Abstract:

Divorce is a legal separation of husband and wife, leaving each other free to remarry. It is also to break off a marriage legally. Marriage is a state of being legally joined as husband and wife. A family's social support is one of the major ways that family positively impacts health. Marriage is associated with physical health, psychological well-being, and low mortality. Marriage in particular has been studied in the way it affects health. Marriage is thought to protect well-being by providing companionship, emotional support, and economic security. It was also revealed that divorce has psychological and emotional effects on women. This article review discovered that divorced women and children experience more social isolation, which makes them end up producing greater feelings of loneliness, unhappiness, and lower self-esteem. Some psychological and emotional effects of divorce on women which include factors like; low appetite, reduced physical energy and strength, chest pain, severe pressure in chest difficulty in hearing, eye pain, digestive problem, lower abdomen pain, back pain headache, sleeping disturbance, worthless, suicidal attempt, decreased level of confidence, shocked, feeling of shame, feeling of sorrow in her heart, worried, anxious, irritated towards her life, suppressed problem, feeling bad, upset, feeling of miserable life, among other things as the major emotional and psychological effects of divorce on women.

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Abstract:

This paper is all about the impact and aftermath of corona virus (COVID-19) on Southern African Development Community (SADC) consumers. Major impacts as well as aftermath of COVID-19 were criticized and analyzed thoroughly to give more clarity. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research designs, and the study was a descriptive research of a survey kind of. The targeted population was SADC consumers. The sample size of 200 consumers was taken from Namibia and South Africa only among other SADC countries. Questionnaires were drafted distributed and handed to respondents. Primary data was collected by the means of interviews as well as structured questionnaires, while Secondary data was collected from journals and by the use of internet. Data were analyzed and finally presented in a form of tables and pie charts. The two hypotheses (Null and Alternative) testing were identified, which led to the explanation of the phenomena. The study concluded that coronavirus is still affecting SADC consumers but anyway it is a worldwide pandemic and therefore no one knows when it will end. It was difficult for one to determine the exact outcomes of the aftermath of corona virus as it was still skyrocketing.

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Abstract:

Tuberculosis is a public health problem in Katsina state. Previous effort to decrease the burden of TB was substantially targeted at the secondary and tertiary level of care. The new strategy calls for the decentralization of DOTS at the PHC level. This study assessed the resources for diagnosis and treatment of TB, utilization of services in PHC facilities in Katsina state. The study design was a cross-sectional descriptive study and it enrolled 225 TB patients in 32 health facilities through a multi-stage sampling technique. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data from respondents. Qualitative data were also collected using KII. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20-software package. For the qualitative aspect, content analysis was done for KII. Of the Health facilities studied 7 (28%) were diagnostic centres while 25 (72%) were treatment (intake) centres. The mean age of TB patients was 39+13 years also the mean duration since the commencement of treatment was 3 months. The mean duration time before reaching the hospital was 39 + 27 minutes. The majority (98.5%) of TB patients had easy access to a health facility. About one third (34.4%) of the health facilities had and were using a microscope. In conclusion, the study revealed that resources for TB diagnosis were not adequate in most of the health facilities. However, resources for TB treatment were sufficient. The state government should provide more support in making TB resources adequate in all facilities.

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Abstract:

Since its outbreak in late 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been ravaging the health system of most countries of the world. Although many preventive and treatment strategies have been proposed and implemented to combat the disease, these efforts seem to be insufficient, and in some cases ineffective. This is evident by the daily rising global incidence and case fatality of the COVID-19 pandemic. A situation if not mitigated early will likely crumble the global economy and tilt the world to an unprecedented global recession. This challenge demands that researchers and clinicians ask more in-depth questions about the novel coronavirus disease. Aside from age that has been confirmed to be linearly associated, what are the other possible socio-demographic and lifestyle-related risk factors that may be associated with COVID-19? What are the possible factors or comorbid conditions that may worsen clinical progression and determine the clinical outcome in confirmed COVID-19 cases? Does the pre-, peri-, or post-morbid lifestyle choices of people have an impact on COVID-19 preventive and treatment efforts? And how can we use the knowledge of the associated risk factors, comorbid conditions, and lifestyle choices of people to improve preventive efforts and clinical management of COVID-19? Answer to these questions may likely serve as an important guide for policymakers and clinicians in their design and implementation of COVID-19 targeted preventive and treatment policies and programs, especially in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). The purpose of this article is to critically review available literature and provide evidence-based recommendations.

References:

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Abstract:

Background: Malaria causes an overwhelmingly large number of cases and deaths round the globe every year. Insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) have raised a renewed interest to serve as tools for malaria control in Africa. This survey was, therefore, designed to provide information about the knowledge, attitude and experience of the community about malaria as a disease and its preventive methods, particularly acceptability, affordability and compliance to the use of insecticide treated mosquito nets, and factors influencing its possession and utilization of ITNs among Gyadi-Gyadi communities in Kano, Nigeria. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gyadi-Gyadi from March 2019 to April 2019. Data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed to obtain the frequency distribution of the variables. Results: The result shows that 341 participants responded to the questionnaire. 64.5% of the respondents had heard about the mosquito net. 45% of the respondents in the survey reported the presence of at least one mosquito net in their households. 69.2% of the participants perceived fever, headache and chilling of the body as the main symptoms of malaria. Conclusion: The utilization of mosquito nets at the time of the study was very low. However, acceptability and willingness to use ITNs for malaria prevention was very high. It is recommended that communities should be strongly sensitized on the importance of ITNs for malaria control, and the availability and affordability should be insured.

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Abstract:

Due to unprecedented threat to the economy and the quality of life caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, this study focused on cost-benefit analysis during the lockdown of COVID-19 and the health belief model of COVID-19 pandemic in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 2400 copies of the questionnaire were administered to solicit information from the respondents using systematic random sampling technique on the targeted population while 2363 copies were retrieved and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study revealed that the lockdown had negative impacts on health, economic, and social impacts. Results showed that 50.7% of the respondents spent no time going to the market and/or work during COVID-19, and this made 81.9% of them unable to gain extra gain during the lockdown as they were completely restricted for activities. The lockdown had impacts on socioeconomic activities as the prices of consumable goods increased due to the low supply. 71.8% of the respondents indicated that the government did not provide palliative measures for the households. The results further showed that everyone could be infected with COVID-19 as 86.0% of respondents indicated. 48% revealed that COVID-19 drugs were unavailable and prayers from religious leaders could not cure COVID-19. Besides, 65.5% were able to follow the basic measures put in place to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in the study area. This study concluded that necessary things should be put in place to ease the affairs of the populace before any other lockdown measure is made.

References:

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Abstract:

Globally, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a major public health problem due to its high virulence associated with communities spreading with no definitive treatment and untimely death. Various perceptions have been associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed the perception of mitigating strategies and its challenges regarding COVID-19 among residents in Ogun State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design using a multi-stage sampling technique was used to solicit information from 2400 respondents in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire from 4th to 15th October 2020. Descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. Findings of this study revealed that avoidance of social gathering (23.5%), the use of face masks (23.3%), and cleaning of hands with sanitizer (22.7) were the most common mitigation strategies adopted by the respondents in the study area, although full adherence was low. The most strategies to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 were suggested by the respondents. These strategies included regular quarantining affected person(s), practicing basic measures, and going to the hospital with 21.5%, 20.6%, and 19.7% respectively. The results also showed that going to Churches and Mosques, inconvenient time of using face masks and restriction from social gathering and clubbing during COVID-19 pandemic were the most challenges faced in the study area. This study concludes that there should be more provision of medical supplies and palliatives for individuals, health education, the enforcement of preventive measures, and free testing and treatment should receive much recognition.

References:

[1] Al-Hanawi, M. K., Angawi, K., Alshareef, N., Qattan, A.M.N., Helmy, H.Z., Abudawood, Y., Alqurashi, M., Kattan, WM., Kadasah, N.A., Chirwa, G.C., and Alsharqi, O., 2020, Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1–9 DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217.

[2] WHO 2020a, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report-51 Geneva: World Health Organization Accessed: 26 August 2020 https://covid19.who.int/.

[3] Weiner, L.P., 1987, Coronaviruses: A historical perspective. In: Corona Viruses: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology edited by Michael, M.C.L., and Stephen, A.S. (Plenum Press: New York and London), pp. 1-4.

[4] NCDC, 2020a, COVID-19 Nigeria—Nigeria centre for disease control. Accessed: 11 August 2020. https://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/.

[5] International Medical Aids-IMA, 2020, Coronavirus: What you need to know. Accessed: 21 April 2020. https://medicalaid.org/.

[6] Reaser, J.K., Clark, E.E. Jr., and Meyers, N.M., 2008, All creatures great and minute: A public policy primer for companion animal zoonoses. Zoonoses and Public Health, 55,385-401.

[7] Shakespeare, M., 2002, Zoonoses. (London, U.K.: Pharmaceutical Press, Division of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society).

[8] Zhong, B-L, Luo, W., Li, H-M., Zhang, Q-Q., Liu, X-G., Li, W-T., Li, Y., 2020, Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: A quick online cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1745–1752 DOI 10.7150/ijbs.45221.

[9] WHO, 2020b, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation report-149 Geneva: World Health Organization Accessed: 26 August 2020 https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200623-covid-19-sitrep-155.pdf?sfvrsn=ca01ebe_2.

[10] WHO, 2020c, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: World Health Organization Accessed: 25 June 2020 https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.

[11] ACDC, 2020, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Africa centre for disease control. Accessed: 25 August 2020. https://africacdc.org/%20covid-19/.

[12] Gbadamosi, B., 2020, War on COVID-19: Oyo threatens to shut markets for flouting precautionary measures—Oyo state. The Pace Setter State. Accessed: 26 June 2020. https://oyostate.gov.ng/war-on-covid-19oyo-threatens-to-shut-markets-for-flouting-precautionary-measures/.

[13] Scherbina, B., 2020, Determining the optimal duration of the COVID-19 suppression policy: A cost-benefit analysis. AEI Economics Working Paper 2020-03. American Enterprise Institute,1-28.

[14] National Population Commission, 2006, Federal Republic of Nigeria 2006 Population and Housing Census, Priority Tables, Vol. VII Abuja, Nigeria.

[15] Ogun State Population, 2020, Population of Ogun State. Accessed: 16 April 2020. http://population.city/nigeria/adm/ogun/

[16] Sample Size 2020, Online Sample Size Calculator. Accessed: 15 May 2020. http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html.

[17] Chukwuorji, J.C., Iorfa, S.K., 2020, Commentary on the coronavirus pandemic: Nigeria. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1): S188–S190 DOI 10.1037/tra0000786.

[18] Dkhar, S.A., Quansar, R., Saleem, S.M., Khan, S.M., 2020, Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID‐19 pandemic among social media users in J&K, India. Indian Journal of Public Health, 64(6), 205–210 DOI 10.4103/ijph.IJPH_469_20.

[19] Iorfa, S.K., Ottu, I.F.A., Oguntayo, R., Ayandele, O., Kolawole, S.O., Gandi, G.C., Dangiwa, A.L., Olapegba, P.O., 2020, COVID-19 knowledge, risk perception and precautionary behavior among Nigerians: A moderated mediation approach. medRxiv DOI 10.1101/2020.05.20.20104786.

[20] Ilesanmi, O., and Afolabi, A., 2020, Perception and practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in an urban community in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. PeerJ, 8: e10038 DOI 10.7717/peerj.10038.

[21] Witte, K., 1998, Fear as motivator, fear as inhibitor: using the extended parallel process model to explain fear appeal successes and failures. In: The Handbook of Communication and Emotion: Research, Theory, Applications, and Contexts edited by Andersen PA, Guerrero L.K., (San Diego: Academic), pp. 423–450.

[22] Nabi, R.L., 1999, A cognitive-functional model for the effects of discrete negative emotions on information processing, attitude change, and recall. Communication Theory, 9(3), 292–320. DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2885. 1999.tb00172. x.

[23] Ufuwa, I.S., Akpa, C.O., Umeokonkwo, C.D., Umoke, M., Oguanuo, C.S., Olorukooba, A.A., Bamgboye, E., Balogun, M.S., 2020, Knowledge and risk perception towards Lassa fever infection among residents of affected communities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria: Implications for risk communication. BMC Public Health, 20(1):1–10 DOI 10.1186/s12889-020-8299-3.

[24] Oni, B.O., 2019, Knowledge, attitude and preventive practice of senior secondary school students on Ebola Virus Disease in Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria. Texila International Journal of Public Health, 7(4), 163-172.

[25] Martins, S.O., Osiyemi, A.A., 2017, Hand
hygiene practices post Ebola virus disease outbreak in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine, 15, 16–22.

[26] Tobin, E.A., Asogun, D.A., Isah, E.C., Ugege, O.G., Ebhodaghe, P., 2013, Knowledge and practice of infection control among primary care providers in an endemic suburban community of Edo State: implications for control. Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 4,311–318.

[27] Kebede, Y., Yitayih, Y., Birhanu, Z., Mekonen, S., Ambelu, A., 2020, Knowledge, perceptions and preventive practices towards COVID-19 early in the outbreak among Jimma university medical center visitors, Southwest Ethiopia. PLOS ONE, 15(5), e0233744 DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0233744.

Abstract:

This is a critical review of an article based on the experiences of Epidemic Preparedness and Response pillars as they built resilient health systems while responding to various emerging and re-emerging adverse events. The premise of the article is to explore the need and outline advantages of resilient health systems to those responsible for health outcomes at all levels, for effective public health action amidst adverse contexts. The article may be considered as objective and unbiased due to the peer review process. The article was published in a journal that provides a forum for a broad discussion of global health issues that range from systemic violence to infectious disease outbreaks. The article has contributed to literature and provides a basis for achieving resilience, improving public health action and indicates areas for further development of the knowledge base of health systems research. However, it is suggested that the concept of responsiveness be reemphasized and paired with resilience to improve the performance of health systems.

References:

[1]. Kruk, M.E., Myers, M., Varpilah, S.T. & Dahn, B.T., 2015, What is a Resilient Health System? Lessons from Ebola. The Lancet, 385: 1910-12.

[2].   Chimusoro, A., Maphosa, S., Manangazira, P., Phiri, I., Nhende, T., Danda, S., Tapfumanei, O., Midzi, S.M. & Nabyonga-Orem, J., 2018. Responding to Cholera Outbreaks in Zimbabwe: Building Resilience over time. Current Issues in Global Health.

[3]. Mills, A., 2017, Resilient and responsive health systems in a changing world, Health Policy and Planning, Volume 32, Issue suppl_3, November 2017, Pages iii1–iii2, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czx117.

[4].   World Health Organization, 2016, Investing in Knowledge for Resilient Health Systems: Strategic Plan 2016-2020.

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204806/WHO_HIS_HSR_16.1_eng.pdf?s.

[5].   Witter, S and Hunter, B., 2017, Resilience of health systems during and after crises – what does it mean and how can it be enhanced? Health systems during and after crisis: evidence for better policy and practice: Brief 1: Rebuild Consortium. https://rebuildconsortium.com/media/1535/rebuild_briefing_1_june_17_resilience.

[6].   Olu O., 2017, Resilient Health System as Conceptual Framework for Strengthening Public Health Disaster Risk Management: An African Viewpoint. Frontiers in public health, 5, 263. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00263.

[7].   Fridell, M., Edwin, S., von Schreeb, J., & Saulnier, D. D, 2020, Health System Resilience: What Are We Talking About? A Scoping Review Mapping Characteristics and Keywords. International journal of health policy and management, 9(1), 6–16 https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.71.

[8]. Biddle, L, Wahedi, K, Bozorgmehr, K., 2020, Health system resilience: a literature review of empirical research, Health Policy and Planning, Volume 35, Issue 8, pages 1084–1109, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa03.

[9].   Darby, C, Valentine, N, Murray, C.J.L. & De Silva, A., 2000, World Health Organization: Strategy on Measuring Responsiveness. GPE Discussion Paper Series No. 23. EIP/GPE/FAR W.H.O. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268295796_World_Health_Organization_WHO_Strategy_on_Measuring_Responsiveness.

[10].         Mirzoev T, Kane S, 2017, What is health systems responsiveness? Review of existing knowledge and proposed conceptual framework. BMJ Glob Health. 2017;2: e000486. doi:10.1136/ bmjgh-2017-000486.

[11].         Kruk ME, Ling EJ, Bitton A, Cammett M, Cavanaugh K, Chopra M, et al., 2017, Building resilient health systems: a proposal for a resilience index. Biomedical Journal BMJ; 23:357–j2323.

[12].         Nuzzo, J.B., Meyer, D., Snyder, M. et al., 2019, What makes health systems resilient against
infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards? Results from a scoping review. BMC Public Health 19, 1310 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7707-z.

[13].  USAID, 2019, From Fragile to Resilient Health Systems: A Journey to Self-Reliance.

https://www.usaid.gov/documents/1864/fragile-resilient-health-systems-journey-self-reliance.

[14].  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2015, Climate Change and Food Security: Risks and Responses. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5188e.pdf.

[15].  Gilson L, Barasa E, Nxumalo N, et al., 2017, Everyday resilience in district health systems: emerging insights from the front lines in Kenya and South Africa. BMJ Global Health; 2: e000224.

Abstract:

Without access to life-saving drugs, including antiretroviral, about one-third of HIV exposed infants (HEI) will die by age 1 year and 50% by age 2 years. A 75% reduction in disease progression and 76% reduction in HIV mortality in infants has been attributed to early diagnosis of HIV and early commencement on ART. Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV aids timely commencement on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Several challenges have been identified with the current process. Point of care (POC) technologies are recommended as a veritable means of addressing these challenges and improving EID uptake. With the aim of assessing the standard of care and the acceptability of POC for the provision of EID. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted across eight healthcare facilities in Nigeria. The survey was conducted among 72 healthcare workers using self-administered questionnaire; with a recovery rate of 61(84.7%). Analysis of participants’ responses indicate that 100% of the respondents believes there is a need for EID. Most respondent reported an average turnaround time (TAT) of 3-4 weeks (35.8%) and >6 weeks (34.0%). Most respondents identified distance to the PCR laboratories (45.7%) and long TAT (34.8%) as key issues affecting the conduct of EID. On the benefit of POC for EID; 90.2% of respondent believe it is beneficial; while 81.5% of respondent believe that with the introduction and use of POC for EID there will be an increase in EID uptake. The POC is a viable and acceptable alternative for EID to increase uptake.

References:

[1] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Global Programme on AIDS, 1988. WHO Report Breastfeeding, breast milk and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Statement from the Consultation held in Geneva, 23-25 June, 1987. AIDS Action, (5), 1–2. Date of Access: 05/05/2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12281628/.

[2] UNAIDS Data 2019. Date of Access: 06/05/2020 https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2019-UNAIDS-data_en.pdf.

[3] WORLD HEALTH ORGASNIZATION, 2011. The interagency task team on the prevention and treatment of HIV infection in pregnant women, mothers and children (IATT) Annual meeting report (2-3 May 2011), Geneva, Switzerland). Date of Access: 01/03/2020.

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44637/9789241501927_eng.pdf;jsessionid=92F8E333FD82CE0F5BE7461D59C7F1C7?sequence=1.

[4] Anisa Ghadrshenas, Yanis B. Amor, Joy Chang, Helen Dale. et. al. 2013. Improved access to early infant diagnosis is a critical part of a child-centric prevention of mother-to-child transmission agenda. AIDS 2013, 27 (Suppl. 2): S197–S205. Date of Access: 13/03/2020

https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2013/11002/Improved_access_to_early_infant_diagnosis_is_a.8.aspx.

[5] Carlucci, J. G., Liu, Y., Friedman, H., Pelayo, B. E., Robelin, K., Sheldon, E. K., Clouse, K., & Vermund, S. H. 2018. Attrition of HIV-exposed infants from early infant diagnosis services in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 21(11), e25209. Date of Access: 15/5/2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25209.

[6] Udochisom C. Anaba, Nadia A. Sam-Agudu, Habib O. Ramadhani, Nguavese Torbunde, Alash’le Abimiku, Patrick Dakum, Sani H. Aliyu, Manhattan Charurat, 2019. Missed opportunities for early infant diagnosis of HIV in rural North-Central Nigeria: A cascade analysis from the INSPIRE MoMent study. PLoS ONE. Date of Access: 15/5/2020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220616.

[7] Isah HO, Ogum E, Cornelius LJ, Okundaye JN, Galadanci H, Charurat ME, et al. 2014. The MoMent Study: Client‐ and Community‐Level Barriers to PMTCT Access and Uptake in Rural North‐Central Nigeria. 8th INTEREST (International Workshop on HIV Treatment, Pathogenesis, and Prevention Research in Resource-Poor Settings) Workshop; Lusaka, Zambia. p. 45. Date of Access: 15/5/2020. http://regist2.virology-education.com/abstractbook/2014_3.pdf.

[8] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) The treatment 2.0 framework for action: catalysing the next phase of treatment, care and support. (2011). The World Health Organization (WHO) publication 2011. Date of Access: 03/05/2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44640/9789241501934_eng.pdf;jsessionid=01FAF23E05BA02AA84E195D24277E22D?sequence=1.

[9] Schito M, Peter TF, Cavanaugh S, Piatek AS, Young GJ, Alexander H, Coggin W, Domingo GJ, Ellenberger D, Ermantraut E, Jani IV, Katamba A, Palamountain KM, Essajee S, Dowdy DW. 2012. Opportunities and challenges for cost-efficient implementation of new point-of-care diagnostics for HIV and tuberculosis. J Infect Dis. 2012 May 15; 205 Suppl 2(): S169-80. Date of Access: 29/06/2020. https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/205/suppl_2/S169/805866.

[10] Urdea M, Penny LA, Olmsted SS, Giovanni MY, Kaspar P, Shepherd A, Wilson P, Dahl CA, Buchsbaum S, Moeller G, Hay Burgess DC, 2006. Requirements for high impact diagnostics in the developing world. Nature. 2006 Nov 23; 444 Suppl 1():73-9. Date of Access: 29/06/2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature05448.

[11] Burgess DCH, Wasserman J, Dahl CA, Girosi F, Olmsted SS, Keeler EB, et al. 2007. Estimating the Global Health Impact of Improved Diagnostic Tools for the Developing World. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation; 2007. Date of Access: 29/06/2020. http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9293.html.

[12] Jani IV, Meggi B, Loquiha O, et al. Effect of point-of-care early infant diagnosis on antiretroviral therapy initiation and retention of patients. AIDS. 2018;32(11):1453‐1463. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001846.

[13] Flavia Bianchi, Jennifer Cohn, Emma Sacks, Rebecca Bailey, Jean-Francois Lemaire and Rhoderick Machekano. 2019. Evaluation of a routine
 point-of-care intervention for early infant diagnosis of HIV: an observational study in eight African countries. The Lancet HIV Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2019, Pages e373-e38. Date Accessed: 15/5/2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30033-5.

[14] Pharr, Jennifer R., Obiefune, Michael C.; Ezeanolue, Chinenye O.; Osuji, Alice; Ogidi, Amaka G.; Gbadamosi, Semiu, Patel, Dina, Iwelunmor, Juliet; Yang, Wei; Ogedegbe, Gbenga; Ehiri, John E.; Sam-Agudu, Nadia A.; Ezeanolue, Echezona E. 2016. Linkage to Care, Early Infant Diagnosis, and Perinatal Transmission Among Infants Born to HIV-Infected Nigerian Mothers: Evidence from the Healthy Beginning Initiative, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes: August 1, 2016 - Volume 72 - Issue - p S154-S160. Date of Access: 5/04/2020.https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001051.

Abstract:

The timely commencement of treatment within the first 12 weeks of life in children reduces the HIV disease progression by 75% and mortality by 76%. For all children infected with HIV to receive essential treatment and care, few things are more important than early and accurate HIV diagnosis. Traditional methods of providing Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) have been bedeviled with several challenges. Point of Care (POC) testing for EID has been recommended as a game-changer. A field evaluation was conducted across 6 healthcare facilities between February 2017 and August 2018 to determine the accuracy and operational feasibility of POC testing for EID in Nigeria. The conceptual framework rides on the WHO SDI ASSURED criteria. Participants were infants aged between 4 weeks and 18 months born to HIV-positive mothers and visiting the clinic for the first time for EID. Results obtained from the POC was compared with the Standard of Care (SOC) to determine accuracy and feasibility. A total of 245 participants took part in the study, with 76% visiting the clinic for EID within 2 months of life. The average turnaround time for EID test using the SOC was 67 days. Analysis of the 10.4% error rate indicate significant correlation by personnel (r= 0.01122, P=0.841706). An average concordance percentage of 99.6%, sensitivity of 91.7% and specificity of 100.0% was observed. Operator’s assessment indicates that the equipment is very good and acceptable. The POC testing for EID is acceptable, rapid, and robust; hence, viable for use in Nigeria.

References:

[1] AVERT: Global HIV and AIDS Statistics. (February, 2020). Date of Access: 5/04/2020 https://www.avert.org/global-hiv-and-aids-statisticsUpdated.

[2] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Global Programme on AIDS, 1988. WHO report Breastfeeding, breast milk and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Statement from the Consultation held in Geneva, 23-25 June, 1987: AIDS Action, (5), 1–2: Date of Access: 05/05/2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12281628/.

[3] UNAIDS Data 2019. Date of Access: 06/05/2020 https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2019-UNAIDS-data_en.pdf.

[4] Anisa Ghadrshenas, Yanis B. Amor, Joy Chang, Helen Dale. et al. (2013). Improved access to early infant diagnosis is a critical part of a child-centric prevention of mother-to-child transmission agenda. AIDS 2013, 27 (Suppl. 2): S197–S205. Date of Access: 15/5/2020 https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2013/11002/Improved_access_to_early_infant_diagnosis_is_a.8.aspx.

[5] Carlucci, J. G., Liu, Y., Friedman, H., Pelayo, B. E., Robelin, K., Sheldon, E. K., Clouse, K., & Vermund, S. H. 2018. Attrition of HIV-exposed infants from early infant diagnosis services in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 21(11), e25209. Date of Access: 15/5/2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25209.

[6] Udochisom C. Anaba, Nadia A. Sam-Agudu, Habib O. Ramadhani, Nguavese Torbunde, Alash’le Abimiku, Patrick Dakum, Sani H. Aliyu, Manhattan Charurat, 2019. Missed opportunities for early infant diagnosis of HIV in rural North-Central Nigeria: A cascade analysis from the INSPIRE MoMent study. PLoS ONE. Date of Access: 15/5/2020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220616.

[7] Isah HO, Ogum E, Cornelius LJ, Okundaye JN, Galadanci H, Charurat ME, et al. 2014. The MoMent Study: Client‐ and Community‐Level Barriers to PMTCT Access and Uptake in Rural North‐Central Nigeria. 8th INTEREST (International Workshop on HIV Treatment, Pathogenesis, and Prevention Research in Resource-Poor Settings) Workshop; Lusaka, Zambia. p. 45. Date of Access: 15/5/2020. http://regist2.virology-education.com/abstractbook/2014_3.pdf.

[8] Leroy, V., Malateste, K., Rabie, H., Lumbiganon, P., Ayaya, S., Dicko, F., Davies, M. A., Kariminia, A., Wools-Kaloustian, K., Aka, E., Phiri, S., Aurpibul, L., Yiannoutsos, C., Signaté-Sy, H., Mofenson, L., Dabis, F., & International IeDEA Pediatric Working Group1 (2013). Outcomes of antiretroviral therapy in children in Asia and Africa: a comparative analysis of the IeDEA pediatric multiregional collaboration. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 62(2), 208–219. Date of Access: 14/04/2020 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31827b70bf.

[9] Hsiao N-y, Dunning L, Kroon M, Myer L. 2016. Laboratory Evaluation of the Alere q Point-of-Care System for Early Infant HIV Diagnosis. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0152672. Date of Access: 5/04/2020 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152672.

[10] Dunning, L., Kroon, M., Hsiao, N. Y., & Myer, L. 2017. Field evaluation of HIV point-of-care testing for early infant diagnosis in Cape Town, South Africa. PLoS ONE, 12(12), e0189226. Date of Access: 5/04/2020. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189226.

[11] WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). (WHO). July 2017. Novel Point-of-Care Tools for Early Infant Diagnosis of HIV. Date of Access: 5/04/2020. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/255857/WHO-HIV-2017.16-eng.pdf?sequence=1.

[12] Peeling R W, Holmes K K, Mabey D, et al. 2006. Rapid tests for sexually transmitted infections (STIs): the way forward Sex Transm Infect 2006 82: v1-v6. doi: 10.1136/sti.2006.024265. Date Accessed 6/05/2014. https://www.who.int/tdr/publications/journal-supplements/sti-way-forward/en/.

[13] Pharr, Jennifer R., Obiefune, Michael C.; Ezeanolue, Chinenye O.; Osuji, Alice; Ogidi, Amaka
G.; Gbadamosi, Semiu, Patel, Dina, Iwelunmor, Juliet; Yang, Wei; Ogedegbe, Gbenga; Ehiri, John E; Sam-Agudu, Nadia A.; Ezeanolue, Echezona E. 2016. Linkage to Care, Early Infant Diagnosis, and Perinatal Transmission Among Infants Born to HIV-Infected Nigerian Mothers: Evidence from the Healthy Beginning Initiative, JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes: August 1, 2016 - Volume 72 - Issue - p S154-S160. Date of Access: 5/04/2020.

https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001051.

[14] Aliyu, M. H., Blevins, M., Megazzini, K. M., Audet, C. M., Dunlap, J., Sodangi, I. S., Gebi, U. I., Shepherd, B. E., Wester, C. W., & Vermund, S. H. 2014. Correlates of suboptimal entry into early infant diagnosis in rural north central Nigeria. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 67(1), e19–e26. Date of Access: 5/04/2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000215.

[15] Simmonds, F.M., Cohn, J.E., Mafaune, H.W. et al. Task shifting for point-of-care early infant diagnosis: a comparison of the quality of testing between nurses and laboratory personnel in Zimbabwe. Hum Resour Health 18, 4 (2020). Date of Access: 05/05/2020 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-0449-2.

Abstract:

Breast self-examination (BSE) is a preventive tool for early identification of breast changes and abnormalities. This study was aimed at assessing breast self-examination knowledge and practice among female secondary students in Delta State, Nigeria. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among female senior secondary school students from selected public schools in Delta State, Nigeria. This study utilized a self-administered 59-item validated questionnaire for data collection from 216 consenting female students who volunteered to take part in the study. The knowledge and practice of breast self-examination were measured on 33 and 18 points reference scales, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Frequency, mean, standard deviation and correlation analysis were reported. All statistical tests were at 5% level of significance.

The mean age of the respondents was 15.5± 1.11 years. The mean score for knowledge of BSE was 5.8±3.8 while the mean score for BSE practice was 7.3±2.1. Correlation analysis showed no significant relationship between knowledge and practice of BSE (p=0.095, R= 0.114). The overall knowledge and practice of BSE was very poor. This calls for the need to improve breast self-examination advocacy among the adolescents; training and intervention programs to improve their knowledge as well as the regular practice of BSE.

References:

[1] World Health Organization. (2020). Breast Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/diagnosis-screening/breast-cancer/en/.

[2] World Health Organization. (2020). Adolescent Health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/southeastasia/health-topics/adolescent-health.

[3] Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. (2018). what is Breast Cancer Screening Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/screening.html.

[4] Sani, A .M, & Yau, S.L. (2018). Relationship between knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among female workers in Sokoto, Nigeria. Obstetric and Gynecological International Journal. 9(3), 157‒162. https//doi.org/ 10.15406/ogij.2018.09.00323.

[5] Takkar, N., Kochhar, S., Garg P, Pandey, A. K., Dalal, U.R, & Handa, U. (2017). Screening methods (clinical breast examination and mammography) to detect breast cancer in women aged 40–49 years. Journal of Mid-life Health, 8 (1), 2-10. Retrieved from http://www.jmidlifehealth.org/text.asp?2017/8/1/2/201966.

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Abstract:

Unintended pregnancy among the adolescent globally is very high. It poses serious health risk to them and must be addressed to save the young girls. The adolescent females are mostly in unstable relations and are most unlikely to be on regular contraceptives. Sex among them is sporadic and impromptu, hence they are unable to negotiate for safer sex, which sometimes results in unintended pregnancy. Emergency contraceptives remain the only option to prevent unintended pregnancies after unprotected sex. This study, therefore, sought to determine the factors that promote EC utilization among the Muslim youth in the Tamale metropolis of the Northern region of Ghana. A community-based cross-sectional design was adopted with a mixed method approach to collect both quantitative and qualitative data using a semi-structured questionnaire and FGD guide. A multi-staged sampling technique was used to select young Muslims, both males and females aged 15-24 years. Associated factors influencing EC use were determined using Chi-square (Chi²) and logistic regression at 95% CI and significant level set at p<0.05. Socio-demographics and socio-cultural factors influencing knowledge and utilization of EC among young Muslims were; age (OR = 22.28; 95% CI 2.97-171.85; p=0.001), marital status (OR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.34-0.93; p=0.030), education (OR = 0.19; 95% CI 0.05-0.66; p<0.001), and partner approval (OR=0.23; 95% CI 0.06-0.83; p = 0.020). Significant factors that determined EC utilization were age, educational level, marital status, and partner approval.

References:

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Abstract:

Ethiopia has made a great effort in recent years to improve maternal, newborn, child health outcomes, however, the uptake of services in Somali Region of the country is still very low. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey using qualitative methods, and the participants were key individuals involved in the management of health systems and knowledgeable about on health service delivery in the study sites. The study aimed to explore the budgeting process at the woreda (district) level and its effect on the utilization of equitable quality health services in the region. The woreda health officers determined what is included in the budget of the health facilities without active participation of stakeholders such as health care providers or the community members. Their knowledge and understanding of the planning and budgeting processes varied and little or no support available to them. This suboptimal budgeting process impacts negatively on the quality of health care services being provided, with shortages of essential drugs identified as a major barrier affecting utilization. The need for better budgeting process at the woreda level which could perhaps involve a range of regional level, woreda level and citizen level measures and active participation. This include the implementation of clearer guidelines from regional level, maybe the introduction of standard formulae that ensures that each health centre receives certain percent of overall health budget and specific percentage to be allocated for drugs and supplies and other essential services instead of each woreda official deciding on how much is to allocated arbitrarily.

References:

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Abstract:

More than 98% of urban centres exceeding 100,000 people in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), do not meet the WHO air quality limits. Data on air pollution from LMICs is scarce. We measured the mean concentrations of near-road PM2.5 in the period of Aug.-Dec. 2020, described the Mukono Municipality’s near-road populations’ exposure to PM2.5, and assessed the associated health risk. PurpleAir PA-II laser particle counters, measured near-road ambient air PM2.5 concentration in Mukono Municipality during the period of 09/1/20 to 12/04/20. Excel Toolpak was used for data analysis and the health risk assessed with the WHO AirQ+ tool. The mean ambient near–road PM2.5 in Mukono Municipality were 30.97, 33.84 and 47.74 ug/m3for background, near-unpaved and near-paved roads, respectively. Mukono Municipality’s population was exposed to ambient PM2.5 concentrations higher than the WHO annual limit of 10 ug/m3. This level of air pollution is associated with preventable annual premature deaths of up to 133.11 per 100,000 population. Vehicles were assumed to be the predominant source of near-road ambient air PM2.5 pollution. The Municipality’s population was exposed to near-road ambient air PM2.5 exceeding the WHO annual limit by as much as *4.7 for the paved roads, *3.3 for the unpaved roads and *3 for the background. This leads to increased risk of preventable premature deaths in the Municipality.Mukono Municipality could monitor PM2.5; guide developers to placebuildings more than 100 meters away from roadsides and should promotepolicies for newer vehicles on Ugandan roads.

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Abstract:

Adolescent females are prone to unintended pregnancies due to the sporadic and impromptu sexual intercourse. Under such circumstances, they are unable to negotiate for safer sex. Emergency contraceptives is vital in the prevention of unintended pregnancies in such situations, but religious communities are perceived to resist modern contrasceptive. This study sought to assess the perspective of the Islamic clergy on the use EC for the prevention of pregnancy among young the people in the Tamale metropolis of the Northern Region of Ghana. A qualitative cross-sectional approach was used for this study. An in-depth interview was conducted involving a total of three clerics, one from each religious sect of the study area to assess their knowledge of EC and perspective on its use among the youth. 2 out of the 3 clerics demonstrated good knowledge of EC, including situations in which it is used and the correct time for use. They were unanimous in the use of family planning methods for birth control but indicated that it is the sole preserve of the married. They contended that the hormonal forms including EC are forbidden in Islam but in situations of forced sex; they had no objection to its use. Overall EC knowledge and awareness level among the clerics was high but strongly opposed the use of it for pregnancy prevention in general but raised no objection to its use in situations of forced sex or incest since they opined it is no fault of the victim under such circumstances.

References:

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Abstract:

Positive Health, Dignity, and Prevention (PHDP) is a term for HIV prevention interventions with people living with HIV. Negative attitudes toward HIV medications may restrict utilization of antiretroviral therapy. Young adults with HIV are less likely to be adherent to ART. We investigated the effectiveness of mobile Positive Health Dignity and Prevention messages on the attitudes of HIV positive young adults (18-30 years) enrolled in care in the ART comprehensive sites in Yola, Nigeria. This was a randomized controlled trials study consisting of 371 young people living with HIV enrolled into antiretroviral treatment (ART) in 6 comprehensive sites in Yola. In addition to the routine care received during ART refill, the intervention group (186) received a total of 48 daily mobile PHDP text messages for the duration of 48 days while the control group (185) also received 48 daily mobile personal hygiene text messages for the duration of 48 days as placebo. A pre- validated structured questionnaire was used for data collected. Data was collected at baseline, two, four and six months respectively. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Test of significance was at α level 0.05. Mean ± SD attitude scores at baseline and 6-month follow-up were 38.46±4.657 and 40.04±4.943 respectively in the intervention group. The control group had mean ± SD attitude score of 35.92±4.677 at baseline and 35.88±4.704 at 6-month follow-up period. A repeated measures ANOVA with a Greenhouse-Geisser correction showed a significant increase in the mean attitude scores from based line to 6 months follow up differed statistically significantly between the time points (F _{(1.162, 210.381)} = 155.479 p<0.001) in intervention group. The repeated ANOVA measures for the control group from baseline to 6 months follow up did not show a statistical difference between the time points (F _{(1.906, 343.144)} = 0.950 p=0.384), and indicate no statistically significance was seen. Mobile positive health dignity and prevention text messages were effective in improving the attitude of young PLWHA towards ART in Nigeria.

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Abstract:

According to World Health Organisation, one person needs 20 litres of water per day for physiological and domestic purposes. However, in some places people received little or no water at all. This was the case of Chazanga compound where some households experienced erratic water supply daily. Erratic water supply resulted in people drawing water from shallow wells which were usually contaminated. Consumption of contaminated water led to diarrhoeal diseases. This prompted for research to be conducted in Chazanga compound. The main objective was to establish the factors contributing to erratic water supply in Chazanga compound. A questionnaire was administered to 397 households. The generated data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The results revealed that the problem of erratic water supply was real in Chazanga Compound. The other factors were poor management by the water supplier, high demand due to population growth and high cost of water. Erratic water supply in Chazanga made residents resort to drawing water from shallow wells, resulting in the increase in diarrhoea cases. The study further revealed that to avert the erratic water supply, the supplier needed to repair all leaking water distribution pipes, sink more boreholes and erect a bigger water reservoir. The other recommendations were to fit bigger distribution pipes, construct more communal taps, and improve the management of water supply by the water suppliers. The purpose of this research was to have an improved supply of safe and adequate water in Chazanga compound.

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Abstract:

This study on appraisal of nature of capacity building programs of HIV/AIDS supply chain workforce in Nigeria involved cross-sectional observational design. A pre-tested self-completion structured questionnaire was administered to 422 participants drawn from HIV/AIDS supply chain workforce. The survey had a response rate of 396(93.8%). The reliability statistics showed the questionnaire is reliable for nature of capacity building programs, Cronbach alpha (α = 0.886). On-the-job training was the most predominant capacity building approach, while task shifting and fellowship program were the least used. The study revealed nature of capacity building of HIV/AIDS supply chain workforce comprised of on-the-job training, short courses, residential training, field-based, work-based, in-service, pre-service and e-learning trainings as leading strategies and excellent in strengthening HIV/AIDS supply chain workforce capacity, mean ± standard deviation score (3.774 ± 0.9882) on a Likert scale of 1-5 (5-point scale). Others included collaboration, university-based model, mentorship, task shifting and fellowship program. Inferential statistics revealed that Managers and Directors with postgraduate qualification have more benefit from the capacity building programs (p<0.05). Whilst age, sex and years of experience have no effect on the capacity building programs of HIV/AIDS supply chain workforce (p>0.05). Chi-square statistic revealed that nature of capacity building program is a significant factor of HIV/AIDS supply chain workforce capacity (p<0.05). Effective capacity building programs are central to the improvement of HIV/AIDS supply chain systems and responsiveness.

References:

[1] Goldberg, J. and Bryant, M. (2012). Country ownership and capacity building: the next buzzwords in health systems strengthening or a truly new approach to development? BMC Public Health, 12:531-539.

[2] Matovu, J. K. B., Rhoda, K., Wanyenze, Susan Mawemuko, Olico Okui, William Bazeyo and David Serwadda (2013). Strengthening health workforce capacity through work-based training; BMC International Health and Human Rights, 13:8.

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Abstract:

Background: Vaccination against childhood communicable diseases through Expanded Program on Immunization is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. Additional 1.5 million child deaths can be prevented if global vaccination coverage is improved. Mewat district has one of India’s lowest immunization rates despite a long-standing Universal Immunization Program and continues to sustain a high prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases. This study investigates determinants of immunization status among children aged 0-23 months. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to June 2020, among 800 children aged 0-23months, randomly selected in one rural and one urban ward each from all 4 blocks of Mewat. Socio-demographic conditions and vaccine-related data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Immunization was assessed by vaccination card and by mother’s recall where the card was unavailable. Results: Mewat has increased full immunization coverage from 13.1% in 2015-16 to 59.4%. Immunization card was available with 68.5% (292/426) beneficiaries. Dropout rates for Pentavalent1 to Pentavalent3 was 27.5% and 54% for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin to measles. After adjusting for the state of residence, religion, gender, paternal education, health professional presence during birth, place of vaccination and knowledge of mother on due dose were significantly associated with full immunization. Awareness gap and fear of side effects for vaccines were main reasons of vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion: Full immunization coverage in the district is sub optimal and behind the desired coverage goal, mainly due to vaccine hesitancy. Enhancing community knowledge about the benefits of vaccination is recommended.

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Abstract:

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) is very imperative in achieving successful treatment outcome and decreased risk of HIV transmission to uninfected people. This is a randomized controlled trial study conducted in Adamawa State, Nigeria. 244 patients were randomized to intervention or control group. Data obtained from the study was analyzed using SPSS Version 21. Frequencies distributions, descriptive statistics were presented, Inferential statistics such as Pearson Chi square, McNemar’s test, Paired T test, correlation and repeated measures ANOVA were used to measure the strength of associations and relationships between the various variables and probability of statistically significant level set < 0.05 at 95% Confidence interval. The response rates in the intervention and control groups were 99% and 96.7% at 3 months; 97.5% and 92.6% at 6 months, respectively. Individual socio-demographic characteristics were not found to be associated with adherence levels in this study. At six months follow up the proportion of the respondents who had good adherence (>95%) was higher (89.1%) and statistically significant (p= 0.001) in the intervention group compared to control group (63.1%) and (p= 0.617). A significantly higher frequency in missed clinic appointments (7.98 vs 1.68) (p=0.024) was noticed in the control group, and a statistically significant increase in the proportion of participants who reported an increase in weight (p=0.001), CD4 cells counts (p=0.001) and decrease in the presence of tuberculosis and other opportunistic infections were observed among patients in the intervention group.

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