Abstract:

This paper will present and analyze reported failures of artificially intelligent systems and extrapolate our analysis to future AIs. I suggest that both the frequency and the seriousness of future AI failures will steadily increase. AI Safety can be improved based on ideas developed by cybersecurity experts. For narrow AIs safety failures are at the same, moderate, level of criticality as in cybersecurity, however for general AI, failures have a fundamentally different impact. A single failure of a super intelligent system may cause a catastrophic event without a chance for recovery. The goal of cybersecurity is to reduce the number of successful attacks on the system; the goal of AI Safety is to make sure zero attacks succeed in bypassing the safety mechanisms. Unfortunately, such a level of performance is unachievable. Every security system will eventually fail; there is no such thing as a 100% secure system. Future generations may look back at our time and identify it as one of intense change. In a few short decades, we have morphed from a machine-based society to an information-based society, and as this Information Age continues to mature, society has been forced to develop a new and intimate familiarity with data-driven and algorithmic systems. Artificial agents to refer to devices and decision-making aids that rely on automated, data- driven, or algorithmic learning procedures. Such agents are becoming an intrinsic part of our regular decision-making processes. Their emergence and adoption lead to a bevy of related policy questions.

Keywords: AI Safety, Cybersecurity, Failures, Super intelligence, Algorithms, Advanced Persistent Threats (APT).

References:

[1].Acemoglu, Daron, and Pascual Restrepo, “Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets,” National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 23285, 2017. As of October 11, 2017:
http://www.nber.org/papers/w23285

[2].Anderson, James M., Nidhi Kalra, Karlyn Stanley, Paul Sorensen, Constantine Samaras, and Tobi A. Oluwatola, Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-443-2-RC, 2016. As of October 11, 2017: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR443-2.html

[3].Artificial Intelligence Safety and Cybersecurity: A Timeline of AI Failures by Roman V. Yampolskiy and M. S. Spellchecker from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1610.07997.pdf

[4].Artificial Intelligence and its impact on Cyber Security from https://medium.com/@chiraghdewan/artificial-intelligence-and-its-impact-on-cyber-security-1b2446d770b9

[5].Autor, David H., David Dorn, Lawrence F. Katz, Christina Patterson, and John Van Reenen, “The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms,” CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP12041, May 2017b. As of October 11, 2017: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2968382

[6].Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York, Basic.

[7].Baiocchi, Dave, and D. Steven Fox, Surprise! From CEOs to Navy SEALs: How a Select Group of Professionals Prepare for and Respond to the Unexpected, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-341-NRO, 2013. As of November 16, 2016: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR341.html

[8].Baker, Brian J., “The Laboring Labor Share of Income: The ‘Miracle’ Ends,” Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2016. As of November 16, 2016: http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2016/beyond-bls/the-laboring-labor-share-of-income- the-miracle-ends.htm

[9].Barocas, S., and A. D. Selbst, “Big Data’s Disparate Impact,” California Law Review, Vol. 104, 2016.

[10]. Bayern, Shawn J., “The Implications of Modern Business-Entity Law for the Regulation of Autonomous Systems,” Stanford Technology Law Review, Vol. 19, No. 93, October 31, 2015. As of October 11, 2017.

[11]. Cieply, M. & Barnes, B. (2014, 12/30), "Sony Cyberattack, first a Nuisance, Swiftly Grew into a Firestorm", New York Times, from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/31/business/media/sony- attack-first-a-nuisance-swiftly-grew-into-a-firestorm-.html

[12]. Daniel Merkle; Martin Middendorf (2013). "Swarm Intelligence". In Burke, Edmund K.; Kendall, Graham. Search Methodologies: Introductory Tutorials in Optimization and Decision Support Techniques. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461469407.

[13]. Definition of AI as the study of intelligent agents: Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, p. 1, which provides the version that is used in this article. Note that they use the term "computational intelligence" as a synonym for artificial intelligence. Russell & Norvig (2003) (who prefer the term "rational agent") and write "The whole-agent view is now widely accepted in the field" (Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 55). Nilsson 1998, Legg & Hutter 2007.

[14]. F. Pistono and R. V. Yampolskiy, "Unethical Research: How to Create a Malevolent Artificial Intelligence," presented at the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-16). Ethics for Artificial Intelligence Workshop (AI-Ethics-2016), New York, NY, July 9, 2016.

[15]. Human Factors in Cybersecurity and the Role for AI by Ranjeev Mittu & William F. Lawless from https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/SSS/SSS15/paper/viewFile/10248/10054

[16]. Lawless, W.F., Mittu, Ranjeev, Marble, Julie, Coyne, Joseph, Abramson, Myriam, Sibley, Ciara & Gu, Wei (2015, forthcoming), The Human Factor in Cybersecurity: Robust & Intelligent Defense. To be published by Springer.

[17]. LII (2014), 44 U.S. Code § 3544 - Federal agency responsibilities, Title 44, Chapter 35, Subchapter III, Legal Information Institute at Cornell University Legal School, from 44 USC §3542; see http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/44/3544

[18]. Loukas, G., Gan, D. & Vuong, T. (2013, 3/22), A taxonomy of cyber-attack and defence mechanisms for emergency management, 2013, Third International Workshop on Pervasive Networks for Emergency Management, IEEE, San Diego.

[19]. Maloof, Mark. "Artificial Intelligence: An Introduction, p. 37" (PDF). georgetown.edu.

[20]. Martinez, D., Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2014, invited presentation), Architecture for Machine Learning Techniques to Enable Augmented Cognition in the Context of Decision Support Systems. Invited paper for presentation at HCI.

[21]. The Risks of Artificial Intelligence to Security and the Future of Work Osonde A. Osoba, William Welser IV from https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PE200/PE237/RAND_PE237.pdf

[22]. R. V. Yampolskiy, "Taxonomy of Pathways to Dangerous Artificial Intelligence," in Workshops at the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2016.

Abstract:

The impacts of the Namibian School Admission Policy on high school learners have major contributions to social problems experienced by stakeholders as learners advance with their education. Social problems such as sexual relations, substance abuse and learner drop-out have become a social trend. However, other factors like peer pressure and poverty should not be overlooked. Learners admitted in schools after the age of six (6) experience problems that makes them vulnerable. This leads to high academic failure rate, teenage pregnancy, drug addiction that eventually compromises the quality of education. Learners become adults whilst in high school and this conflict with policies and regulations in Namibia. The aim of this study was to scrutinize the impacts of the Namibian School Admission Policy on social behavior of leaners as they reach high school. A quantitative research method was used with learners from Grade 8 to 12 from five state secondary schools in Windhoek. The sample had 200 participants who were randomly chosen. A pilot study was used to test the instrument’s reliability. Data was collected using a closed questionnaire. Ethical considerations were implemented throughout the research process. Chi-square correlations and descriptive analysis were used to analyze data. Results were in the context of the study. Recommendations were given to address the observed social problems.

Keywords: policies, impact, adolescents and behavior.

References:

[1].     Babbie, E. and Mouton, J., 2006, The practice of social scienceS research. South Africa: Oxford University Press.

[2].     Bless C., Higson-Smith C., and Kagee A., 2006, Fundamentals of social research methods. An African perspective, (4th Ed) Cape Town: Juta and Co.

[3].     Cresswell, J. W., 2008, Educational research: Planning conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. (3^rd Ed). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

[4].     Deslandes, R., and Berthrand, R., 2005, Motivation of parent involvement in secondary-level schooling. The journal of Educational Research, 98(33): 164-175.

[5].     Edelman, A. (1995). "Effects of Social Reinforcement on Isolate Behavior of a Nursery School Child", Child Development 35 (2): 511–518.

[6].     Gliem, F., and Glem, R., 2003, Calculating, Interpreting and Reporting Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient of Likert Type Scales. Conference in Adult, Continuing and Community Education.

[7].     Hirschstein, M. K., Edstrom, L V. S., Frey, K. S., Snell, J. L. and MacKenzie P. E., 2007, Walking the Talk in Bullying Prevention: Teacher Implementation Variables Related to Initial Impact of the Steps to Respect Program.

[8].     Hirschstein, M. K., Leihua Van Schoiack, E., Frey, K. S., Snell, J. L., and MacKenzie, E. P., Committee for Children, Seattle, , Vol. 36, Washington School Psychology Review, pp. 3–21

[9].     Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., and Schulenberg, J. E., 2011, Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2010: Volume II, College students and adults ages 19–50. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.

[10]. Kapitako. A., 2017, Hubbly- bubbly; a threat to public health. New Era March 3https://www.newera.com.na/2017/03/03/hubbly-bubbly-a-threat-to-public-health/

[11]. Kothari, C. R., 2008, Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, (2nd Ed). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Publishers.

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[14]. Malahlela, M. K., 2012, The effect of teenage pregnancy on the behaviour of learners at secondary schools in the Mankweng area, Limpopo. M Ed dissertation. Pretoria: UNISA

[15]. Mashishi N., and Makoelle T., 2014, Inclusion or Exclusion Ramifications of Teenage Pregnancy: A Comparative Analysis of Namibia and South African Schools Pregnancy Policies. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 5(14), MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy

[16]. Mckillup, S., 2006, Statistics Explained: An Introductory Guide for Life Scientists. Cambridge: University Press.

[17]. Ministry of Education, 2011, Free primary education in Namibia. Current context, John Menert Printing, Windhoek.

[18]. Ministry of Education, 2017, National Promotion Policy guide for junior and senior secondary schools phases. NIED, Okahanja.

[19]. Ministry of Education Arts and Culture, 2016, Survey Report: Towards a new education act for Namibia. Government Press, Windhoek.

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[22]. Nekongo-Nielsen, H. & Mbukusa, N. R., 2013, The educational consequences of teenage pregnance in the Kavango Region. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social

[23]. Parks, A. B., 2013, The effects of family Structure on juvenile delinquency. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2279. http://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2279

[24]. Pazvakavambwa, L., Indongo, N., and Kazembe, L. N., 2013, Explaining marital patterns and trends in Namibia: A regression analysis of 1992, 2000 and 2006 Demographic and Survey DataPLoS One. 8(8): e70394. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070394 PMCID: PMC3744526 PMID: 23967073 pregnancy in the Kavango Region, University of Namibia.

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[30]. Wolff, J. M., 2012, Adolescent decision making and risk behavior: A neurobiological approach. Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research, Department of Psychology (41). http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/psychdiss/

Abstract:

Organizations with high motivation for growth and cost-effective operation efficiencies, are always trying to bring new technologies to their operations. These organizations are very sensitive to change and value driven thus constant change is the only law for them to achieve their goals and to be in the market. When Bitcoin jumps into the market, the whole world wanted to own it but now after Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency bubble, there are significant shift towards Blockchain related products, services, solution developments, researches and use-case studies. From technical-financial opportunist, to evangelist, to researchers, to Tech enterprises, to financial institutions, to governments, the whole world is behind Blockchain and now it has the technological spot light. Blockchain has left behind all other technologies as far as research initiatives, investments and financial funding are concern. There are substantial research growth on, how Blockchain can be useful in specific area? Objectives of this paper are to highlight some facts about Blockchain that were misinterpreted and misrepresented due to this sudden shift. In this research article, authors are presenting comprehensive literature review of Blockchain Technologies and its applications in various sectors. Our research supports that Blockchain is revolutionizing and disrupting organizations across all industries. Blockchain is really a next big technological invention after Internet. In Blockchain Code is the law and Smart Contracts are the new way of doing business.

Keywords: Blockchain, Permissioned, Permission less, Smart Contract, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, Corda R3, Quorum, IOTA, Ripple, Kadena, Tezos, Sawlooth, NEM, MultiChain, HydraChain, BigChainDB, OpenChain.

References:

Abstract:

This research is a study of how census can be automated using hand held mobile devices. This automation may reduce on the possible and actual errors in the final processed information.

According to Shao, D. (‎2012) “The growing use of mobile technologies has increased pressure on the demand for mobile-based data collection solutions to bridge the information gaps for researchers” [1]. The law and technology favor an increased use of Information Technology platforms for data communications. Recently more bandwidth has become more available and cheaper and data transmission speed are faster with the launch of technologies such as 4.5G by Zamtel.

The objective of this study is to develop and implement a Cloud Computing Based Mobile Census of Population and Housing System using cloud computing technology and Geographic Information that addresses the current traditional way of Census Data Collection System. We will explain cloud computing can address problems related to efficiency and quality of statistical information for decision making. Secondly, we discuss the challenges that are anticipated in the implementation of Mobile Census of Population and Housing System. Thirdly we will discuss some of the areas of improvement expected in the implementation process of the Mobile Census of Population and Housing System for the Central Statistical Office. Fourthly we discuss the suitable technologies are available to support the development of the system. Finally, we will focus on the strategic advantages of developing a Cloud Computing Based Mobile Census of Population and Housing System and its security.

Keywords: Data Collection, Enumerator, Cloud Computing technologies, Zamtel, Census and CAPI.

References:

[1].     Davis, G.B. and Olson, M.H. (1985) Management Information Systems, Conceptual Foundations, Structure and Development, New York, McGraw Hill.

[2].     Martinuzzi S, et al. (2007), Land development, land use, and urban sprawl in Puerto Rico integrating remote sensing and population census data, Landscape and Urban Planning, Landscape and Urban Planning Volume 79, Issues 3 - 4, Pages 288-297.

[3].     Shao, D. (‎2012), https://muep.mau.se/bitstream/handle/2043/13936/Deo_Shao_Thesis.pdf.

[4].     Toby J. Velte, Ph.D., Robert Elsenpeter, (2010), New York, Cloud Computing: A Practical Approach McGraw-Hill Companies.

[5].     United Nation, (1958). This process may be automated or manual. In today’s world, Information Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 2.

[6].     Weibel D, et al., (2008), Demographic and health surveillance of mobile pastoralists in Chad: integration of biometric fingerprint identification into a geographical information system, Geospatial Health Vol.3, Issue 1, pp. 113 124.

[7].     Weibel D, et al., (2008), Demographic and health surveillance of mobile pastoralists in Chad: integration of biometric fingerprint identification into a geographical information system, Geospatial Health Vol.3, Issue 1, pp. 113 124.

[8].     Yaluma (2013) Zambia Telecommunications Company (Zamtel)

http://www.lusakavoice.com/2013/02/28/zamtel-to-provide-high-speed-3g-4g-internet-at-unwto/

Abstract:

Sexual conflict occurs when the costs and benefits of mating differ between males and females. Numerous studies have confirmed that compounds in the seminal fluids of males can impact females. These impacts include manipulation of egg laying, reductions in innate immune responses, and altering behavior. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a compound found in the spermatophore of house crickets and initiates oviposition behavior in female crickets. Here, I speculate that PGE2 may affect mate-search behavior in house crickets in a dose-dependent manner. Past studies have indicated PGE2 also simulate multiple mating by giving female house crickets multiple injections of PGE2. This experiment investigated the phonotactic (latency to reach an acoustic stimulus) response of females when injected with PGE2. The female crickets were raised until adult eclosion and the phonotactic cues were measured 24 h after injection with a 1 µg, 10 µg, 100 µg dose of PGE2 dissolved in 1 µL EtOH and 9 µL of phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Controls were injected with 1 µL EtOH and 9 µL pf PBS only. Crickets were randomly assigned (n=10) to each group prior. Acoustic stimuli were applied afterwards. The latency to respond to male signals was not impacted by PGE2; thus, PGE2 does not impact other aspects of female behavior or life-history that can be manipulated by other components of male seminal fluids.

References:

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[2].     Bascuñán-García AP, Lara C, Córdoba-Aguilar A. 2010. Immune investment impairs growth, female reproduction and survival in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Journal of Insect Physiology 56:204-211.

[3].     Bateman A J. 1948. Intra-sexual selection in Drosophila. Heredity. 2(Pt. 3), 349-368.

[4].     Bergstrom S, Ryhage R, Samuelsson B. and Sjovall J.1962. The structure of prostaglandin E, F and F 2. Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 16:501-502.

[5].     Cayman Chemical Company. www.caymanchem.com, 2011.

[6].     Chapman T, Liddle LF, Kalb, JM, Wolfner MF and Partridge L.1995. Cost of mating in Drosophila melanogaster females is mediated by male accessory-gland products. Nature 373:241–244.

[7].     Chapman T, Bangham J, Vinti G, Seifried B, Lung O, Wolfner M, Smith H, and Patridge L. 2003. The sex peptide of Drosophila melanogaster: Female post-mating responses analyzed by using RNA interference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:9923–9928.

[8].     Chapman T, Arnqvist G, Bangham J, Rowe L. 2003. Sexual conflict. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18:41-47.

[9].     Chapman T, and Partridge L. 1996. Female fitness in Drosophila melanogaster: an interaction between the effect of nutrition and of encounter rate with males. Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 755-759.

[10]. Destephano DB, Brady UE, Farr CA. 1982. Factors Influencing Oviposition Behavior in the Cricket, Acheta domesticus. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 75:111-114.

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[13]. Destephano DB, Brady UE, Lovins RE.1974. Synthesis of prostaglandin by reproductive tissue of the male house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Prostaglandins 6:71-79.

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[15]. Fleischman RR, and Sakaluk SK. 2004. Sexual conflict over remating in house crickets: no evidence of an anti-aphrodisiac in males’ ejaculates. Behaviour 141: 633–646.

[16]. Ford-Hutchinson AW. 1994. Regulation of leukotriene biosynthesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 13: 257-267.

[17]. Green K and Tregenza T, 2009. The influence of male ejaculates on female mate search behaviour, oviposition and longevity in crickets. Animal Behaviour 77:887-892.

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Abstract:

Cerebral malaria is the most severe neurological impediment of infection and it is caused by Plasmodium falciparum idro et al. The article was aims to determine the main pathogenic processes and causes of death of children infected with cerebral malaria, by using clinical observations and pathologic findings, among children admitted with cerebral malaria who fulfil the world health organization criteria for cerebral malaria (WHO). The article further emphasises in regard using treatment challenges facing the children affected by cerebral malaria.

Using Artesunate in the treatment of cerebral malaria was found to be infective in complete eradication of the parasite that causes the disease. The article proposes that an enlargement in brain volume caused by the pressure exerted within the brain of children infected with cerebral malaria will be considered as the main cause of death. The article looks forward for its contribution to the population affected with malaria by inputting new scientifically proven knowledge that enhances new drug development.

The article begins with general introduction and proceeds by mentioning the aims and problems and the importance of the study. So, to address the stated problem the article uses an observational study design on children suffering from cerebral malaria. The article bases on numerous literature reviews, this supports the significance of the research. The comparison statistical analysis which was done on children with cerebral malaria who survive verses who lived.

The study was carried out in Queen Elizabeth Central hospital in Blantyre Malawi, from 2009 to June 2011.

References:

[1].    Beare N. A.V, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S and Molyneux M, 2006. Malarial retinopathy: A newly established diagnostic sign in sever malaria.

[2].    Brown H, Rogerson S, Taylor T, Tembo M, Mwenechanya J, Molyeux M and Turner G, 2001. Blood-brain barrier function in cerebral malaria in Malawian children.

[3].    Dondorp A, Nosten F, Stepniewska K, Day N, White N. Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial. Lancet 2005; 366:717-25.

[4].    Idro R, Jenkin e N, Newton RJC Charles, 2005. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and neurological outcome of cerebral malaria.

[5].    Lewallen S, Taylor E Terrie, Molyneux E. Malcom, Wills A Bridget, Courtright P, 1993. Ocular Fundus findings in Malawian children with cerebral Malaria.

[6].    Newton RC, Peshu N, Kendall B, Kirkham, Sowunmi A, Waruiru C, Mwangi I, Murphy AS and Marsh K, 1994. Branin swelling and ischaemia in Kenyans with cerebral malaria.

[7].    Newton, CRJC, Winstanley PA, Peshu.N, Marsh, RRCP, Kirkham. F.J Pasvol. G and Warrel DA., 1991. Intracranial pressure in African children with cerebral malaria

[8].    MacPherson GG, Warrell MJ, White NJ, Looareesuwan S, Warrell DA. Human cerebral malaria: a quantitative ultrastructural analysis of parasitized erythrocyte sequestration. Am J Pathol 1985;119: 385-401.

[9].    Murphy CS and Breman GJ, 2001. Gaps in the childhood malaria burden in Africa: cerebral Malaria, Neurological sequelae, Anemia, Respiratory Distress, hypoglycaemia and complications of pregnancy.

[10].Potchen MJ, Kampondeni SD, Seydel KB, et al. Acute brain MRI findings in 120 Malawian children with cerebral malaria: new insights into an ancient disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2012;33:1740-6.

[11].Taylor TE, Fu WJ, Carr RA, et al. Differentiating the pathologies of cerebral malaria by postmortem parasite counts. Nat Med 2004;10:143-5.

[12].Waller D, Crawley J, Noster. F, Chapman D, Krishna S, Craddock C, Brewster D and White JN, 1990. Inracranial pressure in childhood cerebral malaria.

[13].Wassmer CS, Combes V and Grau EG, 2003 Pathophysiology of cerebral malaria.

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Abstract:

Education a crucial domain of life indispensable for long-lasting development. Government and schools in Uganda have made a great effort to develop the education sector in Uganda. Employment is scarce. Students who get jobs seems not be full prepared for them. Society and especially business owners have identified graduates to be half baked failing to meet job expectations. Despite their effort, available opportunities and potentials are not yet fully explored. Besides that, there are also challenges that leaders of Schools face in their day-to-day operations which hinder them to fully lead higher Institutions of Learning (HILs) to the fulfillment of their missions and visions. Alongside those challenges, opportunities and potential do exist. The research paradigm of the study was pragmatic leadership theory that leads to self-reliance indispensable for transformational development. The aim of the research was to use this theory to develop another theory. This could help address issues of unemployment because of the poor quality of graduates upon completion of their studies. The population of the study were leaders of HILs that are accredited and in operation in the Eastern Region of Uganda for at least five years. The sampling technique was purposive and convenient in nature. The research method was qualitative. The instruments used were In-depth Interview (IDI) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Interview and moderator guides were used. Data collected were categorized and data were analyzed and classified; opportunities, potentials as well as challenges were reported. A new theory was developed and areas for further studies proposed.

Keywords: School Leadership, Higher Institution of Learning, Leadership opportunity, Leadership Potential, Leadership Challenge, Integral Development, Total transformation.

References:

[1].     Ali, G., Haolader, F.A., Muhammad, K (2013) The Role of ICT to Make Teaching-Learning Effective in Higher Institutions of Learning in Uganda in International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297:2007 Certified Organization, Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2013, ISSN: 2319-8753.

[2].     Aubel, J. (1994) Guidelines for Group Studies Using the Group Interviews Technique. Geneva: ILO.

[3].     Baker, M.J. (1998) Macmillan Dictionary of Marketing and Advertising. 3^rd Ed. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.

[4].     Barasa, G. (2016) The Influence of School leadership on Students’ Academic Performance in Selected Secondary Schools in Busia District, Uganda.

[5].     Blackaby, H. & Blackaby, R. (2001) Spiritual Leadership. USA: Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publisher. Bolden, R., Jones, S., Davis, H. & Gentle, P. (2015) Developing and Sustaining Shared Leadership in Higher Education. Leadership Foundation for Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.Ifhe.ac.ug. Brill, F.S. (2008) Learning and Leading: Effective School Leadership through Reflective Storytelling and Inquiry. USA: Stenhouse Publishers.

[6].     Carter N., Bryant-Lukosius D., Dicenso A, Blythe, J., Neville A. J. (2012) The Use of Triangulation in qualitative research, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25158659:

[7].     Cooper, A. & Potter J. (2001) Intelligent Leadership: Creating A Passion for Change. London: Random House Business books. Cornerstone Leadership Academies (2013). Retrieved from www.CornerstoneSchoolsAfrica.org English, F. W. (2015) The SAGE Guide to Educational Leadership and Management California: SAGE Publications, Inc.

[8].     Finzel, H. (1994) The Top Ten Mistakes Leaders make. USA: Victor Books/SP Publications, Inc. Goldstein, K. L., Miller, A. & Courson, J. (2014) Reinventing Leadership in Higher Education: A confidential survey of College Presidents. Retrieved from http://www.witkieffer.com.

[9].     Gustavson, P. (2016) Leaders Press On, Discovering the Power of Perseverance Virginia: Lead Edge Press.

[10]. Harvard University (2012) Decision Making for Leaders: A Synthesis of Ideas from Harvard University Advanced Leadership Initiative Think Tank.

[11]. Hebert, E. A. (2006) “The Boss of the Whole School” Effective leadership in Action. New York: Teachers College Press.

[12]. Hopper & Potter (2001) Intelligent Leadership. USA: Random House Business books https://www.csrmatch.org/project/transforming-communities-initiative-in-mbale-district-Uganda Https://www.google.com/#q=uganda+population.

[13]. Hughes, R. L., Ginnet, R. C. & Curphy, G. J. (2015) Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience, 8^th Ed.: New York: McGraw Hill Education.

[14]. Jain, G., L. (1998) Research Methodology: Methods, Tools, and Techniques. New Delhi: Mangal Deep Publications. Kaahwa, M.G. (2008) Research Methodology: Made Simple. Kampala (UG): Sure, Technical Association Ltd.

[15]. ___________ (2007) A Search Engine For leaders, communicators, Researchers, and Educator in Research, Communication, Leadership, And Instructional Methods. Kampala: Sure, Technical Association Ltd.

[16]. Kanyeihamba, G., W. (2013) Universities in a Rapidly Changing Africa: Influence of University Education on State Governance. UVCF Publisher, UVCF Bulletin, Volume 2, ISSN: 2306-6288.

[17]. Kayiwa, B. (1997) Assessment of Leadership Training of Head Teachers and Secondary School performance in Mubende District, Uganda. Kyambogo University (BA Research Thesis), Unpublished.

[18]. King, K. (2004) The External Agenda of Educational Reform: A Challenge to Educational Self-reliance and dependency in Sub-Saharan Africa. Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh. CICE Hiroshima University, Journal of International Cooperation in Education, Vol 7, No.1, (2004) pp. 85.

[19]. Kipkurgat, T. K. (2006) Agricultural Science Curriculum for Messiah Theological    Institute in Mbale, Uganda: A Ph. D. Dissertation.

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[21]. Kornfield, D. (1989) Church Renewal: A handbook for Christian Leaders. USA: Baker Book House. Kumar, R. (2011) Research Methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners, 3^rd Edition. London: Sage Publications Ltd.

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[24]. azrui, A. A (1979) Churches and Multinationals in the Spread of Modern Education: A third World Perspective, Third World Quaterly, Vol. 1 (Jan. 1979), pp. 30-49.

[25]. Marton, S. (2009) “Education Policy.” Handbook of Public Policy. Sage Publication. Retrieved from http://sage-ereference.com/hdbk_pubpolicy/Article_n14.html> Mbabazi, P., Nanyonga, C. (2013) Reforming Uganda’s Education for Quality and Employable Graduates. UVCF Publisher, UVCF Bulletin, Volume 2, ISSN: 2306-6288.

[26]. Musaazi, J.C.S (2011) Planning and Development in Education. New York: Routledge ____________ (2006) Educational Planning. Kampala: Makerere University Printery.

[27]. NCHE (2011) Quality Assurance Framework for Institutions of Higher Learning. Kampala (UG): NCHE.

[28]. Pragmatic Leadership (2014) Pragmatic Leadership. Retrieved from Http://www.pragmaticleadership.ca. Online publication, Cognascent, Inc.

[29]. Ogden, G. & Meyer, D. (2007) Leadership Essentials: Shaping Vision, Multiplying Influence, Defining Character. Illinois: Intervarsity Press

[30]. Samoff, J. & Bidemi, C. (2003) From Manpower Planning to Knowledge Era: World Bank Policies on Higher Education in Africa. UNESCO Forum Secretariat hivambu, F. (2015). The crisis in higher education is a crisis of political leadership. South Africa: Daily Maverick (2017) 21^st January 2017.

[31]. Sommer, B. & Sommer, R. (1997) A Practical Guide to Behavioral Research: Tools and Techniques. 4^th Ed. New York: Oxford University Press. The Wallace Foundation (2016) School Leadership. New York: The Wallace Foundation.

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[33]. Turner, J.J. (1982) Christian Leadership Handbook: How to be Worth Following. Texas: Fort Worth, Quality Publications.

[34]. The Guardian (2014) Global Development-Why is east Africa facing a hunger crisis and what can be done? -podcast, Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global development/2014/Jan/16/Uganda - unemployed-graduates-held-back-skills-gap.

[35]. Uganda Bureau of Statistics (2014) National and Population Housing Census, Revised Edition Uganda, UBOS. Retrieved from http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/NPHC/NPHC%202014%20PROVISIONAL%20RESULTS%20REPORT.pdf.

[36]. UNESCO (2014) Roadmap for implementing the global action program on education for sustainable development. Paris: UNESCO.

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Abstract:

Cloud Computing is a technology that provides on-demand computing services such as applications, storage, and processing to consumers over the internet (cloud). It is centered on the pay-per-use model meaning that a user has to pay only for the services utilized. This technology is based on the virtualization perception. Such services allow the companies/establishments to scale-up or scale-down their in-house grounds. Cloud computing has numerous advantages such as flexibility, efficiency, scalability, integration, and capital reduction (upfront fixed cost), and shared resources. Moreover, it offers an advanced virtual space for companies to deploy their applications or run their operations. However, companies which consider embracing cloud based services must also appreciate that regardless of its benefits, the transition to this computing paradigm raises security concerns which are subject of several researchers. The goal of this article is to identify the main security issues and to draw the attention of both decision makers and users to the potential risks of moving data into “the cloud”.

Keywords: cloud computing, cloud service, data security, infrastructure data confidentiality.

References:

[1].     Cachin, C., Keidar, I., & Shraer,A. (2009). Trusting the Cloud. Amc Sigact New, Vol.40, No. 2, pp. 81-86.

[2].     Cisco 2017 Annual Cybersecurity Report: Chief Security officers Reveal True Cost of Breaches and the Actions Organizations are Taking. Cisco, the Network. Cisco Technology News site. Retrieved December 17, 2018 from https://newsroom.cisco.com/press-release-content?articleId=1818259.

[3].     F. Gens, “New IDC It Cloud Services Survey: Top Benefits and Challenges,” 2009. http://blogs.idc.com/ie/?p=730.

[4].     Chow, R., Golle, P., Jakobsson, M., Shi, E., Staddon, J., Masuoka, R., & Molina, J. (2009). Controlling Data in Cloud: Outsourcing Computation without Outsourcing Control. ACM Workshop on Cloud Computing Security.

[5].     Hogan, M., Liu, F., Sokol, A., & Tong, J. (2011, July). NIST Cloud Computing Standards Roadmap. National Institute of Standards & Technology. Retrieved December 18, 2018 from https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/itl/cloud/NIST_SP-500-291_Jul5A.pdf .

[6].     Hurwitz, J., Bloor, R., Kaufman, M., & Halper, F. (). Cloud Computing Standards Organizations Dummies. Retrieved December 18, 2018 from https://www.dummies.com/programming/networking/cloud-computing-standards-organizations/.

[7].     Kumarand, P., & Arri, H.S. (2013). Data Location in Cloud Computing. International Journal for Science & Emerging Technologies with Latest Trends. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 24-27.

[8].     Malik, A., & Nazir, M.M. (2012, March). Security Framework for Cloud Computing Environment: A Review. Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences.

[9].     Neela, K.L., Kavitha, V., & Ramesh, R.K. (2013, August). Cloud Computing: Threats and Security Issues. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology.

[10]. Ogigau-Neamtiu, F. (2012). Cloud Computing Security Issues. Journal of Defense Resources Management, Vol.3, Issue 2(5).

[11]. Ramgovind, S., Eloff, M.M., & Smith, E. (2010). The Management of Security in Cloud Computing. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

[12]. Rawat, N., Srivastava, R., & Pandey, B.K. (2014, August 1). Data Security Issues in Cloud Computing. Open Journal of Mobile Computing and Cloud Computing.

[13]. Srivastava, H., & Kumar, S.A. (2015, January). Control Framework for Secure Cloud Computing. Journal of Information Security. 6,12-23.

[14]. Srivastava, H., & Kumar, S.A. (2015, January). Control Framework for Secure Cloud Computing. Journal of Information Security. 6,12-23.

[15].  Sharma, K., & Singh, K.R. (2012). Online Data Backup and Disaster Recovery Techniques in Cloud Computing: A Review. International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT). Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 249 -254.

[16]. Ventrapragada, V.S., Ravuri, D., & Jyothi, G. (2013). A study on Cloud Computing and its Security Issues. International Journal of Computer Science and Network. Vol 2, Issue 1, 2013

[17]. Waseem, M., Lakhan, A., & Jamali, I.A. (2016, April 26). Data Security of Mobile Cloud Computing on Cloud Server. Open Access Library Journal, 3: e2377. Retrieved December 17, 2018 from http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102377.

[18]. Zissis, A., Lekkas, D. (2010, December 13). Addressing Cloud Computing Security Issues. Future Generation Computer Systems.

Abstract:

The study evaluated the interpretation and implementation of the newly revised curriculum in primary and secondary schools in Chongwe district of Lusaka province in Zambia. The ascertaining of the effectiveness of the newly revised school curriculum calls for establishing the purpose of learning in Zambian schools today. The study employed a descriptive survey design. The target population comprised of the public and private school Head teachers, teachers, pupils, and district education officers who are mandated to set standards in Zambian schools and ensure that every school meets the minimum standard. The study used purposeful and randomly sampling techniques. Questionnaires, interview guide and observation were used as research instruments to collect data. The study reveals that 31% of the schools have just implemented the academic career pathway only which is a blue print of the old curriculum and 30% of the head teachers still prefer the old curriculum to the new one. It has also been observed that the implementation of the new school curriculum was launched before the schools were made ready. Therefore, the old strategies, school routines and resources for the old curriculum are being used to force the implementation of the newly revised curriculum. The study thus recommends more investment in the Ministry of General Education for more school orientations and close monitoring of the interpretation and implementation of the school curriculum.

Keywords: Curriculum, career pathways, academic pathway, vocational pathway, implementation.

References:

[1].     Carmody B. (2004) The Evolution of Education in Zambia, Lusaka: Book World Publishers. Chistensen & Allison (2017) Research with children; Perspectives and practices, 3^rd Ed. Routledge.

[2].     David Stocks and Nick Wilson (2017) Small Business management and entrepreneurship, 7^th Ed. Cengage learning EMEA, UK.

[3].     Ewell, P.T. (2010), The US national survey of student engagement (NSSE), in Dill, D.D. and Beerkens, M. (Eds), Public Policy for Academic Quality, Vol. 30, Springer Science+Business Media, Neth, pp. 83‐97.

[4].     Ministry of Education (1977) Educational Reforms: Proposals and Recommendations, Lusaka: MOE.

[5].     Ministry of Education (1996) Educating our Future, Lusaka: MOE.

[6].     Mwanakatwe J (1968) The Growth of Education in Zambia since independence, Lusaka: Oxford Press.

[7].     Ouimet, J.A. and Smallwood, R.A. (2005), “CLASSE – the class‐level survey of student engagement”, Assessment Update, Vol. 17 No. 6, pp. 13‐5.

[8].     Pittaway, L., Hannon, P., Gibb, A.A. and Thompson, J. (2009), “Assessment practice in enterprise education”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 71‐93.

[9].     Sherman, P.S., Sebora, T. and Digman, L.A. (2008), “Experiential entrepreneurship in the classroom: effects of teaching methods on entrepreneurial career choice intentions”, Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, Vol. 11, pp. 29‐42.

[10]. Tajena V. R (2012) Education thought and practice, Sterling publishers private limited, New Delhi, India.

[11]. UNESCO (2007) Experts’ Consultation on the Operational Definition of Basic Education.

[12]. Uwakwe C B, Falaye A O, Adelore O (2008) Impact of Decentralization and Privatization on the Quality of Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Nigerian Experience, European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 7, Number.

[13]. Vaughan, N.D. (2010), “Blended community of inquiry approach: linking student engagement and course redesign”, Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 13 Nos 1‐2, pp. 60‐5.

Abstract:

This research project is purposed for critiquing an academic work that centres on the dynamics of the emerging cybersociety phenomenon driven by the influences of ICT innovations on society and its sociocultural systems. The original research work being critiqued is titled: ‘Operation Mechanism of the Driving Force System of Ecosystem of Cyber-Society Based on the System Dynamics’. The work investigated the ecosystem of the Cybersociety phenomenon with the aim of enriching the body of knowledge with an understanding of the operation mechanism of its driving Force System; the Authors considered the ecosystem operation mechanism with reference to system dynamics operating principles. The project result is intended to close the knowledge gaps surrounding the growing interest of the research community in understanding the internal and external forces that stimulate the development, growth, and sustenance of the visible effects of the Cybersociety phenomenon and its ecosystem. The relevance of the study is underlined by the need for deeper scientific insights into the factors that are responsible for the evolution and thriving of the cybersociety phenomenon within the existing societal frameworks which are also fast redefining contemporary society and general lifestyle. This work is aimed at producing a systematic and objective review of the original research for the purpose of highlighting its strengths and weaknesses, and its applicability in real life practice. The project’s output value and contributions to the body of knowledge is founded on the need to satisfy the urgent requirements for professionals, academics and industry practitioners to be equipped with empirical evidence of the validity and reliability of a published material obtained through scientific means involving detailed peer review. In delivering its goals, this project will use empirical research methods for assessing the critiqued article, and synthetization of published materials of evidential values to critically evaluate the published research work for a knowledgeable evaluation report.

Keywords: Cyberculture, Cybersociety ecosystem, System dynamics, Driving forces, Operating Mechanism, Article Review, academic critiquing, Networks Sociology, Social Ecology, information age, societal structures, self-determination theories, self-regulation theory, Article stability.

References:

[1].     Elsevier.com (2017), About Elsevier; accessed from: https://www.elsevier.com/about

[2].     en.wikipedia.org (2016) Elsevier; accessed from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier

[3].     Gueorguieva V. (2011), Subcultures as Virtual Communities; available at: http://revues.mshparisnord.org/seminarbg/index.php?id=110

[4].     Guan X., Zhang Z., and Zhang S. (2013) Operation Mechanism of the Driving Force System of Ecosystem of Cyber-society Based on the System Dynamics; INT J COMPUT COMMUN, ISSN 1841-9836 8(6):812-824, December, 2013.

[5].     Hartijasti Y. & Fathonah N. (2015), MOTIVATION OF CYBERLOAFERS IN THE WORKPLACE ACROSS GENERATIONS IN INDONESIA; available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279216671_MOTIVATION_OF_CYBERLOAFERS_IN_THE_WORKPLACE_ACROSS_GENERATIONS_IN_INDONESIA

[6].     Misra S. and Stokols D. (2012), A TYPOLOGY OF PEOPLE - ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE DIGITAL AGE; Technology in Society; available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256987533_A_typology_of_people-environment_relationships_in_the_Digital_Age

[7].     Tran V-D. and Huynh N. D. T. (2015), EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SOCIAL BENEFITS, ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORK DEPENDENCY, SATISFACTION, AND YOUTH’S HABIT FORMATION; Available at

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288468186_EXPLORING_THE_RELATIONSHIPS_AMONG_SOCIAL_BENEFITS_ONLINE_SOCIAL_NETWORK_DEPENDENCY_SATISFACTION_AND_YOUTH%27S_HABIT_FORMATION

Abstract:

This article details occurrences of intergenerational sexual relations in Solwezi District, North-Western Province of Zambia. Today, there is an increase in the number of intergenerational sexual relations in the District because of the influx of migrants from other parts of Zambia and world over, who want to take part in mining in the area, as well as engage into business. Using a retrospective research approach, the study targeted all males and females engaged in the vice, sampled by snowballing. Findings of the study were analysed descriptively and thematically. Findings reveal the following:

1. That poverty is the major drive towards intergenerational sexual relations.

2. That though poverty may drive individuals to engage in the vice’s other reasons such as peer pressure, pleasure, desire for luxuries, having an edge over others, culture etc. may be the cause for intergenerational sex

3. Despite well-known consequences of engaging in the vice socially sanctioned attitudes and behaviours are linked to cross-generational sex.

4. People’s aspirations and expectations may be influenced by the size of the economy such that as the economy keeps growing new needs and desires consistent with the economy may be the drives of behavior.

This study recommends that the people be equipped with necessary tools that will enable them to find alternatives to replace the need to engage in sexual relations with older men and women as a means of survival. Another important recommendation is that mandatory sensitization should be undertaken by investing companies to avert the social backlash that arise in such situations.

Keywords: Intergeneration, Sexual Relations, Migrants.

References:

[1].     Adogu, P., Udigwe, I., Udigwe, G. and Ubajaka, C. 2014. Review of Problems of Adolescent Sexual Behaviour and the Role of Millenium Development Goals 4, 5 and 6 in Nigeria. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(8), 9.

[2].     Bales, S.S., Eklund, S.J., and Siffin, C.F. 2000. Children's perceptions of elders before and after a school-based intergenerational program. Educational Gerontology, 26, 677-689.

[3].     Bantebya. G., Ochen, E., Pereznieto. P., and Walker, D. 2017. Cross-generational and transactional sextual relations in Uganda: Income poverty as a risk factor for adolescents.

[4].     Bennett, R. 1976. Attitudes of the young toward the old: A review of research. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 55, 136-139.

[5].     Berk, L.E. (ed.) 2003. Child development. (Boston: A & B).

[6].     Blunk, E.M. and Williams, S.W. 1997. The effects of curriculum on preschool children's perceptions of the elderly. Educational Gerontology, 23, 233-241.

[7].     Bronfenbrenner, U. 1987. Nobody home: The erosion of the American family. Psychology Today, 10, 40-47.

[8].     Erikson, E.H., Erikson, J.M. and Kivnick, H.Q. 1986. Vital involvement in old age. (New York: Norton & Co. Inc.)

[9].     Hickey, L.A., Hickey, T. and Tallish, R.A. 1968. Young people's perceptions of the elderly. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 112, 227-235.

[10]. Ingoldsby, B.B., Smith, S.R. and Miller, J.E. (2004). Exploring family theories. (Los Angeles: Roxbury).

[11]. Issacs, L.W. and Bearison, D.J. 1986. The development of children's prejudices against the aged. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 23, 175-194.

[12]. Leclerc-Madlala. S. 2008. Age-disparate and intergenerational sex in Southern African: the dynamics of hyper-vulnerability. UNAIDS, 22(4)

[13]. Mavhandu-Mudzusi. A.H. 2014. Factors Contributing to Intergenerational Sexual Relationships among Refugee Girls in the City of Tshwane: South Africa Mediterranean. Journal of Social Sciences MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy, 5, 20

[14]. Miller, S.M., Blaloc, J. and Ginsberg, H. J. (1985). Children and the ages: Attitude, contact and discriminative ability. International Journal of Ageing and Human Development, 19, 47-53.

[15]. Rubin, G.S. 1993. Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality. In Abelove, H. (ed). New York: Routledge.

Abstract:

Introduction: Pterygium is a non-malignant, slow growing, wing shaped proliferation of the fibro vascular tissue, which is arising from the sub-Conjunctival tissue, which may extend over the cornea and thus disturbing the vision.

Background and Purpose: To assess the prevalence of Pterygium and Visual impairment in patients at a tertiary care centre of Etawah district.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was done over a period of 3 months on both genders with the categorised age group and into grades according to the size of the Pterygium in the Department of Ophthalmology at UP University of Medical Sciences hospital Saifai, Etawah. After taking an informed consent a total of 2100 patient were examined by eye screening and diagnosed with the help of ophthalmologist in which 130 patients were found with Pterygium problem. Out of these 94 patients (135 eyes) was found purely with Pterygium in one or both eyes and the rest 36 were excluded because of other associated morbidities. The selected participants underwent assessment by eye examination sheet and the subject undergone specific test. The data were recorded on the basis of set predesigned, pretested, semi structured questionnaires and the grading was done with the help of slit lamp examination. The data was collected and analyzed using chi square test.

Result and conclusion: A high prevalence of Pterygium was found in patients working in outdoor (76.29%) in comparison to indoor (23.70%) because of exposure to sunlight.

References:

[1].     Chen S, Huang J, Wen D, Chen W, Huang D, Wang Q. Measurement of central corneal thickness by high-resolution Scheimpflug imaging, Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography and ultrasound pachymetry. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(5):449e455.

[2].     Garg Ashok, Toukhy Essam EL, Nassaralla Belquiz A, Moreker Sunil. Surgical and medical management of Pterygium. 2009.

[3].     K. Droutsas and W. Sekundo, “Epidemiology of Pterygium: a review,” Ophthalmology, vol.107, no. 6, pp.511-516, 2010.

[4].     K. Zheng, j. Cai, V. jhanji, and H. Chen, “Comparison of Pterygium recurrence rates after limbal conjuntival auto graft transplantation and other techniques: meta-analysis,” Cornea, vol.31, no.12, pp.1422-1427, 2012.

[5].     Karai I, Horiguchi S. Pterygium in welders. Br J Ophthalmol. 1984;68(5): 347e349.

[6].     Lu P, Chen X, Kang Y, Ke L, Wei X, Zhang W. Pterygium in Tibetans: a population-based study in China. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2007;35(9): 828e833.

[7].     Luthra R, Nemesure BB, Wu S-Y, Xie SH, Leske MC. Frequency and risk factors for pterygium in the Barbados Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001; 119(12):1827e1832.

[8].     Ma K, Xu L, Jie Y, Jonas JB. Prevalence of and factors associated with Pterygium in adult Chinese: the Beijing eye study. Cornea. 2007;26(10): 1184e1186.

[9].     McCarty CA, Fu CL, Taylor HR. Epidemiology of Pterygium in Victoria, Australia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(3):289e292.

[10]. Panchapakesan J, Hourihan F, Mitchell P. Prevalence of Pterygium and pinguecula: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol. 1998; 26(S1): S2eS5.

[11]. Sanjeev Rohatgi. Department of Ophthalmology, Pterygium: An epidemiological study in India. 4 July 2013: 1. E Mail id: snjvrohatgi@yahoo.co.in.

[12]. Shiroma H, Higa A, Sawaguchi S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of Pterygium in a southwestern island of Japan: the Kumejima Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009; 148(5):766e771.

[13]. Taylor HR, West S, Munoz B, Rosenthal FS, Bressler SB, Bressler NM. The long- term effects of visible light on the eye. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992; 110:99-104.

Abstract:

Dating back to its independence from British ‘protection’ in 1966, Botswana’s economy has been largely based on beef production and in the 1980s, the mining and export of diamonds. Whereas the country remains one of the few brawny economies in Africa, the twin challenges of overreliance on primary economic activities and a sparse population base have become a real development bane. While the former has by now shown calamitous economic consequences as a result of foot and mouth disease and the drop-in world diamond prices, the latter is difficult to contemplate in development outlay. Faced with these reality checks the successive governments of Botswana have, with varied successes (or lack of), embarked on economic diversification overdrive and robust population policies. This paper reconnoiters the importance of economic diversification in primary-resource dependent Third World economies such as Botswana. It further explores the historical background to economic diversification in Botswana and the major challenges that Botswana faces in its diversification drive. The paper also draws attention to the challenges posed by a small and dwindling population and other fundamental issues to the vision of economic diversification. The paper concludes by pointing out opportunities available for a long-term expansion of the economy of Botswana. An intensive qualitative analysis of available literature will be used to gather information on Botswana’s diversification policy. Secondary quantitative methods of data collection will largely be relied upon which involves the collection of secondary data from existing data sources like the internet, government resources, libraries and research reports. Secondary quantitative research will help to corroborate the information that is collected from primary quantitative research as well as support the strengthening or proving or disproving previously collected data. It is a major finding of this research that Botswana’s diversification policy has not been pursued with the competence it deserves and therefore has so far been a failure. It is also the finding of this paper that unless robust population policies are put in place to support diversification, this policy will remain a pipe dream.

References:

[1].     Barnet et al, the ability of an eligomeric immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope antigen to elicit neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV-1.2002.

[2].     Conteh, C. Rethinking Botswana's Economic Diversification Policy: Dysfunctional State-Market Partnership, Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, Volume 46, Issue 4 November 2008, pages 540 – 554.

[3].     Jefferis, K. Econsult Botswana, keith@econsult.co.bw. The paper was originally presented to the BIDPA-UB-FES Conference on “Are Diamonds there forever? – Prospects of a Sustainable Development Model for Botswana”, 27 – 28 August 2014, Gaborone

[4].     Kapunda, S, Diversification and poverty eradication in Botswana, 2003

[5].     Sekwati, L: Botswana: A Note on Economic Diversification, Botswana Journal of Economics, 2011.

[6].     Schwab, K. New York: Crown Business, [2016] ©2016

[7].     Ministry of Trade and Industry July 2011: ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION DRIVE Medium to Long-Term Strategy 2011 – 2016.

[8].     Interview with Dr. F. Jeffress ("Jeff") Ramsay, Deputy Permanent Secretary for Media, Ministry of Communications, Science and Technology Goverment of Botswana August 2009 – 2018.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seretse_Khama

[9].     Silitshena, R. M. K. & McLeod, G. 1998. Botswana: a physical, social and economic geography. Gaborone: Longman Botswana, 2nd edition.

[10]. Shillington, K.: 2005. Encyclopedia of African History, CRC Press, Online.

[11]. Absolute number of infected people in a population at a given time (Barnett et al, 2002:49) Statistics Botswana.

Abstract:

Background: As the NURHI 2 project goes to scale, it became more expensive and inefficient to routinely collect service statistics on family planning (FP) from its high-Volume sites (HVS) through in person visits. Based on this, the NURHI team piloted and implemented the use of mobile technology to transmit data from its HVS to a central server.

To assess the effectiveness of the approach, the RM&E team carried out an evaluation of the pilot. The results from our qualitative and quantitative analysis showed that the use of mobile phone technology using DHIS2 data collection application for android phones with cloud storage system is a potentially viable means of collecting routine monitoring data from service delivery points in Oyo and Kaduna states.

Objectives/Main research question/Hypothesis and program area: The objective of this pilot is to explore the feasibility of, identify possible challenges that can affect the delivery of a proposed technology-based solutions aimed at improving the routine data monitoring flow in a timely and accurate manner from NURHI supported HVS.

Methodology (location, study design, data source, time frame, sample size, analysis approach): Participants were trained for two days on the newly designed data collection system. After reviewing the existing routine data collection system, participants were familiarized with the system to be piloted. The training included basic but important trouble shooting technics that may be required during the course of using the application. These included how to set up and download the DHIS2 apps on the device, how to collect data and how to upload data into the server. Trouble shooting tips were provided to the participants so that they can solve problems that may arise on their own.

Two months after the pilot of the phone based routine data collection system, the RM&E team evaluated the pilot system in order to know whether the approach is viable or not and if viable, learn how the approach can be improved upon based on lessons learnt.

Same set of participants that were trained and piloted the model were interviewed after twelve sessions of experience with the use of the device including two months of actual routine data collection. The RM&E team assessed the experiences of the participants during the data collection period as well as the different segments of the data collection process including use of android phone, enabling the data option of the device, entering data into DHIS2 and uploading of same into the cloud storage. We also asked questions on their experience about the use of the model and the challenges they had, it also included capturing their overall though on the model.

Over the phone, Key informant interviews (KII) using KII guide (Appendix A) were conducted with the study participants in the two states

Results/key findings: The results from our qualitative and quantitative analysis showed that the use of mobile phone technology using DHIS2 data collection application for android phones with cloud storage using the “ona.io” is a potentially viable means of collecting routine monitoring data from service delivery points in Oyo and Kaduna states.

References:

[1].     A qualitative study of the attitudes of patients and staff to the use of mobile phone technology for recording and gathering asthma data - Jennifer Cleland, Jan Caldow, Dermot Ryan. 2007.

[2].     Challenges in Using Mobile Phones for Collection of Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Data in a Resource-Limited Setting; - Santosh Kumar PhD a Wendy J. Nilsen PhD b Amy Abernethy MD f Audie Atienza PhD c et al 2010.

[3].     EpiCollect: Linking Smartphones to Web Applications for Epidemiology, Ecology and Community Data Collection - David M. Aanensen, Derek M. Huntley, Edward J. Feil, Fada'a al-Own, Brian G. Spratt; 2009.

[4].     Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S. Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, 2005.Handbook for family planning operations research design. - Fisher, A.; Laing, J.; Stoeckel, J., 1983.

[5].     Inferring friendship network structure by using mobile phone data- Nathan Eagle, Alex (Sandy) Pentland, and David Lazer; 2009.

[6].     Mobile phone technology in chronic disease management - Blake, Holly (2008).

[7].     Phone Interviewing as a Means of Data Collection: Lessons Learned and Practical Recommendations- Lisa A. Burke & Monica K. Miller, 2001.

[8].     The use of mobile phones as a data collection tool: A report from a household survey in South Africa. - Mark Tomlinson, Wesley Solomon, Yages Singh, Tanya Doherty, Mickey Chopra, Petrida Ijumba, Alexander C Tsai and Debra Jackson; 2009.

[9].     Web-Based GIS System for Real-Time Field Data Collection Using a Personal Mobile Phone- Ko Ko Lwin, Yuji Murayama Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. 2011.

Abstract:

This paper surveys the implication of the use of the social media in contemporary times on the church and items. The way of doing mission work in the time past cannot be applied in this ever-changing world. The world becoming a global village calls for shit in the way and methods of communicating and managing people. All organizations need to employ new methods of reaching out to people in a more smart and quick way.

The church as a spiritual entity needs to employ key means of reaching out to its people as well as others who might come into contact with them. Social media is undoubtedly an effective means of reaching out to church members as well as managing them and the world in its entirety. The social media can be used to do many things ranging from winning souls to fundraising. It is against this background that this paper looks the implications of social media on church management.

References:

[1]. Buckingham, David. 2000. After the death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. USA: Blackwell Publishing Limited.

[2]. Oliver K., Collin P., Burns J.M. & Nicholas J. (2006) “Building resilience in young people through meaningful participation‟ in Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health 5(1):1-7.

[3]. Richardson, I., Third, A. and MacColl, I. (2007) “Moblogging and Belonging: New Mobile Phone Practices and Young People‟s Sense of Social Inclusion‟ in DIMEA 2007.

[4]. Conference Proceedings, September 2007, Murdoch University, Western Australia.