Abstract:

This review critically reviews the article ‘Translational Medicine: A two-way road “in the Journal of Translational Medicine of Biomed central. The review will first summarise the article. Secondly, it will briefly analyse the effectiveness of the article’s structure, investigating how the information is set out and whether the reader can access it efficiently. Thirdly, the review will critique the article, evaluating its authority, currency, accuracy, objectivity and coverage. The review will finally judge the article’s accessibility and credibility. Overall the article was well written, clear and relevant.

References:

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[2.] Christian, Brander, Soldano, Ferrone, Francesco, M., Marincola, J. (2006). Rewarding patient-directed research: Excellence in Translational Medicine Award. Doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-4-19 PMCID: PMC1468429.

[3.] Ena, Wang, András, Falus, J. (2004). Changing paradigm through a genome-based approach to clinical and basic immunology 17. Doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-2 PMCID: PMC331423.

[4.] Francesco, M., Marincola, (2003). Translational Medicine: A two-way road. Doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-1-1.

[5.] Global informetric perspective studies on translational medical research [BMC Medical Informatics and De...].

[6.] Heidi, Hörig, William, Pullman, J. (2004). From bench to clinic and back: Perspective on the 1st IQPC Translational Research conference Heidi Hörig, William Pullman J Transl Med. 2004; 2: 44. Published online 2004 December 20. Doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-44 PMCID: PMC544857.

[7.] John, P., A., Ioannidis, J., (2004). Materializing research promises: opportunities, priorities and conflicts in translational medicine Doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-5 PMCID: PMC343300.

[8.] Kai-Christian, Sonntag, J., (2005). Implementations of translational medicine. Doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-3-33 PMCID: PMC1236966.

[9.] Maurizio, Chiriva-Internati, Fabio, Grizzi, Robert, K., Bright, W., Martin, Kast, J., (2004). Cancer immunotherapy: avoiding the road to perdition. Doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-26 PMCID: PMC509287.

[10.]         M., U., R., Naidu(2011). Promise of translational medicine: An evidence-based therapeutics Indian. J Pharmacol, 43(2), 103–104.

[11.]   P., A., Ioannidis (2006). Evolution and Translation of Research Findings: From Bench to Where?. PLoS Clin Trials Jo1(7): e36. 10.1371/journal.pctr.0010036.

[12.]   Stacey, P., Mankoff, Christian, Brander, Soldano, Ferrone, Francesco, M., Marincola, J., (2004). Lost in Translation: Obstacles to Translational Medicine. Transl Med, 2, 14 Doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-14 PMCID: PMC420261.

[13.]   Translational medicine Nature Reviews Drug Discovery ISSN: 1474-1776 EISSN: 1474-1784.

[14.]   To Be or Not To Be Translational [Translational Medicine @ UniSa].

[15.]   W., Martin, Kast, Hyam, Levitsky, Francesco, M., Marincola, J.(2004) . Synopsis of the 6thWalker's Cay Colloquium on Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy, Transl Med, 2: 20. Doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-20 PMCID: PMC441417. 

Abstract:

Fast dissolving tablets disintegrate and dissolve rapidly in the saliva without the need for water. This tablet format is designed to allow administration of an oral solid dose form in the absence of water or fluid intake. Flurbiprofen is an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug used in the treatment of chronic rheumatoid diseases which is a painful condition and therefore requires drugs that has rapid onset of action. Hence the intent of the authors to formulate fast dissolving tablets of Flurbiprofen using different superdisintegrants to improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of the drug. Flurbiprofen fast dissolving tablets were prepared using various superdisintegrants and the resultant formulations were characterized for different physical parameters. The results of the statistical analysis carried out by the authors on the various data obtained showed that the use of superdisintegrants to formulate fast dissolving tablets of Flurbiprofen was a good way to enhance bioavailability, dissolution rate and absorption rate of the drug. 

References:

[1.] Grri, M., Rangoni, C., Maestraelli, F., Corti, G., Mura, P. (2005). Development of fast developing tablets of flurbiprofen-cyclodextrin complexes. Drug dev Ind Pharm, Aug, 31(7), 697-707.

[2.] http://www.drugs.com/flurbiprofen. Accessed July 7, 2013.

[3.] Kuchekar, B., S., Badhan, A., C., Mahajan, A., S. (2003). Mouth dissolving tablets; A novel drug delivery systems. Pharma. Times, 35,7-9.

[4.] Shid, S., L., Hiremath, S., P., Borkar, S., N., Sawant, V., A., Shende, V., S., Tote, M., V., Birari, R., B., and Changrani, S., R. Effect of superdisintegrants in rapidly disintegrating flurbiprofen sodium orodispersible tablets via direct compression and camphor sublimation.

[5.] Watanabe, Y., Koizumi, K., Zama, Y., and Matsumoto, Y. (1995). New compressed tablet rapidly disintegrating in saliva in the mouth using crystalline cellulose and a disintegrant. Bio. Pharm. Bull, 18(9), 1308-13

[6.] Wenat, A., K., Patel, S., M., Patel, S., R., Patel, N., M. (2012). Fast dissolving tablets: A novel approach to drug delivery. Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences and research, 2(8). 

Abstract:

The process of drug discovery is lengthy and tortuous, spanning several years. These years are characterized by different stages of differing development processes. A major stage in this development process is the preclinical stage, which is characterized by testing the drug candidate in animal models as a predictor of its efficacy and tolerability in humans. Preclinical drug trial is froth with challenges, which range from choice of the appropriate animal species to generation of the relevant data for filling application for IND.

References:

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[2.] Foster, F.S., Mehi, J., Lukacs, M., Hirson, D., White, C., Chargares, C, et al.(2009) A new 15 – 50mHz array-based micro-ultrasound scanner for preclinical imaging. Ultrasound Medical Biology, 5(10): 1700-8.

[3.] Fox, S., Farr-Jones, S., Sopchak , L., Bogg, A., Nicely A.W., Houry, R.(2006) . High throughput screening; update on practices and successes. J Biol Sreen, 11,864-869.

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[5.] Janghui, X., Jaun, L., Simon ,R., Ze ,T., Yinghui, L., Shanguang, C. (2010) Preclinical Drug Prioritization via Prognosis. Guided Genetic interaction Networks. PLoS One; 5(11): e13937. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013937.

[6.] Kamb ,A.(2005). What’s wrong with our cancer models? Nat Rev Drug Discov.; 4: 161-165. doi: 10.1038/nrd 1635

[7.] Kareen L,S & Edward, G.S. (2009) .BMC Neurology Volume 9, Supplement 1, 2009: Proceeding of the 2009 Drug Discovery for Neurodegeneration conference. http://www.biomedcentral.com/147- 2377/9:?issue=S1 Accessed June 20.2012.

[8.] Kareen, L.S, & Edward, G. S. (2009). The basics of pre-clinical drug development for neurodegenerative disease indications. BMC Neurology; 9 (suppl I): 52 http://www.biomedcentre.com/1471 - 2377/9/51/52 (Website).

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[12.]   Radloff, D.R., Renella, E.S., & Treadgill, D.W., (2008). Modelling cancer patient populations in mice: Complex genetic and environmental factors. Drug Discov Today Dis Models 2008; 4:83-88 doi:10.1016/j.ddmod.2007.06.004. CrossRef. PubMed/NCBI. Google Scholar.

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Abstract:

Translational research is scientific research that helps to make findings from basic science useful for practical applications that enhance human health and well-being. It is practiced in the medical, behavioral, and social sciences. For example, in medicine it is used to "translate" findings in basic research quickly into medical practice and meaningful health outcomes. Applying knowledge from basic science is a major stumbling block in science, partially due to the compartmentalization within science.1Translational research is heralded by some as a savior of the biomedical research enterprise by hastening the translation of biomedical discoveries to improved patient care.2 Although pediatric translational research is a small part of the overall translational research enterprise, it is important for improving child health and provides new opportunities for researchers from all pediatric disciplines.

This article provides an overview of pediatric translational research. It summarizes its evolution, barriers and challenges. The last section provides recommendations for enhancing pediatric translational research.

KEYWORDS:- Pediatric research, hemophilus influenza.

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Abstract:

An Expert Working to review the status of the use of pain measurement tools (PMTs), Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and Questionnaires in Clinical Research. The present work recommends that standardized methods should be applied for the use of PMTs in research. Unidimensional pain measurement tools (PMTs) and multidimensional pain measurement tools (PMTs) designed to assess pain, the McGill Pain Questionnaire and Brief Pain Inventory are valid in many multilingual versions.

The diagnosis and management of hypertension is based on blood pressure (BP) measurements taken by doctors or nurses with conventional sphygmomanometers. Asking the patient to take their own BP at home has been sporadically reported for many years, but the potential value of patient home measurement has been overshadowed by the development of continuous ambulatory BP monitoring.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring have been shown to improve the management of hypertension. Twenty practices were asked to monitor hypertensive patients, in particular those about to start drug treatment and those who were poorly controlled.

A good questionnaire design for a clinical trial will minimize bias and maximize precision in the estimates of treatment effect within budget. The mode of administration can also impact on the cost, quality and completeness of data collected. There is good evidence for design features that improve data completeness but further research is required to evaluate strategies in clinical trials. Theory-based guidelines for style, appearance, and layout of self-administered questionnaires have been proposed.

KEYWORDS: pain measurement tools (PMTs), Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), Questionnaire design, Mode of administration, Guidelines.

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Abstract:

Immunosuppressive drugs are used to prevent transplant rejections in organ-transplanted patients but there has to be effective therapeutic drug monitoring because an inadequate or incorrect dosage could lead to intoxication or transplant rejection. There have been many designed protocols for the quantification of these drugs and most of them involve the use of high performance liquid chromatography but Armin et al in their research work chose to design a protocol following the mass spectrometry method which is an upcoming method due to its specificity and sensitivity which was observed to be notably higher. Five immunosuppressive drugs which included Cyclosporine A, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, Everolimus and Mycophenolic acid were evaluated in whole blood and plasma using deuterated internal standards.

References:

[1.] Athol J., David W.H. (1999). Therapeutic drug monitoring of immunosuppressant drugs. Br J ClinPharmacol April, 47(4): 339-350.

[2.] Siuzdak G. (1994). The emergence of mass spectrometry in biochemical research. ProcNatlAcadSci U.S.A. 22, 91(24): 11290-7.

[3.] Skoog D.A. (1998). Principles of instrumental analysis: introduction, pp.18. Harcourt Brace.

[4.] Weiling J. (2002). LC-MS-MS experiences with internal standards. Chromatographia volume 55 issue 1 supplement, pp S107-S113. 

Abstract:

This review critically analyzes the article ‘The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). The review will summarize the article by providing the purpose for the article, how research was conducted, the results and other pertinent information from the article. The review will also critique the article analyze the article’s accessibility and credibility based on its relevance to the subject matter. It will highlight some relevant progress in the topic under study that might have occurred since the article was published.

The article was well written, clear and relevant to the challenges facing the clinical research industry. Missing data points threaten the validity of many clinical trials. At the request of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and with its funding, the panel on the handling of missing data in clinical trials was created by the National Research Council's (NRC) Committee on National Statistics. This panel published a report with recommendations that was intended to be used by the FDA for guidance on handling missing data for the entire clinical trial community so that the latter can take measures to improve the conduct and analysis of clinical trials. The current article provides an overview of the findings and recommendations of the resultant report from the perspective of one member of the NRC panel.

Overall the paper succinctly summarizes issues related to missing data and the current state of challenges pertaining to the topic. It creates an understanding of the topic for the reader by discussing some of the main recommendations from the NRC panel’s report on this topic.

References:

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[2.] http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1213388, viewed 19October, 2013

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[5.] Liu, G., Gould, A. L. (2002). Comparison of alternative strategies for analysis of longitudinal trials with dropouts. J Biopharm Stat, 12(2):207–226. [PubMed].

[6.] NAS. The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials. The National Academies Press; 2010.

[7.] O’Neill, R. T., Temple, R (2012). The prevention and treatment of missing data in clinical trials: an FDA perspective on the importance of dealing with it. ClinPharmacolTher, 91(3), 550–554. [PubMed].

[8.] Silvia, P. J., Kwapil, T. R., Eddington, K. M., & Brown, L. H. (2013). Missed beeps and missing data: Dispositional and situational predictors of non-response in experience sampling research. Social Science Computer Review. Doi:10.1177/0894439313479902.

[9.] Scharfstein, D. O., Hogan, J., Herman, A. (2012). On the prevention and analysis of missing data in randomized clinical trials: the state of the art. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 94(Suppl 1),80–84. [PMC free article][PubMed].

[10.]   Scharfstein, S., Neaton, J., Hogan, J., Little, R., Daniels, M., Roy, J. (2012). Minimal Standards in the Prevention and Handling of Missing Data in Observational and Experimental Patient Centered Outcomes Research [Internet]. Retrieved from: http://www.pcori.org/assets/Minimal-Standards-in-the-Prevention-and-Handling-of-Missing-Data-in-Observational-and-Experimental-Patient-Centered-Outcomes-Research.pdf .

[11.]   Trials PoHMDiC. The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials. National Academy Press; 2010. 

Abstract:

Translational research is basic research that uses in betterment of the patient health. It includes laboratory based research and research in human subjects, populations and communities. In past decades researcher and theirs researches have clearly focused on importance of the basic research in clinical improvement, human health, etc. Implementation of translational research as a key component of drug development and clinical research is complex and involves patients in various ways. Thereby it imposes some new ethical, legal, logistical and management constrains. Moreover translational research may require highly sophisticated machines, specific imaging techniques, biochemistry laboratories and imposes other infrastructural prerequisites, some of which should be in the direct vicinity of the clinical trial site. The usefulness of data generated during monitoring of such clinical trials with biologic/mechanistic endpoints is highly dependent on the quality of the assays and the availability of sufficient numbers of samples to conduct valid analyses.

KEYWORDS: Translational Research, Clinical trial, Basic research, cancer, Cancer treatment.

References:

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Abstract:

Clinical Research is a branch of medical science that experiments new drug, medical device or biological on human subjects prior to approval. For the study to be credible, unbiased and generally applicable, all ICH-GCP regulations, other international and local regulations governing ethical clinical research studies should strictly be adhered to. The current regulations for clinical research are based on a combination of ethical thoughts and history. Ethics is different from law and regulation, both of which mandate a certain way of acting. The United States regulations for the protection of human subjects and other regulatory agencies from different countries have provided minimum baseline with which everyone must comply in operating an institutional review board (IRB), obtaining informed consent from research subjects and conducting research in an ethical manner.

The challenge, especially in a practical environment such as clinical research, is to translate these regulatory documents, provisions and different ethical principles into action. In clinical research, the consent of the research participants should be received before they are enrolled for trial. Many years after the document governing ethical principles of clinical research was developed and addressing three major areas: respect for persons, beneficence and justice, abuse of informed consent process has been a major ethical problem in most clinical research conducted across the globe and especially those conducted in Africa.

Is informed consent process well administered? Do these patients have a good comprehension of the entire research process? Is informed consent a mere signing of a paper to participate in a trial, or a continuous process?. Is there a better way of administering informed consent to achieve a better research outcome that will benefit all? This review shall focus on recalling history of abuses of informed consent process and ways to correct the unethical practice shall be discussed. 

References:

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Abstract:

Stroke is the second leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide with long term disability in developed countries. Various risk factors lead to progression of stroke, they include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, new onset of diabetes, isolated systolic hypertension(ISH) & left ventricular hypertrophy. Among these risk factors, Hypertension is considered as major risk factor for myocardial infarction previously but now-a-days it is consider as the greatest risk factor for the stroke. Various antihypertensive agents which either as mono therapy or in combinations are use to reduce above cardiovascular (CV) morbidities and mortalities including different stroke outcomes.

Recently losartan, AT-2(angiotensin-2) receptor antagonist which is acting on renin angiotensin system (RAS) is considered as first line agent to reduce different CV morbidities and mortalities compared to other conventional B-blockers and Thiazide diuretic combinations. Various “LIFE (losartan intervention for end point reduction) studies” were conducted in hypertensive patients which show better efficacy profile of losartan in reducing various CV morbidities and mortalities including stroke compared to atenolol.

References:

[1.] Bang, C. N., Gerdts, E., Aurigemma, G. P., Boman, K., Dahlöf, B., Roman, M. J., Køber L., Wachtell, K., Devereux, R. B. (2013). Systolic left ventricular function according to left ventricular concentricity and dilatation in hypertensive patients: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study. J Hypertens, 31(10), 2060-8.

[2.] Fossum, E., Moan, A., Kjeldsen, S. E., Devereux, R. B., Julius, S., Snapinn, S. M., Edelman, J. M., Faire, U., Fyhrquist, F., Ibsen, H., Kristianson, K., Lederballe-Pedersen ,O., Lindholm, L. H., Nieminen, M. S., Omvik, P., Oparil, S., Wedel, H., Dahlöf, B. (2005). The Effect of Losartan Versus Atenolol on Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Hypertension Taking Aspirin The Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE)Study. J Am Coll Cardiol;46:770 –775.

[3.] Goldberg, A. I., Dunlay, M. C., and Sweet, C. S. (1995). Safety and Tolerability of Losartan Potassium, an Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist, Compared With Htdrochlorothirrzide, Atenolol, Felodiprne ER. And Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors for the Treatment of Systemic Hypertension. Am J Cardiol, 75,793-795.

[4.] Greve, A. M., Olsen, M. H., Bella, J. N., Lønnebakken M. T., Gerdts, E., Okin P. M., Palmieri V., Boman K., Nieminen M. S., Omvik P., Dahlöf, B., Devereux, R. B., Wachtell, K. (2012). Contrasting hemodynamic mechanisms of losartan- vs. atenolol-based antihypertensive treatment: a LIFE study. Am J Hypertens, 25(9), 1017-23.

[5.] Kizer, J. R., Dahlof, B., Kjeldsen, S. E., Julius, S., Beevers, G., Faire, U., Fyhrquist, F., Ibsen, H., Kristianson, K., Lindholm, H. M., Nieminen, M. S., Omvik, P., Oparil, S., Wedel, H., Wachtell, K., Edelman, J. M., Snapinn, S. M., Harris, K. E., Devereux, R. B.,(2005). Stroke Reduction in Hypertensive Adults With Cardiac Hypertrophy Randomized to Losartan Versus Atenolol The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension Study. J. Am. Heart Assoc. Hypertension, 45, 46-52.

[6.] Ruwald A. C., Westergaard, B., Sehestedt, T., Kjeldsen, S. E., Lindholm, L. H., Wachtell, K., Devereux, R. B., Ibsen, H., Nieminen, M. S., Dahlöf, B., Olsen, M. H. (2012). Losartan versus atenolol-based antihypertensive treatment reduces cardiovascular events especially well in elderly patients: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. J Hypertens, 30(6), 1252-9.

[7.] Wachtell, K., Lehto, M., Gerdts, E., Olsen, M. H., Hornestam, B., Dahlöf, B., Ibsen, H., Julius, S., Kjeldsen, S. E., Lindholm, L. H., Nieminen, M. S., Devereux, R. B.(2005). Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol: The Losartan Intervention For End point reduction in hypertension (LIFE) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, 45, 712-719.