Abstract:

Hospital Acquired Infections occur worldwide and affect hundreds and millions of people, and they are related to high rates of morbidity and mortality among patients who are admitted in hospitals or health facilities and are a major problem to patients’ safety and in settings where health care is to be made safe, their close watch and avoidance should be the topmost priority. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors within the nurses that were associated to the prevention and control of Hospital-acquired infections. The study was conducted at Ngora Fredica Hospital Ngora district Eastern Uganda. Results: 63.6% and 77.3% of nurses were found to be knowledgeable on causes and transmission of HAIs, respectively, which reflected good practices on medical waste segregation (85.2%), washing hands (77.3%), and storing sharps in safety boxes (92%). Respondents demonstrated good practice on infection prevention and control. Gender (female with COR = 1.54), experience (less than four years with COR = 1.43), and cadre (COR = 1.41) were significantly associated with nurses’ prevention and control abilities. Based on the key findings, the following were the conclusions: The study has demonstrated that the majority of the nurses who had adequate Knowledge about infection prevention and nearly above one-third of healthcare providers had poor practices towards infection prevention. Individual factors (gender, advanced age, educational status - cadre, serving year-experience, specialty, Knowledge, perceptions, and practice were significantly associated with nurses’ infection prevention and control.

References:

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[9] Aftab HB, Zia B, Zahid MF, Raheem A, Beg MA, (2015). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Healthcare Personnel Regarding the Transmission of Pathogens via Fomites at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv208.

[10] Yatin Mehta, Abhinav Gupta, Subhash Todi, SN Myatra, D. P. Samaddar, Vijaya Patil, Pradip Kumar Bhattacharya, and Suresh Ramasubban (2014). Guidelines for prevention of hospital-acquired infections. Doi: 10.4103/0972-5229.128705.

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[13] Christine K. Nalwadda, Esther Buregyeya, Sheba N. Gitta, Patrick Anguzu and Fred Nuwaha (2014). Implementation of infection control in health facilities in Arua district, Uganda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infectious Diseases 201515:268. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-09994

[14] Yinka Vidal (2015). How to Prevent the Spread of Ebola: Effective Strategies to Reduce Hospital/facility acquired infection and reduce super bug out breaks. Published by Lara publications Inc. St. Louis, MO, ISBN # 978-0-9640818-8-8.

[15] Aklew F, E W, Worku Z. (2015). Knowledge, practice, and associated factors towards prevention of surgical site infection among nurses working in Amhara regional state referral hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia, Surgery Research and Practice 2015;6.

[16] Fashafsheh, Imad; Ayed, Ahmad; Eqtait, Faeda; Harazneh, Lubna (2015). Knowledge and Practice of Nursing Staff towards Infection Control Measures in the Palestinian Hospitals. Journal of Education and Practice, v6 n4 p79-90 2015.

[17] New York State Department of Health (2014) Hospital-Acquired Infections, Albany, NY October 2015.

[18] Sarani H, Balouchi A, Masinaeinezhad N, Ebrahimitabas E (2014) Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Nurses about Standard Precautions for Hospital-Acquired Infection in Teaching Hospitals Affiliated to Zabol University of Medical Sciences. DOI:10.5539/gjhs. v8n3p193

[19] Gulilat K, Tiruneh G. (2014). Assessment of Knowledge, attitude, and practice of health care workers on infection prevention in health institution Bahir Dar city administration. Sci J Public Health. 2014;2(5):384–3.

[20] Mondiwa, M., & Hauck, Y. (2007). Malawian midwives’ perceptions of occupational risk for HIV infection. Health care for women international, 28(3), 209-223.10.1080/0739933601179778

[21] Alemayehu R, Ahmed K, Sada O. (2016). Assessment of Knowledge and practice on infection prevention among health Care Workers at Dessie Referral Hospital Amhara region, SouthWollo zone, northeast Ethiopia. J Community Med Health Educ. 2016; 6:487.

[22] Sodhi K, Shrivastava A, Arya M, Kumar M (2013) Knowledge of infection control practices among intensive care nurses in a tertiary care hospital. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2013.02.004.

[23] Emily R. M. Sydnor and Trish M. Perl (2011). Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control in Acute-Care Settings doi: 10.1128/CMR.00027-10

[24] Mondiwa, M., & Hauck, Y. (2007). Malawian midwives’ perceptions of occupational risk for HIV infection. Health care for women international, 28(3), 209-223.10.1080/0739933601179778.

[25] Fournier, B., Kipp, W., Mill, j., & Walusimbi, M. (2007). Nursing care of AIDS patients in Uganda. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(3), 257-264. DOI: 10.1177/1043659607301301.

[26] Anna C. van Graan, Martha J.S. Williams, Magdalena P. Koen, (2016). Professional nurses’ understanding of clinical judgement: A contextual inquiry. Volume 21, December 2016, Pages 280–293.

[27] Nderitu, E., Mill, J., Richter, S. (2015). The experience of Ugandan nurses in the practice of universal precautions. JANAC, 26(5), 1-14.

[28] New York State Department of Health (2014) Hospital-Acquired Infections, Albany, NY October 2015.

[29] Yatin Mehta, Abhinav Gupta, Subhash Todi, SN Myatra, D. P. Samaddar, Vijaya Patil, Pradip Kumar Bhattacharya, and Suresh Ramasubban (2014). Guidelines for prevention of hospital acquired infections. Doi: 10.4103/0972-5229.128705.

Abstract:

Evidence-Based Practice: Nurses’ knowledge and implementation; in the prevention of Pressure sore amongst debilitating patients was carried out in selected Government Hospitals in Delta State. The research method for the study was a correlational survey design. A simple random sampling was used to select 250 respondents. Permission to collect data was sought from the Ethical Committee of the Hospital Management Board and from respondents. The data collection instrument was a self-developed structured questionnaire that was validated before use. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the test statistic used for the hypotheses was the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient at 95% CI (i.e., at 0.05 significance level). The results demonstrated 54.4% had knowledge of EBP, 19.6% of nurses employed EBP to prevent pressure sore while and 19.6% employed best practice. There exists a significant relationship between nurses’ level of knowledge of EBP and the prevention of Pressure sore in debilitating patients (r=0.338, df-248, p<0.05). There was a relationship between the implementation strategy of EBP and the prevention of Pressure sore in debilitating patients (r=0.258, df-248, p<0.05). This study revealed the majority had knowledge of EBP. However, there is still a wide gap in knowledge as 38.8% of nurses indicated that opinion, expertise, and intuition are sufficient in preventing Pressure sore in debilitating patients. Nurses are to use nursing models. Models not only increase patient’s satisfaction and quality of nursing care but also offer a useful set of frameworks to guide education and nursing practice as failure to translate research evidence into practice hinders patients from adequate care and is likely to have skin breakdown.

References:

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[2] Chrisman, J. Jordan, R. Davis, C. & Williams, W., [2014]. Exploring Evidence-based Practice Research. Journal of IWW. 12[4]: 8-12. https://doi.org/10.1097//01.NME.000045029593626.e7.

[3] Turner, M., [2014]. Evidence-Based Practice in Health. https://canbrra.libguides.com/evidence.

[4] Agrawal, K. & Chauhan, N., [2012]. Pressure Ulcers: Back to the Basics. Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery. 45[2]: 244-254. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.101287.

[5] Shiferaw, W.S. Aynalem, Y.A.& Akalu, T. Y., [2020]. Prevalence of Pressure ulcers among Hospitalized Adult Patients in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. BioMed Central Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12895-020-00112=2bmcdermatol.biomedcentral.com.

[6] Polit, D.F. & Beck, C.T., [2012. Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. 9^th ed. Lippincott Williams and Williams.

[7] Famutimi, E.O. & Fowomola, B.B., (2015). Knowledge and Utilization of Evidence-based Nursing Practice among Nurses of Offa Specialist Hospital Kwara State. Journal of Nursing and Health Science.4(4): 51-62. http://www.iosrjournal.org/.

[8] Mathieson, A. Grande, G. & Luker, K., (2019). Strategies, Facilitators, and Barriers to Implementation of Evidence-based Practice in Nursing Community: A Systematic Mixed-studies Review and Qualitative Synthesis. Primary Healthcare Research Development.20 (6) https://doi.org/10.1017/S14634236/8000488w.iosrjournal.org.

[9] Shu Li, M. B. Meijuan, C.A.O. & Xuejiao, Z., (2019). Evidence-based Practice, Knowledge, Attitude, Implementation, Facilitators, and Barriers among Community Nurses-Systematic Review. Doi:10.109/MD.0000000000017209.

[10] Onigbinde, A. T., [2012]. Pressure Ulcers Incidence among High Risk in Patients in Nigeria. British Journal of Nursing.

[11] Bhattacharya, S. & Mishra, R.K., [2015]. Pressure Ulcers: Current Understanding and Newer Modalities of Treatment. https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.

[12] United State Department of Health and Human Services. The White House. [2020]. Preventing Pressure ulcer in Hospital. https://www.ahrq.gov/.

[13] Esan, T. Fasoro, A. Ojo, F. & Obialor, B. A., (2018). Descriptive Cross-sectional Study to Assess Pressure Ulcer Knowledge and Pressure ulcer Prevention, Attitude, of Nurses in a Tertiary Health Institution in Nigeria. Ostomy Wound Manage. 6496):24-28. Doi.org/10.25270/owm.2018.6.2428.

[14] Gorecki, C. Brown, J. M. Nelson, E.A. Briggs, M. Schoonhoven, L. Dealey, C. Defloor, T. & Nixon, J., [2009]. Impact of Pressure ulcers on Quality of Life in Older Patients: A Systematic Review. J A M Geriatrics. Google Scholar.

[15] Rutledge, D. A. & Bookbinder, M. (2002). Process and Outcomes of Evidence-based Practice. https://doi.org/10.1053/sonu.2002.30036.

[16] Gillespie, B.M. Walker, B. M. Latimer, S.L. Thalib, L. Whitty, J.A. Mclnnes, E. &. Chaboyer, W.P. (2020). Repositioning for Pressure Injury Prevention in Adults. Conchrane Database Systematic Review. 2(6); https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009958.

[17] Majid, S. Foo, S. Luyt, B. Zhang, X. Thang, Y. & Chang, Y., [2012]. Adopting evidence-based Practice in Clinical Decision-making: Nurses’ Perceptions Knowledge and Barriers. Journal of the Medical Library Association. 99[3]: 229-236. https://doi.org/10.3163/1536-5050.99.3.010.

[18] Gardiner, L. Lampshire, S. Biggins, A. MacMurray, A. Noake, N. VanZyl, M. Vickery, J. Woodage, T. Lodge, J & Gillespie, B.M. Walker, B. M. Latimer, S.L. Thalib, L. Whitty, J.A. Mclnnes, E. &. Chaboyer, W.P. (2020). Repositioning for Pressure Injury Prevention in Adults. Conchrane Database Systematic Review. 2(6); https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009958.

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[21] Hsieh, P. & Chen, S., [2020]. Effectiveness of an Evidence-based Practice Educational Intervention among Student Nurses. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114083.

[22] Olowosejeje, S. A., (2020). Quantifying the Challenges Associated with Poor Electricity Supply in Nigeria and the Role of a Hybrid P V System in Addressing them. https://creativecommons.org//licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Accessed 2 February 2022.

[23] Chijindu, A.C. Ezenuigbo, C. & Emeh, A.N., (2016). Evaluation of Barrier to the Implementation of Evidence-based Practice among Nurses Working at Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki. European-American Journal. https://www.eajournals.org Accessed 2 February 2022

[24] Koch, A.J. D’Mello, S.D.& Sackett, P.R., [2016]. A Meta-analysis of Gender Stereotypes and Bias in Experimental Simulations of Employment Decision Making. Journal of Applied Psychology Health and Wellbeing; 100[1]:128-61. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036734.

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[27] Chiwaula, C. H. Kanjakaya, P. Chipeta, D. Chikatpwa, A. Kalimbuka, T. Zyambo, L. Nkata, S.
& Jere, L. D., (2020). Evidence-based Nursing. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/ijans2020.100272.

[28] Hospital Management Board. (2021). Nominal roll for Nurses Delta State.

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[31] Calzon, B., (2022). How to Improve Facility Management with Healthcare Reports. datapine.com

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Abstract:

Cultural and gender factors are a major obstacles to informed discussions about sexual and reproductive health issues, particularly regarding contraception. This paper presents the findings of a cross-sectional quantitative study exploring socio-cultural and gender impacts on resilience access to and utilization of contraceptives service during the Covid-19 Pandemic by women of reproductive age in Oyo state, Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 471 users of Maternal New-borne and Child Health (MNCH) services such as postnatal and family planning that responded to 43 structured questionnaires that included socio-demographical characteristics, access, and utilization, socio-cultural and gender factors amidst Covid-19 pandemics. Of the 471 respondents, the mean age of respondents was 29.63± 3.29years, with (34.2%) within the 26-30 years age group. The findings show that of the total respondents, 59.4% required permission/consent to use contraceptive services, of which 96.1% mentioned spouses must give consent/approval for them to visit health facilities for contraceptive use. On the way that their spouses do influence, 43.5% mentioned cost, choice of methods 41.6%, and timing by 14.4%. On the respondents’ concerns/issues as a result of poor access to contraceptive information/services; 10.8% expressed unplanned pregnancy, fighting with spouses (11.3%), and poor mutual sexual relationships by 12.3% and experienced side effects by just 1.1%, while the rest 64.5% expressed no concerns/issues. Other societal influences mentioned included friends/relations, in-laws, clergy, and social class/group. The socio-cultural and gender effect included strict caution/disapproval by spouses (7.0%), carefree attitudes in society (4.0%), and fear of Covid-19 infection by 19.7%. Chi-square analysis for gender and socio-cultural revealed p=0.008 and p=0.002 on access and utilization of contraceptive services. The study therefore provides insight to the socio-cultural and gender impacts on women’s s health decision-making. This is important for public health programme designs, even in the face of any pandemic like Covid-19, towards resilience access and service utilization of contraceptive services.

References:

[1] Phillips Edomwonyi Obasohan, 2015: Religion, Ethnicity and Contraceptive Use among Reproductive age Women in Nigeria, nt J MCH AIDS. 2015; 3(1): 63–73. PMCID: PMC4948172PMID: 27621987.

[2] Godwin Akaba, Osasuyi Dirisu, Kehinde Okunade, Eseoghene Adams et al., 2020. Impact of Covid-19 on utilization of maternal, newborn and child health services in Nigeria: protocol for a country-level mixed-methods study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review].

[3] Rachel T. Lebese, 2013. Factors influencing the uptake of contraception services by Vatsonga adolescents in rural communities of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province, South Africa, page 1-6.

[4] Shola Lawal, Sophia Jones, 2020. Isolated in Rural Nigeria—and waiting for America to Vote Across much of the world—including one remote Nigerian village—the availability of family planning will largely depend on the outcome of the U.S. presidential election. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/10/14/isolated-in-rural-nigeria-and-waiting-for-america-to-vote/.

[5] Modupe Taiwo et al., 2020. Gendered Impact of Covid-19 on the Decision-Making Power of Adolescents in Northern Nigeria, Save the Children Nigeria. https://geh.ucsd.edu/gendered-impact-of-Covid19-nigeria/.

[6] Shojaaddini Ardakani, et al, 2021: Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on Women’ s Reproductive Health Components: A Narrative Review. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 9 (3). Pp. 2782-2790.

[7] WHO, 2020. Family planning/contraception methods. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception.

[8] Aishat Bukola Usman, Olubunmi Ayinde, et al, 2020. Epidemiology of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVD-19) Outbreak Cases in Oyo State, Southwest Nigeria March -April 2020. DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-29502/v1.

[9] National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF. 2019. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA A: NPC and ICF. Nigeria: DHS, 2018 - Final Report (English) - The DHS Program. https://dhsprogram.com publications publication-fr3.

[10] John Bosco Asiimwe, et al 2013. Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Contraceptive Use among Young Women in Comparison with Older Women in Uganda. ICF International Calverton, Maryland, USA.

[11] Charles Ameh, Aduragbemi Banke-Thomas, Mobolanle Balogun, Christian Chigozie Makwe, and Bosede Bukola Afolabi, 2021. Reproductive Maternal and Newborn Health Providers’ Assessment of Facility Preparedness and Its Determinants during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Lagos, Nigeria, Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Apr; 104(4): 1495–1506. Published online. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1324, PMCID: PMC8045608, PMID: 33635826.

[12] Rakhi Jain and Sumathi Muralidhar, 2012. Contraceptive Methods: Needs, Options and Utilization. Published online 2012 Feb 14. Doi: 10.1007/s13224-011-0107-7, PMCID: PMC3307935, PMID: 23204678; 61(6): 626–634.

[13] International Federation of Gyanecology and Obstetric, 2020. Covid-19 Contraception and Family Planning: Contraceptive and Family Planning services and supplies are Core components of essential health services, and access to these services is a fundamental human right. https://www.figo.org/Covid-19-contraception-family-planning.

[14] Iman Aolymat, 2021. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Impact of Covid-19 on Domestic Violence, Menstruation, Genital Tract Health, and Contraception Use among Women in Jordan, Am J Trop Med Hyg. B; 104(2): 519–525.

[15] Sorpreso ICE, et al, 2015. Sexually vulnerable women: could long-lasting reversible contraception be the solution? Rev Bras Ginecol E Obstet.; 37:395–396.

[16] Laura D. Lindberg, et al 2020. Early Impacts of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Findings from the 2020 Guttmacher Survey of Reproductive Health Experiences.

[17] Edson Santos et al, 2020. Contraception and reproductive planning during the Covid-19 pandemic. Pages 615-622 | Accepted author version
posted online, published online, Download citation https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2020.1782738.

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[20] Michelle Weinberger et al, 2020: Doing Things Differently: What It Would Take to Ensure Continued Access to Contraception During Covid-19. Global Health: Science and Practice, 8(2):169-175; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00171.

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Abstract:

The inability to afford disposable menstrual pads is a major problem in girls and women in the developing. Therefore, there is a need for low-cost options like reusable sanitary pads. Reusable sanitary pads are a cheap, effective and empowering tool for young girls who cannot afford disposable materials. A cross- sectional descriptive research design was used to determine perception and acceptability of reusable menstrual pads among secondary school girls in Ilorin, Kwara State. Data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire and a purposive sampling technique was used to select 262 respondents from the target population. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the level of significance was set at 5%. The findings of the study revealed that the majority of the respondents attain menarche at the age of 10 and 12 years. More than half of the respondents had poor perception 145 (55.3%) and poor acceptability 148 (56.5%) about reusable menstrual pads. The major reasons for non-acceptability of reusable menstrual pad were lack of awareness 72 (27.5%), stress of washing reusable menstrual pads36 (13.7%), risk of contracting infection 24 (9.2%) and inability to afford it 10 (3.8%). This study therefore recommended that menstrual health promotion campaigns and interventions should be put in place to promote positive perception and accessibility to reusable menstrual pads among young girls in the face of the Nigeria economic crisis where women and young girls constantly experience period poverty.

References:

[1] Shaikh, Z., Panda, M., & Gaur, D. (2019). Acceptability of low-priced, socially marketed sanitary napkins amongst non-users of sanitary napkins in a slum population of Delhi. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 6(4), 1754. https://www.ijcmph.com/index.php/ijcmph/article/view/4464.

[2] Patle, R. A., & Kubde, S. S. (2014). Comparative study on menstrual hygiene in rural and urban adolescent. Int J Med Sci Public Health, 3(2), 129-32.

[3] Kambala, C., Chinangwa, A., Chipeta, E., Torondel, B., & Morse, T. (2020). Acceptability of menstrual products interventions for menstrual hygiene management among women and girls in Malawi. Reproductive health, 17(1), 1-12. https://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12978-020-01045-z.

[4] Scorgie, F., Foster, J., Stadler, J., Phiri, T., Hoppenjans, L., Rees, H., & Muller, N. (2016).” Bitten by shyness”: menstrual hygiene management, sanitation, and the quest for privacy in South Africa. Medical anthropology, 35(2), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2015.1094067.

[5] UNICEF.(2013) WASH in schools empowers girls. Tools for assessing Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools. UNICEF
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[6] Lusk-Stover, O., Rop, R.,Tinsley, E., & Rabie, T. S.  (2016). Globally, periods are causing girls to be absent from school https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/globally-periods-are-causing-girls-be-absent-school.

[7] Muller, N. (2013) Menstrual Hygiene Management: Developing an Affordable Sanitary Pad PATH Technology Solutions for Global Health https://path.azureedge.net/media/documents/TS_update_san_pad.pdf.

[8] House, S., Mahon, T., & Cavill, S. (2013). Menstrual hygiene matters: a resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world. Reproductive Health Matters, 21(41), 257-259. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43288983.

[9] Kuhlmann, A. S., Henry, K., & Wall, L. L. (2017). Menstrual hygiene management in resource poor countries. Obstaarical & gynecological survey, 72(6), 356 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5482567/.

[10] Sommer, M., Caruso, B. A., Sahin, M., Calderon, T., Cavill, S., Mahon, T., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2016). A time for global action: addressing girls’ menstrual hygiene management needs in schools. PLoS medicine, 13(2), e1001962. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001962.

[11] Kaur, R., Kaur, K., & Kaur, R. (2018). Menstrual hygiene, management, and waste disposal: practices and challenges faced by girls/women of developing countries. Journal of environmental and public health, 2018. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5838436/.

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