Abstract:

Job satisfaction is vitally necessary in the daily life of the workforce, and the essential elements, materials and mechanism that drives job satisfaction demand great attention. At present, the situation of healthcare workers in the employment of Ogun State Hospitals Management Board, Nigeria, seems to be less satisfied with the policies of the healthcare institutions. The study examined job satisfaction and the quality of healthcare delivery in Ogun State Hospitals Management Board (HMB) in Nigeria. This study adopted a cross-sectional design method and was conducted among the healthcare professionals in the study area. A total of 729 copies of a well-structured questionnaire were administered using a multi-staged sampling technique to obtain information from all the available healthcare professionals in the study area. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings of this study revealed that 12.5 % of healthcare professionals in Ogun State Hospitals strongly agreed, 21.9% moderately, and 32% slightly agreed with the level of satisfaction of the leadership and management styles. 25.7% of the healthcare professionals disagreed (7.4% strongly, 4.0% moderately and 14.3% slightly) that they would recommend employment in the study area. The results further revealed that 47.9% of healthcare workers had a low level of job satisfaction that could lead to many factors. In addendum, 43.6% of the respondents believed that the healthcare delivery was not low but with moderate quality. The study concluded that majority of the healthcare workers had low level of job satisfaction. The quality of healthcare delivery is of medium quality. Finally, this study recommends that there should be an establishment of health and life insurance for health workers; improved health infrastructures; conducive work environment and working conditions; job security; regular and continuous training of healthcare professionals; and attractive rewards and compensation.

References:

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[5] Mulugeta, M.M., and Ayele, G.B., 2015, Factors associated to job satisfaction among healthcare workers at public hospitals of West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(2), 161-167.

[6] Liu, J.A., and Qi, W.Z., 2010, Job satisfaction and its modeling among township health center employees: a quantitative study in poor rural China. BMC Health Serv Res., 10,115. Doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-10-115.

[7] Ayele, G., Negga, B., Gudina, E.A., and Yadeta, D., 2015, Job satisfaction and associated factors among health care providers at public health institutions in Harari region, eastern Ethiopia: a cross‑sectional study. BMC Res Notes, 8, 1-7. DOI 10.1186/s13104-015-1368-5.

[8] Ayamolowo, S.J., Irinloye, O., and Oladoyin, M.O., 2013, Job Satisfaction and Work Environment of Primary Health Care Nurses in Ekiti State, Nigeria: An Exploratory Study. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 6 (3), 531-542.

[9] Raja, M.A., and Faraz, A.W., 2013, Factors influencing job satisfaction in public healthcare sector of Pakistan. Global Journal of Management and Business Research Administration and Management, 13(8), 60-66.

[10] Adeniran, A.A., Oluwole, E.O., and Ojo, O.Y., 2021, Job satisfaction and intention of primary health care workers to leave: A cross-sectional study in local government area in Lagos, Nigeria. Global Journal of Health Science, 13(4),138. DOI:10.5539/gjhs.v13n4p138-149.

[11] Okeke, H.C., Bassey, P., Oduwole, O.A., and Adindu, A., 2020, Client characteristics and satisfaction with the quality of primary health-care services in Calabar, Nigeria. Calabar Journal of Health Sciences, 3(1), 1-8.

[12] Goodman, O.O., Aderibigbe, S.A., Sekoni, O.O., Olatona, F.A., and Kuyinu, Y.A., 2016, Effect of health workers sensitization on satisfaction with immunization services among mothers of under-fives in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. Res. J. of Health Sci., 4(4), 304-315. DOI: 10.4314/rejhs.v4i4.6.

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[15] Salami, A.A., Olanrewaju, R.M., and Tilakasiri, S.L., 2016, Perception and awareness of climate change in Osogbo Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of World Development Studies, 2(2), 111-127.

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[17] Ghazali, S.S., Shah, I.A., Zaidi, S.A., and Tahir, M.H., 2007, Job satisfaction among doctors working at the teaching hospital of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 19(3), 42-5. Retrieved from

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[19] Kalamawei, I., Abeki, S., and Dienye, P.O., 2016, Determination of factors that influence job satisfaction among health workers in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Hospital Administration, 5(2), 6-14. https://doi.org/10.5430/jha.v5n2p6.

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Abstract:

The desire to control Covid 19 pandemic has continued to exist in the Mbala district of Zambia, with the latest trend showing a significant increase in a number of people testing positive, with a corresponding increase in vaccines (AZ, JJ) hesitancy resulting in a low (2.8 %) vaccination rate in the district. Thus, the need to probe further on covert factors under acceptability (myths, AEFs) and accessibility (vaccines availability, adequacy of vaccination sites) that could be reducing Covid 19 vaccine uptake in Mbala district. The study used a cross-sectional survey, a mixed (quantitative & qualitative) method in eliciting information from data sources covering a period of six months (April – September 2021). In all, 341 research respondents were interviewed through self-administered questionnaires. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression under SPSS v16. Study findings provide sufficient evidence that high myth (89.8%) reduced acceptability levels, while a low number of vaccination sites (59%) reduced accessibility, resulting in a low uptake rate in Mbala district. Therefore, the study recommended; building up of well-financed District Covid 19 task forces with educational aims on acceptability and accessibility, Governments to introduce specific funding lines for Covid 19 vaccination campaign and enshrine it into monthly grants for routine-outreach Covid 19 vaccination services, and Local Governments through the directorate of Public Health to introduce by-laws on mandatory Covid 19 vaccination passports for the public. With proper implementation of all these study recommendations, Covid 19 vaccination coverage rates can increase drastically across all districts of northern Zambia.

References:

[1] Mbala HIMS. (2021). District Health Information Management System. Mbala district health office.

[2] Luca Steardo, Luca Steardo Jr. Et al. (2020). Neuroinfection may contribute to the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of COVID‐19: PMC, Public Health Emergency. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2020 Apr 11: e13473. Doi: 10.1111/apha.13473 [Epub ahead of print].

[3] Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, et al. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine: NEJMoa2002032-NEJMoa. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa2002032.

[4] Chen N, Zhou M, et al. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet. 2020; 395 (10223):507.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32007143/.

[5] Wang D, Hu B, et al. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA: 323(11):1061. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7042881/.

[6] David J Cennimo. (2021). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Clinical Presentation: Infectious Diseases. Medscape.

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500114-clinical.

[7] Chirumbolo. S. (2021). Vaccination hesitancy and the “myth” on mRNA-based vaccines in Italy in the COVID-19 era: Does urgency meet major safety criteria? Journal of Medical Virology. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26922.

[8] Melissa Couto Zuber. (2021). How J&J and AstraZeneca differ from the mRNA vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna. The Canadian Press. https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/how-j-j-and-astrazeneca-differ-from-the-mrna-vaccines-from-pfizer-and-moderna-1.1589765.

[9] Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, et al. (2020). The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Annals of internal medicine.

https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/m20-0504.

[10] Amanna I, Slifka MK. (2005). Public fear of vaccination: separating fact from fiction. Viral Immunol; 18(2): 307- 315. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16035942/.

[11] Mbala IDSR. (2021). Incidence Disease Surveillance Report. DHO. Pg. 8-20.

[12] Nature News. (2021). Trial hints that Pfizer vaccine could curb covid transmission. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00502-w.

[13] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Vaccination considerations for people who are pregnant. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/pregnancy.html.

[14] AstraZeneca. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine AstraZeneca confirms 100% protection against severe disease, hospitalization, and death in the primary analysis of phase III trials. www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2021/Covid-19-vaccine-astrazeneca-confirms-protection-against-severe-disease-hospitalisation-and-death-in-the-primary-analysis-of-phase-iii-trials.html.

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[21] Sinkala. D. (2021). Factors associated with the distribution of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia among Rural and Urban Women in Childbearing Age – A case of Mbala General Hospital, Northern Province, Zambia. Texila International Journal of Public Health. DOI No. 10.21522/TIJPH.2013.09.03. Art008. https://www.texilajournal.com/public-health/article/1912-factors-associated-with.

Abstract:

Despite the role of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in many health issues, their role in community mental health services in parts of northern Nigeria is unknown. This study explored the availability and role of NGOs in community-mental health care services, with a view to identifying the prospects and challenges. Using the convergent mixed methods approach, a self-constructed questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used to collect data from 205 conveniently and purposively selected study participants. Descriptive and thematic analyses were done and then triangulated to meet research objectives. There is a scarcity of mental health-related NGOs in the study areas; only one NGO engaged in the mental health activities was identified (13.4%). Surprisingly attempts by the only available NGO at providing the needed community-based mental health care were “frustrated” by certain government policy directions, which appear to paralyse activities and intentions of the only existing one. NGOs for mental health care are lacking. There is a dire need for NGO activities in mental health care. Efforts should be made to attract NGOs to the study areas in view of the increasing burden of mental health issues in the communities in the setting. Governments at all levels, community-based organisations and traditional institutions can be instrumental to this. NGOs within and outside the study areas focusing on community health in general and mental health care, in particular, may also interrogate this situation further for urgent intervention.

References:

[1] WHO Mental health and work: Impact, issues, and good practices. Mental Health Policy and Service Development. Nations for Mental Health, 2000: 1-77.

https://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/712.pdf.

[2] WHO-AIMS Report. Mental Health System in Nigeria: A report of the assessment of the mental health system in Nigeria using the World Health Organization – Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS), 2006. Ibadan, Nigeria.

[3] Anyebe, E.E., Olisah, V.O., Garba, S.N. and Amedu, M. The Current Status of Mental Health Services at the Primary Healthcare Level in Northern Nigeria. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research: 2019. 1-9: available at: (https://link.springer.com/article/doi.org/10.1007/s10488-01900950-1) (First online: 2 July 2019).

[4] Punch Newspaper (Nov 13). 30% of Nigerians Suffer Mental Illness – FG, 2018; available at http://saharareporters.com/2018/11/13/30-nigerians-suffer-mental-illness%E2%80%93-fg. Accessed 31 March 2020.

[5] WHO Preventing suicide: A global imperative, 2014 Geneva: WHO.

[6] Okolo, O.S. and Iruo, L.A. Perceived determinants of Brain Drain among Mental Health Care Professionals in Specialist Health care Facilities in Benin City. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2021:6(1). 842-859.

[7] Adefuye, D. Budgetary Allocation to Health, Shame of a Nation, Association of Nigerian Physicians in America Blog, 2011: http://www.anpa.org/blog/2011/03/30/budgetaryallocation-to-health-shame-of-a-nation accessed on March 20, 2012.

[8] Gureje, O. Challenges of Mental Health Care in Nigeria, 2015. A Webinar Internet Conference was held on 15^th December 2015.

[9] Makanjuola, R. “The Burden of Mental Health Problems,” Mental Health Care in Nigeria, 2015. A Webinar Internet Conference in December 2015.

[10] Baqui, A.H.., Rosecrans, A.M., Williams, E.K., Agrawal, P.K., Ahmed, S. Darstadt, G.L., Kumar, V., Kiran, U., Panwar, D., Ahuja, R.C., Srivaslewa, V.K., Black, R.E., Santosham, M. NGO facilitation of a government community-based maternal and neonatal health programme in rural India: improvements in equity. Health Policy and Planning, 2008; 23(4):234-243. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn012.

[11] Herrman, H., Saxena, S and Moodie, R. (ed). Promoting Mental Health: Concepts, Emerging Evidence, Practice: A Report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and The University of Melbourne, 2005: WHO Publication.

[12] Thara, R. and Patel, V. Role of non-governmental organizations in mental health in India. Indian J Psychiatry¸2010: 52(Suppl1): S389–S395. doi: 10.4103/00195545.69276: 10.4103/0019-5545.69276.

[13] Patel P. Filling the Gap – An NGO’s Role in Making Maternal Health More Acceptable in Rural Gujarat, 2016. A thesis presented to the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada; available at: https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/10075/Patel_Pooja_20611_MA.pdf?seuence=1&isAllowed=y Access March 31, 2020.

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[16] Premium Times (August 14). Nigeria health sector needs more meaningful foundations, NGOs – Minister, 2013 at https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/142768nigeria-health-sector-needs-more-meaningful-foundations-ngos-minister.html Accessed 31 March 2020.

[17] Mercer, A., Khan, M.H., Daulatuzzaman, M. and Reid, J. Effectiveness of an NGO primary health care programme in rural Bangladesh: evidence from the management information system. Health Policy and Planning, 2004; 19(4): 187-198.

[18] Okereke, E., Ishaku, S.M., Unumeri, G., Mohammed, B. and Ahonsi, B. Reducing maternal and newborn mortality in Nigeria—a qualitative study of stakeholders’ perceptions about the performance of community health workers and the introduction of community midwifery at primary healthcare level. Human Resources for Health, 2019. 17:102.

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[22] Mentally Aware Nigeria Initiative. https://www.mhinnovation.net/organisations/mentally-aware nigeria-initiative Accessed 31^st March 2020

[23] Amhaci. African Mental Health Awareness & care Initiative, 2020. Nigeria. 

[24]WHO Suicide: one person dies every 40 seconds, 2019; at https://www.who.int/healthtopics/suicide#tab=tab_1 Sept 10 Accessed March 22, 2020.

[25]Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria. National Policy for Mental Health Services Delivery Nigeria, 2013: Page 1 – 22.

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[29] Bachmann S. Epidemiology of Suicide and the Psychiatric Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2018;15:1425. doi:10.3390/ijerph15071425.

[30] Thornicroft, G., Cooper, S., Bortel, T.V., Kakuma, R., & Lund, C. Capacity building in global mental health research. Harvard Review Psychiatry,
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Abstract:

Despite the worldwide Global Hand Washing Day campaign, which targets school children as the most effective agents for behaviour change, there is limited documentation in various school settings. The purpose of the study was to assess the factors associated with hand washing practices among secondary school students in Ndorwa East Constituency in the Kabale district. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data from a sample of 291 students from five schools. Results: Of the 291 respondents enrolled, 219(77%) washed their hands after the rest room. Factors associated with a higher likelihood of hand washing practice among secondary school students in Ndorwa East Constituency–Kabale District were being aged <18 years (aOR =8.1, 95%CI: 2.65-21.61, p<0.001), presence of water for hand washing (aOR =50.7,95%CI:11.50-309.38,p<0.001), presence of hand washing stations (aOR=7.3,95%CI:2.72-30.37, p<0.001), and cleanliness of hand washing stations (aOR=70.0,95%CI:10.44-605.6, p<0.001). The factors associated with hand washing practices were presence of water for hand washing, the presence of hand washing stations in schools, cleanliness of hand washing stations. The study suggests that the school administrators should sensitize all students to continue practicing washing hands. This would help in preventing students from diseases associated with poor hand hygiene practices.

References:

[1] UNICEF, 2016. One is too many: Ending child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhea.

[2] Curtis, V. and Cairncross, S. (2012). Effects of washing hands with soap on diarrhea risk in the country: a systematic review. Published by Lancet Publishing Group, London.

[3] Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Wash your hands. Atlanta. From: http://www.cdc.gov/features/handwashing/ (accessed 17 July 2020).

[4] World Health Organization. (2010). WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care First Global.

[5] World Health Organization. (2013). Importance of good hand hygiene for patient safety.

[6] Global Handwashing Partnership. (2017). The State of Handwashing in 2016 : Annual Review, (March), 1–11.

[7] UNICEF, (2014) Report of the African Conference on the empowerment of the girl child. Kampala: UNICEF Esaro.

[8] Arthi, E., Abarna, V., Bagyalakshmi, R., Anitharaj, M., & Vijayasree, S. (2016). Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Hand Hygiene among Nursing and Medical Students in a Tertiary Care Hospital in, 3(4), 1203–1206.

[9] Asiedu M. S., Vaness S. E., Papoe M., Setorglo J., Asiedu D. K., and Anderson A. K. (2011). Hand washing practices among school children in Ghana.

[10] Ejemot-N et al. (2015) Hand washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematci Reviws 44-43.

[11] United Nations Children’s Fund, (2013). Soap, Toilets, and Taps. A foundation for Health Children. Available at: https://www.globalhandwashingday.org/.

[12] Government of Uganda Ministry of Water and Environment Water and Environment Sector Performance Report 2019.

[13] World Health Organization, (2015): Prevention of blindness. International ear Care Day 2015: Making listening safe. http://WHO.com Accessed April 2015.

[14] The Uganda Human Rights Commission (2012). 11th Annual Report of the Uganda Human Rights Commission to the Parliament of the Republic of Uganda.

[15] Bwire et al. (2017) Identifying Cholera “hotspots” in Uganda. An analysis of Cholera surveillance data from 2011 to 2016.

[16] Miller, M. J. 2012. Reliability and validity. Available: http://michaeljmillerphd.com/res500_lecturenotes/Reliability_and_Validity.pdf Accessed:3 March 2019.

[17] Borchgrevink, C. P., Cha, J., & Kim, S. (2013). Hand washing practices in a college town environment. Journal of Environmental Health, 75(8), 18–24. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621052.

[18] UNICEF (2005).Child-friendly hygiene and sanitation facilities in schools. Publication@irc.nl.

[19] Mbula, E. S. (2013). Factors influencing implementation of hygiene practices in public secondary schools in the central division of Machakos district in Machakos county by.Nabavi, M., Alavi-Moghaddam, Nadakavukaren, A. (2011). Food quality. Our global environment: A health perspective. Waveland Press, Incorporated.

[20] Taylor, J. K, Basco, R, Zaied, A, & Ward, C. (2010). Hand hygiene knowledge of college students. The importance of handwashing. (2017), (July).

[21] Mbula, E. S. (2013). Factors influencing implementation of hygiene practices in public secondary schools in central division of machakos district in machakos county by.Nabavi, M., Alavi-Moghaddam,  Nadakavukaren, A. (2011). Food quality. Our global environment: A health perspective. Waveland Press, Incorporated.

[22] Setyautami, T., Sermsri, S., & Chompikul, J. (2012). Proper hand washing practices among elementary school students in Selat sub-district , Indonesia, 10(2). Setyautami, T, Sermsri, S, & Chompikul, J. 2011. Proper hand washing practices among elementary school students in Selat sub-district, Indonesia.

[23] Taylor, J. K, Basco, R, Zaied, A, & Ward, C. (2010). Hand hygiene knowledge of college students. The importance of handwashing. (2017), (July).

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Abstract:

There is agreement on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and the introduction of appropriate complementary foods at 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding, for all infants. However, infant, and young child feeding (IYCF) guidelines for HIV-positive mothers have changed on a regular basis since 2000. Considering new HIV treatment guidelines, implementation challenges, and knowledge gaps, this article investigates issues and Evidence related to IYCF for the prevention and care of paediatric HIV in resource-limited settings. The effectiveness of antiretroviral medications (ARVs) in decreasing the incidence of HIV transmission from mother to child prompted WHO to urge countries to support either avoidance or treatment. Significant progress has been made in terms of preserving the lives of moms but also decreasing the spread of HIV among children, but long-term political, financial, and scientific commitment is essential for ensuring effective postnatal HIV prevention programs and providing for the nutritional requirements of HIV-exposed and HIV-infected infants.

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Abstract:

Evidence of the effectiveness of community-based interventions in improving immunization coverage in populations of low coverage is limited. Vaccine-preventable diseases is a major public health challenge in low-income countries where Uganda lies, and immunization is the only reliable strategy for child survival. The study's objective was to assess the influence of a community-based intervention on the uptake of immunization services to recommend strategies to health stakeholders to improve immunization coverage. A quasi-experimental study was conducted in three phases. Structured and key informant interviews were used as data collection tools. Phase one provided baseline data before the intervention, the second phase was a community-based intervention, and the third phase was post-intervention evaluation. There was no significant difference on the uptake of BCG, POLIO-0, POLIO-1, POLIO-2, DPTHeP-Hib1, DPTHeP-Hib2, PCV1 and PCV2 immunizations between the intervention and control group post-intervention (P= 1.00, α =0.5). The level of knowledge on immunization was 68.8% and 29.6% in the intervention and control groups, respectively. The difference between the two was statistically significant (P=0.00 ₌ α= 0.5). There was a significant association between the level of knowledge of the caregivers on immunization and the uptake of immunization services (P=0.00, α=0.5). There was also a statistically significant difference in immunization coverage between the intervention and control groups (97.5%) and (75.1%) for the intervention and control groups, respectively. The difference was statistically associated with the community-based intervention (P =0.00, α=0.5). Community-based interventions influenced the uptake of routine immunization services.

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Abstract:

The COVID-19 caused by novel single-stranded RNA enveloped severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) first appeared in Wuhan, China. A lot of focus has been given to pulmonary complications. According to several case reports, cardiovascular associated clinical manifestations include myocarditis, arrhythmias, veno-thromboembolic events, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and pericarditis. Different modalities in diagnosis like 2D, doppler can help in the early diagnosis of right ventricular function. This study evaluates the cardiac changes in recovered COVID-19 positive patients by 2D echocardiogram and other modalities. In this prospective observational study, 139 participants recently recovered from COVID-19 illness were identified and recruited after obtaining the Informed concerned form (ICF). The patients once enrolled were subjected to 2D echo and ECG as part of routine clinical practice. Out of 139 patients, 89 (64.03%) were males, and the rest were females. Based on the severity scale, 13 (9.35%) participants had suffered a severe form of COVID-19 infection. Right ventricular functional assessment, right ventricular global strain (RVGLS) was abnormal in 72 (51.80%) participants. Arrhythmias were reported in 31 (22.30%) participants; among them, 30 participants had sinus bradycardia. Our study demonstrates the association between COVID-19 and cardiac changes/ incidence of cardiovascular complications in recovered COVID-19 patients. This study provides first-hand evidence of the incidence of abnormal LVGLS and RVGLS in COVID-19 recovered patients. In addition, there was a higher incidence of arrythmias.

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[26] Lei, S., Jiang, F., Su, W., Chen, C., Chen, J., Mei, W., Zhan, L. Y., Jia, Y., Zhang, L., Liu, D., Xia, Z. Y., & Xia, Z, 2020, Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing surgeries during the incubation period of COVID-19 infection. E-Clinical Medicine, 21, 100331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100331.

[27] Yu, C. M., Wong, R. S., Wu, E. B., Kong, S. L., Wong, J., Yip, G. W., Soo, Y. O., Chiu, M. L., Chan, Y. S., Hui, D., Lee, N., Wu, A., Leung, C. B., & Sung, J. J, 2006, Cardiovascular complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 82(964), 140–144. https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2005.037515.

[28] Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Tse, G., Zhang, L., Wan, E. Y., Guo, Y., Lip, G., Li, G., Lu, Z., & Liu, T, 2020, Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with COVID-19. Journal of Arrhythmia, 36(5), 827–836. https://doi.org/10.1002/joa3.12405.

[29] He, X. W., Lai, J. S., Cheng, J., Wang, M. W., Liu, Y. J., Xiao, Z. C., Xu, C., Li, S. S., & Zeng, H. S, 2020, Zhonghua xin xue guan bing za zhi, 48(6), 456–460. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20200228-00137.

Abstract:

Immunization uptake for childhood vaccine-preventable diseases remains low in urban areas of Uganda, leading to repeated outbreaks of diseases like measles, despite easy communication and accessibility to services. The objectives of this study were to establish immunization coverage and to identify the factors that affect the uptake of immunization among the children aged 10 – 23 months in Nansana Municipality, Wakiso District, Uganda. This was a cross-sectional mixed methods study, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Assessment of immunization uptake was carried out on 344 parents/guardians of children aged 10–23 months, using simple random sampling on pre-tested structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. Additionally, 2 focus group discussions with parents and key informant interviews with immunization focal persons were also conducted. Immunization coverage was found to be 90.4% for BCG, 89.3% for Penta1, 80.7% for Penta2, 72.5% for Penta3 and 73.9% for measles1. Availability of vaccines (AOR= 33, 95% CI, 1.44 – 792, p=0.03), accessibility to immunization services (AOR = 32, 95% CI, 2.0 – 513, p=0.01) and communication between the parents and health workers about the return dates (AOR = 0.03, 95% CI, 0.01 – 0.83, p=0.03), were the factors that were independently associated with immunization uptake. The coverage rates were higher than the national average, with the health care service-related factors identified as being critical for improving immunization uptake. There is a need for improved vaccine supply and communication about immunization services, which should be designed considering the local context in collaboration with slum-dwelling communities.

References:

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[15] Babirye, J. N., Rutebemberwa, E., Kiguli, J., Wamani, H and F. Nuwaha, 2011 “More support for mothers: a qualitative study on factors affecting immunization behaviour in Kampala, Uganda,” BMC Public Health, pp. 1–11: 723. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-723.

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[20] Tadesse et al., 2017 “Factors and misperceptions of routine childhood immunization service uptake in Ethiopia: findings from a nationwide qualitative study,” Pan Afr. Med. J., 28 (1), http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/28/290/full/.

[21] Zewdie, A., Letebo, M and Mekonnen, T, 2016 “Reasons for defaulting from childhood immunization program: a qualitative study from Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia,” BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889- 016-3904-1.

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[23] Tefera, Y. H., Getachew, K., Assefa, T., Ababu, Y., Simireta, T., Zewdie Birhanu, Z, 2017 “Factors and misperceptions of routine childhood immunization service uptake in Ethiopia: findings from a nationwide qualitative study,” 8688, 1–9, https://doi:10.11604/pamj.2017.28.290.14133.

[24] Tefera, Y. A., Wagner, A. L., and Boulton, M. L, 2018 “Predictors and Barriers to Full Vaccination among Children in Ethiopia,” Vaccines, 6(22)1–11, https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6020022.

[25] Mthiyane et al., 2019 “Factors associated with missed and delayed DTP3 vaccination in children aged 12-59 months in two communities in South Africa, 2012-2013,” South African Med. J., 109 (8), 562–569, https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i8.13244.

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[28] Braka, R. F. L., Asiimwe, D., Soud, F., Makumbi, I and Gust, D, 2012 “A Qualitative Analysis of Vaccine Safety Perceptions and Concerns Among Caretakers in Uganda,” Matern. Child Heal. J., 16, 1045–1052, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0826-5.

[29] Miyahara et al., 2016 “Barriers to timely administration of birth dose vaccines in The Gambia, West Africa,” Vaccine, 34 (29) 3335–3341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.017.

[30] Mekonnen, A. G., Bayleyegn, A. D., and Ayele, E. T, 2019 “Immunization coverage of 12–23 months old children and its associated factors in Minjar-Shenkora district, Ethiopia: a community-based study,” BMC Pediatr., 19(1):198. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1575-7.

[31] Akwataghibe, N.N., Ogunsola, E. A., Broerse, J. E.W., Popoola, O. A., Agbo, A. I and Dieleman, M. A, 2019 “Exploring factors influencing immunization utilization in Nigeria—a mixed-methods study,” Front. Public Health., 7, 392, https://doi.org/10. 3389/fpubh.2019.00392.

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[34] Kiptoo, E., 2015 “Factors Influencing Low Immunization Coverage Among Children Between 12 - 23 Months in East Pokot, Baringo Country, Kenya,” Int. Journal of. Vaccines., vol. 1, no. 2 https://doi.org/10.15406/ijvv.2015.01.00012.

[35] Bangura, J. B., Xiao, S., Qiu, Ouyang, D. F., and Chen, L, 2020 “Barriers to childhood immunization in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review,” BMC Public Health, 20:1108, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09169-4.

Abstract:

This is a critical appraisal of a manuscript outlining additional indicators used in the United States to augment traditional disease surveillance tools. The article went through the peer-review process. Therefore, it may be considered as objective and unbiased. The structure of the article is coherent, and it was published in a journal for digital medicine, health, and health care in the internet age. The article has contributed to the literature and provides a basis for strengthening existing surveillance systems to improve public health outcomes. However, it is suggested that whenever new indicators are being developed, their essential components must be fully defined.

References:

[1]   Oehmeke, J.F, Moss, C.B, Singh, L.N, Oehmeke, T.B, Post, LA. (2020). ‘Dynamic Panel Surveillance of COVID-19 Transmission I, the United States, to Inform Health Policy: Observational Statistical Study’, Journal of Medical Internet Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79794.

[2]   WHO (2020). COVID-19 Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan Operational Planning Guidelines to Support Country Preparedness and Response. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/covid-19-sprp-unct-guidelines.pdf?sfvrsn=81ff43d8_4.

[3] Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care. (2020). COVID-19 Pillars. Retrieved from http://www.mohcc.gov.zw/index.phpoption=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=16&Itemid=746.

[4]   Post, L., Marogi, E., Moss, C. B., Murphy, R. L., Ison, M. G., Achenbach, C. J., Resnick, D., Singh, L., White, J., Boctor, M. J., Welch, S. B., & Oehmke, J. F. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance in the Middle East and North Africa: Longitudinal Trend Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(1), e25830. https://doi.org/10.2196/25830.

[5] Eysenbach, G. & Kukafka, R. (2020). Advancing Digital Health and Open Science. Journal of Medical Internet Research Publications. JMIR, ISSN 1438-8871 https://www.jmir.org.

[6] Rampal, L., Liew, B. S., Choolani, M., Ganasegeran, K., Pramanick, A., Vallibhakara, S. A., Tejativaddhana, P., & Hoe, V. C. (2020). Battling COVID-19 pandemic waves in six South-East Asian countries: A real-time consensus review. The Medical journal of Malaysia, 75(6), 613–625.

[7] Guest, G., & Namey, E. (2017). Public health research methods. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781483398839.

[8] World Health Organisation. (2003). STEPS: A Framework for Surveillance. The WHO Stepwise approach to Surveillance of Non-communicable Diseases (STEPS).

http://www.who.int/ncd_surveillance.

[9]   Klaucke, D.N., Buehler, J.W., Thacker, S.T. et al. (1988). Guidelines for Evaluating Surveillance Systems. BMC Center for Disease Control (CDC). https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001769.htm.

[10]  Shanbehzadeh M, Kazemi-Arpanahi H, Mazhab-Jafari K, Haghiri H. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) surveillance system: Development of COVID-19 minimum data set and interoperable reporting framework. J Edu Health Promot; 9:203.

[11]  Post, L. A., Benishay, E. T., Moss, C. B., Murphy, R. L., Achenbach, C. J., Ison, M. G., Resnick, D., Singh, L. N., White, J., Chaudhury, A. S., Boctor, M. J., Welch, S. B., & Oehmke, J. F. (2021). Surveillance Metrics of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Central Asia: Longitudinal Trend Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(2), e25799. https://doi.org/10.2196/25799.

[12] Hayakawa, Kazuhiko. (2009). First Difference or Forward Orthogonal Deviation- Which Transformation Should be Used in Dynamic Panel Data Models: A Simulation Study. Economics Bulletin. 29. 2008-2017.

[13] Ytsunomiya, YT, Utsunomiya, ATH, Torrecilha, FBP, Paulan, S C, Milanesi, M, Garcia, JF. (2020). Growth Rate and Acceleration Analysis of the COVID-19 Pandemic Reveals the Effect of Public Health Measures in Real Time. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00247.

[14] Alexander, M. 1996. Performance Monitoring Indicators: A handbook for Task Managers. World Bank Operations Policy Department, Washington D.C.

[15]  UN Women (2010). Indicators: Virtual Knowledge Centre to End Violence Against Women and Girls.

https://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/336-indicators.html.

[16] Hales, D. (2009). An Introduction to Indicators: UNAIDS Monitoring and Evaluation Fundamentals. Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS. Geneva 27, Switzerland. Retrieved from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/sub_landing/files/8_2-Intro-to-IndicatorsFMEF.pdf

[17] Brañas-Garza, P, Bucheli, M & Garcia-Muñoz, T. (2011). Dynamic panel data: A useful technique in experiments, The Papers 10/22, Department of Economic Theory and Economic History of the University of Granada. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5188e.pdf.

[18] Baum, C.F. (2013). Dynamic Panel Data Estimators [PowerPoint slides]. Applied Econometrics, Boston College. http://fmwww.bc.edu/ecc/s2013/823/EC823.S2013.nn05.slides.pdf.

[19] Clower, E. (2021). Introduction to the Fundamentals of Panel Data. Aptech Systems, Inc https://www.aptech.com/ Volume 35, Issue 8, pages 1084–1109, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa03.

[20]  Hayakawa, K. (2009). First Difference or Forward Orthogonal Deviation- Which Transformation Should be Used in Dynamic Panel Data Models: A Simulation Study. Economics Bulletin, Access Econ, vol. 29(3), pages 2008-2017. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ebl/ecbull/eb-09-00361.html.

[21] Richards CL, Iademarco MF, Atkinson D, Pinner RW, Yoon P, Mac Kenzie WR, et al. (2017). Advances in Public Health surveillance and information dissemination at the centers for disease control and Prevention. Public Health Rep; 132:403‑10.

Abstract:

In low and middle-income countries, menstruation is impeded by several misconceptions, taboos and shrouded in secrecy. This serves as a major challenge to proper Education regarding menstrual hygiene and has blocked the access of adolescent girls to the right kind of information, thereby influencing a negative outcome associated with harmful behaviours. The objective of the study was to investigate the assessment of an educational intervention on the perception of adolescent girls towards menstrual hygiene in Ogun state, Nigeria. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design. One hundred and twenty (120) in-school adolescent girls were selected through a multistage sampling technique from four (4) secondary schools within four (4) local government areas in Ogun State, Nigeria. A validated 23-items questionnaire measured on a 69-point rating scale with a Cronbach Alpha scores 0.79 was used for data collection. The mean ±SD age and age at menarche of adolescent girls was 14.92±1.82; 12.73±1.38. The majority of respondents had low scores of perceptions. The educational intervention had an effective change in the level of perception of adolescent schoolgirls between baseline and the 6^th-week follow-up, indicating a mean difference of 26.70 (p<0.01) for the peer-led, 26.54(p<0.01) parent-led, 20.16(p<0.01) parent and peer-led and a decrease in mean in the control group (-0.17; p=0.866). The peer-led educational approach had a better impact on adolescent girls’ perception compared to other educational approaches. Hence, this is an indication that peer-education strategies should be utilized for further interventions and in reaching out to adolescents.

References:

[1] Deshpande, T.N., Patil, S.S., Gharai, S.B., Patil, S.R. and Durgawale, P.M., 2018. Menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls–A study from urban slum area. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 7(6), p.1439.

[2] Begum, M., Das, S. and Sharma, H.K., 2016. Menstrual disorders: causes and natural remedies. Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical, and Biological Sciences, 4(2), pp.307-20.

[3] Sharma, N., Shekhawat, R., Gaur, K., Meena, K.K., Meena, G.L., Rathore, M., Verma, M., Raj, D., Yadav, R. and Kewalramani, S., 2019. Assessment of knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among school-going adolescent girls of Jaipur city. J Med Sci Clin Res, 7(7), pp.2808-15.

[4] Coast, E., Lattof, S.R. and Strong, J., 2019. Puberty and menstruation knowledge among young adolescents in low-and middle-income countries: a scoping review. International Journal of Public Health, 64(2), pp.293-304.

[5] Belay, S., Kuhlmann, A.K.S. and Wall, L.L., 2020. Girls’ attendance at school after a menstrual hygiene intervention in northern Ethiopia. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 149(3), pp.287-291.

[6] Ali, S.A., Baloch, M., Riaz, L., Iqbal, A., Riaz, R., Perveen, B., Siddiqui, M., and Ali, A.A., 2020. Perceptions, Practices, and Challenges Regarding Menstrual Hygiene Among Women in Karachi, Pakistan: A Comparison Between General Population and Healthcare Workers. Cureus, 12(8).

[7] Speak Up Africa, 2021. Changing perceptions around menstrual hygiene management and why it’s important, Date of access: 05/04/2021. https://www.speakupafrica.org/changing-perceptions-around-menstrual-hygiene-management-and-why-its-important/.

[8] MacRae, E.R., Clasen, T., Dasmohapatra, M. and Caruso, B.A., 2019. ‘It’s like a burden on the head’: Redefining adequate menstrual hygiene management throughout women’s varied life stages in Odisha, India. PLoS One, 14(8), p.e0220114.

[9] Wiyakeerthi, R., Kalyani, P., Felix, A.J.W. and Govindarajan, P.K., 2016. A Study on Knowledge and Practice of Menstrual Hygiene Among Menstruating Women of Age Group 15-44 Yrs in a Rural Area, Tamilnadu. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research, 4, pp.13264-13270.

[10] Kashyap, D., 2021. Strategies for improving perceptual skills: 7 strategies, Date of access: 05/04/2021. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/organization/perception/strategies-for-improving-perceptual-skills-7-strategies/63797.

[11] Valizade, R., Taymoori, P., Yousefi, F.Y., Rahimi, L. and Ghaderi, N., 2016. The effect of puberty health education based on health belief model on health behaviors and preventive among teen boys in Marivan, northwest of Iran. International Journal of Pediatrics, 4(8), pp.3271-3281.

[12] Kipay, S.S., Baybeki, H. And Tabak, R.S., 2016. Impact Of an Interventional Training on Menstrual Hygiene of Adolescent Schoolgirls. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi (IBAD), 3(2), pp.653-663.

[13] El-Mowafy, R.I., Moussa, M. and El-Ezaby, H.H., 2014. Effect of health education program on
knowledge and practices about menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls at the orphanage home. IOSR J Nurs Health Sci, 3(6), pp.48-55.

[14] Preeti, V.K. and Kathpalia, J., 2021. Comparison of perceptions regarding menstruation among women of rural, urban, and slum areas of Gurugram and Mewat.

[15] Adinma, E.D. and Adinma, J.I.B., 2008. Perceptions and practices on menstruation amongst Nigerian secondary school girls. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 12(1), pp.74-83.

[16] Osborne, A., 2020. Assessment of Perceptions and Practices on Menstruation among Adolescent Girls in Five Schools in bo district, Sierra Leone. Journal of Clinical Case Studies Reviews & Reports. SRC/JCCSR-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47363/JCCSR/2020 (2), 131, p.3.

[17] ML, K., and Ahmed, M., 2016. Awareness, perception, and practices of government pre-university adolescent girls regarding menstruation in Mysore city, India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 3(6), p.1593.

[18] Solvig, N., Raja, L., George, C.E., O'Connell, B., Gangadharan, P., and Norman, G., 2019. Analysis of knowledge of menstruation, hygiene practices, and perceptions in adolescent girls in India. Modern Health Science, 2(1), pp. p16-p16.

[19] Dumbre, D. and Devi, S., 2019. Effect of Educational Intervention on Menstrual Hygiene on Knowledge, Perception, and Practices of Adolescence Girls. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(7).

[20] Mohammadinia, N., Rezaei, M.A., Morowatisharifabad, M.A. and Heydarikhayat, N., 2021. The effect of Education based on PEN-3 cultural model on students’ menstrual health behaviors: a mixed method study. Health Education Research, 36(2), pp.239-247.

Abstract:

Anemia during pregnancy is a major public health problem, with a global prevalence of 41.8%. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Information on the prevalence of anemia and associated factors among pregnant women in the study area is limited. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and predictors of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics (ANC) in Kyenjojo and Kole Districts, Uganda. Cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected pregnant women. Quantitative data was collected using a structured questionnaire that captured demographic and obstetric characteristics. Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) was determined using HemoCue 201_+. The study outcome was the prevalence of anaemia (Hb <11 g/dl). Chi-square, odds ratio, and logistic regression were used to test for associations. Of the total 760 pregnant women who participated in this study, 20.1% were anaemic. The prevalence varied from 13.4% in Kyenjojo to 26.9% in Kole District. Of 153 anaemic women, 121 (97%) were mildly anaemic, 27 (18%) moderately anemic, and 5(3%) severely anemic. Malaria infection [AOR: 0.46, 95% CI (0.26 – 0.83)], primigravida [AOR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29-0.93], and residing in Kole [AOR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.32-0.76] were significant predictors of low haemoglobin concentration. This study highlighted the high prevalence of anaemia in our settings and the significant association between anaemia and malaria among pregnant women. Therefore, routine screening of pregnant women for anemia, malaria, and other risk factors during their first ANC visit is recommended to identify those at risk and prompt management provided to curb their negative consequences.

References:

[1] McLean E et al., 2009. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia, WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System, 1993–2005, Public Health Nutrition, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 444–454.

[2] WHO 2008. Worldwide Prevalence of Anaemia 1993-2005: WHO Global Database on Anaemia, World Health Organization, Geneva Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596657_eng.pdf.

[3] Susan T and Blackburn D.O, 2007. Maternal, Fetal, & Neonatal Physiology, Clinical Perspective. Qualitative Health Research, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 780–794. Available from:

https://www.elsevier.com/books/maternal-fetal-and-neonatal-physiology/blackburn/978-0-323-44934-2.

[4] UNICEF WHO, Maternal Mortality in 2005: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and World Bank, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Available from:

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Abstract:

Vaccination is one of the high-impact public health interventions against the spread of disease. Over time, developed countries have been able to reduce the burden of disease through improving access to vaccination and achieving high vaccine coverage. In low-income countries, the situation is different as most countries still report low coverages of less than 90%, which is the global target recommended by the World Health Organization. The main reasons for this low coverage include poor access to vaccination, stock-outs, and poor documentation and targeting for vaccination services. To address these problems, we developed an electronic vaccine registry using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) technology that registered births, vaccines administered and sent short message reminders to mothers about their clinic dates. The study was conducted in Nyandarua County, Kenya, between June 2018 to March 2019. To participate in the study, mothers had to reside within the jurisdiction of the study site. Mothers who moved into the study site also had their children registered and previous vaccines updated. A total of 4,823 births and 20,515 vaccines administered were captured into the system. The system sent 12,554 short message reminders to mothers; 3 days before the due day and on the due day. Additionally, it generated a birth register, vaccination register, defaulter list, dropout rate report, vaccine coverage, and timeliness reports. The intervention improved vaccination coverage and timeliness of vaccination by up to 8.7%.

References:

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[15] A. E. Tozzi, F. Gesualdo, A. D’Ambrosio, E. Pandolfi, E. Agricola, and P. Lopalco, “Can Digital Tools Be Used for Improving Immunization Programs?,” Front. Public Health., vol. 0, p. 36, Mar. 2016.

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Abstract:

Hypertension also known as high blood pressure is a global public health issue that has become very common worldwide and can lead to major health outcomes, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, renal failure, and ultimately death. The main objective of this study was to assess the incidences and the prevalence of hypertension among inmates. A correctional facilities based descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the incidence and prevalence of hypertension among the inmates of Zambia’s Lusaka based three correctional facilities. A total of 311 inmates were included in this study of which 228 (73.3%) were males and 83 (26.7%) were females. Data was analyzed using STATA version 15.0 software package. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, fisher’s exact test and Logistic regression were used to examine, demographic characteristics, prevalence rate, correlation, risk factors and association in relation to hypertension. Among the participants 54 (17.4%) were found to be hypertensive. The median blood pressure for the hypertensive was 157.8/102 mmHg and the median blood pressure for non-hypertensive was 116/75 mmHg. Incarceration variables correlated with hypertension were, duration of incarceration p= 0.0001, reasons for detention p= 0.0001, type of inmate p= 0.0150. Old age, unemployed, major crimes, history of hypertension, smoking and body mass index were the risk factors for hypertension found among inmates. The prevalence of hypertension in the three correctional facilities in Zambia was found to be at 17.4%, which was lower than the prevalence rate in most studies reviewed and even lower than the prevalence rate in the general population of some selected districts in Zambia.

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Abstract:

Nigeria looks forward to the emergence of another political dispensation. National elections are soon to take place with resultant political changes in ministerial leadership positions across the nation at federal, state, and local government levels’ including the ministry of health; however, in this article, the concern was with the general health care in Nigeria and with a focus on the prevailing situation of Cancer health care in Nigeria. Statistics showed that there is a rising global cancer epidemic in Nigeria. The level of Cancer incidence and mortality counts in Nigeria as of 2012 and still counting’ was severely high amongst women– 64709 (63%) and 40647(57%) compared to men 37370(36.6%) and 30924(43%), respectively. The emergence of a new political dispensation in 2023 ushers in a possibility and awakening of new hope in general health care. Therefore, this article highlighted the observed challenges and proffered solutions for the purpose of informed decisions. Based on staff and patient perspective interviews and discussion, the following major aspects, including a critical review of health governing boards, administration, technology, specialty expansion via partnership, quality assurance, health funding, were identified, addressed and solutions proffered.

References:

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Abstract:

This study assessed the effect of sexual Dysfunction on the self-esteem between infertile and fertile married women in Ife East Senatorial district Southwest Nigeria. This was a comparative cross-sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. It was conducted at infertility and family planning clinics of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Using stratified random sampling, 222 infertile women at infertility clinic and 222 family planning clients who met inclusion criteria were recruited from 2020 to 2021. Quantitative data was assessed using the Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaire, while an in-depth interview guide was employed to collect qualitative data. Data were managed using SPSS version 22. P-value was set at P <0.05. Fifty (22.5%) infertile women had low self-esteem compared with five (2.3%) of fertile women. which was statistically significant (P<0.001). Among fertile women, female sexual Dysfunction did not affect self-esteem (P=0.346), but among infertile women, female sexual Dysfunction significantly affected self–esteem (P=0.016). There is a positive relationship between female sexual function index scores and self-esteem scores among fertile and infertile women (r= 0.294 and 0.354 respectively) p<0.001 Sexual dysfunctions among infertile women adversely affected their self-esteem.

References:

[1] Reed, G.M.,  Drescher, J.,  Krueger, R.B., Atalla, E., Cochran, S.D., First, M.B.,  Cohen‐Kettenis, P.T., Arango‐de Montis, I., Parish, S.J., Cottler, S., Briken, P.,  Saxena, S., (2016). Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD‐11: revising the ICD‐10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations. World Psychiatry. 15(3): 205–221.

[2] American Family Physician (2015). Sexual Dysfunction in women: A Practical approach. American Family Physician; 92(4):281-288.

[3] IsHak, W.W., Tobia, G., (2013) DSM-5 Changes in Diagnostic Criteria of Sexual Dysfunctions. Reprod Sys Sexual Disorders 2: 122. doi:10.4172/2161-038X.1000122.

[4] Orji, E.O., Ogunniyi, S.O., (2001): Sexual behaviour of infertile Nigerian Women. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 21, (No. 3). 303-305.

[5] Owonikoko, K.M., Bobo, T.I., Tijani, A.M., Atanda, O.O., (2018). Adversities of being an infertile woman in Ogbomoso- A Semi-Urban Town in Nigeria. Annals of Infertility & Reproductive Endocrinology 1(1): 1-6.

[6] Upkong, D., Orji, E.O., (2006) Mental Health in the Infertile Women in Nigeria. Turk
Psikiyatri Derg,17(4); 259–265.

[7] Amoo, E.O., Omideyi, A.K., Fadayomi, T.O., Ajayi, M.P., Oni, G.A., Idowu, A.E., (2017). Male reproductive health challenges: appraisal of wives coping strategies. Reproductive Health. 28;14(1):90. doi: 10.1186/s12978-017-0341-2.

[8] Orji, E.O., Kuti, O., Fasubaa, O.B., (2002) Impact of infertility on marital life in Nigeria. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Oct;79(1):61-2.

[9] Zayed, A.A., El-Hadidy, M.A., (2020). Sexual satisfaction and self-esteem in women with primary infertility. Middle East Fertility Society Journal 25:13: 1-5 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43043-020-00024-5.

[10] Jamali, S., Poornowrooz, N., Mosallanezhad, Z., Alborzi, M., (2018). Sexual Satisfaction and Self-Esteem and Stress in Reproductive-Age Women. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 12(10): QC16-QC19.

[11] Çavdar, N.K., Coşkun, A.M., (2018). The effect of infertility upon the quality of life and self-esteem. MOJ Women’s Health;7(3):89‒94. DOI: 10.15406/mojwh.07.00176.

[12] Mojarrad-kahani, A.H., Ghanavi, S., (2012) The efficacy of effective communication skills training on the self-esteem of girls with physical mobility disability. J Res Rehabil Sci 1:263–271.

[13] Ashraf, D.M., Ali, D., Azadeh, D.M., (2015). Effect of infertility on Sexual Function: A Cross-sectional Study, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research JCDR;9(5): Qc01-3.

[14] Fajewonyomi, B. A., Orji, E. O., Adeyemo, A. O., (2007). Sexual Dysfunction among female patients of reproductive age in a hospital setting in Nigeria. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition; 25(1), 101.

[15] Nwagha, U. I., Oguanuo, T. C., Ekwuazi, K., Olubobokun, T. O., Nwagha, T.U., Onyebuchi, A. K., Ezeonu, P. O., Nwadike, K., (2014) Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction among females in a university community in Enugu, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice; 17:791-796.

[16] Ogunbode, O.O., Aimakhu, C.O., Ogunbode, A.M., Adebusoye, L.A., Owonikoko, K.M., (2019). Sexual Dysfunction among women in a Nigerian gynecological outpatients’ unit. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 36:61‑6.

[17] Wischmann, T., Schilling, K., Toth, B., Rösner, S., Strowitzki, T., Wohlfarth, K., Kentenich, H., (2014) Sexuality, self-esteem and partnership quality in infertile women and men. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 74(8):759–763.

[18] Zarbakhsh, M., Dinani, P.T., Rahmani, M., (2013). The relationship between sexual self-esteem and all its components with marital satisfaction.in athletic women of Tehran. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. 2;2:.200-206.

[19] Behboodi-Moghadam, Z., Salsali, M., Eftekhar-Ardabily, H., Vaismoradi, M, Ramezanzadeh, F., (2013) Experiences of infertility through the lens of Iranian infertile women: a qualitative study. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 10(1):41–46.

Abstract:

Globally, immunization coverage dropped from 86% in 2019 to 83% in 2020. An estimated 23 million children under one year did not receive basic vaccines, which is the highest number since 2009. Thus, this study aimed at identifying factors influencing the knowledge and attitude of mothers of under-five children towards immunization in Farato, The Gambia. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the peri-urban community of Farato. A sample of 132 mothers were conveniently sampled and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequencies, and proportions were used to present the results of this study. The study revealed a low level of knowledge of mothers towards immunization. About 25% of mothers cannot clearly explain immunization; 23% knew that the first vaccine dose should be administered to a child at birth or soon after, and 60% were found to be unaware if their children were immunized. This indicates that the concept of immunization is not even clear to mothers and also showcased inadequate knowledge. However, 70% highlighted that immunization prevents infections and enhances child survival. Inadequate knowledge about immunization, literacy and education level, occupation of mothers, inadequate information from health workers, and limited information among mothers were major influencing factors to drop-out of immunization uptake. The study suggests that mothers need to be taught what immunization is about and its importance to children. At health facilities and clinic sites, health workers need to continue communicating to mothers on the importance of immunization to enlighten them about immunization.

References:

[1] World Health Organization (2021) Fact sheets: Immunization coverage. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage. Accessed 7 Oct 2021.

[2] UNICEF (2021) Vaccination and Immunization Statistics. In: UNICEF Data. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/immunization/Accessed 8 Oct 2021.

[3] Abbas K, Procter SR, van Zandvoort K, et al (2020) Routine childhood immunisation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: a benefit-risk analysis of health benefits versus excess risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lancet Glob Health 8: e1264–e1272.

[4] World Health Organization (2020) Immunization. In: WHO Reg. Off. Afr. https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/immunization/Accessed 7 Oct 2021.

[5] World Health Organization (2018) Business case for WHO immunization activities on the African continent 2018-2030. In: WHO Reg. Off. Afr. https://www.afro.who.int/publications/business-case-who-immunization-activities-african-continent-2018-2030/Accessed 7 Oct 2021.

[6] Shah MP, Tate JE, Mwenda JM, Steele AD, Parashar UD (2017) Estimated reductions in hospitalizations and deaths from childhood diarrhea following implementation of rotavirus vaccination in Africa. Expert Rev Vaccines 16:987–995.

[7] Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Smith DMD, Paterson P (2014) Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: A systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012. Vaccine 32:2150–2159.

[8] McClure CC, Cataldi JR, O’Leary ST (2017) Vaccine Hesitancy: Where We Are and Where We Are Going. Clin Ther 39:1550–1562.

[9] Piot P, Larson HJ, O’Brien KL, N’kengasong J, Ng E, Sow S, Kampmann B (2019) Immunization: vital progress, unfinished agenda. Nature 575:119–129.

[10] Immunization in Africa. In: Ministry. Conf. Immun. Afr. http://immunizationinafrica2016.org/immunization-in-africa/Accessed 7 Jul 2020.

[11] Experts caution against the stagnation of immunization coverage in Africa. In: WHO Reg. Off. Afr. https://www.afro.who.int/news/experts-caution-against-stagnation-immunization-coverage-africa/Accessed 6 Jul 2020.

[12] Taiwo L, Idris S, Abubakar A, Nguku P, Nsubuga P, Gidado S, Okeke L, Emiasegen S, Waziri E (2017) Factors affecting access to information on routine immunization among mothers of under 5 children in Kaduna State Nigeria, 2015. Pan Afr Med J. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.27.186.11191.

[13] Kg E, Ro E (2018) Perception of Childhood Immunization among Mothers of Under-Five Children in Onitsha, Anambra State. 6:6.

[14] Adisa O, Akinleye Ca, Obafisile C, Oke O (2016) Childhood immunization perception and uptake among mothers of under-five children attending immunization clinics in Osogbo, Southwestern, Nigeria. Res J Health Sci 4:186.

[15] Kyprianidou M, Tzira E, Galanis P, Giannakou K (2021) Knowledge of mothers regarding children’s vaccinations in Cyprus: A cross-sectional study. Plos One 16: e0257590.

[16] Hassan MR, Azman MA, Yong CL, Nazmi TMT, Rashid NNA, Azmi WNASW, Safian N, Hajib N, Al-Abed AAAA, Ghazi HF (2019) Knowledge and perception towards supplementary immunization activities (SIA) among mothers in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. Malays J Public Health Med 19:126–131.

[17] Sarfaraz M, Athira A, Lakshmi L, Ravilla S, Nadikudi N, Doddayya H (2017) Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Perception Among Mothers Towards Immunization in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. Int J Community Med Public Health 4:3429–3435.

[18] Negussie A, Kassahun W, Assegid S, Hagan AK (2015) Factors associated with incomplete childhood immunization in Arbegona district, southern Ethiopia: a case-control study. BMC Public Health 16:27.

[19] Ekouevi DK, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Yaya I, Zida-Compaore WI, Boko A, Sewu E, Lacle A, Ndibu N, Toke Y, Landoh DE (2018) Incomplete immunization among children aged 12–23 months in Togo: a multilevel analysis of individual and contextual factors. BMC Public Health 18:952.

[20] Touray E, Barrow A, Kinteh B, Badjie M, Nget M, Touray J, Kinteh SLS, Jatta SPS, Ceesay L (2021) Childhood vaccination uptake and associated factors among children 12–23 months in rural settings of the Gambia: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 21:1740.

[21] Abatan B, Agboghoroma O, Akemoke F, et al (2021) Intense and Mild First Epidemic Wave of Coronavirus Disease, The Gambia. Emerg Infect Dis 27:2064–2072.

[22] Mapatano M, Kayembe K, Piripiri L, Nyandwe K (2008) Immunisation-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. South Afr Fam Pract 50:61–61e.

[23] Almutairi WM, Alsharif F, Khamis F, Sallam LA, Sharif L, Alsufyani A, Alshulah FN, Alqasimi R (2021) Assessment of Mothers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Childhood Vaccination during the First Five Years of Life in Saudi Arabia. Nurs Rep 11:506–516.

[24] Saso A, Skirrow H, Kampmann B (2020) Impact of COVID-19 on Immunization Services for Maternal and Infant Vaccines: Results of a Survey Conducted by Imprint—The Immunising Pregnant Women and Infants Network. Vaccines 8:556.

[25] Bell S, Clarke R, Paterson P, Mounier-Jack S (2020) Parents’ and guardians’ views and experiences of accessing routine childhood vaccinations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: A mixed-methods study in England. Plos One 15: e0244049.

[26] Uwaibi NE, Akhimienho IK (2020) Assessment of knowledge and practice of childhood routine immunization among mothers/caregivers attending primary health care centres in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 24:1703–1710.

[27] Hu Y, Luo S, Lou L, Zhang B, Li Q (2016) Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Immunization among Migrant Mothers: A Questionnaire Development and Field Application. Open Access 6.

[28] The Gambia Bureau of Statistics (GBoS), Ministry of Health (MoH) [The Gambia], and ICF (2020) The Gambia Demographic and Health Survey 2019-20: Key Indicators Report. Banjul, The Gambia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: The Gambia Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Health, and ICF.

[29] Gambia Bureau of Statistics (2013) Gambia Demographic Health Survey 2013.

[30] Gambia Bureau of Statistics (2019) The Gambia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2018, Survey Findings Report. Banjul, The Gambia. https://www.unicef.org/gambia/media/776/file/The%20Gambia%20Multiple%20Indicator%20Cluster%20Survey%202018.pdf/Accessed 16 Aug 2020.

Abstract:

Malaria during pregnancy has negative consequences to both the mother and fetus. In 2019, there were an estimated 33million pregnancies globally, of which 35% were exposed to malaria in Africa. To avert the consequences, the Uganda Ministry of Health is implementing approaches for effective prevention with intermittent preventive treatment, use Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITN), prompt diagnosis, and treatment through antenatal care (ANC). This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of malaria and associated factors among pregnant women attending their first ANC visit in Kole and Kyenjojo Districts in Uganda. A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 760 randomly selected pregnant women. Quantitative data was collected using a structured questionnaire to gather participants’ demographic, obstetric, coverage, and use of malaria preventive methods and laboratory results on malaria, anaemia, and HIV. Data was analyzed using STATA 15. Chi-square, odds ratio, and logistic regression were used to test for associations. The overall prevalence of malaria was 11.1%, varying from 6.8% in Kyenjojo to 15.3% in Kole District. Most cases were caused by P. falciparum. Factors associated with malaria were age of mother (aOR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.21-0.88), residence in Kyenjojo (aOR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.26-0.88), multiparity (aOR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16-0.91), anaemia (aOR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.12-4.00) and ITN non-use (aOR: 6.17, 95% CI: 2.76-13.86). Malaria prevalence was low and varied between districts. Age, gravidity, gestational age, and ITN use had a significant association with malaria. Therefore, early screening and identification of mothers at most risk of complications during pregnancy is needed, plus improving ANC.

References:

[1] WHO. World malaria report 2020 Geneva: World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2020/en/.

[2] Uganda Malaria Reduction and Elimination Strategic Plan 2021-2025. Ministry of Health. https://www.health.go.ug/cause/the-uganda-malaria-reduction-strategic-plan-2014-2020/.

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[14] Ahenkorah B, et al., 2020. Parasitic infections among pregnant women at first antenatal care visit in northern Ghana: A study of prevalence and associated factors. Public Library of Science One. 15(7): e0236514. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7380595/pdf/pone.0236514.pdf.

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[17] Sohail M, et al., 2015. Prevalence of malaria infection and risk factors associated with Anaemia among pregnant women in Semiurban Community of Hazaribag, Jharkhand, India. Biomed Research International.:740512. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691455/.

[18] Namusoke, F, et al., 2010. Malaria burden in pregnancy at Mulago national referral hospital in Kampala, Uganda. Malaria Research and Treatment. doi: 10.4061/2010/913857. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3277833/.

[19] Kyabayinze, D. J, et al., 2011. Placental Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection: operational accuracy of HRP2 rapid diagnostic tests in a malaria-endemic setting. Malaria Journal, 10(1), 306. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3206496/.

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[21] Gontie G.B, Wolde H.F, Baraki A.G., 2020. Prevalence and associated factors of malaria among pregnant women in Sherkole district, Benishangul Gumuz regional state, West Ethiopia. BioMed Central Infectious Diseases. 20:573. Available from: https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-020-05289.

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children for tracking malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 3(10). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673091/.

[29] Kwame D.D, et al., 2020. Epidemiology of malaria among pregnant women during their first antenatal clinic visit in the middle belt of Ghana: a cross sectional study. Malaria Journal. 19: 381. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7585211/.

Abstract:

Patients have developed a well-informed sense of validation concerning maintaining hygiene standards. The pandemic, somehow in disguise, presented the valuable perspective of life reflection and gratitude. The attitude of a majority of patients engaged was immensely that of a deep reflection of the privilege of having access to early diagnosis, treatment, and adequate support. However, the complaints of the past, knowing that they are alive and have hope to keep fighting on with gratitude and sense of acceptance. However, they wished that the experience of the social media – health engagement platform should continue as it provided a good level of the bridge of gap of information. The cost of treatment remains a major concern as it largely translates to possible dropout from treatment courses for most cancer patients who can’t afford the current cost. The concerns of the cancer patients and survivors during and after the covid-19 pandemic are similarly a concern to public health professionals worldwide. The need to aid their return to routine health care services is more important and therefore requires an urgent reorganization of cancer management services. An urgent intervention should be focused on patient re-orientation /pandemic control, staff training and retraining, awareness campaign, screening and result accessibility, special pandemic services, amongst others. The outcome reflected a very huge level of poor cancer patient experience in the public cancer treatment centres, while the reverse is the case with the private cancer treatment centres. This can be managed if an urgent intervention as proffered is implemented.

References:

[1] World health organization 2020. WHO coronavirus disease (covid-19) dashboard. https://covid-19.who.int/ Accessed Aug. 21, 2021.

[2] Dong Shuang, Luo Chenggang, Hu Xuebo, Zhang Jing, Cai Qian, Qian Yu, Ran Fengming, Ou Wuling, Wang Jun, Huang Qing, Ren Tianhua, Han Guang, Zhang Feng, Wei Wei, Liang Xinjun, Xu Huiting, Wang Sheng, Shi Lulu, Wei Shaozhong, Hu Sheng. (2020). Expert Consensus for Treating Cancer Patients During the Pandemic of SARS-CoV-2. Frontiers in Oncology. 10, 2020;1555. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/.2020.01555 Doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01555.

[3] Coronado, A.C.; Tran, K.; Chadder, J.; Niu, J.; Fung, S.; Louzado, C.; Rahal, R. in collaboration with the System Performance Steering Committee and the Technical Working Group (2017). The Experience of Patients with Cancer during Diagnosis and Treatment Planning: A Descriptive Study of Canadian Survey Results. Curr. Oncol. 2017, 24, 332-337. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.24.

[4] Bailey C, Black JRM, Swanton C. (2020). Cancer Research: The Lessons to Learn from COVID-19. Cancer Discov. 2020 Sep;10(9):1263-1266. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0823. Epub 2020 Jul 15. PMID: 32669285.

[5] Franz Geisslinger, Angelika M. Vollmar and Karin Bartel. (2020). Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13, 143; doi:10.3390/ph13070143.

www.mdpi.com/journal/pharmaceuticals Accessed june. 21, 2021.

[6] Kaufman HW, Chen Z, Niles J, Fesko Y (2020). Changes in the Number of US Patients with Newly Identified Cancer Before and During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(8): e2017267.

[7] Al-Shamsi H O, Alhazzani W, Alhurayi A (2020). A practical approach to the management of cancer patients during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An International collaborative group. Oncologist 2020;25(6); e936-e945).

[8] Langarizadeh M, Tabatabaei MS, Tavakol K, (2017). Telemental Health Care, an Effective Alternative to Conventional Mental Care: A Systematic Review. Acta Inform Med 2017; 25:240.

[9] Bouanani N, Bendari M, Naim A, (2020). Managing cancer center during the SARS-COVID -19 Pandemic. Morocan experience. Asian Pac J cancer care 2020; 5(S1):219-223.

[10] Villian P, Carvalho A. L, Lucas E, (2021) Cross-sectional survey of the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on cancer screening programs in selected low- and middle-income countries; study from the IARC COVID-19. Impact study group. Int.J cancer 2021: 149, 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc33500.

[11] Zhaoya Gao, Yong Yang, Changmin Dmg, pengfei niu, wenshang huang, fuming lei, jin gu, (2020). Oncologist perspective: when Cancer encounters COVID-19. The oncologist 2020:25:25:61423.

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[13] Kristof Nemeth, Loannis Nikolopoulos, Ali Reza Mani, (2020). Scooping review on the prevalence of Cancer in COVID-19 Patients. BJS 2020; 107: e456-e457.

[14] Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang, (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus infected Pneumonia in Wuhan China JAMA 2020; 323: 1061 -1069.

[15] Epidemiology Group of emergency response mechanism of new coronavirus Pneumonia; Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of new coronavirus Pneumonia. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003.

[16] Sharma A. Malviya R, Kumar V, Gupta R, Awasthi R. (2020). Severity and Risk of Covid-19 in cancer patients: An Evidence-based learning, dermatologic therapy 2020;33; e13778; https://doi.org/10.111/doh.13778.

[17] Uzzo RG, Kutikov A, Geymsman DM, (2019). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Cancer during the pandemic. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-cancercare-during-the-pandemic Accessed on May 23, 2021.

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[19] Beddoe AM. (2019). Elimination of cervical cancer: challenges for developing countries. E. cancer medical science. 2019:13:975.

[20] Henry A. O and Mgbeafuluba I. C. (2018). Awareness and Practice of Cervical Cancer Screening and Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination (HPV) Uptake among Female Staff in Private Tertiary Hospital in Lagos Nigeria Texila International Journal of Public Health Volume 6, Issue 1, Feb 2018.

Abstract:

This study determined the prevalence, domain, and predictors of sexual dysfunction among 222 infertile women before and after Diagnosis of infertility in Ife East Senatorial district, Nigeria. They were interviewed using interviewer-administered questionnaire and Female Sexual Function Index assessment tool. Information about their sexual functions after marriage and before the couple started having difficulty in getting pregnant were obtained and compared with sexual functions after Diagnosis of infertility. Data management was done using SPSS Version22 and STATA 12. The Chi-square test was used to test associations. P-value of was set <0.05. Before infertility diagnosis, the prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 23.9%. After infertility diagnosis, this increased to 57.2%, P<0.001. The mean scores of female sexual function index for infertile patients were 29.57 ±5.10 before the infertility diagnosis but reduced to 24.42 ± 5.86 after infertility diagnosis P <0.001. The domain scores reduced after Diagnosis of infertility, and it shows statistical significance at P<0.001. Significant predictors at multivariate analysis include increasing maternal age, increasing duration of infertility, Hausa /Fulani tribe, and female genital mutilation. Infertility increases the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction and reduces the domain scores of sexual functions.

References:

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[2] Ljungman, L., Lampic, C., Wettergren, L., et al., 2020. Sexual Dysfunction Among Young Adults in Sweden—A Population-Based Observational Study. Sex Med; 8:631–642.

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[5] deMendonça, C.R., MatiasNo, J.T.,  Campol, P.M., do Amaral,  W.N.,.2017 Sexual dysfunction in infertile women: A systematic review and meta-analysis European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 215(8):153-163.

[6] Millheiser, L.S., Helmer, A.E., Westphal, LM.; Millki, A.A., Lathii, R.B., 2010. Is an infertility risk factor for female sexual dysfunction? A case-control study. Fertility Sterility;94(6):2022-20025.

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[16] Hendrick, L., Gijs, L., Enzlin, P., 2015.Age-related prevalence rates of sexual difficulties, sexual dysfunctions, and sexual distress in heterosexual women: Results from an online survey in Flanders. J Sex Med; 12:424-435.

[17] Abdullahi, H.M., Abdurrahman, A., Ahmed, Z.D., Tukur, J., 2019. Female sexual dysfunction among women attending the family planning clinic at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital: A cross-sectional survey. Niger J Basic Clin Sci; 16:32-7.

[18] Okeke, T.C., Anyaehie, U.S.B., Ezenyeaku, C.C.K., 2012. An overview of female genital mutilation in Nigeria Annals of Medical Health Sciences Research; 2(1):70-73.

[19] Leye, E., Eekert, N., V,, Shamu, S., Esho, T., Barrett, H., and ANSER., 2019.Debating medicalization of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C): learning from (policy)experiences across countries Reproductive Health;16:158 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0817-3.

Abstract:

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in electrolytic reabsorption and calcium homeostasis, thereby maintaining skeletal and extra-skeletal integrity. In addition, the literature establishes its potency to prevent insulin-dependent diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, malignancies, and various autoimmune disorders. Therefore, determining vitamin D deficient states and its correlation with systemic factors plays a notable role in clinical medicine. The present cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the Prevalence and symptomatic correlation of vitamin D deficiency in individuals visiting an annual health check-up at a quaternary care hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study stipulated the prevalence rate of serum vitamin D deficiency levels was 91 % among healthy individuals. The overall mean value of serum vitamin D was 17.54 ng/mL. With 91.2 % symptomatic individuals, the mean age of patients was 48.08 ± 10.33 years, with the majority of males (61.53 %). The mild, moderate, and severe grades of vitamin D deficiency were seen in 32.53 %, 53.01 %, and 14.45 % of study participants, respectively. On applying Pearson correlation, there is a strong negative correlation between the total symptom score (12.98) and serum vitamin D levels with an R-value of -0.788. The study reveals the higher prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency among apparently healthy participants. The associated symptoms among moderate and severe vitamin D deficient study participants indicate the alarming stage in the country. The study concluded the need for comprehensive public health programs concerning the advantages of sun exposure and sufficient intake of fortified resources in the 21st-century lifestyle.

References:

[1] Nair R, Maseeh A. 2012, Vitamin D: “The Sunshine” Vitamin. J Pharmacol Pharmacother; 3:118-26.

[2] Holick MF, Chen TC. 2008, Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr.;87:1080S-6S.

[3] Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Hale CA, Bendich A. 2003, Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Am Coll Nutr.;22:142-6.

[4] Holick MF. 2004, Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. J Am Clin Nutr. 1; 80:1678S-88S.

[5] Tabrizi R, Moosazadeh M, Akbari M, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Mohamadkhani M, Asemi Z, Heydari ST, Akbari M, Lankarani KB. 2018, High Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency among Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Med Sci.; 43(2):125-39.

[6] Holick MF. 2006, High Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc.:81; 353-73.

[7] Hovsepian S, Amini M, Aminorroaya A, Amini P, Iraj B. 2011, Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adult population of Isfahan City, Iran. J Health Popul Nutr.; 29:149-55.

[8] Hickey L, Gordon CM. 2004, Vitamin D deficiency: new perspectives on an old disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes.; 11:18-25.

[9] Lips P. 2007, Vitamin D status and nutrition in Europe and Asia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.; 103:620-5.

[10] Aparna P, Muthathal S, Nongkynrih B, Gupta SK. 2018, Vitamin D deficiency in India. J Family Med Prim Care.; 7(2):324-30.

[11] Lips P. 2001, Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocrine reviews.; 22:477-501.

[12] Bawaskar PH, Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH, Pakhare AP. 2017, Profile of Vitamin D in patients attending at general hospital Mahad India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab; 21(1):125-30.

[13] Agrawal NK, Sharma B. 2013, Prevalence of osteoporosis in otherwise healthy Indian males aged 50 years and above. Arch Osteoporos.; 8:116.

[14] Parva NR, Tadepalli S, Singh P, Qian A, Joshi R, Kandala H, Nookala VK, Cheriyath P. 2018, Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and associated risk factors in the US population (2011-2012). Cureus.;10(6):2741.

[15] Rattan R, Sahoo D, Mahapatra S. 2016, Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency in adults in the coastal regions of Odisha, India. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci.; 11:49–52.

[16] Roy A, Lakshmy R, Tarik M, Tandon N, Reddy KS, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2015, Independent Association of severe Vitamin D deficiency as a risk of acute myocardial infarction in Indians. Indian Heart J.; 67:27–32.

[17] Goswami R., Kochupillai N., Gupta N. 2008, Presence of 25 (OH) D deficiencies in a rural North Indian village despite abundant sunshine. J Assoc Physicians India; 56:755–7.

[18] Marwaha R.K., Tandon N., Garg M.K. 2011, Vitamin D status in healthy Indians aged 50 years and above. J Assoc Physicians India.; 59:706–9.

[19] Heidari B, Shirvani J. S, Firouzjahi A, Heidari P, Hajian-Tilaki K. O. 2010, association between nonspecific skeletal pain and vitamin D deficiency. Int J Rheum Dis.;13(4):340–6.

[20] Plotnikoff GA, Quigley JM. 2003, Prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D in patients with persistent, nonspecific musculoskeletal pain. Mayo Clin Proc; 78(12):1463-70.

[21] Stewart R, Hirani V. 2010, Relationship between vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms in older residents from a national survey population. Psychosom Med.; 72(7):608-12.

Abstract:

The study assessed a gender mirrored framework into suicidal ideation and associated risk factors among undergraduates amid the prevalence of suicide ideation. A cross-sectional design was adopted for this study. The sample size was 993 respondents selected from undergraduates in public and private universities. The Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 23 was utilized in analyzing the data from this study. Four null hypotheses on gender, suicide ideation, and four psychosocial risk factors (depression, childhood adversity, economic recession, and media reporting) were raised and tested at a 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed a highly significant correlation between gender and suicide ideation. Childhood adversity is associated with gender (r = -.149, p >0.01). The relationship between gender, suicidation, and economic recession was also significant. The study recommended that gender-specific suicide prevention and intervention programme should be provided by institutions of higher learning and the creation of awareness on the effect of childhood experience on the latter psychological health of a person.

References:

[1] Omigbodun, O., Dogra, N., Esan, O., & Adedokun, B. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviour among students in Southwest Nigeria. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 54(1), 34 – 46.

[2] Korb I, Plattner, I. E. (2014). Suicide ideation and depression in university students in Botswana. J Psychol Afr. 24(5):420–6.

[3] Arria AM, O’Grady KE, Caldeira KM, Vincent KB, Wilcox HC, Wish ED. (2009) Suicide ideation among college students: a multivariate analysis. Arch Suicide Res. ;13(3):230–46.

[4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2010). Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [Online]. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC (producer). Available from URL: www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.

[5] Joe S, Stein DJ, Seedat S. (2008). Non-fatal suicide behaviour among South Africans. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology; 43:454-461.

[6] Abdollahi Abbas, Mansor Abu Talib, Siti nor Yaacob, and Zanariah Ismail. (2015). “The 5t; rtRole of Hardiness in Decreasing Stress and Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of Undergraduate Students.” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 55(2): 202–22. http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.pdx.edu/psycinfo/docview/1666306951/AB558F8F76314208PQ/15?accountid=13265 (March 26, 2015).

[7] Whitlock, J., & Knox, K. (2007). The relationship between self-injurious behavior and suicide in a young adult population. Archive of Pediatric Adolescence Medical, 161(7), 634-640.

[8] Mackenzie, S. Wiegel, J., Mundt, M., Brown, D., Saewyc, E., Heiligenstei, Harahan, B., & Fleming, M. (2011). Depression and suicide ideation among students accessing campus healthcare. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 101–107.

[9] Cash SJ, Bridge JA. (2009). Epidemiology of youth suicide and suicidal behavior. Curr Opin Pediatr. 21(5):613–9.

[10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013) Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [Online]. (2013, 2011) National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, CDC (producer). Available from http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.

[11] Coêlho BM, Andrade LH, Borges G, Santana GL, Viana MC, Wang Y. P. (2016). Do Childhood Adversities Predict Suicidality? Findings from the General Population of the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil. Plos One 11(5): e0155639. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155639.

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Abstract:

Anaemia, a common hematological disorder in HIV infection, compromises the quality of life and treatment outcomes. At The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Entebbe, the records for the 2016-2018 period show a 10% prevalence of anaemia which is lower than that in literature where it is said to be up to 95%. This study determined the prevalence, type, severity, and determinants of anaemia among people living with HIV and AIDS who receive care from TASO Entebbe in Uganda. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 624 TASO clients. A checklist identified the clients’ Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) combination and viral load. The selected clients’ Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated to assess their nutritional status. A Fully Automated Humacount 60TS Three-Part Hematology Analyzer was used to measure hemoglobin and to do a full blood count. A blood film from each sample was manually examined for the type of anaemia. Data analysis was done with Stata MP 15. The prevalence of anaemia was 44.4%, and the anaemia was mostly mild (54.15%) to moderate (40.80%). Anaemia of inflammation was the commonest type (>58%). Gender, viral suppression, nutritional status, nutritional education, marital and economic status were significantly associated with the anaemia. Duration on ART had a protective effect, but this was not statistically significant. The prevalence of anaemia (44.4%) among the TASO-Entebbe Uganda clients was high, but the anaemia was mostly mild to moderate (>94%) and of inflammation type (>58%). Management of anaemia in HIV requires intentional screening since it compromises treatment outcomes.

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Abstract:

Curcumin and its eleven analogues obtained from the ZINC database were screened for its anti-Alzheimer’s potential validated through in silico approach. Curcumin, eleven curcumin analogues from the ZINC database, and six standard anti-Alzheimer’s drugs were obtained from SWISS ADME and Pub chem database. All obtained molecules were subjected to drug-likeness, molecular docking, and ADMET analysis. Curcumin and eleven curcumin analogues show no violations against five drug-likeness rules, whereas 2 standard drugs (CID­_11269353, CID_46883536) out of 5 screened standard drug molecules shows violations in drug likeness property. Curcumin and curcumin analogues possess docking scores in the range of -7.5 to 9.9 Kcal/mol, whereas reference standard drugs docking score lies in the range of -6.4 to -11.0 Kcal/mol against all three Alzheimer’s disease molecular targets. Finally, our present study has proven that curcumin analogues possess some novel anti-Alzheimer’s properties over curcumin and standard reference drug. It needs to be validated and commercialized after in vivo preclinical trials.

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