Abstract:

Purpose – To investigate the importance of using payback method in making capital budget decisions in relation to other appraisal techniques used for capital budgeting decision in organizations. The paper also included the examination of the importance of the payback method in relation to simplicity, manager incentive compensation and the size of the company.

Design/methodology/approach – The author used conceptual analysis using theories on payback period in which secondary data from past research in African, European and American companies were analyzed to determine the importance of the payback method in capital budgeting.

Findings – The analysis show that the payback method is preferred in appraising capital budget decisions in various organizations because of its simplicity, liquidity and risk assessment among many other advantages. Managers should complement payback method with other methods in order to make a sound investment decisions.

Keywords:

Capital Budgeting, Payback Method, Payback Period, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Real Options Approach

References:

[1.] Ansari, S. (2000) The Capital Budgeting Process, Mc-Graw-Hill Higher Education, USA

[2.] Bierman, H. and Smidt, S. (2007) The Capital Budgeting Decision, Routledge, New York

[3.] Brealey, R., Myers S. and Allen F. (2006) Principles of Corporate Finance, Mc-Graw-Hill Higher Education, New York

[4.] Grönhaug, K. and Ghauri, P. (2005) Research Methods in Business Studies, Pearson Education, Harlow

[5.] Shapiro, A. (2005) Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis, Pearson Education, New Jersey

[6.] M. M. Kayali, ‘Real Options as a Tool for Making Strategic Investment

[7.] T.Lucy (1992) 3^rd edition, Management Accounting

[8.] Colin Drury, (2005) 3^rd edition, Management Accounting for Business

Abstract:

 To evaluate an employee is a management task and a tool that is constantly used is Performance Appraisal. The business dictionary.com define Performance Appraisal in three parts that is, it is the process where managers/consultant 1) examines and evaluates an employee’s work behavior by comparing it with present standards, 2) documents the results of the comparison, and 3) uses the results to provide feedback to the employee to show where improvements are needed and why.  An efficient and effective organization will constantly performed evaluation on its employees to measure their work performance on the job. An organization must understand that Performance Appraisal is not the only tool to measure an employee performance. Employees’ evaluation is an assessment/ review of an employee job performance. Performance Appraisal is a formal/objective assessment of an employee’s job performance. This Performance Appraisal at the Integrity Commission is an evaluation tool that will identify employees that are performing from the one that is not. An organization Performance Appraisal must have a clear purpose and measurable objective. The most common errors in the evaluation process are the halo and horn effect or a poorly designed Performance Appraisal. To overcome these errors, manager/supervisors should have discussions with the employees when designing the Performance Appraisal so that their goals and objective can also be incorporated with the position goals and objectives. The Performance Appraisal is presented as an evaluation tool used at the Integrity Commission in Guyana. The Commission had taken into consideration Milan Fekete research in which he said that Van and Dan den Berglie (2004) said that organizational performance is “the measurement and reporting system/ tools that qualifies the degree to which managers achieve their objectives”. At the Office of the Integrity Commission evaluation of employee is done every six (6) months using the Performance Appraisal to see whether an employee was performing on the job in order to be eligible for the payment of his/her gratuity, to identify areas that need training. In designing the Performance Appraisal for the Integrity Commission, it adopted the following questions poses by Milan in his research to make it an effective evaluation tool:

1.      Who should design the evaluation process?

2.      Who should evaluate whom?

3.      Who should review the evaluation results?

4.      How these results could be exploited?

In adopting these questions the performance appraisal as an evaluation tool at the Integrity Commission was a success.

Keywords: Employees Evaluation, Performance Appraisal.

References:

[1.] M. Armstrong, Performance Management, Third Edition (2006)

[2.] Milan Fekete, The Practical Model of Employee Performance Evaluation, Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Management, Slovakia, 2004.

Abstract:

It has been an old argument that Business Corporation is a legal entity, separate entity and separate from the owner. It has blanket to protect itself from being sued. Corporate veil has been used as shield to protect itself from prosecution. With such protection, how can it be morally responsible for its act? Moral responsibility is only applied to human, not to any other things. However, this paper will argue otherwise. Based on paper reviews, it is found that one of the requirements in determining moral responsibility is the presence or the absence of knowledge and free will in a certain act. Such requirement clearly strengthen the idea that corporation, though it is a separate entity from the owner may not completely out of hand, wash its hands and can just do what it wants but it has to be also guided by moral standards and take moral responsibility to its immoral actions. The reason is that a corporation as an entity is still composed of rational beings that have knowledge and free will in pursuing their objectives. Therefore, when things go wrong in the corporation, it is not only individual employees who committed the crime are taking the moral blame but also the corporation as a whole including the owner.

Key words: Moral responsibility, moral standards, element of moral standards, individualism methodology, the nature of corporation, knowledge and freewill.

References:

[1.] Amstrong, Walter Sinnott. 2011. Consequentialism. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/Retrieved, December, 23, 2014.

[2.] Arneson, J. Richard. 1998. What, if, Anything, Renders All Humans Morally Equal. Oxford: Blackwell. http://philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/rarneson/singer.pdf

[3.] Articulo, C. Archimedes. 2005. Moral Philosophy. Andson Printing Corporation: Manila.

[4.] Athanassoulis, Nafsika. 2013. Virtue Ethics. Keele University: United Kingdom. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/virtue/ Retrieved, December 5, 2014.

[5.] Bentham, Jeremy, 1789. . An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907.

[6.] Bentham, Jeremy.1776. “A Fragment on Government”http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/Retrieved, December 23, 2014.

[7.] Braithwaite, John & Fisse, Brent. 1998. The Allocation of Responsibility for Corporate Crime: Individualism, Collectivism and Accountability. University of Sidney Law Review. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/SydLRev/1988/3.pdf. Assessed March 15, 2015.

[8.] Bodenheimer, E. 1980.Philosophy of Responsibility. American Business Law Journal: Law School of University of California: Davis

[9.] Fritz, Joanne. 2015. Four Uniques Characteristics of Nonprofit Organizations. Nonprofit Charitable Organization:http://nonprofit.about.com/od/gettingstarted/a/What-Are-The-Key-Characteristics-Of-A-Nonprofit-Corporation.htm?utm_term=Nonprofit%20corporation&utm_content=p1-main-1-title&utm_medium=sem-sub&utm_source=google&utm_campaign=adid-sitelink-test-0000-0000-000000000000-1-ab-gse_ocode-22887&ad=semD&an=google_s&am=exact&q=Nonprofit%20corporation&dqi=&o=22887&l=dir&qsrc=1&askid=sitelink-test-0000-0000-000000000000-1-ab-gse. Retrieved, March 10, 2015.

[10.] Friedman, W. 1967. Legal Theory 656-69 (5^thed.). Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. http://www.criminallawjournal.com. Retrieved, March 5, 2015.

[11.] French, A. Peter. 1979. Corporate Moral Agency, in Tom L. Beuchamp and Norman Bowie, eds. 1979. Ethical Theory and Business. NJ: Prentice Hall.

[12.] Glenn, J. Paul. 1965. Ethics, A Lass Manual in Moral Philosophy. London: B.Herder Book Co. Reprinted by National Bookstore: Manila.

[13.] Harris, C.E. 1986. Applying Moral Theories. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

[14.] Lederman, E. 1985. "Criminal Law, Perpetrator and Corporation: Rethinking a Complex Triangle". Journal of Criminal Law &Criminology 285;http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6477&context=jclc. Retrieved, March 20, 2015

[15.] Kant, Immanuel. 1790. The Science of Right, translated by Hastie, W and Blunden, Andy. 2003. http://marxists.org/reference/subject/ethics/kant/morals/ch04.htm.retrieved, December 2, 2014.

[16.] McCormick, Matt. 2014. Immanuel Kant: Metaphysics. University of California. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/kantmeta/#SH8c. Retrieved, December 20, 2014

[17.] Mill, John Stuart. 1861 .Utilitarianism, Roger Crisp (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

[18.] Murray, Jean. 2015. Corporate Shield-Corporate Veil-Piercing the Corporate Veil. US Business Law: Tax Categories. http://biztaxlaw.about.com/od/glossaryc/g/corpshield.htm. Retrieved, March 30, 2015

[19.] Murray, Jean. 2015. What is A Business Partnership? US Business Law: Tax Categories. http://biztaxlaw.about.com/od/glossaryp/g/partnership.htm. retrieved, February, 2015.

[20.] Nozick, Robbert. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Basic Book, Inc: New York

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[26.] Velasquez, G. Manuel. 1998. Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases. Singapore: Prentice Hall.

[27.] David T. Risser. 2014. Collective Moral Responsibility. Penn State University Harrisburg: USA. http://www.iep.utm.edu/collecti/. Retrieved, March 24, 2015

[28.] 2014. Philosophy. Prentice-Hall International Inc: Singapore

[29.] 1996. Why Ethics Matters: A Defense of Ethics in Organization. Business Ethics Quarterly, Volume 6, Issue 2. ISSN 1052-150X. 0201-0222.

[30.] Widerker, David and Mckenna, Michael. 2006. Moral Responsibility and Alternative Possibilities. Ashage Publishing Limited: England. 

Abstract:

Background: This paper details the application of knowledge and skills gained from Total Quality Management, Management Information Systems and Research Methodologies trainings from TAU in increasing access to HIV and AIDS services to key populations in Jinja district. Uganda has continued to suffer from the adverse effects of HIV and AIDS for almost three decades now, with the HIV prevalence rising from 6.4% in 2005 to 7.3 in 2011%, (UAIS 2011 Report). This was attributed to the increase in the rate of occurrence of new HIV infections, even when access to Ante Retroviral Therapy (ART) for the general population was increasing. The Uganda Ministry of Health noted that the major sources of new infections are the Key Populations.

Key Populations’ are those categories of people who are most likely to be exposed to HIV infection and or most likely to transmit HIV to their sexual partners. According to studies, Key Populations in Uganda have higher HIV prevalence rates above the National HIV prevalence rate of 7.3%, sometimes often more than twice the national average. Key Populations in Uganda include; Fisher folk, Sex workers and their partners, Uniformed personnel, Long distance drivers and Men who have Sex with Men (MSM).

Methods: A PLACE (Priorities for Local AIDS Control Efforts) study conducted by Makerere University and Jinja District Local Government revealed that there were limited interventions in the district to address the challenges of access to HIV and AIDS services for the Key Populations yet they existed in the district. The Jinja district health team came up with interventions to address such challenges faced by Key Populations starting September 2015. The goal of the interventions is to reduce new HIV infections in Jinja district by providing universal access to HIV prevention, care and treatment services to Key Populations in the Jinja district. The specific objectives are; To provide factual information on issues related to HIV and AIDS among Key Populations to the general population including the health workers. To mitigate specific drivers increased HIV infection/transmission among Key Populations. To scale up delivery of comprehensive HIV prevention and treatment services to Key Populations. To build a strong enabling environment for equitable and sustainable delivery of HIV prevention and treatment services to Key Populations, and lastly is to strengthen the strategic information system for program and policy improvement for Key Populations.

Achievements: The project identified a few key populations for consultations on how best they would access and or be provided healthcare services. Venues where Key populations could easy be found were identified and sensitization of 60 managers in these venues about the intended interventions for the key populations was done. 90 leaders of the different categories of the key population were also identified for orientation and easy mobilization of their peers for services that we offer. The project also prepared 120 health workers to provide services to the key populations. Special clinics for key populations were created for easy access to the different services and to reduce stigma and discrimination. Logistical support is very vital and there was budgeting and procurement of condom dispensers, information and communication posters, and drugs. HIV Counselling and Testing outreaches conducted and 510 key populations have been tested for HIV. Data collection tools were modified to suit the project information demands. The challenges expected when serving key populations in Uganda are mainly security agencies interference, ethical dilemmas, lack of legal framework to provide such services to key population and limited finances to meet the created demands.

Conclusion: HIV prevention, care and treatment interventions have been limited in the Uganda health care system and introduction of such services have been observed to be key in reducing HIV transmission among the population 

References:

[1]. Crane Survey report (2008/2009).

[2]. Ministry of Health (2014). HIV and AIDS National Registers

[3]. Ministry of Health Uganda (2011). Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey Report.

[4]. Makerere University School of Public Health (2013). PLACE Report.

[5]. Uganda AIDS Commission (2015). HIV Prevention Strategy.

[6]. Ugandan Ministry of Health (2014). Uganda AIDS Commission Annual Report.

Abstract:

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of working capital management on profitability of manufacturing companies for a sample of Nine firms listed on Nairobi Securities Exchange.

Design/methodology/approach – The paper includes a conceptual as well as empirical analysis, in which data from a sample of listed firms for the period from 2006 to 2010 are analyzed to examine the effect of working capital management on profitability of manufacturing firms. The author used OLS regression techniques to test assumptions and several different models were also run.

Findings – The study reveals that effective working capital management has great impact on profitability. He suggested that managers should focus on managing working capital components to achieve profitability of their companies

Originality/value – The paper's originality and value lies in suggesting that financial managers should pay more attention to working capital management of manufacturing firms and other companies in general to optimize the value of the share holders and maintain a favorable trade-off between liquidity and profitability

Keywords: Working Capital Management; Profitability; Average Collection Period: Average Payment Period; Cash Conversion Cycle, Inventory turnover in Days

References:

[1.] Denzil Watson and Antony Head, (2007)

[2.] R. B Brockington, (1987) Financial Management Publisher: Letts Educational; 4th edition

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[5.] Amarjit Gill 1, Nahum Biger 2, Neil Mathur 3, (2010). The Relationship Between working Capital Management and Profitability: Evidence from The United States. Business and Economics Journal, Bej-10. 1 College of Business Administration, TUI University, 2 Academic Center Carmel, Israel, 3 Simon Fraser University, West Hastings, Canada.

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Abstract:

Civil service is an executive arm of government that implements the programmes and policies of government efficiently and effectively to enhance national development. Civil servants are crops of technocrat at federal, state and local level who assist government of the day with their wealth of knowledge and experience to carry out their legitimate business. Nigerian civil service has been in dilemma of partisan politics, red-tapism, leakages, wastage, non professionalism, unproductive, redundancy and over-bloated ghost workers from one administration to another since independence of 1960. Civil service revolves around people to achieve result, this prompted why successive regimes have bent on reforming to improve the machinery of government; yet the effort remain obsolescence, no enthusiasm to execute government policies. The paper examines various reforms in Nigeria civil service and finalize that nothing has been done for better service delivery. The lacuna experienced in Nigerian civil service is not far from the structure of Nigerian state coupled with socio-cultural factors on the aegis of federal character principle and quota system all this floored national development. To ameliorate this persistent deterioration of bureaucratic bottleneck, inefficiency and unaccountability, this demands meritocracy in the altar of mediocrity during appointment to enhance national development. The bureaucratic theory of Max Webber should be in place in the context of civil service reform in Nigeria to achieve result. The paper concludes that civil service reform in Nigeria will build human capacity to improve institutional structures and achieve the goal of national development.

Keywords: Civil Service, Reforms, Commission, panels, Red-tapism, service delivery

References:

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[44]. Woodhall, M. (1985): National Development: An Analysis of Investment Choices. London: Oxford University Press. 

Abstract:

Commercial banks are the main controller of the financial system in Ghana performing financial intermediation. They control greater portion of the investment funds from domestic deposits and are the main creditors of the corporate bodies, SMEs and individual investors. However, the amount of domestic funds that commercial banks receive is far below the level sustainable for self-sufficiency. Huge volumes of loanable funds are left out of the banking system and it needs the efforts of the commercial banks to tap them into productive uses. The purpose of this study therefore is to identify the most effective and efficient ways commercial banks in Ghana should employ to maximize the volume of domestic deposits in the environment of high rural population, dominant informal sector employment and macroeconomic instability. Thus, the study aims to evaluate the design of bank products and services, assess their effectiveness of harnessing domestic deposits and challenges they face in mobilizing deposits. This research is based on relevant books, journals, articles and other publications. In addition, data from commercial banks in Ghana on deposits they received from 2000 to 2004 were studied to make recommendations. Results from the analysis indicated that deposits mobilization of Commercial Banks in Ghana though, has an upward trend, it increases at a decreasing rate hence, the present level of deposits as a ratio of the total amount of money in circulation is woefully inadequate. The study also reveals certain basic facts about commercial banks in Ghana. Their concentration in the cities and a few urban areas as well as their product design and services are targeted to the literate formal sector employees. In addition, unfavourable macroeconomic conditions have resulted in negative real interest rate on deposits while unnecessary government intervention has reduced the confidence in the banking sector. The effects of these factors are the low deposits that commercial banks receive. The study concluded with recommendations for commercial banks such as; the need to redefine their product target, increase their scope to include the large majority etc. in order to ensure improvements in their operations.

Keywords: Commercial banks, mobilization of deposits, products and services, macroeconomic conditions, capital growth and investment, and interest rate.

References:

Journal Article

[1.] Bank of Ghana, (2001): „The State of Ghana’s Economy Journal of BOG vol.20, May, pp. 25-60

[2.] Kirkpatrick, C.H. and Nixson, F. I. (2002): “The Origin of Inflation in Less Developed Countries: A Selective Review”.

[3.] Oppong-Asante, L. (2002): House Journal of Ghana Commercial Ltd, Vol.2 pg. 10.”

[4.] Sahoo, P., Nataraj, G., Kamaiah, B. (2001): “Savings and Economic Growth in India: the Long Run Nexus. Savings & Development Quarterly Review, Issue 1 2001.

Book

[1.] Beim, O.D and Calomiris, P. (2001): “Emerging Financial markets.

[2.] Boadu, A. E. (2001): “Rapid Population Growth and Development in Ghana.

[3.] Brealey, R. A and Myers, S.C. (2003): “Principles of Corporate Finance.

[4.] Dickson, K. B. and Benneh, G. (1995): A New Geography of Ghana.

[5.] Dighe, R. (2005): “The Banking Firm and the Management of Financial Institutions”.

[6.] Freixas, X. and Rochet, J. (1998): “Microeconomics of Banking.

[7.] Gockel, F. A. and Brownbridge, M. (1997): “The Impact of Financial Sector Policies on Banking in Ghana”.

[8.] Gyan-Baffour, G. (2003): “Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy: Poverty Diagnostics and Components of the Strategy”.

[9.] Hellmann, T., Murdock, K. and Stiglitz, J. (1995): “Deposits Mobilization through Financial Restraints.”

[10.] Hommel, J. (2004): “Liquidity; Advanced Trading Concept”.

[11.] Hubka, A. and Zaidi, R. (2005): “Impact of Government Regulation on Micro Finance”.

[12.] Hull, J. C. (2003): “Options, Futures and Other Derivatives”.

[13.] Hussain, M. N. (2000): “Linkages between SMEs and Large Industries for Increased Markets and Trades: An African Perspective”.

[14.] Kenny, C.J. and Moss, T..J. (1998): “Stock Market in Africa: Emerging Lions or White Elephants”. U.K.

[15.] Keynes, J. M. (1964): “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”.

[16.] Kose, M. A. and Riezmanb, R. (1999): “Trade Shocks and Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Africa”.

[17.] Micro, S. (2001): “Economic Research Foundation” New Delhi

[18.] Rajan, G. R. (2005): Do We Still Need Commercial Banks?

[19.] Ross, L. (2000): “Bank-Based or Market-Based Financial System; which is Better?”

[20.] Roubini , N. (2005): “Money and Inflation”.

[21.] Routledge, P. (1994): “Macroeconomics for Developing Countries” .

[22.] Ruby, A. D. (2003): “The Money Supply Process and Interest Rate Determination”. London.

[23.] Rutherford, S. (2000): “ The Poor and Their Money”.

[24.] Russel, C. W. I. (1999) “The Taxation of Personal Investment Income: A Recipe for Reform”. New Delhi.

[25.] Sowa, N. K. (2004): “Poverty Situation in Ghana”.

[26.] Thisen, J. K., (2004): “Mobilizations of Savings through Increased Monetization of African Economies” NewDelhi.

[27.] Tanzi, V. (1991): “Public Finance in Developing Countries”.

[28.] Vimani, A. (2002): “Fiscal Deficit and the Quality of Government Expenditure”. London.

Chapter in a Book

[1.] Gilbert, L.C., Irwin, G. and Vines, D, (2001): “Capital Account Convertibility, Poor Developing Countries, and International Financial Architecture” Development Policy Review, 19 (1): 121-141

[2.] Goode, R. (1984): “Government Finance in Developing Countries”. PP75-180

[3.] Hellman, T., Murdock, K., Stiglitz J. (2000): Liberalization, Moral Hazard in Banking, and Prudential Regulation: Are Capital Controls Enough? American Economic Review, 90(1), 147-165.

Conference Proceedings

[1.] Adabre, J. (2005) “Government and Development Partners Gross Sword over Per Capita Income” Public Agenda (Accra) August 12, 2005.

[2.] Government of Ghana (2003): “An Agenda for Growth and Prosperity”.

[3.] Government of Ghana (2004): “Ghana Letter of Intent: Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies and Technological Memorandum of Understanding”.

Patent

[1.] Bank of Ghana Statistical Bulletin January, 2005.

[2.] Bikker, J. and Hu, H.(2002): “Cyclical Patterns in Profits, provisioning and Lending of Banks. DNB Staff Reports, n.86, Amsterdam”.

[3.] Cantoni, E. (2004): “Financial statement analysis and insolvency forecasting model: a proposal for local firms”.

[4.] CIA World Factbook, (1994): The Library of Congress Country Studies.

[5.] Ghana Statistical Service (2000): Population Census Report.

[6.] Gockel, F.A. (2003): “Banking in Ghana is for the rich” Business News of Sunday, 30^th November, 2003.

[7.] Jones, H., Sakyi-Dawson, O., Harford, N. and Sey, A. (2000): “Linking Formal and Informal Financial Intermediaries in Ghana: Conditions for Success and Implications for RNR Development”.

[8.] Laurenceson, J. (2004): “Banking Industry Liberalization, Franchise Values and Deposits Mobilization: Evidence from International Panel Data”.

[9.] Trade Union Congress (Ghana), (20004): “Incomes in Ghana”.

[10.] Wikipedia, A. (2005): “Exogenous Growth Model”.

[11.] Word Bank (2005): “World Development Indicators Database”; Gross National Incomes Per Capita, 2003.

[12.] World Development Report (1989) WB, Washington D.C. www.investordictionary.com

Abstract:

Introduction: The delivery of health care is known to involve potential safety risks for the patients who are supposed to benefit from medical treatment and care. Over the years, efforts have been put in place to reduce the occurrence of safety risks and improve on patient quality of care. Both the health care providers and patients have their respective roles to play. Bringing on board patients in efforts to minimise safety risks, also known as patient engagement, proved effective.

Objectives: The objectives of the study were; to ascertain the level of awareness about patient safety in healthcare among patients and health workers, to determine the level of health workers engagement in patient safety in healthcare, assess the level of patient engagement in patient safety, as well as to determine the factors affecting patients and health workers engagement in patient safety in health care in Kitgum General Hospital.

Methods: This was a descriptive, cross sectional study of patients and health workers’ engagement in patient safety in healthcare in Kitgum General Hospital (KGH). The study took both qualitative and quantitative dimensions. A probability sample of 384 patients was interviewed using structured questionnaires and 103health workers were studied by observation and key informant interviews. Documentation review of previous patient files (50files) was carried out to assess the depth of patient identification, as a measure to minimize medical errors. Pre-testing of the questionnaires and training of research Assistants were done prior to the study to ensure quality of the research. Ethical considerations in research were strictly adhered to.

Results: The level of awareness about patient safety among patients and health workers was found to be 46.5% and 51% respectively.

The level of health workers engagement in patient safety was found to be 51.4% while engagement of patients in patient safety was at 52.1%

The factors affecting patients and health workers engagement were mainly demographic factors such as age and level of education, among others.

Conclusion: In conclusion, health workers in KGH were 4.5% more aware about patient safety than the patients. However, patients in KGH are 0.7% more engaged in patient safety than the health workers.

References:

7.1: Journal Article

[1] Bahadori, M., Ravangard, R., Aghili, A., Sadeghifar, J., Gharsi Manshadi, M. & Smaeilnejad, J. 2013. The factors affecting the refusal of reporting on medication errors from the nurses' viewpoints: a case study in a hospital in iran. ISRN nursing [Online], 2013. Available: http://downloads.hindawi.com/isrn/nursing/2013/876563.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649500/pdf/ISRN.NURSING2013-876563.pdf [Accessed 19/11/2013].

7.2: Journal Article

[2] Beckett, R. D., Sheehan, A. H. & Reddan, J. G. 2012. Factors associated with reported preventable adverse drug events: a retrospective, case-control study. The Annals of pharmacotherapy [Online], 46. Available: http://aop.sagepub.com/content/46/5/634 [Accessed 19/11/2013].

7.3: Journal Article

[3] Dennison, R. D. 2005. Creating an organizational culture for medication safety. The Nursing clinics of North America [Online], 40. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029646504001148 [Accessed 11/12/2013].

7.4: Newsletter

[4] EvidenceScan. 2013. Involving patients in improving safety. The Health Foundation [Online]. Available: www.health.org.uk/enewsletter [Accessed 06/12/2013].

7.5: Journal Article

[5]Forster, A. J., Asmis, T. R., Clark, H. D., Al Saied, G., Code, C. C., Caughey, S. C., Baker, K., Watters, J., Worthington, J. & van Walraven, C. 2004. Ottawa Hospital Patient Safety Study: incidence and timing of adverse events in patients admitted to a Canadian teaching hospital. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 170, 1235-40.

7.6: Journal Article

[6] Friedman, B., Encinosa, W., Jiang, H. J. & Mutter, R. 2009. Do patient safety events increase readmissions? Medical care [Online], 47. [Accessed 19/11/2013].

7.7: Journal Article

Greenwald, J. L., Halasyamani, L., Greene, J., LaCivita, C., Stucky, E., Benjamin, B., Reid, W., Griffin, F. A., Vaida, A. J. & Williams, M. V. 2010. Making inpatient medication reconciliation patient centered, clinically relevant and implementable: a consensus statement on key principles and necessary first steps. Journal of hospital medicine : an official publication of the Society of Hospital Medicine [Online], 5. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/jhm.849/asset/849_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=hozpwm56&s=d8bb04c32db985ac78a56cac46f0bd60d839f964 [Accessed 9/12/2013].

7.8: Journal Article

[7] Gruman, J., M., H.-R., ME., F., D., J., S., S., D., S. & DC., P. 2010. A New Definition of Patient Engagement: What is Engagement and Why is it Important? Center For Advancing Health [Online], Vol. 78 Available: http://www.cfah.org/pdfs/CFAH_Engagement_Behavior_Framework_current.pdf [Accessed 9/12/2013].

7.9: Journal Article

[8] Helle, M. M. & Larsen., J. 2012. Patient involvement in Patient Safety: A literature review about European primary care. The Danish Institute for Health Services Research [Online]. Available: www.dsi.dk [Accessed 1/12/2013].

7.10: Newsletter

[9] NEHI. 2011. Preventing Medication Errors: A $21 Billion Opportunity. BEND THE CURVE [Online]. Available: http://www.nehi.net/bendthecurve/sup/documents/Medication_Errors_%20Brief.pdf [Accessed 7/12/2013].

7.11: Newsletter

[10] NPSF. 2010. Focus on Patient Safety. National Patient Safety Foundation [Online].

7.12: Project Report

[11] Parsons, S., Winterbottom, A., Cross, P. & D.Redding. 2010. The quality of patient engagement and involvement in primary care Ideas that change Healthcare [Online]. Available: http://www.pickereurope.org/assets/content/pdf/Project_Reports/Quality_Patient_Engagement_Primary_Care_Kings_Fund_July_2010.pdf [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.13: Web page

[12] PSNet. 2007. Advancing Exellence in Health Care. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [Online]. Available: www.ahrq.gov, http://psnet.ahrq.gov/primer.aspx?primerID=17 [Accessed 2/12/2013].

7.14: Chapter in a Book

[13] Valentin, A., Capuzzo, M., Guidet, B., Moreno, R. P., Dolanski, L., Bauer, P. & Metnitz, P. G. 2006. Patient safety in intensive care: results from the multinational Sentinel Events Evaluation (SEE) study. Intensive Care Med, 32, 1591-8.

7.15: Chapter in a Book

[14] Valentin, A., Schiffinger, M., Steyrer, J., Huber, C. & Strunk, G. 2013. Safety climate reduces medication and dislodgement errors in routine intensive care practice. Intensive Care Med, 39, 391-8.

7.16: Presentation

[15] Vigar, D. 2009. Patient Safety and Required Organisational Practices. Accreditation Canada International [Online]. Available: http://www.moh.gov.bh/pdf/Conferences/MedicalError/Conference%20prsentation/day2/David%20Vigar.pdf [Accessed 1/12/2013].

 

 

 

7.17: Journal Article

[16] Weingart, S. N., Pagovich, O., Sands, D. Z., Li, J. M., Aronson, M. D., Davis, R. B., Bates, D. W. & Phillips, R. S. 2005. What can hospitalized patients tell us about adverse events? Learning from patient-reported incidents. J Gen Intern Med, 20, 830-6.

7.18: Book

[17] WHO. 2004. WHO patient safety. World Alliance for Patients Safety [Online]. Available: www.who.int/patientsafety [Accessed 1/12/2013].

7.19: Book

[18] WHO. 2013. Exploring patient participation in reducing Health care related safety risks. Patients' rights and patient Safety [Online]. Available: www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf file/0010/185779/e96814.pdf [Accessed 19/11/2013].

7.20: Book

[19] Wolf, Z. R. & Hughes, R. G. 2008. Error Reporting and Disclosure. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses: Vol. 2 [Online]. Available: www.ahrq.gov/legacy/qual/nurseshdbk/ [Accessed 19/11/2013].

7.21: Journal Article

[20] Yu, H., Greenberg, M. D., Haviland, A. M. & Farley, D. O. 2012. Multiple patient safety events within a single hospitalization: a national profile in US hospitals. Am J Med Qual, 27, 472-9.

7.22: Journal Article

[21] Yves, L., S., H. & Pittet, D. 2010. Patient Participation: Current Knowledge and Applicability to Patient Safety. The Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800278/ [Accessed 9/12/2013].

7.23: Journal Article

[22] Albolino, S., Tartaglia, R., Bellandi, T., Amicosante, A. M., Bianchini, E. & Biggeri, A. 2010. Patient safety and incident reporting: survey of Italian healthcare workers. Quality & safety in health care [Online], 19 Suppl 3. Available: http://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/19/Suppl_3/i8.long [Accessed 11/12/2013].

7.24: Journal Article

Charles, C., Gauld, M., Chambers, L., O'Brien, B., Haynes, R. B. & Labelle, R. 1994. How was your hospital stay? Patients' reports about their care in Canadian hospitals. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne [Online], 150. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1337056/pdf/cmaj00047-0075.pdf [Accessed 15/12/2013].

7.25: Journal Article

[24] Chiang, H. Y., Lin, S. Y., Hsiao, Y. C. & Chang, Y. 2012. Culture influence and predictors for behavioral involvement in patient safety among hospital nurses in Taiwan. Journal of nursing care quality [Online], 27. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Culture+influence+and+predictors+for+behavioral+involvement+in+patient+safety+among+hospital+nurses+in+Taiwan [Accessed 11/19/2013].

7.26: Web Page

[25] Clarke, J. R. 2006. How a system for reporting medical errors can and cannot improve patient safety. The American surgeon [Online], 72. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17120952 [Accessed 11/12/2013].

 

7.27: Web Page

[26] Coulter, A. & Ellins, J. 2006. Patient-focused interventions A review of the evidence [Online]. Available: http://www.health.org.uk/publications/patient-focused-interventions/ [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.28: Journal Article

Coulter, A. & Ellins, J. 2007. Effectiveness of strategies for informing, educating, and involving patients. BMJ [Online], 335. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1910640/pdf/bmj-335-7609-ac-00024.pdf [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.29: Journal Article

Davis, R., Anderson, O., Vincent, C., Miles, K. & Sevdalis, N. 2012. Predictors of hospitalized patients' intentions to prevent healthcare harm: a cross sectional survey. International journal of nursing studies [Online], 49. Available: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22098924 [Accessed 9/12/2013].

7.30: Journal Article

[27] Davis, R. E., Jacklin, R., Sevdalis, N. & Vincent, C. A. 2007. Patient involvement in patient safety: what factors influence patient participation and engagement? Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy [Online], 10. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1369-7625.2007.00450.x/abstract [Accessed 9/12/2013].

7.31: Journal Article

Davis, R. E., Koutantji, M. & Vincent, C. A. 2008. How willing are patients to question healthcare staff on issues related to the quality and safety of their healthcare? An exploratory study. Quality & safety in health care [Online], 17. Available: http://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/17/2/90 [Accessed 9/12/2013].

7.32: Journal Article

[28] Davis, R. E., Sevdalis, N. & Vincent, C. A. 2011. Patient involvement in patient safety: How willing are patients to participate? BMJ quality & safety [Online], 20. Available: http://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/20/1/108 [Accessed 9/12/2013].

7.33: Journal Article

[29] Delbanco, T. L., Stokes, D. M., Cleary, P. D., Edgman-Levitan, S., Walker, J. D., Gerteis, M. & Daley, J. 2005. Medical patients' assessments of their care during hospitalization: insights for internists. Journal of general internal medicine [Online], 10. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8770720 [Accessed 14/12/2013].

7.34: Journal Article

[30] Elwyn, G., Edwards, A., Wensing, M., Hood, K., Atwell, C. & Grol, R. 2003. Shared decision making: developing the OPTION scale for measuring patient involvement. Quality & safety in health care [Online], 12. Available: http://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/12/2/93.full.pdf [Accessed 9/12/2013].

7.35: Journal Article

[31] Entwistle, V. A., McCaughan, D., Watt, I. S., Birks, Y., Hall, J., Peat, M., Williams, B. & Wright, J. 2010. Speaking up about safety concerns: multi-setting qualitative study of patients' views and experiences. Quality & safety in health care [Online], 19. Available: http://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/19/6/e33 [Accessed 31/12/2013].

 

7.36: Journal Article

[32] Entwistle, V. A. & Quick, O. 2006. Trust in the context of patient safety problems. Journal of health organization and management [Online], 20. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17087402 [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.37: Journal Article

[33] Forster, A. J., Asmis, T. R., Clark, H. D., Al Saied, G., Code, C. C., Caughey, S. C., Baker, K., Watters, J., Worthington, J. & van Walraven, C. 2004. Ottawa Hospital Patient Safety Study: incidence and timing of adverse events in patients admitted to a Canadian teaching hospital. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 170, 1235-40.

7.38: Journal Article

[34] Frey, B., Ersch, J., Bernet, V., Baenziger, O., Enderli, L. & Doell, C. 2009. Involvement of parents in critical incidents in a neonatal-paediatric intensive care unit. Quality & safety in health care, 18, 446-9.

7.39: Journal article

[35] Hall, J., Peat, M., Birks, Y., Golder, S., Entwistle, V., Gilbody, S., Mansell, P., McCaughan, D., Sheldon, T., Watt, I., Williams, B. & Wright, J. 2010. Effectiveness of interventions designed to promote patient involvement to enhance safety: a systematic review. Quality & safety in health care [Online], 19. [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.40: Journal Article

[36] Hibbard, J. H., Mahoney, E. R., Stock, R. & Tusler, M. 2007. Do Increases in Patient Activation Result in Improved Self-Management Behaviors? Health Services Research [Online], 42. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1955271/pdf/hesr0042-1443.pdf [Accessed 16/12/2013].

7.41: Presentation

[37] Hibbard, J. H., Peters, E., Slovic, P. & Tusler, M. 2005. Can patients be part of the solution? Views on their role in preventing medical errors. Medical care research and review : MCRR [Online], 62. Available: http://mcr.sagepub.com/content/62/5/601 [Accessed 23/12/2013].

7.42: Journal Article

[38] Howe, A. 2006. Can the patient be on our team? An operational approach to patient involvement in interprofessional approaches to safe care. Journal of interprofessional care [Online], 20. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17000478 [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.43: Web Page

Kingston-Riechers, J., Ospina, M., Jonsson, E., P. Childs, McLeod, L. & Maxted, J. 2009. Patient Safety In Primary Care. Canadian Patient Safety Institute & BC Patient Safety and Quality Council [Online]. Available: http://www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca/English/research/commissionedResearch/primaryCare/Documents/Primary%20Care%202010.pdf [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.44:Report

[39] Kommune, K. 2010. The nursing professional response to living at home citizens who use multiple drugs simultaneously. A report on the achievements and challenges of medicine in home care. The Danish Institute for Health Services Research [Online]. Available: www.htk.dk/.../Byraad-Dagsorden-19-06-2012.pdf [Accessed 31/12/2013].

 

 

7.45: Journal Article

[40] Longtin, Y., S., H. & Pittet, D. 2010. Patient Participation: Current Knowledge and Applicability to Patient Safety. The Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800278/ [Accessed 9/12/2013].

7.46: Journal Article

Lu, C. Y. & Roughead, E. 2011. Determinants of patient-reported medication errors: a comparison among seven countries. International journal of clinical practice [Online], 65. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02671.x/asset/j.1742-1241.2011.02671.x.pdf?v=1&t=hp3wpau0&s=1f1e6bc9ec7208347e9265e9e9ce0be0470672a5 [Accessed 12/12/2013].

7.47: Journal Article

[41] Marella, W., Finley, E., Thomas, A. & Clarke, J. 2007. Health Care Consumers' Inclination to Engage in Selected Patient Safety Practices: A Survey of Adults in Pennsylvania. Journal of Patient Safety [Online], 3. Available: www.psnet.ahrq.gov/resource.aspx?resourceID 6438 [Accessed 16/12/2013].

7.48: Journal Article

[42] Ocloo, J. E. 2010. Harmed patients gaining voice: challenging dominant perspectives in the construction of medical harm and patient safety reforms. Social science & medicine (1982) [Online], 71. Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953610003369 [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.49: Project Report

[43] Parsons, S., Winterbottom, A., Cross, P. & D.Redding. 2010. The quality of patient engagement and involvement in primary care Ideas that change Healthcare [Online]. Available: http://www.pickereurope.org/assets/content/pdf/Project_Reports/Quality_Patient_Engagement_Primary_Care_Kings_Fund_July_2010.pdf [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.50: Chapter in a Book

[44] Pearson, A. & Aromataris, E. 2009. Patient Safety in Primary Healthcare: a review of the literature. Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care [Online]. Available: http://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/Patient-Safety-in-Primary-Health-Care-A-Review-of-the-Literature-2009.pdf [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.51: Journal Article

[45] Sandars, J. 2007. Recent developments in patient safety in primary care. Quality in Primary Care [Online], Volume 15. Available: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/rmp/qpc/2007/00000015/00000003/art00008 [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.52: Newsletter

[46] Schwappach, D. L. 2011. Frequency of and predictors for patient-reported medical and medication errors in Switzerland. Swiss medical weekly [Online], 141. Available: http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2011-13262/ [Accessed 12/12/2013].

 

 

 

7.53: Journal Article

Schwappach, D. L. B. 2010. Review: Engaging Patients as Vigilant Partners in Safety: A Systematic Review. Swiss Patient Safety Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland, [Online]. Available: http://mcr.sagepub.com/content/67/2/119.abstract [Accessed 31/12/2013].

7.54: Journal Article

Waterman, A. D., Gallagher, T. H., Garbutt, J., Waterman, B. M., Fraser, V. & Burroughs, T. E. 2006. BRIEF REPORT: Hospitalized Patients' Attitudes About and Participation in Error Prevention. Journal of General Internal Medicine [Online], 21. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1484719/pdf/jgi021-0367.pdf [Accessed 13/12/2013].

7.55: Book

[47] MoH, 2009. Department of quality assurance. patients' charter. Kampala, MoH

7.56: Web Page

[48] Woodward, S. 2005. Seven Steps to Patient Safety for Primary Care. The Full Reference Guide. National Patient Safety Agency [Online]. Available: www.nrls.npsa.nhs.uk [Accessed 31/12/2013].

Abstract:

In Ghana and most developing parts of the world, families feel that it’s troublesome or skirting on hard to save as a result of low levels of wages (Boateng, 1994). The low profit of Ghanaian families is a result of the low levels of budgetary improvement consolidated with distinctive components, for instance, unlucky deficiency of training. The purpose of the study was to find out the determinants of savings culture in Kumasi, the second capital of Ghana. Quantitative methodology was used and sample was obtained from selected households in Kumasi. The study assembled and made utilization of primary data through the organization of organized surveys. Questionnaires were used as a data collection tool and SPSS a statically tool was used to analyze the data. It was discovered in the study that, relatively high level of savings culture among the people of Kumasi metropolis. Respondents preferred to save more for the future, they planned life ahead of time, saving money was a virtue, respondents paid close attention to how much money they spend, and before they purchased anything, they compared prices on similar items. The study recommends that financial institutions improve their operational and marketing strategies to attract all persons in the qualified age bracket being it male and female and also governing bodies like the Bank of Ghana, must take drastic measures to close down all these illegal financial institutions in the system that is dragging the reputation of the rest into the mud.

References:

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[2.] Adams, D. W. (1978). Mobilizing Household Savings through Rural Financial Markets. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26(2), pp. 547-560.

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