Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Narrative Review of Recent Clinical Applications, Implementation Strategies and Challenges in Zambia
Abstract:
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming healthcare delivery globally, offering significant potential to address critical health system challenges. The study employed a narrative literature review design guided by the narrative synthesis framework. with literature sourced from peer-reviewed databases and grey literature published between 2019 and 2026. A total of 68 publications met the inclusion criteria and were retained for synthesis. The review revealed that AI has been applied across diagnostic imaging, clinical decision support, public health surveillance, and telemedicine. Zambian studies have evaluated AI for tuberculosis diagnosis, breast cancer detection, and occupational lung disease. Implementation strategies emphasised governance, infrastructure, partnerships, and capacity building. Zambia has made notable progress through its National AI Strategy, SmartCare Pro initiative consolidating over 12 million patient records, Digital Health Data Governance Framework partnership with Finland, and Health AI Global Regulatory Network membership. However, significant challenges persist including unreliable infrastructure, nascent regulatory frameworks, workforce gaps, algorithmic bias, and financial constraints. Despite persistent challenges, substantial opportunities exist for AI to strengthen health service delivery, expand access to quality care, enhance efficiency, strengthen surveillance, and foster local innovation in Zambia. The National Telemedicine and AI Health Diagnostics Pilot and local innovations such as Larry RX AI demonstrate AI's potential. Recommendations include accelerating National AI Strategy operationalisation, developing a comprehensive regulatory framework, investing in resilient infrastructure, scaling workforce development, establishing sustainable financing, and aligning with continental frameworks.References:
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