Abstract:

Dysfunction of the respiratory muscles is now considered to be a serious complication of critical health issues. Diaphragm dysfunction has been associated to higher mortality and complications weaning with mechanical ventilation in patients getting invasive mechanical ventilation treating acute respiratory failure. Diaphragm dysfunction can occur in mechanically ventilated patients for a variety of factors, involving disuse atrophy with mechanical ventilation. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly essential for clinical and research priorities to measure and track diaphragm contractile activity, structural dimensions, as well as strength during mechanical ventilation. It is generally accepted that ultrasound may be used to visualize the diaphragm. The key indicators of diaphragm function have been developed over the past 15 years for mechanically ventilated patients to monitor changes in diaphragm size as well as function over time, to evaluate and diagnose diaphragmatic dysfunction, and to determine whether these indices can predict successfully exiting mechanical ventilation. These indices include diaphragm thickness, thickening fraction, as well as excursion.

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Abstract:

The high turnover of staff is unhealthy for the smooth running of institutions since it affects the growth, profitability, beneficiary satisfaction and general reputation of the institution whenever it occurs in the workplace. This study focused on studying staff turnover in national non-governmental organizations in South Sudan. This was a qualitative study which adopted descriptive survey research design, which allowed the researcher to use semi-structured questionnaires when collecting the data. The survey method used in this study because the target population only composed of 30 employees from 30 organizations in South Sudan. The study employed purposive, sampling and convenience sampling techniques. A high response rate of 100% obtained. The study revealed that, poor renumerations and lack or inadequate fringe benefits, autocratic leadership style in which the manager retaining as much power and decision-making authority is more prevalent in NNGOs leading to staff turnover and poor working conditions contributed to staff turnover in national non-governmental organizations in South Sudan. The recommendations for this study are based on the observation of the data as reflected in the histograms, pie charts and tables under each research objective. The study therefore recommended that the management should improve the working conditions for the employees by ensuring a hazard free and safe environment, improving salaries, which also enhances efficiency and productivity. Management of national non-governmental organizations should improve their leadership styles by embracing transformational leadership.

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[32] Hackman, M. Z. & Johnson, C. E. (1996). Leadership: A communication perspective (2nded.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Incivility. Human Relations, 54, 1387-1419.

Abstract:

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, affecting approximately 12% of women over the course of their lifetime. It was estimated that there would be 81,550 new cases of invasive breast cancer in women in the United States (US), along with 49,290 new cases of non-invasive breast cancer. A search was conducted to find out the number of new breast cancer drugs that have been approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the last 2 years (2020‑2021), and the number of breast cancer drugs that are currently under Phase 3 clinical trials. Between 2020 and 2021, 4 new drugs have been approved by FDA for the treatment of breast cancer: Tukysa (Seagen), Margenza (MacroGenics), Phesgo (Genentech), and Trodelvy (Gilead Sciences). Research continues to find out new drugs that can help treat breast cancer. Currently, there are several breast cancer treatment drugs in Phase 3 clinical trials including two major new breast cancer drugs Palbociclib (Pfizer) and Ribociclib (Novartis). Pharmaceutical and biotech companies are making incredible contributions by developing many innovative and effective treatments for breast cancers. We are hopeful that many new breast cancer drugs will be approved in the coming years.

References:

[1] National Cancer Institute, Date of access: 13/05/2023. https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/risk-fact-sheet.

[2] Breast Cancer Organization, Date of access: 12/05/2023. https://www.breastcancer.org/.

[3] Breast Cancer Research Foundation, Date of access: 12/05/2023. https://www.bcrf.org/blog/breast-cancer-treatments-current-new-and-emerging-therapies.

[4] HER2-Positive Breast Cancer, Date of access: 12/05/2023. https://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/her2.

[5] Gupta, G. K., Collier, A. L., and Lee, D., 2020. Perspectives on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Current Treatment Strategies, Unmet Needs, and Potential Targets for Future Therapies. Cancers (Basel), 12(9), 2392. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32846967/.

[6] American Cancer Society, Date of access: 12/05/2023. https://www.cancer.org/.

[7] United States Food & Drug Administration, Date of access: 12/05/2023. https://www.fda.gov/.

[8] Syed, Y. Y., 2020, Sacituzumab Govitecan: First Approval. Drugs, 80(10), 1019-1025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.

[9] Trodelvy®, Date of access: 12/05/2023. https://www.trodelvy.com/.

[10] CancerConnect, Date of access: 12/05/2023. https://news.cancerconnect.com/.

[11] Lee, A., 2020, Tucatinib: First Approval. Drugs, 80(10), 1033-38. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.

[12] Tan, A. R., Im, S. A., and Colomer, R., 2021, Fixed-dose combination of pertuzumab and trastuzumab for subcutaneous injection plus chemotherapy in HER2-positive early breast cancer
(FeDeriCa): a randomiseds, open-label, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncology, 22(1), 85-97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33357420/.

[13] Phesgo®, Date of access: 12/05/2023. https://www.phesgo.com.

[14] Clinical Trials, Date of access: 29/01/2022. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov.

[15] National Cancer Institute, Date of access: 12/05/2023. https://www.cancer.gov.

[16] Breast Cancer Integrative Platform, Date of access: 13/05/2023. http://www.omicsnet.org/bcancer.

[17] Bray, F., Ferlay, J., and Soerjomataram, I., 2018, Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 68(6), 394‑424. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30207593/.

[18] Hortobagyi, G. N., 2002, The status of breast cancer management: challenges and opportunities. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 75 Suppl 1, S61-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12353825/.

[19] Henderson, I. C., Berry, D., Demetri, G., 2003, Improved disease-free and overall survival from the addition of sequential paclitaxel but not from the escalation of doxorubicin dose level in the adjuvant chemotherapy of patients with node-positive primary breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21(6):976-83. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12637460/.

[20] Pronzato, P., Campora, E., Amoroso, D., 1989, Impact of administration‑related factors on outcome of adjuvant chemotherapy for primary breast cancer. American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 12:481-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2589228/.

Abstract:

Malnutrition is a global health challenge essentially because of its role as a preventable cause of several morbidities and mortality around the globe, especially in children under 5 years. Associated comorbidities and types of morbidity common in children admitted with severe acute malnutrition in Magumeri General Hospital were investigated. This was a retrospective quantitative hospital-based study. Hospital records, ward admission and discharge registers, and patient cards were reviewed focusing on demographic, clinical, and mortality data extracted on all children under 5 years admitted to the Hospital. Data during the period of December 2018 to March 2020 was collected and analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS version 17.0. 367 children under 5 years with complicated SAM were identified from the reviewed total hospital admissions of 537. 217 cases were male (59.1%) while 150 were female (40.9%). Marasmus was the most common type of severe acute malnutrition (75.2%) while diarrhea, respiratory tract infection, and malaria were the top three comorbidities, majority of the cases were managed successfully with 79.6 % reported to have fully recovered and were discharged, while 17 (4.1%) died. Magumeri is a locality disproportional affected by various insecurities due to the Boko Haram insurgency, resulting in the high prevalence of severe acute malnutrition among children under 5 years, representing 68.3% of total hospital admissions in the same age group, while 81.2 % had at least more than one comorbidity with a significant association between prolonged hospital stay and treatment (p < 0.001).

References:

[1] World Health Organization. Report on malnutrition worldwide. WHO, Geneva: 2000.

[2] Kelsey D. J. Jones, James A. Berkley et al., 2014, Severe acute malnutrition and infection. Pediatrics and International Child Health. DOI 10.1179/2046904714Z.

[3] WHO, UNICEF, WFP, UN System Standing Committee on Nutrition., 2007, Joint Statement on the Community-Based Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition. http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/a91065/en/.

[4] WHO and UNICEF., 2016, Ending Preventable Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025: The integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD), WHO, Geneva, 2013 update.

[5] Baldwin C., Parson TJ., 2004, Dietary advice and nutrition supplements in the management of illness-related malnutrition: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nutrition.  23:1267–1279.

[6] Chandra RK., 1997, Nutrition and the immune system: an introduction. American Journal Clinical Nutrition.; 66:460S–463S.

[7] Machanick JI., 2004, Practical aspects of nutrition support for wound healing patients. American Journal of Surgery.;188:52–56.

[8] Jones, G., Steketee, R. W., Black, R. E., Bhutta, Z. A. & Morris, S. S., 2003, Child survival II: How many child deaths can we prevent this year? The Lancet, 362, 65–71.

[9] National Population Commission [Nigeria] and ICF Macro. 2013. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2013. Abuja, Nigeria: National Population Commission and ICF Macro, Micronutrient Initiative. (2013). Nigeria Country Profile.

[10] WHO and UNICEF., 2015, United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME), Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2015, UNICEF, New York, 2015.

[11] National Nutrition and Health Survey (NNHS)., 2018, Report on The Nutrition and Health Situation of Nigeria. Data source: National Bureau of Statistics, https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/839

[12] WHO Report., 2013, Guideline: updates on the management of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. 2013 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/95584/1/9789241506328_eng.pdf)

[13] National Population Commission (NPopC)., 2017, National Strategy for The Development of Statistics (NSDS) In Nigeria, 2017-2021. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/

[14] Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blossner M., 2004, Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004 Jul. 80(1):193-8.

[15] Adama, Z. W., Bengaly, M. D., AngÃ, Z., Virginio, P. & Ludovic, K. K., 2016, Determinants of mortality in children under five years of age with severe acute malnutrition admitted to the Valgado Ouã Draogo Teaching Hospital (Burkina Faso). International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition, 5(1), 1-9.

[16] Derseh Behailu, Kalayu Mruts, Takele Demie, and Tesfay Gebremariam., 2018, Comorbidity, treatment outcomes and factors affecting the recovery rate of under-five children with severe acute malnutrition admitted in selected hospitals from Ethiopia: retrospective follow up study. 2018. Nutrition Journal 17:116

[17] Semsibie Girum., Desta Mebrahtu., Teklemariam Gultie., 2015, Retrospective Assessment of Malnutrition among under-five children in Ayder Referral Hospital, Tigray Ethiopia. International journal of public health science. V2, No2.

[18] Williams TN, Maitland K, Phelps L, Bennett S, Peto TE, Viji J, Timothy R, Clegg JB, Weatherall DJ, Bowden DK., 1997 Plasmodium vivax: a cause of malnutrition in young children. QJM. ;90(12):751–7.

[19] Munthali Tendai., Choolwe Jacobs., Lungowe Sitali., Rosalia Dambe and Charles Michelo., 2015, Mortality and morbidity patterns in under-five children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in Zambia: a five-year retrospective review of hospital-based records (2009–2013). Archives of Public Health 73:23

[20] Williams Walana., Samuel Ekuban., Samuel Makinin., Ezekiel Kofi Vicar., 2016, A Retrospective Study on Child Malnutrition in the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, DOI: 10.9734/JSRR/2016/23095

[21] Saka A, Saka M, Adeboye M, Mokuolu O, Abu-saeed M, Abu-Saeed K., 2012, Malaria parasitemia in children with PEM in North Central Nigeria. J Pharm Biol Sci.;1(3):49–53.

[22] Oluwaremilekun G. Ajakaye, Mojirayo R. Ibukunoluwa., 2019, Prevalence and risk of malaria, anemia, and malnutrition among children in IDPs camp in Edo State, Nigeria. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00127

[23] Berkley JA, Ngari M, Thitiri J, et al., 2016, Daily co-trimoxazole prophylaxis to prevent mortality in children with complicated severe acute malnutrition:
a multicentre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health.;4(7): e464-473.

[24] Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, et al., 2013, Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet.;382(9890):427-451.

[25] Henry Doctor V, Bairagi R, Findley SE, Helleringer S, Dahir T., 2011, Northern Nigeria maternal, newborn and child health programme: selectef analyses from population-based baseline survey. The open demography journal 2011:4:11-21.

[26] Endurance, A. Ophori, Musa Y. Tula, Azuka V. Azih, Rachel Okojie and Precious E. Ikpo. Current Trends of Immunization in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges. 2014 June. Tropical Med Health. 42(2): 67-75 doi 10.2149/tmh.2013-13.

Abstract:

Preterm birth is an important public health problem due to its medical, economic, and social impact and constitutes about 10% of annual global births. To improve access and equity to health care delivery of preterm infants, identification of major cost areas and strategies to improve efficiency in those areas must be prioritized. This study estimated the health system cost of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) services for preterm babies in the Regional Hospital, Bolgatanga (RHB). A costing study based on health system perspective designed to estimate cost of initial hospital care for preterm babies was carried out in RHB. Participants were selected based on systematic sampling procedure of preterm babies admitted at the facility from January 2019 to December 2019. The health system and cost estimates of NICU services were done using both top-to-bottom and micro-costing approaches. Preterm births constituted 30% of NICU admissions in 2019. Most preterm infants were of low birth weight (LBW). The total cost for providing initial hospital care for preterm infants in 2019 was GH₵212,776.96 ($35,462.83). The major cost component was shared cost making up 59.20%, especially staff salaries. Direct medical cost constituted 40.80% of the total cost. The RHB would have saved GH₵212,776.96 ($35,462.83) in 2019 if preterm births were eliminated. Prioritizing efficient use of shared resources would save cost for increase access to preterm care.

References:

[1] Ramokolo, V., Malaba, T., Rhoda, N., Kauchali, S. & Goga, A., 2019, A landscape analysis of preterm birth in South Africa: systemic gaps and solutions. South African Heal Rev, 134–44. Available from: https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC-1d2aeafa22.

[2] Chawanpaiboon, S., Vogel, J.P., Moller, A.B., Lumbiganon, P., Petzold, M. & Hogan, D., 2019, Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Glob Heal, 7(1): e37–46.

[3] W.H.O., 2015, W.H.O. recommendations on interventions to improve preterm birth outcomes. Geneva, 2018.

[4] Sakata, S., Konishi, S., Fook, C., Ng, S. & Watanabe, C., 2017, Preterm birth rates in Japan from 1979 to 2014: Analysis of national vital statistics. Wiley Online Libr, 44(3):390–6. Available from: https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jog.13460.

[5] Bensley, J.G., Moore, L., De Matteo, R., Harding, R. & Black, M.J., 2018, Impact of preterm birth on the developing myocardium of the neonate. Pediatr Res, 83(4):880–8. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2017324.

[6] Manuck, T.A., 2017, Racial and ethnic differences in preterm birth: a complex, multifactorial problem. In: Seminars in perinatology. Elsevier, p. 511–8.

[7] Vogel, J.P., Chawanpaiboon, S., Moller, A.B., Watananirun, K., Bonet, M. & Lumbiganon, P., 2018, The global epidemiology of preterm birth. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 52:3–12.

[8] Chen, C., Zhang, J.W., Xia, H.W., Zhang, H.X., Betran, A.P., Zhang, L. & Zhang, J., 2019, Preterm birth in China between 2015 and 2016. Am J Public Health, 109(11):1597–604.

[9] Pandey, M., Chauhan, M. & Awasthi, S., 2017, Interplay of cytokines in preterm birth. Indian Journal of Medical Research, Vol. 146, p. 316–27. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5793465/.

[10] Chevallier, M., Debillon, T., Pierrat, V., Delorme, P., Kayem, G. & Durox, M., 2017, Leading causes of preterm delivery as risk factors for intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: results of the EPIPAGE 2 cohort study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, p. 518.e1-518.e12. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937817301023.

[11] Di Renzo, G.C., Tosto, V. & Giardina, I., 2018, The biological basis and prevention of preterm birth. Best Practice and Research: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 52, p. 13–22. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521693418300403.

[12] Walani, S.R., 2020, Global burden of preterm birth. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Vol. 150, p. 31–3.

[13] Cheah I.G.S., 2019, Economic assessment of neonatal intensive care. Translational Pediatrics, Vol. 8, p. 246–56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6675687/.

[14] Enweronu-Laryea, C.C., Andoh, H.D., Frimpong-Barfi, A. & Asenso-Boadi, F.M., 2018, Parental costs for in-patient neonatal services for perinatal asphyxia and low birth weight in Ghana. PLoS One, 1;13(10).

[15] Agbanyo, R., 2020, Ghana’s national health insurance, free maternal healthcare, and facility‐based delivery services. African Dev Rev, 32(1):27–41.

[16] Lambon-Quayefio, M. & Owoo, N.S., 2017, Determinants and the impact of the National Health Insurance on neonatal mortality in Ghana. Health Econ Rev, 7(1):1–16.

[17] Bailey, P.E., Awoonor-Williams, J.K., Lebrun, V., Keyes, E., Chen, M. & Aboagye, P., 2019, Referral patterns through the lens of health facility readiness to manage obstetric complications: National facility-based results from Ghana. Reprod Health, 18;16(1).

[18] Gomez, P.P., Nelson, A.R., Asiedu, A., Addo, E., Agbodza, D. & Allen, C., 2018, Accelerating newborn survival in Ghana through a low-dose, high-frequency health worker training approach: A cluster randomized trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18(1).

[19] Nuamah, G.B., Agyei-Baffour, P., Mensah, K.A., Boateng, D., Quansah, D.Y. & Dobin, D., 2019, Access and utilization of maternal healthcare in a rural district in the forest belt of Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19(1).

[20] Afulani, P.A., Aborigo, R.A., Walker, D., Moyer, C.A., Cohen, S. & Williams, J., 2023, Can an integrated obstetric emergency simulation training improve respectful maternity care? Results from a pilot study in Ghana. Wiley Online Libr, 46(3):523–32, Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/birt.12418.

[21] Saaka, M., Ali, F. & Vuu, F., 2018, Prevalence and determinants of essential newborn care practices in the Lawra District of Ghana. BMC Pediatr, 18(1).

[22] Drummond, M. & Bmj, T.J., 1996, Guidelines for authors and peer reviewers of economic submissions to the BMJ. 313:275–83. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/313/7052/275 pdf+html.

[23] Gauttam, V., 2015, Introduction to Health Economics. A Complete Textbook for GNM Internship. 429–429 p.

[24] Lim, G., Tracey, J., Boom, N., Karmakar, S., Wang, J. & Berthelot, J.M., 2009, CIHI survey: Hospital costs for preterm and small-for-gestational age babies in Canada. 12(4):20–4. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gillian-Lim-2/publication/40895190_CIHI_Survey_Hospital_Costs_for_Preterm_and_Small-for-Gestational_Age_Babies_in_Canada/.

[25] Cömert, S., Ağzıkuru, T., Akın, Y., Telatar, B. & Tan, D., 2012, The cost analysis of preterm infants from a NICU of a state hospital in Istanbul. 22(2):185–90. Available from: https://brieflands.com/articles/ijp-2728.html.

Abstract:

Counterfeiting medicines is a global phenomenon affecting developed and less developed countries. The World Health Organization, in its report, describes counterfeit medicines as becoming “a global public health crisis. This study examines consumers, stakeholders, and policymakers' perceptions of NAFDAC anti-counterfeit technologies and interventions regarding counterfeit drugs in Nigeria. This study uses a qualitative research method to examine consumers, stakeholders, and policymakers' perceptions of NAFDAC anti-counterfeit technologies and interventions regarding counterfeit drugs in Nigeria. Participants were selected using convenience sampling, and data was collected through an online interview. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Stakeholders emphasised the importance of NAFDAC having a comprehensive anti-counterfeiting strategy and implementing measures such as checking for NAFDAC registration numbers, inspecting packaging, and requesting seller receipts to identify genuine medicines. Policymakers at NAFDAC acknowledge the seriousness of the problem and recognise the roles of stakeholders in implementing anti-counterfeiting interventions. They emphasise the need for effective communication, engagement, and collaboration with healthcare professionals. Consumers express concerns about the accessibility to good quality medicines and the prevalence of substandard and counterfeit drugs. However, consumers also demonstrate a willingness to support NAFDAC's efforts and show a preference for quality medicines, which is a positive indicator for the Nigerian pharmaceutical industry. The findings underscore the importance of continuous efforts to raise awareness and implement effective anti-counterfeiting strategies to safeguard public health and combat the growing threat of fake drugs.

References:

[1] Feldschreiber, Peter. 2009. “Public Health Issues with Counterfeit Medicines.” Clinical Medicine, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London 9 (1): 63–64. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.9-1-63.

[2] WHO. 2017. “A Study on Public Health and Socio-Economic Impact of Substandard and Falsified Medical Products.” World Health Organization 2017, 1–67. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241513432.

[3] WHO. 2010. “Counterfeit Medical Products – Provisional Agenda Item.

[4] WHO. 2012. “Medicines: Spurious/Falsely-Labelled/Falsified/Counterfeit (SFFC) Medicines,.” http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs275/en/.

[5] Almuzaini, Tariq, Imti Choonara, and Helen Sammons. 2013. “Substandard and Counterfeit Medicines: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” BMJ Open 3 (8): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002923.

[6] Ubajaka, Chika F, Alphonsus C Obi-okaro, Obiageli F Emelumadu, Maureen N Azumarah, Andrew U Ukegbu, and Samuel O Ilikannu. 2016. “Factors Associated with Drug Counterfeit in Nigeria : A Twelve Year Review” 12 (4): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJMMR/2016/21342.

[7] Akunyili, D. 2010. “The Challenges Faced by NAFDAC in the National Regulatory Process as It Relates to Essential Drugs for Prevention of Maternal and Newborn Deaths in Nigeria.” Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 27 (April 2010). http://www.sogon.org/Journal 2010/SOGON 2010 Publication 4 int-net Jrnal Vol 27 No1/The Challengees faced...By Dora Akunyili.pdf.

[8] Amadi, Luke, and Michael Amadi2. 2014. “Sustainable Drug Consumption, Regulatory Dynamics and Fake Drug Repositioning in Nigeria: A Case of NAFDAC.” Journal of Scientific Issues 2 (9): 412–19. http://www.sci-afric.org.

[9] NAFDAC. 2010. “The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Mobile Authentication Service Scheme Guidelines for the Procurement and Management of the NAFDAC Mobile Authentication Service (MAS) Scheme.” NAFDAC’s MAS Implementation Guide.

[10] NAFDAC. 2017. “NAFDAC Anti-Counterfeiting Strategies.” 2017. https://www.nafdac.gov.ng/about-nafdac/nafdac-anti-counterfeiting-strategies/.

[11] Njogu, GG, and L Gichinga. 2016. “Factors Influencing Procurement Performance in State Corporations in Kenya.” International Journal of Innovative Research and Development 5 (6): 196–215. http://www.ijird.com/index.php/ijird/article/view/94309.

[12] Britannica. 2023. “Lagos Nigeria.” 2023. https://www.britannica.com/place/Lagos-state-Nigeria.

[13] Igwenagu, Emmanuel. 2021. “Kano Population.” https://nigerianinformer.com/kano-state-population/.

[14] Nigeria Galleria. 2021. “Brief History of Kano State.” 2021. https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kano/Brief-History-of-Kano.html.

[15] World Polulation Review. 2021. “Abuja Population 2021.” 2021. https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/abuja-population.

[16] Bansal, Dipika, Swathi Malla, Kapil Gudala, and Pramil Tiwari. 2013. “Anti-Counterfeit Technologies: A Pharmaceutical Industry Perspective.” Scientia Pharmaceutica 81 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.1202-03.

[17] NAFDAC. 2013. “Curbing the Influx of Substandard Regulated Products.” NAFDAC.

[18] Okereke, Melody, Ignatius Anukwu, Sola Solarin, and Mazi Sam Ohuabunwa. 2021. “Combatting Substandard and Counterfeit Medicines in the Nigerian Drug Market: How Industrial Pharmacists Can Rise Up to the Challenge.” INNOVATIONS in Pharmacy 12 (3): 15. https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i3.4233.

[19] Liu, Rui, and Susanne Lundin. 2016. “Falsified Medicines : Literature Review Falsified Medicines : Literature Review,” no. January.

[20] WHO. 2023. “Guidelines: Norms and Standards for Pharmaceuticals.” https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-and-policy-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards-for-pharmaceuticals/guidelines.

[21] Ojonugwa, Agbo Friday, Dr Gwom, and Solomon Gwom. 2021. “The Role and Challenges of the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Regulation of Alternative Medicine in Nigeria,” no. August: 0–2. https://www.wahooas.org/web-ooas/sites/default/files/publications/2186/harmonised-framework-tmpok_0.pdf.

[22] Adisa, Rasaq, Omotola Rukayat Adeniyi, and Titilayo Oyelola Fakeye. 2019. “Knowledge, Awareness, Perception and Reporting of Experienced Adverse Drug Reactions among Outpatients in Nigeria.” International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 41 (4): 1062–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-019-00849-9.

[23] Onuh, Gideon, Simon Karanja Hinga, Boniface Makori Nyamweya, and Atayero A. Aderemi. 2022. “Assessment of Consumers ’ Awareness and Ability to Identify Counterfeit Drugs in Developing Countries in Africa – a Cross Sectional Study Based on Online Survey,” 1–15. https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-998393/v2.

Abstract:

This study sought to investigate the extent to which teachers were using ICT in the teaching and learning process at Christ the King Catholic Senior High School in the Obuasi Municipality. The study also sought to find out which ICT resources were available for the teaching and learning process. Sixty teachers of different subject’s background were sampled through simple random sampling technique. Questionnaire titled ‘teachers in the Christ the King Catholic SHS background knowledge in the information and communication technology competency test’ was used to collect data. Mean served as the statistical tool for data analysis for research questions II, III and IV, while question I and V were analyzed with percentages. Findings depict that teachers were aware of ICT resources but do not utilize them while teaching. Many constraints were identified including lack of computer literacy on the part of some teachers, lack of ICT facilities, lack of funds, poor power supply, and no adequate knowledge of the use of internet among others. It was recommended that for quality assurance and for effective ICT integration in curriculum, teachers should be encouraged through workshops, seminars and conferences to be ICT literate; stake holders in education should join hands together in making ICT pedagogical and methodological issues fully integrated in the teaching and learning process in secondary education for quality assurance.

References:

[1] Bingimlas, (2009). Barriers to the Successful Integration of ICT in Teaching and Learning Environments: A Review of Literature. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, (235-245).

[2] Yelland, N. (2001). Teaching and learning with ICT for numeracy in the early childhood and primary years of schooling. Melbourne: Department of Education, Teaching and Youth Affairs.

[3] Grimus, M. (2000). ICT and multimedia in primary school. Paper presented at the 16 conferences on educational uses of information and communication technologies. Beijing: China

[4] Chaamwe, N. (2010). Integrating ICTs in the teaching and learning of Mathematics: An overview. Education Technology and Computer Science (ETCS), 2010 Second International Workshop (IEEE), l (1), 397-400.

[5] UNESCO (2000). World Education Forum: the Dakar framework for action, education for all; meeting our collective commitments. Paris: UNESCO.

[6] Bruner, J. (1966). Towards a theory of instruction. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.

[7] Ultanir, E. (2012). An epistemological glance at the constructivist approach: Constructivist Learning in Dewey, Piaget, and Montessori. International Journal of Instruction, 5(2), 112-123

[8] Bransford, J., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. R. (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind experience and school (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

[9] Mbagwana, M. A. & Tani, M. C. (2008). Instructional Use of ICT in Cameroon State Universities. Yaounde: Cameroun. Ministry of Information and Communication (2006). National ICT policy: retrieved on 6 th April 2012 from http://www.information.go.ke/doc.ict20policy.pdf.

[10] Kirk, S. (2013). Constructivism: The career and technical education perspective. Journal vocational and technical education, 112-121.

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Abstract:

This study aims at establishing the trends in multidimensional poverty in Ghana from 2011 to 2020 using intertemporal and counting approach. Alkire and Foster methodology was applied to identify and analyse the data. The study adopted the global multidimensional poverty indicators made up of three dimensions – health, education, and standard of living – and the ten indicators of which equal weights are attached to each dimension, and the same weights for the indicators within each dimension. It was found that Ghana did very well in reducing multidimensional poverty in all the six indicators within the standard of living dimension both in absolute and relative terms. However, the nation increased its multidimensional poverty in education and health dimensions. The Northern region continues to be the poorest region with the lowest reduction in multidimensional poverty in absolute and relative terms. Overall, multidimensional poverty reduced significantly both in absolute and relative terms at the national and regional levels. As compared with Sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana performed better in decreasing multidimensional poverty than the mean of the sub-region in almost all the dimensions and indicators, both in absolute and relative terms. Government should sustain this feat and improve upon it to eliminate poverty in all its forms by 2030 as envisaged by Sustainable Development Goal 1. Government must invest heavily in education and health as well as agriculture and rural development to reduce poverty. Strategy that targets the poorest regions should be implemented to reduce poverty.

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Abstract:

The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of anxiety and depressive disorders at the GPHC POC 2019 -2021; and the percentage of these patients who were healthcare workers. This is a cross sectional study involving 3170 charts, 68 charts were identified for analysis. Variables were collected and the incidence of disorders calculated. Data was analyzed using Microsoft excel. The incidence of each disorder was as follows (the percentage of patients who were healthcare workers are listed in brackets): anxiety disorder - 2019 8% (32%), 2020 9% (15%), 2021 11% (18%); depressive disorders - 2019 13% (45%), 2020 17% (38%), 2021 16% (18%). Data for the health care group: 15% depressive illness and 9% anxiety illness. By sex: 2019 64% females, 36% males, 2020 46% females and 54% males, 2021 58% females and 42% males. By age group: 16-25 24%, 25-35 21%, 36-45 14%, 46-55 16%, >55 24%. Relationship status: 2019 68% single, 2020 69% single, 2021 55% single. Most affected: nurses 2019 31%, doctors 2020 38%, nurses 2021 36%. The incidence of anxiety disorders increased progressively during the years of the pandemic. The incidence of depressive disorders increased significantly in 2020 and then had a small decrease in 2021. In 2020, more doctors and males sought help than nurses and females. Nurses and females sought more help in 2021. Healthcare workers who were single, young, and completed tertiary level of education were most affected.

References:

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Abstract:

Limb length discrepancy and angular deformities are among the main issues in paediatric patients. There are various ways to manage these two problems which includes growth modulation with eight-Plate. For certain reasons, the use of the eight-Plate is limited, thus conventional plates have been selected for the guided growth, for example two-hole one-third tubular plate or reconstruction plate. Literatures reported good results on its use but none of them explained the surgical technique in details. Therefore, we proposed the surgical technique of inserting the two-hole one-third tubular plate in hemiepiphysiodesis in children, which includes pre-skin incision preparation, placement of one-third tubular plate and screw insertion. The three steps are surgeon-friendly and less demanding, being suitable to apply to paediatric patients that require growth modulation.

References:

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[2] Teresa Cappello,2021, Expanded Indications for Guided Growth in Pediatric Extremities. JPosna. Volume 3 (1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.55275/JPOSNA-2021-217.

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[7] Nazareth, A., Gyorfi, M. J., Rethlefsen, S. A., Wiseley, B., Noonan, K., & Kay, R. M ,2020, Comparison of plate and screw constructs versus screws only for anterior distal femoral hemiepiphysiodesis in children. Journal of pediatric orthopedics. Part B, 29(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPB.0000000000000661.

[8] Böhm, S., Krieg, A. H., Hefti, F., Brunner, R., Hasler, C. C., & Gaston, M. ,2013, Growth guidance of angular lower limb deformities using a one-third two-hole tubular plate. Journal of children's orthopaedics, 7(4), 289–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11832-013-0520-9.

[9] Stevens P. M., 2007, Guided growth for angular correction: a preliminary series using a tension band plate. Journal of pediatric orthopedics, 27(3), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0b013e31803433a1.

[10] Wiemann, J. M., 4th, Tryon, C., & Szalay, E. A. ,2009, Physeal stapling versus 8-plate hemiepiphysiodesis for guided correction of angular deformity about the knee. Journal of pediatric orthopedics, 29(5), 481–485. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181aa24a8.

[11] Stevens P. M., 2023, Guided growth for FKFD: Historical perspective and insights. Journal of children's orthopaedics, 17(3), 291. https://doi.org/10.1177/18632521231172994.

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[14] Bouchard M., 2017, Guided Growth: Novel Applications in the Hip, Knee, and Ankle. J Pediatr Orthop.;37 Suppl 2: S32-S36. doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001022.

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[16] Danino B, Rödl R, Herzenberg JE, et al., 2018, Guided growth: preliminary results of a multinational study of 967 physes in 537 patients. J Child Orthop. 12(1):91-96. doi:10.1302/1863-2548.12.170050.

[17] Portinaro N, Turati M, Cometto M, Bigoni M, Davids JR, Panou A. ,2019, Guided Growth of the Proximal Femur for the Management of Hip Dysplasia in Children with Cerebral Palsy. J Pediatr Orthop.;39(8): e622-e628. doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001069.

[18] Westberry DE, Carpenter AM, Thomas JT, Graham GD, Pichiotino E, Hyer LC., 2020, Guided Growth for Ankle Valgus Deformity: The Challenges of Hardware Removal. J Pediatr Orthop.; 40(9): e883-e888. doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001583.

[19] Gottliebsen M, Shiguetomi-Medina JM, Rahbek O, Møller-Madsen B., 2016, Guided growth: mechanism and reversibility of modulation. J Child Orthop.; 10(6):471-477. doi:10.1007/s11832-016-0778-9.

[20] Rethlefsen, S. A., Hanson, A. M., Wren, T. A. L., Abousamra, O., & Kay, R. M. ,2020, Anterior distal femoral hemiepiphysiodesis with and without patellar tendon shortening for fixed knee flexion contractures in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of children's orthopaedics, 14(5), 415–420. https://doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.14.200154.

Abstract:

This research study investigated the impact of Covid-19 on the social and emotional wellbeing of school aged children in Minnesota, USA. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design in which school-aged children completed a questionnaire enquiring about the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on their social and emotional wellbeing during the period. A sample of 400 school-aged children were randomized from a population of 955,000 school-aged children in the Minnesota metropolis. The first stage involved the population being stratified into male and female, public and private schools before a sample of 400 school aged children were randomly selected. Two instruments were utilized: The Social Well-Being Scale (SWBS) and The Emotional Well-Being Scale (EWBS). The result revealed a significant difference (β = .223, t = 3.667, p < .05) leading to the conclusion that there was a significant impact of Covid-19 on emotional wellbeing among school-aged children in Minnesota, USA. Also, there is a significant impact of Covid-19 on social wellbeing among school-aged children in Minnesota, USA (β = .607, t = 12.301, p < .05). Lastly, there was a significant positive relationships between Covid-19 and social wellbeing (r = .607, p < .05), Covid-19 and emotional wellbeing (r = .223, p < .05), and social wellbeing and emotional wellbeing (r = .230, p < .05). The following recommendation was made. School authorities and stakeholders should develop targeted interventions on promoting social connections, providing mental health support, and fostering resilience among children. Governments should implement preventive measures to ensure access to remote learning resources, promote health education and prioritize mental health and wellbeing as integral components of the education system.

References:

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Abstract:

The main purpose of this study was to assess the factors that affect the success of an organisation. A questionnaire was the main method used to collect data. Respondents answered to a survey that was distributed using the Google Forms platform. The survey found that Zambian Breweries’ organizational structures enabled the management systems to efficiently run the company and boost production in order to help it reach its goals and objectives. Other systems that support the structure of the Zambian Breweries, make it possible to hire the right people for the right jobs and place them in the suitable required positions. The human resource policies and processes in place, the company was able to effectively carry out its strategic planning by having competent personnel and aligning their aptitudes, expertise, and talents to the needs of the Zambian Breweries. It was also found that the management’s successful upkeep of internal communication, the staff were able to understand the short- and long-term goals as well as the direction the company was pursuing. Additionally, effective communication enabled personnel to receive timely feedback, boosting morale and enabling high performance even under tough conditions.

References:

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Abstract:

Although other payment methods are available, like card, cheque, mobile, and online payments, most Ghanaians still use the cash payment system. The study examined how Ghanaian customers felt about using electronic payments. These included determining thesector andctors that influence consumer adoption and use of electronic payment services in Ghanaian banks, examining customer satisfaction with e-payment in the banking sector, and preventing fraud. A sample size of 100 participants was chosen for the study using purposive sampling to select participants from the banks and systematic sampling to select participants from the customers. According to the research’s findings, factors such as usability, security, privacy, the caliber of the after-sales support, marketing mix, and reputation affect consumers’ opinions of electronic payment systems. According to the study, customers are satisfied with the value offered for their banking requirements and the opportunity to experiment with e-payments in the banking sector. The study also found that while customers’ top concerns are trust and security, barriers to e-commerce include a low internet penetration rate, fewer users, expensive and challenging e-commerce technology, and a lack of progress in other supporting industries. Trust and security are significant deterrents against using electronic payment systems. The ability of consumers and banks to reach a larger market and participate in the world payment system is another way that technology can help the economy. Stakeholders should offer the unbanked sufficient assurances of security for utilizing electronic payment systems on their privacy without requiring them to maintain accounts with them.

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