Assessing Preparedness of Ghanaians for Future Infectious Disease Outbreaks: COVID-19 Experience
Abstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed preparedness gaps and reinforced the role of individual and household behaviours in preventing infectious disease transmission. This study assessed preparedness for future outbreaks among adults in Ghana, using lessons from the COVID-19 experience. A community-based cross-sectional mixed-method study was conducted among 1,307 adults in six districts across the Ashanti, Greater Accra, and Savannah regions, using purposive and cluster sampling. Data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, preventive practices, access to health services, and health information sources. Preparedness was measured using a composite knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) score. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, multivariate regression, and mediation analysis, while qualitative responses were examined using deductive thematic content analysis. Respondents demonstrated moderate preparedness, with preventive practices stronger than disease-specific knowledge. Reported behaviours included COVID-19 vaccination (70%), LLIN use among children (91%) and adults (87%), handwashing with soap and water (70%), rabies vaccination for dogs (94%), mask use and avoidance of sick people during outbreaks (60%), health facility visits when sick (75%) and keeping essential supplies for at least 72 hours (52%). Preparedness seemed associated with sex, residence, access to vaccines, LLINs and health facilities, and credible health information, which may have mediated socio-demographic influences. Persistent gaps included vaccine safety concerns, LLIN use, reporting of unusual health events, and access to hygiene facilities and preventive resources. Strengthening health literacy, trusted risk communication, community engagement, and equitable access to routine preventive services may improve preparedness for future infectious disease outbreaks.References:
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