Abstract:

As biopotential signals are having very small frequency variations tens of Hz and micro to millivolts amplitude in the range. While acquiring biopotential signals from a human body, intrusions occur in the acquisition system. Thus, for acquiring noise-free signals, the enhanced Biopotential Acquisition unit having a high gain with an improved common-mode rejection ratio readout front-end is designed. To solve mentioned issues, an improved front end is introduced in this paper to achieve high DC gain and high Unity-gain frequency. The proposed front-end operates at ±0.2 V supply voltage, the bias current of 20µA, and achieves a high gain of 74dB. The design comprises a miller frequency compensation structure by connecting a capacitor across a high voltage stage and the load capacitor is connected across output by following the relation of C_C > 0.22 C_L. The proposed high gain stage achieves additional gain with reduced noise of 0.2 mV/  with a minimal power consumption of 1.9 nW. The analog readout front-end is executed using 180 nm CMOS Technology and utilizes less power, making it ideal for battery-powered devices in Biopotential Acquisition systems. The final section includes a comparison of the proposed front-end with various amplifiers.

References:

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Abstract:

The use of AI in dental practice is now becoming common. The patient’s expectation of diagnosis and treatment planning supported by AI has become mandatory in a clinic. Only if we have a basic knowledge about AI, can we comprehend what is done for the patient. This review article aims at providing an indepth knowledge what an orthodontist should know regarding AI. Though much is spoken about AI in literature, the basic background of AI still remains abtract to a dentist. This article unravels the hidden mystery behind AI. The meaning of the terms used in AI is explained with suitable examples. Starting with the paradigm shift in AI, the types of knowledge dealt is also mentioned. The basic three types of model-based studies are explained in detail. Moreover, the detailed orthodontic implications of AI are also explained with relevant references. This review article would definitely be a valuable guide for those who would like to do an AI based thesis or study.

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Abstract:

This study evaluates the impact of healthcare interoperability on patient outcomes from a global, multi-stakeholder perspective. Interoperability (the seamless exchange, integration, and utilization of health information across diverse healthcare systems) is vital for effective patient care coordination, error reduction, and treatment efficacy. However, while interoperability is well-established in high-income countries, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) still face significant barriers, including infrastructure limitations, inconsistent policies, and resource constraints. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study conducted surveys and qualitative interviews involving healthcare providers, administrators, digital health vendors, and patients across 24 countries. Survey data revealed that over 90% of respondents recognize interoperability's positive impact on patient outcomes, notably through improved care coordination, reduced medical errors, and enhanced data accuracy. Qualitative insights further highlighted real-world benefits, such as reduced hospital readmissions, improved chronic disease management, and greater patient safety due to comprehensive medication records. Nevertheless, the research identified considerable variability in stakeholders’ understanding of interoperability, particularly in LMICs, where data submission to national health management systems is often mistaken for interoperability. Key challenges identified include limited digital infrastructure and significant skill gaps among health workers. In conclusion, healthcare interoperability significantly enhances patient outcomes globally but requires tailored strategies to overcome implementation challenges in resource-limited settings. The study recommends further development of scalable, affordable interoperability frameworks, sustained longitudinal assessments, and patient-centered interoperability solutions to maximize healthcare quality, safety, and continuity worldwide.

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Abstract:

Rare diseases affect millions worldwide, yet treatment options remain limited, especially in developing countries. This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of orphan drug regulatory frameworks in the United States, European Union, Japan, and India, aiming to identify best practices and propose adaptations for India's evolving rare disease landscape. Through extensive literature review, regulatory document analysis, and cross-country comparisons, we examined key aspects including legislative frameworks, regulatory bodies, incentive structures, clinical trial requirements, and post-approval monitoring. Findings reveal significant disparities between established markets and India, with the latter lacking a formal orphan drug act, specialized regulatory bodies, and robust incentive structures. The study proposes strategic recommendations for enhancing India's rare disease and orphan drug ecosystem, including establishing a clear legislative framework, implementing market exclusivity incentives, creating dedicated regulatory structures, and developing flexible clinical trial requirements. Additionally, we suggest leveraging public-private partnerships, digital health initiatives, and addressing ethical considerations to improve rare disease management. By adapting international best practices to its unique healthcare context, India can bridge the gap in orphan drug availability and rare disease management. This research provides a roadmap for policymakers and stakeholders to enhance India's approach to rare diseases, potentially positioning the country as a leader in orphan drug development in the developing world.

References:

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[22].  Fonseca, D. A., et al., 2019, Orphan drugs: major development challenges at the clinical stage. Drug Discovery Today, 24(3), 867-872.

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Abstract:

India faces significant challenges in managing rare diseases and providing access to orphan drugs. This study explores the potential of digital health initiatives to transform rare disease management and orphan drug development in India. We analyze the current landscape of digital health in India, focusing on its application to rare diseases. Through a comprehensive review of global best practices and India's unique healthcare context, we propose a roadmap for integrating digital health solutions into India's orphan drug ecosystem. Our findings suggest that telemedicine, Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered diagnostics, digital patient registries, and mobile health applications can significantly improve rare disease diagnosis, treatment, and research in India. However, challenges such as digital literacy, data privacy, and infrastructure limitations need to be addressed. We conclude that a strategic implementation of digital health initiatives, tailored to India's healthcare landscape, can substantially enhance rare disease management and accelerate orphan drug development.

References:

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[3].   Mona, & Patel, S., 2022, Rare diseases in India: "Orphan" no more? Orfonline.org. https://www.orfonline.org/research/rare-diseases-in-india-orphan-no-more.

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[8].   Choudhury, M. C., and Saberwal, G., 2019, The role of patient organizations in the rare disease ecosystem in India: An interview based study. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 14(1), 117.

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Abstract:

Routine immunization (RI) is essential for reducing child mortality and morbidity from vaccine-preventable diseases. However, in Yola, Nigeria, economic barriers and low health literacy hinder RI accessibility and acceptance. This study examines the impact of these factors in Yola North and South LGAs, Adamawa State, using data from 166 mothers and other respondents through surveys, interviews, focus groups, and observations. Statistical analysis (chi-square tests) using SPSS 27.0 revealed significant associations between economic barriers (χ² = 9.951) and low health literacy (χ² = 9.506) with immunization accessibility. Workforce shortages were identified by 55.9% of participants as a major challenge, while 31.7% and 31.1% cited social and cultural beliefs and lack of awareness, respectively. These barriers contribute to incomplete immunization coverage and increased disease transmission. Addressing them requires community-based education, workforce strengthening, investment in cold chain infrastructure, transparent communication, engagement with community leaders, and continuous monitoring to improve immunization outcomes.

References:

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[2].   Mahachi, K., Kessels, J., Boateng, K., Jean Baptiste, A. E., Mitula, P., Ekeman, E., Nic Lochlainn, L., Rosewell, A., Sodha, S. V., Abela-Ridder, B., Gabrielli, A. F., 2022, Zero- or missed-dose children in Nigeria: Contributing factors and interventions to overcome immunization service delivery challenges. Vaccine. 40(37):5433-5444.

[3].   Yim, V., Cabrera, M., Moore, M. and Lomazzi, M., 2024, Sustainable financing of immunization programs: A narrative review of the literature. Population Medicine, 6(January), 1. https://doi.org/10.18332/popmed/177169.

[4].   Arambepola, R., Yang, Y., Hutchinson K, Mwansa, F. D., Doherty, J. A., Bwalya, F., Ndubani, P., Musukwa, G., Moss, W. J., Wesolowski, A., Mutembo, S., 2021, Using geospatial models to map zero-dose children: factors associated with zero-dose vaccination status before and after a mass measles and rubella vaccination campaign in Southern province, Zambia. BMJ Glob Health. Dec;6(12):e007479.

[5].   Akwataghibe, N. N., Ogunsola, E. A., Broerse, J. E. W., Popoola O. A, Agbo A. I. and Dieleman, M. A., 2019, Exploring Factors Influencing Immunization Utilization in Nigeria-A Mixed Methods Study. Front Public Health. 20:7:392.

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Abstract:

Although street food vending is deeply embedded in our daily communities' economic and cultural life worldwide, it continues to pose significant public health risks due to the prevalence of foodborne illnesses. Research shows that street food vendors often lack adequate food safety knowledge, underscoring the need for local assessments. This study investigates the demographic profile and food safety knowledge of street food vendors in the Demerara-Mahaica region of Guyana, where enforcement of food safety regulations is limited. Based on a representative sample of 104 vendors, females outnumbered males by a 3:2 ratio. Although Guyana is a multi-ethnic society, nearly half of the study's vendors were Africans.  Most vendors (88.4%) had at least a secondary-level education, primarily obtained locally (80.8%). However, nearly 60% of the vendors in the study had not received formal food safety training. While many vendors showed awareness of basic hygiene, gaps remain in their knowledge of specific foodborne pathogens and proper food handling practices. Notably, 31.7% of street food vendors expressed uncertainty about the risks of foodborne diseases. The study also found a statistically significant association between vendors’ food safety knowledge and the type of district (urban versus rural) in which they operate. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted training programs and regulatory reforms to enhance food safety compliance among street food vendors in Guyana. Future research should assess the impact of regulatory enforcement and the effectiveness of widespread, consistent food safety education initiatives.

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[4].   Salamandane, A., Malfeito‐Ferreira, M., & Brito, L., 2023, The socioeconomic factors of street food vending in developing countries and its implications for public health: A systematic review. Foods, 12(20), 3774–3774. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203774

[5].   Barton, T., Tomori, M. O., Renville, D., & Francois, L., 2025, Microbial Analysis of Street Food in Demerara-Mahaica, Guyana. Texila International Journal of Public Health, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.21522/TIJPH.2013.13.01.Art078

[6].   Addo-Tham, R., Appiah-Brempong, E., Vampere, H., Acquah-Gyan, E., & Gyimah Akwasi, A., 2020, Knowledge on Food Safety and Food-Handling Practices of Street Food Vendors in Ejisu-Juaben Municipality of Ghana. Advances in Public Health, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4579573

[7].   Soe Htway, T. A., & Kallawicha, K., 2020, Factors Associated with Food Safety Knowledge and Practice Among Street Food Vendors in Taunggyi Township, Myanmar: A Cross-Sectional Study. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 20(3), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.37268/MJPHM/VOL.20/NO.3/ART.822

[8].   Marutha, K. J., & Chelule, P. K., 2020, Safe Food Handling Knowledge and Practices of Street Food Vendors in Polokwane Central Business District. Foods, 9(11), 1560. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031582

[9].   Sirichokchatchawan, W., Taneepanichskul, N., & Prapasarakul, N., 2021, Predictors of knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards food safety among food handlers in Bangkok, Thailand. Food Control, 126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108020

[10].  Abid, M. T., Banna, M. H. Al, Hamiduzzaman, M., Seidu, A. A., Kundu, S., Rezyona, H., Disu, T. R., Akter, N., Khaleduzzaman, M., Ahinkorah, B. O., & Khan, M. S. I., 2022, Assessment of food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of street food vendors in Chattogram city, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study. Public Health Challenges, 1(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/puh2.16

[11].  Karunapema, R. P. P., 2021, Educational Intervention Aimed at Street Food Vendors to Improve Knowledge and Practices on Food Safety and Hygiene. International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 04(11), 1544–1548. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/v4-i11-09

[12].  Letuka, P., Nkhebenyane, S., & Thekisoe, O., 2019, Assessment of Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among Street Food Vendors and Consumers. Preprints, May 2020. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201905.0257.v1

[13].  Desye, B., Tesfaye, A. H., Daba, C., & Berihun, G., 2023, Food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice of street food vendors and associated factors in low-and middle-income countries: A Systematic review and Meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 18(7 July), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287996

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[24].  Weldesenbet Hadgu, H., Chane Kasahun, Y., Negash, H., & Jara, D., 2024, Food Hygiene, Safety Measures, and Associated Factors among Street Food Vendors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Implications for Intervention Activity Design and Implementation. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7567579

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Abstract:

Nigeria’s polio eradication efforts continue to face significant setbacks due to persistent non-compliance with vaccination programs in several regions. This study examines the socio-cultural, economic, institutional, and communication-related drivers of non-compliance across four diverse Nigerian states, Kano, Taraba, Edo, and Abia using a cross-sectional quantitative design. Data were collected exclusively through the administration of structured questionnaires to 1,600 households with children under five years old (400 per state). The questionnaire explored caregiver knowledge, attitudes, accessibility challenges, socio-demographic characteristics, and sources of vaccine-related information. Analysis using SPSS revealed five key findings. First, a large proportion of respondents (68.3%) had poor knowledge of polio and the vaccination program, indicating widespread information gaps. Second, socio-cultural factors, such as fear of infertility (35.4%) and religious influence (33.8%), were prominent reasons for non-compliance. Third, poor access to vaccination centers and long distances were major institutional barriers, with 46.2% reporting transport difficulties. Fourth, socio-demographic characteristics, especially low maternal education and income levels, were significantly associated with lower compliance. Finally, most respondents (59.7%) relied on informal sources such as community rumors and unverified social media content for information, limiting the effectiveness of official health messages. These findings highlight the urgent need for context-specific communication strategies, community engagement, and strengthened healthcare access to address vaccine hesitancy and improve polio immunization coverage in Nigeria.

References:

[1].   World Health Organization (WHO). 2023. Poliomyelitis (Polio) Fact Sheet. World Health Organization.

[2].   Hussain, A., Ali, S., & Shahid, F. 2019. Vaccination refusal in northern Nigeria: The role of misinformation and cultural factors. Vaccine, 37(3), 529–533.

[3].   Singh, P., Singh, R., & Rajput, S. 2017. Misinformation and the persistence of polio in Nigeria. Journal of Health Communication, 22(4), 350–359.

[4].   Oleribe, O. O., Umoh, N. M., & Adebisi, Y. O. 2020. Understanding vaccine hesitancy in Nigeria: Socioeconomic and cultural drivers of polio vaccine refusal. Journal of Global Health, 10(2), 141–147.

[5].   Usman, M., & Aliyu, S. 2022. Polio vaccination programs in Nigeria: Assessing institutional barriers and the role of policy. Health Policy and Planning, 37(5), 618–626.

[6].   Abdullahi, S. S., Usman, M., & Garba, A. B. 2018. Polio vaccination resistance in Northern Nigeria: A review of socio-cultural and religious factors. Global Health Action, 11(1), 12–18.

[7].   Mbagwu, D., Nwachukwu, C., & Eze, P. 2021. Socioeconomic barriers to polio vaccination in Nigeria: A case study of rural areas. Health Economics Review, 11(1), 8–15.

[8].   Adebowale, A. S., Yusuf, B. O., Fagbamigbe, A. F., & Akinyemi, J. O. 2020. Maternal education and child immunization in Nigeria: The mediating roles of maternal literacy and household wealth. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–10.

[9].   Oku, A., Oyo-Ita, A., Glenton, C., Fretheim, A., Eteng, G., Ames, H., Muloliwa, A., Ekong, I., & Kaufman, J. 2017. Factors affecting the implementation of childhood vaccination communication strategies in Nigeria: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1–10.

[10].  Jegede, A. S. 2007. What led to the Nigerian boycott of the polio vaccination campaign? PLoS Medicine, 4(3), e73.

[11].  Obadare, E. 2005. A crisis of trust: History, politics, religion and the polio controversy in Northern Nigeria. Patterns of Prejudice, 39(3), 265–284.

[12].  Yahya, M. 2007. Polio vaccines—‘No thank you!’ Barriers to polio eradication in Northern Nigeria. African Affairs, 106(423), 185–204.

[13].  WHO SAGE on Immunization. 2014. Report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. World Health Organization.

[14].  Akinyemi, J. O., & Odimegwu, C. O. 2019. Distance to health facility and immunization coverage in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Public Health, 27(3), 1–10.

[15].  Larson, H. J., de Figueiredo, A., Xiahong, Z., Schulz, W. S., Verger, P., Johnston, I. G., Cook, A. R., & Jones, N. S. 2016. The state of vaccine confidence 2016: Global insights through a 67-country survey. Ebio Medicine, 12, 295–301.

Abstract:

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly recognized as vital mechanisms for improving healthcare supply chains in low-resource settings. These partnerships bring together the strengths of the public sector—such as policy oversight and equity goals—with the private sector’s efficiency, innovation, and logistical expertise. Healthcare supply chains in many low- and middle-income countries suffer from persistent challenges including inadequate infrastructure, fragmented delivery systems, funding shortfalls, and limited accountability. Through a structured literature review, this paper explores how PPPs can be leveraged to address these issues, with a focus on vaccine logistics and last-mile delivery. The paper discusses conceptual frameworks underpinning PPP models, identifies key operational strategies, and highlights examples from Nigeria, India, Kenya, Rwanda, and Senegal. These cases illustrate the impact of service contracts, digital tracking platforms, drone delivery systems, and informed push models in enhancing logistics performance. In addition to presenting the benefits of PPPs—including improved efficiency, accountability, and innovation—the paper also explores significant challenges such as regulatory gaps, donor dependency, and power asymmetries. Policy recommendations include the establishment of enabling legal frameworks, sustainable financing, stakeholder engagement, and robust monitoring systems. Overall, the findings support a strategic and evidence-based approach to PPPs as a pathway for strengthening healthcare logistics, particularly in environments constrained by resources and capacity limitations.

References:

[1].   Yadav, P., 2015, Health product supply chains in developing countries: diagnosis of the root causes of underperformance and an agenda for reform. Health Systems & Reform, 1(2), 142–154.

[2].   Wirtz, V. J., Hogerzeil, H. V., Gray, A. L., Bigdeli, M., de Joncheere, C. P., Ewen, M. A., ... & Reich, M. R., 2017, Essential medicines for universal health coverage. The Lancet, 389(10067), 403–476.

[3].   World Bank Group, 2017, Public-Private Partnerships Reference Guide, Version 3.0. Washington, DC.

[4].   OECD, 2018, Public-Private Partnerships in Development: A Literature Review. OECD Publishing.

[5].   PATH & WHO, 2019, Leveraging the private sector for vaccine logistics. Date of access: 21/04/2025. https://www.path.org

[6].   World Health Organization, 2022, Primary health care: closing the gap to UHC. Date of access: 21/04/2025. https://www.who.int

[7].   Koppenjan, J., & Enserink, B., 2009, Public–private partnerships in urban infrastructures: reconciling private sector participation and sustainability. Public Administration Review, 69(2), 284–296.

[8].   Yescombe, E. R., 2011, Public-private partnerships: principles of policy and finance. Elsevier.

[9].   Roehrich, J. K., Lewis, M. A., & George, G., 2014, Are public–private partnerships a healthy option? A systematic literature review. Social Science & Medicine, 113, 110–119.

[10].  Lonsdale, C., 2005, Post-contractual opportunism and the organization of public sector outsourcing: the case of compulsory competitive tendering. Public Administration, 83(1), 155–176.

[11].  Hodge, G., & Greve, C., 2010, Public–Private Partnerships: Governance Scheme or Language Game? Australian Journal of Public Administration, 69(S1), S8–S22.

[12].  NPHCDA, 2020, Direct Delivery Project Evaluation Report. Abuja, Nigeria.

[13].  UNDP, 2021, Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN) Impact Report. New Delhi, India.

[14].  MEDS Kenya, 2022, Annual Performance Review. Nairobi, Kenya.

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Abstract:

The variation of circadian rhythm genes is involved in mental disorders in kids, and the disrubance of circadian rhythm considered as a risk factor to the development of most mental disorders. Our aim was to study the estimated the role of miRNA molecules( miRNA24, miRNA449a, and miRNA102 on regulated for Per1, Per2, and Per3) and DNA methylation on gene expression of circadian clock genes .The study sample comprised of 40 patient of kids their ages range between (2 – 12 years ) having mental disorders , and 20 sample of healthy kids  as a control . The study topics were divided into 3 sections: first, determining the level of gene expression for Per1, Per2, and Per3 genes using the qRT-PCR technique. Second section: determination of the level of Non-coding RNA molecules that regulate Per family genes using the qRT-PCR technique. The third section measures the percentage of methylation in the promoter of Per family genes using the PCR technique. The results of the first section showed a significant decrease in the Per1 gene expression; it was the value of folding expression cDNA Per1 gene = 0.33, and a significant increase in the Per2 and Per3 genes; it was the value of folding expression cDNA Per2 gene = 1.76 and folding expression cDNA Per3 gene = 1.58. The results of the second section showed a significant decrease in miRNA gene expression; the value of folding expression cDNA miRNA24 Per1 gene = 0.41, foldin expression cDNA miRNA449a Per2 gene = 0.20, and folding expression cDNA miRNA102 Per3 gene = 0.56. The results of the third section of the DNA methylation showed that DNA methylation in promoter of the Per1 gene was present in 50% of the samples, in the promoter of the Per2 gene, in 43% of the samples, and in the promoter of the Per3 gene, in 0% of the samples.

References:

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[2].   Barragán, R., Sorlí, J. V., Coltell, O., Gonzalez-Monje, I., Fernández-Carrión, R., Villamil, L. V., Asensio, E. M., 2022, Influence of DNA-polymorphisms in selected circadian clock genes on clock gene expression in subjects from the general population and their association with sleep duration, Medicina, 58(9), 1294.

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[4].   Alachkar, A., Lee, J., Asthana, K., Vakil Monfared, R., Chen, J., Alhassen, S., Baldi, P. ,2022, The hidden link between circadian entropy and mental health disorders, Translational psychiatry, 12(1), 281.

[5].   Baris, I., Ozcan, O., Kavakli, I. H., 2023, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in circadian genes: Impact on gene function and phenotype, Advances in protein chemistry and structural biology, 137-37.

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[9].   Pavithra, S., Aich, A., Chanda, A., Zohra, I. F., Gawade, P., Das, R. K.,2024, PER2 gene and its association with sleep-related disorders: A review, Physiology & Behavior,273:114411.

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[13].  Faltraco, F., Palm, D., Uzoni, A., Borchert, L., Simon, F., Tucha, O., Thome, J., 2021, Dopamine adjusts the circadian gene expression of Per2 and Per3 in human dermal fibroblasts from ADHD patients, Journal of Neural Transmission,128, 1135-1145.

[14].  Mosig, R. A., Kojima, S.,2022, Timing without coding: How do long non-coding RNAs regulate circadian rhythms?, In Seminars in cell & developmental biology,126, 79-86.

[15].   Dück, A., Reis, O., Wagner, H., Wunsch, K., Häßler, F., Kölch, M., Oster, H., 2022, Clock genes profiles as diagnostic tool in (childhood) ADHD—A pilot study, Brain Sciences, 12(9), 1198.

[16].  Kinoshita, C., Okamoto, Y., Aoyama, K., Nakaki, T.,2020, MicroRNA: a key player for the interplay of circadian rhythm abnormalities, sleep disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, Clocks & sleep, 2(3), 282-307.

[17].  Haimes, J., Kelley, M., 2013, Demonstration of a ΔΔCq Calculation Method to Compute Thermo Scientific Relative Gene Expression from qPCR Data, Lafayette., CO: Thermo Scientific.

[18].  Ramadan, Z., J., Hamed, O. M., Khalaf, I. H., 2020, Detection of genetic variation for some genes that related with recurrent spontaneous abortion in Nineveh province, Biochemical & Cellular Archives, 20(2).

[19].  Hameed, M. A., Hamed, O. M., 2023, Detection of P53 suppressor gene mutation in women with breast cancer in Mosul city, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2834(1), 020007.

[20].  Samblas, M., Milagro, F. I., Gómez-Abellán, P. J. A., Martínez, & Garaulet, M., 2016, Methylation on the circadian gene BMAL1 is associated with the effects of a weight loss intervention on serum lipid levels, Journal of biological rhythms, 31(3), 308-317.

[21].  Hamed, O. M., Al-Taii, R. A., Jankeer, M. H., 2021, Biochemical and genetic study in blood of β- thalassaemia children in mosul city, Iraq, Iraqi Journal of Science, 62(8), pp:2501–2508.

[22].  Salman, R. H., Mortatha, M. B., Nuiaa, R. R., 2024, Data Mining Technique for Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder, Iraqi Journal of Science, 5239-5253.

Abstract:

Nurses and midwives contribute close to 50% of the global healthcare workforce and are at the frontline of providing nursing care to the public. Hence, nurses must maintain their practice by renewing their license. This systematic review examines the attitude and practice of registered nurses regarding nurse license renewal, and identifies barriers experienced during the renewal process. The search strategy utilized were Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, and EBSCOHost databases using search terms nurse, license, and renewal. Inclusion Criteria include articles published within 10 years, full text, peer reviewed, and in English. Results revealed a total of 10 articles that fit the Criteria. Majority of articles revealed nurses had an overall positive attitude and practice due to the importance of mandatory continuing education as a requirement for license renewal, and a significant relationship between knowledge and practice of checking license status (p<0.05). Barriers were identified as “time constraint”, “lack of support” in the workplace, “financial contains” and “lack of access”. Evidence relating to license renewal by payment of fees only was very limited, and further research is needed to develop to better support for registered nurses during the renewal process. Limitations of the review include no access CINAHAL database, and articles with Abstract only, which would have enriched the review. In conclusion, majority of nurses had a positive attitude and practice regarding the renewal of license, and experienced barriers the process.

References:

[1].   World Health Organization, 2024, Strengthening the nursing and midwifery agenda globally. https://www.who.int/activities/strengthening-the-nursing-and-midwifery-agenda-globally

[2].   International Council of Nurses [ICN], 2021, The ICN code of ethics for nurses. https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/2023-06/ICN_Code-of-Ethics_EN_Web.pdf

[3].   Caribbean Community, 2024, Regional Nursing Body focuses on Enhancing Nursing Education and Practice for Better Health Outcomes. https://caricom.org/regional-nursing-body-focuses-on-enhancing-nursing-education-and-practice-for-better-health-outcomes/

[4].   Caribbean Examination Council, 2014, Preparation guide. https://www.cxc.org/ SiteAssets/RENR/ RENR%20Prep%20Guide%20with%20Sample%20Test_5September2014.pdf

[5].   National Council of State Boards of Nursing [NCSBN]., 2024. About U. S. nursing regulatory bodies. https://www.ncsbn.org/nursing-regulation/about-nursing-regulatory-bodies.page

[6].   Morris, G., 2024, Registered nursing requirements by state. https://nursejournal.org/registered-nursing/rn-licensing-requirements-by-state/

[7].   National Council of State Boards of Nursing [NCSBN]. (Eds)., 2024, A global profile of nursing regulation, education, and practice. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 10, 1-116. https://www.ncsbn.org/public-files/JNR0120SE_GlobalProfile.pdf#page=3.41

[8].   Canadian Nurses Association., 2024, Renewal eligibility. https://www.cna-aiic.ca/en/certification/renewing-your-certification/renewal-eligibility

[9].   Nursing and Midwifery Council., 2021, Guidance and information. https://www.nmc.org.uk/revalidation/ Resources /guidance-and-information/

[10].  Palma, J. A. F. S., Oducado, R. M. F., Palma, B. S., 2020, Continuing professional development: Awareness, attitude, facilitators and barriers among nurses in the Philippines. Nursing Practice Today, 7(3), 198-207.https://doi.org/10.18502/npt.v7i3.3348

[11].  Mlambo, M., Silén, C., & McGrath, C., 2021, Lifelong learning and nurses’ continuing professional development, a metasynthesis of literature. BMC Nursing, 20(62) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00579-2

[12].  Varghese, L. S., Packialakshmi, K., Tharani, P., Suvetha, S., Swathi, S., & Vanishree, M., 2021, Knowledge and practice regarding renewal of license among staff nurses. International Journal of Science & Healthcare Research, 6(3): 189-192. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijshr.2021073

[13].  Mosol, P. J., 2018, Factors influencing continuing professional development for nurses in Western Kenya. Kenyan Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 3(1). https://www.kjnm.co.ke/index.php/kjnm/article/view/110/pdf

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[22].  PRISMA., 2024, PRISMA flow diagram. https://www.prisma-statement.org/prisma-2020-flow-diagram

[23].  Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T., 2022, Essentials of nursing research: Appraising evidence for nursing practice. (10^th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

[24].  Joanna Briggs Institute., 2024, Critical appraisal tools. https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools

[25].  Hong, Q. N., Pluye, P., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M. P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O’Cathain, A., Rousseau, M. C., Vedel, I., 2018, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) Version 2018 User Guide. https://www.nccmt.ca/ knowledgerepositories/search/232#: ~:text=Improving%20the%20usefulness%20of%20a,3)%2C%20459%2D467.

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[27].  Moloney, W., Fieldes, J., & Jacobs, S., 2020, An integrative review of how healthcare organizations can support hospital nurses to thrive at work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8757. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238757

Abstract:

This systematic review discusses the benefits, difficulties, and prospects of artificial intelligence (AI) in eye health services, within the scope of diagnostic, therapeutic, and operational functions. A thorough search for pertinent literature conducted across several databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore identified articles published from 2019 to the present. Studies exploring the applications of AI in terms of diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes, the integration of technology in the workflows and consistency and bias were included and rated with metrics like the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and PROBAST-AI. The findings suggest that deep learning AI models, such as convolutional neural networks, provide high often greater than 90% diagnostic accuracy in retinal diseases like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, enabling early detection and better treatment planning. The use of AI in eye care also proved to be cost effective especially in those areas with less eye care specialists, as it lessened the demand for specialist input and re-structured service delivery. Nevertheless, several issues limit both generalizability and clinical use, such as lack of diversity in the datasets used, the general inability to explain the decision-making process of AI tools and most studies being observational in nature, which affects the quality of the evidence presented. Solutions to these issues, that is, standardization of datasets and better clarity of the model will be central to the expanded use of the applications. Altogether, while AI has the potential to be transformative in improving eye care preparation and treatment, the existing barriers have to be eliminated to achieve the anticipated benefits clinically.

References:

Abstract:

Primary care for pain patients is provided by nurses. Hemodialysis nurses can provide excellent pain relief by understanding pain management. This qualitative study examines hemodialysis nurses' pain management experiences, opinions, and beliefs and their training needs. Fifteen nurses working at Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital hemodialysis unit were recruited. The data came from semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. This data was crucial for analyzing pain management treatments for maintenance hemodialysis patients, creating educational programs for nurses, and teaching about these topics. Five themes and fifteen sub-themes emerged from nurses' pain treatment experiences. The five themes that emerged from the analysis entailed: Nurses' pain management knowledge, self-directed learning methodologies, approaches, patients with unrelieved pain, and educational requirements. A qualitative investigation showed that nurses are unaware of all pain management methods. Nurses' pain treatment knowledge was limited to evaluation and non-pharmacological methods. In practice, nurses need pain management education, to better comprehend pain in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

References:

Abstract:

References:

Abstract:

Malaria continues to pose a significant public health and economic threat in Guyana. In response, over 90,000 Long-Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) were distributed in endemic regions in 2018 to curb malaria incidence. This study conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis from the provider’s perspective, comparing the LLIN campaign to a no-intervention scenario. A model-based economic evaluation was used, incorporating cost per LLIN distributed, deaths averted, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted. The average cost of delivering one LLIN was US$3.29. The intervention averted an estimated 387.42 under-five deaths annually and 1,162.3 over three years. The annual cost per death averted was US$129.84, decreasing to US$32.51 over three years. DALYs averted totaled 12,784.86 annually and 38,354.58 across three years. The estimated cost per DALY averted was US$3.93, significantly lower than Guyana’s 2017 GDP per capita of US$3,883, confirming the intervention’s high cost-effectiveness based on the WHO threshold. Sensitivity analyses showed the findings were robust despite variations in LLIN cost, life span, discount rate, and mortality impact. The study concludes that the LLIN campaign was a highly cost-effective malaria intervention and recommends its continuation. It further suggests that similar economic evaluations should be conducted for other preventive measures such as indoor residual spraying and larviciding.

References:

Abstract:

Leukaemia is the most common type of blood cancer among all ages marked by rapid growth of abnormal blood cells. Epigenetics entails the study of genomic modifications that do not change the core DNA nucleotide sequence. The study included 45 children aged 2 to 11years old referred to Al-Hadbaa Specialized Hospital between October and November 2024. The sample was divided into two groups: the first consisted of 35 children with leukaemia, and the second encompassed 10 samples as controls. Two millilitres of blood was obtained from the children, one ml was placed in an EDTA tube for DNA extraction and methylation assessmentand the second ml was placed in a Trizol tube for RNA extraction. The research comprises three phases. The initial task is to ascertain the gene expression level for the BAML1 genes. The second step is to measure the level of microRNA-155, which affects how genes are expressed. The third step is to determine the percentage of DNA methylation on the gene promoters using q-PCR. The study showed an elevation in gene expression levels of miRNA 155, recorded at 18.2 for leukaemia patients in compared to the control group. The study also showed a reduction in the expression level of the BMAL gene in leukaemia patients (measured at 0.46) compared to the control group.

References:

Abstract:

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy has emerged as a promising regenerative treatment for knee osteoarthritis (KOA), a prevalent degenerative joint condition. The objectives of this study are to assess PRP therapy for KOA management in terms of efficacy, safety and potential impacting factors comprehensively. The study attempts to determine clinical relevance of PRP therapy on the basis of comparison with conventional treatments like hyaluronic acid injections and physical therapy. Moreover, treatment outcome is also analyzed in relation to a series of patient specific factors, such as age, BMI, disease severity and comorbidities. Practical considerations such as safety profile, adverse effects, frequency and tolerability of adverse effects to PRP injections are also explored in the study. Additionally, the research also promotes standardization of protocols regarding the collection, composition, and injections as well as procedural techniques for the preparation and administration of PRP. These findings will contribute to a body or evidence based clinical practice that will guide the healthcare practitioners on how to optimize treatment strategies. This research will provide industry with a positive approach to PRP therapy, which will enhance patient outcomes, enhance treatment accessibility, and encourage interdisciplinary collaboration in regenerative medicine by establishing PRP therapy as a cost effective, minimal invasive, and possibly more superior alternative to traditional interventions. Thus, The results will help to integrate the PRP therapy into the mainstream KOA management and thus improve the quality of life for patients affected with KOA.

References:

Abstract:

The population of older adults is a global problem that poses a serious threat to mankind. However, the aging process is inevitable. Aging contributes to a high burden of multimorbidity worldwide, particularly among the elderly. Multimorbidity can lead to a decreased quality of life, increased healthcare utilization, and higher mortality rates. Effective self-management is crucial for individuals with multimorbidity to manage their conditions, reduce healthcare costs and improve their quality of life. Nonetheless, self-management can be challenging for elderly patients. They need to employ self-motivation, lifestyle modification, and emotional resilience to promote self-management. This study aims to explore the perceived benefit of cultivating self-motivation, lifestyle modification and emotional resilience among elderly patients with multimorbidity, which will facilitate improvement of health outcomes and quality of life. A qualitative interpretative phenomenological study using in-depth interview guide with 30 purposively sampled elderly patients with multimorbidity was conducted. The study took place at the University Teaching Hospitals – Adult Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to analyse the data. Three themes that included self-motivation, lifestyle modification, and emotional resilience were developed. The study concluded that elderly multimorbidity patients need to develop a positive attitude towards self-management if they are to achieve the best health outcomes and improve their quality of life. Novelty was demonstrated by this study being one of its kind that seeks to cultivate self-motivation, lifestyle modification and emotional resilience to strengthen patient participation in their own care.

References:

Abstract:

The magic drug/tablet /pill (Misoprostol/ Cytotec) that is used mostly in the Caribbean islands for induction has increased drastically, fifty 50 mcg makes wonders in term pregnancy 37weeks – 41 weeks. Most induction should start early as possible for a more favourable outcome (e.g. 6am) Statistics shown that early induction and closely monitoring plays a vital role for a better delivery decision for mother and her unborn child. It saves time for the health care workers to manage than via an emergency.  After misoprostol is inserted, the woman would have to lay for 2 two hours in the supine position and have pre and post ctg (cardiotocography) done. Given that the process takes a few minutes to insert usually 30 minutes to 1 hour if effective, the patient should report pain or some sort of tightening. The procedure (insertion of misoprostol) can be done about 2-3 times if not effective, the management should be reviewed by the attending ob./gyn and the nurse midwife. Labour of induction is frequently indicated in women with an unfavourable cervix (bishop score <=4), with up to half of all induced labour requiring cervical ripening, prostaglandins have been utilized to increase induction success and achieve vaginal delivery. Has been used off label for over thirty years as a labour induction agent. The challenge is to provide this medication with the correct dosing for this induction and with the ability to discontinue the medication if needed, all while ensuring essential maternal and neonatal safety.

References:

Abstract:

Cervical cancer remains a significant public health challenge, particularly among women of reproductive age in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. This study investigates the sociocultural factors influencing cervical cancer screening uptake in this demographic. With approximately 500,000 new cases diagnosed annually worldwide, cervical cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. The research identifies key barriers to screening, including lack of awareness, cultural stigmas, and financial constraints, which impede women's health-seeking behaviors. Additionally, the study highlights enablers such as family support, healthcare provider recommendations, and community health programs that can enhance screening participation. Data were collected through a structured survey administered to 400 women across different socioeconomic strata in Kaduna. Findings indicate a generally positive perception of the importance of screening; however, significant gaps in knowledge and persistent fears surrounding the screening process remain. Recommendations emphasize the need for targeted educational campaigns, enhanced community health initiatives, and supportive family networks to improve screening uptake. By addressing these sociocultural factors, the study aims to inform public health strategies that can effectively reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and improve women's health outcomes in Kaduna Metropolis.

References: