A systematic review. Journal of clinical medicine, 8(1), p.91.

[13] Weinstock, J., and Rash, C.J., 2014. Clinical and research implications of gambling disorder in DSM-5. Current addiction reports, 1(3), pp.159-165.

[14] Potenza, M.N., 2014. Non-substance addictive behaviours in the context of DSM-5. Addictive behaviours, 39(1).

[15] Webster, J., and Watson, R.T., 2002. Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review. MIS quarterly, pp. xiii-xxiii.

[16] Fusilier, M. and Durlabhji, S., 2005. An exploration of student internet use in India: the technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behaviour. Campus-Wide Information Systems.

[17] Mitra, S. and Rana, V., 2001. Children and the Internet: Experiments with minimally invasive education in India. British journal of educational technology, 32(2), pp.221-232.

[18] West, D.M., 2015. Digital divide: Improving Internet access in the developing world through affordable services and diverse content. Centre for Technology Innovation at Brookings, pp.1-30.

[19] Paul, P., 2007. Pornified: How pornography is transforming our lives, our relationships, and our families. Macmillan.

[20] King, S.A., 1999. Internet gambling and pornography: Illustrative examples of the psychological consequences of communication anarchy. Cyber Psychology and Behaviour, 2(3), pp.175-193.

[21] Cooper, A., Delmonico, D.L. and Burg, R., 2000. Cybersex users, abusers, and compulsives: new findings and implications. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 7(1-2), pp.5-29.

[22] Green, B.A., Carnes, S., Carnes, P.J. and Weinman, E.A., 2012. Cybersex addiction patterns in a clinical sample of homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual men, and women. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 19(1-2), pp.77-98.

[23] Schneider, J.P., 2000. A qualitative study of cybersex participants: Gender differences, recovery issues, and implications for therapists. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 7(4), pp.249-278.

[24] Döring, N., Daneback, K., Shaughnessy, K., Grov, C. and Byers, E.S., 2017. Online sexual activity experiences among college students: A four-country comparison. Archives of sexual behaviour, 46(6), pp.1641-1652.

[25] Ebiraj, K. and Subramani, R., 2018. Impact of social media among university students of two Metros of South India. Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 9(1), pp.229-234.

[26] Brindha, D., Jayaseelan, R. and Kadeswaran, S., 2021. Women and Pornography: A Voyeuristic Perspective with Special Reference to Coimbatore. Journal of Psychosexual Health, p.26318318211016990.

[27] Rettenberger, M., Klein, V. and Briken, P., 2016. The relationship between hypersexual behaviour, sexual excitation, sexual inhibition, and personality traits. Archives of sexual behaviour, 45(1), pp.219-233.

[28] Klein, V., Jurin, T., Briken, P. and Štulhofer, A., 2015. Erectile dysfunction, boredom, and hypersexuality among coupled men from two European countries. The journal of sexual medicine, 12(11), pp.2160-2167.

Abstract:

This Investigation was conducted among a small group of IDP population living at the heart of Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, which is the capital city of Nigeria. The study was conducted to determine the living conditions of Internally Displaced Persons in the Camp and their access to basic amenities as action research. It was conducted through an unstructured interview of the sampled population in the Camp to source relevant information. Data was collected by taking notes and recording of interview sessions. Results revealed that 2830 individuals live in the camp, mostly in family units. IDPs in the camp come from the Northeast geopolitical zone of Nigeria in the states of Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe, with the majority of them from Borno state. They were all displaced as a result of insurgency. This IDP camp is organized with a leadership structure and defined system for the management of amenities such as the health clinic, water supply, allocation of shelter, and sharing of donated items received from philanthropists, the private sector, and other well-wishers. The camp has running water, a clinic for basic health care provision, a borehole, toilet facilities, a store for foodstuff and a security post within 500 metres to 1 kilometre of the Camp.

Keywords: Humanitarian, Internally Displaced Persons, Refugees.

References:

[1] National Population Commission, 2016, Date of access: 05-10-2020. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/nigeria-population/.

[2] UNFPA, 2020, World Population Dashboard, Date of access: 10-06-2021. https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/NG.

[3] UNOCHA, 2020, Nigeria: Humanitarian Response Plan, Date of access: 02-10-2020. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/nigeria/humanitarian-response-plan.

[4] IDMC Report, 2021, Date of access: 31-03-2021. https://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2021/.

[5] Norwegian Refugee Council, 2020, Report on 70.8-million-displaced-people, Date of access: 31-03-2021. https://www.nrc.no/shorthand/fr/70.8-million-displaced-people/index.html.

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[7] Kolawole, A., 2013, Towards the evolution of legal and institutional framework for the protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Nigeria, Ontario International Development Agency. ISSN 1923-6654.

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[9] IDMC Report, 2018, Date access: 03-04-2021. https://www.internaldisplacement.org/features/nigeria-internal-displacement-crisis-conflict-floods.

[10] UNHCR, 2019, Nigeria Key Message update, September 2019, Date of access: 05-10-2020. https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-key-message-update-september-2019.

[11] United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Analytical Report of the Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1992/23 (14 February 1992), para. 17.

[12] United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 1998, Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons: Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, UN doc. E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2 (11 February 1998).

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[14] Imasuen, E., 2015, Insurgency and the humanitarian crises in the Northern Nigeria: The case of Boko Haram, African Journal of Political Science, and International Relations, 9(7), 284 – 296.

[15] Olanrewaju, F. A., Olanrewaju, A., Omotoso, F., Alabi, J. O., Amoo, E., Loromeke, E., and Ajayi, L.A., 2019, Insurgency and the Invisible Displaced Population in Nigeria: A situational Analysis, SAGE, DOI: 10.1177/2158244019846207.

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[17] Bryman, A., 2008, Social research methods (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press).

[18] Stake, R. E., 1995, The Art of Case Study Research (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).

[19] Whyte, W. F., 1995, Street Corner Society 2nd edn (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

[20] Burgess, R. G., 1983, Inside Comprehensive Education: A study of Bishop McGregor School (London, U.K: Methuen).

[21] Okoli, C. A., 2019, What can be done to fight Rural Banditry in Nigeria. Date of access: 05-03-
2021. https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/what-can-be-done-fight-rural-banditry-northern-nigeria.

Abstract:

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the quality of academic research in public universities in the Republic of South Sudan with the objectives of establishing the relationship between research structure and quality of academic research. Descriptive and cross-sectional designs using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The study was carried out in the five Universities. Both random and purposive sampling methods were used to identify 23 heads of departments, 65 teaching staff, and 205 dissertations reviewed with an average response rate of 91%. Three tools were deployed to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. These include interview guide, observation checklist, and questionnaire. Participants consented before they participated in the study, and approvals were sought at the different levels. Utilized computation of research aggregates using the SPSS V 2. Descriptive statistical analysis was used for demographic information, and correlation analysis was used to determine relationships between variables and factors that may predict the quality of academic research. There is a positive correlation between independents variables (research procedure r = 0.672, structure r = 0.698, format r = 0.8311 with p < 0.01). This implies that academic research structure contributes to good academic research. In conclusion, the structure of the academic research is not consistent between the five public universities in South Sudan, between the faculties and departments of the same public university. Academic research structure is positively correlated with the quality of the academic research in public universities of the Republic of South Sudan. There is consistency in the general structure of the academic research.

References:

[1] Gray E. D. 2017, Doing Research in the Business World. The London School of Economics and Political science. SAGE Publishers. https://blogs.Ise.ac.uk.

[2] Sharyl J. N., Laura A. L, and Lawrence O. G. 2009, Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research, Editors; Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule; Institute of Medicine p24 -25. ISBN: 0-309-12500-6, http://www.nap.edu.

[3] Center on Education Policy 2020, Students Motivation: An Overlooked Piece of School Reform. Graduate School of Education and Human Resource Development. The George Washington University. https://www.sciencedivert.com.

[4] Abhilasha S. 2019, challenges in Developing University-industry Relationship: Quantitative Evidence from Higher Education Institutions in the UAE. (P 1) Emerald Open Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.12688/emeraldopenres.12891.1.

[5] John K. A. and Alan P. J. 2008, Undergraduate Research: Importance, Benefits, and Challenges. Samford University, Birmingham, Alabama, USA. International Journal of Exercise Science. http://www.intjexersci.com.

[6] UNSD, 2019 Sustainable Development Goals Report. Development Data and Outreach Branch. New York, NY 10017.

[7] John W. Creswell and J. David Creswell 2017 Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods Approaches https://edge.sagepub.com/creswellrd5e.

[8] Kjell E. R. and Rae R. N. 2017, Surviving Your Dissertation: A comprehensive Guide to content and process 3^rd ed. P 90 - 94. Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-4129-1678—3.

[9] Elena Vegni, Lidia Borghi and Julia Menichetti, 2020, Patient-Centered Infertility Care: Current Research and Future perspective on Psychosocial, Relational and Communication Aspects. Frontier in Psychology. Volume 12 article 72485.

[10] Patino, C. M., & Ferreira, J. C. (2018). Inclusion and exclusion criteria in research studies: definitions and why they matter. Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology: official publication of the Brazilian Society of Pulmonology and Phthisology,44(2), 84. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562018000000088.

[11] Gallup 2020, the Power of Gallup Q12 employee Engagement Survey. https://www.gallup.com/access/323333/q12-employee-engagement-survey.aspx.

[12] Nilesh G. 2013, Ethical Consideration in Research. / International Journal for Research in Education Vol. 2, Issue:7.

[13] McMaster University 2018, Academic Integrity Policies, procedures, and guidelines. https://secretariat.mcmaster.ca/app/uploads/Academic-Integrity-Policy-1-1.

[14] Hamed T. 2016, Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument; How to Test the Validation of a uestionnaire/Survey in a Research. University of Canada West. SSRN Electronic Journal 5(3):28-36 DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3205040.

[15] Siegmund B. 1998, Data Analysis Siegmund Brandt Statistical and Computational Methods for Scientists and Engineers 4^th ed, Department of Physics University of Siegen Siegen, Germany. Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London. ISBN 978-3-319-03761-5 ISBN 978-3-319-03762-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03762-2.

[16] Kenneth E. C. and Karen E. J. 2014, Essential of Marketing Research into Practice. SAGE Publication Inc. ISBN 978-1-4129-9130—8. P322.

[17] University of Nairobi 2010, Guidelines for Project Paper and Thesis Proposal Writing.

[18] University of Technology Sydney (2017). Research Proposal Writing. ELSSA Center: UTS. Accessed on 22 March 2020.

[19] Mount Kenya University 2020, Policies, Procedures, guidelines. Approved on 11^th March 2020. https://cgsr.mku.ac.ke.

[20] Fedrick M. (2018). Step-by-step Practical Guide for Mastering Research: FEM Consultants and Research Center Limited. P 6. ISBN: 978-9970-9305-5-5.

[21] Onen D. 2014, How to Write a Successful Doctoral Research Proposal: The Makerere Format. EASHESD, College of Education & External Studies, Makerere University. P 3.

[22] Rung O. K., and Scarcello M. 2016, model of the structure of nursing knowledge for research and practice. Faculty at Health Sciences and Nursing.

Abstract:

This article review focused on the analysis of the journal article “More Information Needed on Probiotic Supplement Product Labels” by Merenstein et al., 2019, published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine. The aim of such a review was to communicate a short critique as well as highlighting the need for fieldwork in regulatory compliance. Here, the review started with a general summary of the article, but also in conjunction with the literature review that the authors established. This was necessary to understand the article in its field of expertise whilst giving a clearer purpose on the need for more fieldwork of this kind. Without such understanding, it would have been difficult to understand the regulatory compliance of dietary supplement label regulations in the US. Then, a thorough analysis and deconstruction of the articles structure, as well as article critique, were established. The authority of the paper and other topics such as authority, accuracy, relevance, etc., were examined for effectiveness in conveying the research question that the authors were concerned with; that more information may be needed for product labels in probiotic supplements in the US. Lastly, the graphs, tables, and figures were evaluated to make a conclusion about the study as well as a discussion on the recent advances related to the label compliance of probiotic supplements. The paper, albeit was on the shorter side, was effective and was also simple in establishing a need for more information on the label. Thus, more transparency on clinical substantiation is needed.

Keywords: Clinical Substantiations, Label Compliance, Probiotics, Review, Regulatory, Short Communication.

References:

[1] Merenstein, D., Guzzi, J., & Sanders, M. E. 2019. More information is needed on probiotic supplement product labels. Journal of general internal medicine, 34(12), 2735-2737. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-019-05077-5.

[2] Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G.R., Merenstein, D.J., Pot, B., Morelli, L., Canani, R.B., Flint, H.J., Salminen, S. and Calder, P.C., 2014. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology.

[3] Food & Drug Administration (FDA). 2020a. Dietary Supplements. Retrieved November 19th, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/dietary-supplements.

[4] Food & Drug Administration (FDA). 2020b. Dietary Supplements 101. Retrieved November 19th, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/dietary-supplements.

[5] Degnan, F.H., 2008. The US Food and Drug Administration and probiotics: regulatory categorization. Clinical infectious diseases, 46 (Supplement_2), pp. S133-S136.

[6] Food & Drug Administration (FDA). 2020c. Policy Regarding Quantitative Labeling of Dietary Supplements Containing Live Microbials: Guidance for Industry. Retrieved November 19th, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/media/115730/download.

[7] Cohen, P.A., 2018. Probiotic safety—no guarantees. JAMA internal medicine, 178(12), pp.1577-1578.

[8] Dailey, Z., Sanders, M.E. and Merenstein, D., 2020. Retail refrigerated probiotic foods and their association with evidence of health benefits. Beneficial microbes, 11(2), pp.131-133.

[9] Gibson, G.R., Hutkins, R., Sanders, M.E., Prescott, S.L., Reimer, R.A., Salminen, S.J., Scott, K., Stanton, C., Swanson, K.S., Cani, P.D. and Verbeke, K., 2017. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 14(8), pp.491-502.

[10] Scherer, R.W., Huynh, L., Ervin, A.M., Taylor, J. and Dickersin, K., 2013. Clinical Trials. Gov registration can supplement the information in abstracts for systematic reviews: a comparison study. BMC medical research methodology, 13(1), pp.1-9.

[11] Souza, M.T.D., Silva, M.D.D. and Carvalho, R.D., 2010. Integrative review: what is it? How to do it? Einstein (São Paulo), 8, pp.102-106.

[12] Harris, J.D., Quatman, C.E., Manring, M.M., Siston, R.A. and Flanigan, D.C., 2014. How to write a systematic review. The American Journal of sports medicine, 42(11), pp.2761-2768.

[13] Williams, N.T., 2010. Probiotics. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 67(6), pp.449-458.

[14] Food & Drug Administration (FDA). 2020c. Good Clinical Practices. Retrieved September 13th, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/ScienceResearch.

[15] Saldanha, L.G., 2008. US Food and Drug Administration regulations governing label claims for food products, including probiotics. Clinical infectious diseases, 46 (Supplement_2), pp. S119-S121.

[16] Freedman, S.B., Williamson-Urquhart, S., Farion, K.J., Gouin, S., Willan, A.R., Poonai, N., Hurley, K., Sherman, P.M., Finkelstein, Y., Lee, B.E., and Pang, X.L., 2018. Multicenter trial of a combination probiotic for children with gastroenteritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(21), pp.2015-2026.

[17] Goldenberg, J.Z., Yap, C., Lytvyn, L., Lo, C.K.F., Beardsley, J., Mertz, D. and Johnston, B.C., 2017. Probiotics for the prevention of Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhea in adults and children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12).

[18] Isolauri, E., Salminen, S. and Ouwehand, A.C., 2004. Probiotics. Best practice & research Clinical gastroenterology, 18(2), pp.299-313.

[19] Sung, V., D’Amico, F., Cabana, M.D., Chau, K., Koren, G., Savino, F., Szajewska, H., Deshpande, G., Dupont, C., Indrio, F. and Mentula, S., 2018. Lactobacillus reuteri to treat infant colic: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 141(1).

[20] Health Canada. 2020. Compendium of Monographs. Retrieved December 14^th, 2020. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/natural-non-prescription/applications-submissions/product-licensing/compendium-monographs.html.

[21] Sanders, M.E., Akkermans, L.M., Haller, D., Hammerman, C., Heimbach, J.T., Hörmannsperger, G. and Huys, G., 2010. Safety assessment of probiotics for human use. Gut microbes, 1(3), pp.164-185.

[22] Snydman, D.R., 2008. The safety of probiotics. Clinical infectious diseases, 46(Supplement_2), pp. S104-S111.

Abstract:

This study investigated training and supervision as predictors of Business Teachers' Job Performance in Nigerian Public Secondary Schools. A Descriptive research design of correlation types was adopted for the study. The population consisted of the entire 1,500 Business related subject teachers from four states in the North Central Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria. 550 samples were purposely selected as the respondents from 20 schools using proportional sampling techniques. A Structured questionnaire was purposely used to collect relevant data from the respondents. However, the checklist was used to collect WAEC/SSCE results of the sampled schools. The validity of the instrument was done by three experts from the Department of Business Education, Kwara State University. The reliability coefficient of 0.71 was obtained through a split-half method. The two research questions stated were answered using percentages and cumulative frequency statistical method, while the three hypotheses generated were tested using multiple regression analysis. The finding of the study revealed the poor performance of a student in Business-related subjects. However, there was a moderate level of Business Teacher job performance. Also, both training and supervision were discovered to be the predictors of Business Teacher Job Performance in Nigeria Public Secondary Schools. Regular capacity building such as workshops and conferences were recommended for the Teachers in addition to the regular external and internal supervision. The Government should also supply the necessary teaching facilities to help the teachers improve on teaching and learning.

Keywords: Supervision, School effectiveness, Training, Teacher’s job performance.

References:

[1] Tijani, A. A. (2016). planning and supervision in education. Second revised edition. Ilorin; Ola Press.

[2] Dale, E. (1980). Management theory and practice Fourth Ed. Auckland McGraw Hill.

[3] Biswajeet P. (2012). Human Resources Management. Portharcout; learning private Limited.

[4] Ahiaba, K.P (2002). Training and experience as a correlate of teacher’s productivity Secondary Ojo Local Education District of Lagos State A PGDE project Ajasin University, Akungba, Ondo State, Nigeria.

[5] Nwachukwu, C.C. (1988). Management: Theory and practice. Onitsha: African PCP publishers Limited.

[6] Adeogun, A.A (2006). Training and experience as predictors of teacher’s productivity in secondary schools in Nigeria International Journal of Educational Management. 6(2).12-21. Indemac (Nigeria publishers) Limited.

[7] Ogunaju, S (2006) The craft of Educational Management, Ilorin. Indemac Print Media, 153-167.

[8] Alabi, A.T. (2000), School personnel Management. In Durasaro, F. The craft of educational management. Ilorin, Hayette press.

[9] Adepoju, T.L (1993) Fundamental of school administration planning and supervision in Nigeria. Ibadan, Alafasy.

[10] Aina, O. I. (2012) Personnel management in Nigeria central approach. Ikeja.

[11] IJaiya, NYS (1991). A Guide to supervision of Instruction ilorin: My Grace Graphics Repro. Co.

[12] Edem, D. A (2012). Introduction to Educational Administration in Nigeria. New Delhi: Thomas Press Ltd.

[13] Margerison, C. & McCain, D. (2004) High performing Managerial Teams, Leadership &Organization Development Journal. In psychological Abstracts.

[14] Tijani, A.A (2013). Utilization of Teachers for school effectiveness in Kwara State Public Secondary Schools. International Journal of Educational Management. 11(1): 61-70 Published by the Department of Educational Management, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.

[15] Abdullahi, N.J.K & Tijani, A.A (2019). Digitalization in Education System and Management of early childhood education in Nigeria. Southeast Asia Early Childhood Journal (SAECJ). 8(2).20-42. Published by Pendikan Sultan Idris University, Malaysia.

[16] Oyedeji, M.B (2012). Management in education: Principle and practice. Ilorin: Success Educational Services.

[17] Cagri, B. & Osman, C. (2010). The effect of organisational training on organisational commitment. International Journal of training and Development, 14 (4); 309-322.

[18] Mohammed, L. Mashi. M.S & Salisu, M. (2017). Job attitude and employee performance; an empirical study of non-academic staff of Bauchi State University, Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management. 1 (1); 1-13.

[19] Onuka, A.O.U & Ajayi, K.O. (2012). Effects of manpower development on workers’ job performance. European Journal of Education studies. 4(3); 423-433.

[20] Onoguere, E. O, Nyorere, A, O & Muraina, M.B (2015). In service training: A panacea for improving the quality of teaching at the pre-basic and basic education levels. Studies in Education, 14 (1), 23-34.

Abstract:

The study examined the influence of self-esteem and Peer pressure on the career choice of adolescents. The purpose was to determine the relationship between Peer pressure and career choice, the relationship between self-esteem and career choice, and compare the influence of self-esteem and Peer pressure on adolescent boys and girls. Cross-sectional and descriptive was the research design. Cluster sampling was used to select four schools, and stratified proportional, and simple random sampling was used to select 200 respondents. Rosenberg self-esteem, Peer pressure, and career decision scales were used to collect data from 200 Senior High School students in selected schools in the Greater Accra region Ghana. Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis were the statistical tools for the analysis of data. The results indicate that self-esteem positively correlates with the career choice of adolescents. Peer pressure positively correlates career choices of adolescents. There is no gender differences in Peer pressure and career choice of adolescents. Challenges of career choice among adolescents include the lack of career guidance, the influence of family, general indecisiveness, the desire to pursue a career that earns much, and the opinion of their peer concerning career choice.

Keywords: Andadolescence, Career Choice, Peer pressure, self-esteem.

References:

[1] Ogutu, J. J. P., Odera, P. &Maragia, S. N. (2017). The Effectiveness of Peer Pressure on Student’ Career Decision Making in Secondary School in Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, III (3), 16-32.

[2] Kounenou, K. 2012). Self-esteem, work values and career choice among Greek students of Higher pedagogical & technological studies. Handbook of Psychology of Self-Esteem. Nova Publications, pp. 383-391.

[3] Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2016). Introduction to Psychology of Self-Esteem. Research Gate, 1-23.

[4] Patton, W., Bartrum, D., & Creed, P. (2004). Gender differences for optimism, self-esteem, expectations, and goals in predicting career planning and exploration in adolescents. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 4(3), 193-209.

[5] Javed, Z., & Tariq, O. (2016). Career-decisions, Self-efficacy, and Self-esteem among Students of Private and Government Academic Institutions. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14(2), 42-46.

[6] Redman, T. & Wilknson, A. 2001). Contemporary Human Resource Management, New York: Financial Times Prentice Hall.

[7] Kazi, A. S., & Akhlaq, A. (2017). Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice. Journal of Research and Reflections in Education, 2, 187-196.

[8] Farreo, D. & Garkuwa, J. 2018). Factors Influencing the Career Choice of Senior Secondary School Students in Hong local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Aspects in Social Sciences, 2 {2}, 1-9.

[9] Rosenberg, M 1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Research Gate. Retrieved November 4, 2018, from

https://www/researchgate.net/publication/200008900and-The-Adolescent-Self-Image.

[10] Weist, F. (2018). The Moderating Effect of the Social Norms on the Relationship between Stress and Cognitive-Enhancement Drug Use. Bachelor Thesis, University of Twente, Nertherlands. Retrieved August 1, 2019, from https://essay.utwente.nl/75219/1/Weist_BA_BMS.pdf.

[11] Brown, J. D., Dutton, K. A. & Cook, K. E. 2001). From the top down: Self–esteem and self-evaluation. Cognitive and Emotion, 15, 615-631.

[12] Osipow, S. H. Carney, C. G. & Barak, A. 1976. A scale of educational-vocational undecidedness: A typological approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, {9}2, 233-243 https://doi.org/10/1016/0001-8791){76}90081-6.

[13] Guay, F. Ratelle, C. F. Senecal, C. arose, S. & Daschenes A. {2006}. Distinguishing Developmental from Chronic Cancer Indecision: Self-Efficacy, Autonomy, and Social Support. Journal of Career Assessment 14 {2} 235-251.

[14] Dokosi, E. D. (2014). Investigating the factors influencing career choice amongst prospective and recent graduates in Ghana. (Undergraduate thesis, Ashesi University Ghana).

[15] Gati, I. & Saka, N. {2001}. High School Students’ Career-related decision-making difficulties. Journal of Counselling & Development, 79 3), 331-340.

[16] Ghana Schools Net Senior High School-Greater Accra Region. Retrieved June 14, 2019, From https://www.ghanaschoolsnetcom/page/senior-high-school-greater?page=2.

[17] International Labourr Oganisation 2011. Global Employment Trends 2011: The Challenge of a Job recovery, International Labour Office, 1-51.

[18] Murphy, J. 2015. Schools should take the issue of Career Guidance for Students Seriously. Retrieved March 7, 2019, from http://www.Nation.co.ke/lifestyle/weekend/career-guidance-for-students-seriously/1220-2652758-vhx4h3z/index.htm.

[19] Mize 2005.Relationship of career decision-making and self-esteem for college students and Athletes. Retrieved October 10, 2018, from: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/Egi/viewcontent.egi?article=1079&content=etc.

[20] Moulton, S. 2019. Theories of Self-esteem: Early and modern. Retrieved March 20, 2019, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/theories-of-self-esteem-early-modern.html.

[21] Talib, J., Mahammed, Z. & Mamat, M. [2011]. Effects of parenting style on children development. World Journal of Social Sciences, 1, 14-35.