Abstract:

This study aims to compare Covid-19 knowledge, perception, and Intention to adhere to preventive measures among urban and rural dwellers in Benue State, Nigeria. A multi-stage comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among consenting adults 18yrs and above or emancipated minors aged 15yrs to 17yrs between January and April 2021 among urban and rural dwellers in Benue State. The response was scored, and each composite score were converted to a percentage. A score of ≥80% were categorized as positive perception, 51% to 79% were categorized as moderate perception, while scores ≤ 50% were categorized as negative perception. Urban and rural comparisons were done with Chi square test, and the corresponding p-values presented at 5% Cl. One thousand four hundred and thirty-one (1,431) respondents were recruited into the study with mean age 33.7years± SD 12.83. Forty-six (46%) percent of urban respondents believed positive Covid-19 patients would show no symptoms compared to 41% of rural respondents. One-third, 31% of urban respondents have a positive perception of Covid-19 existence compared to 21% in the rural areas (t=1.06; P< 0.469). Seventy-one percent of urban respondents have a positive perception of the seriousness of Covid-19 compared to 73% of rural respondents (t=0.99; p<0.95). 84% of respondents in the urban and 81% in the rural area have a positive perception on the Intention to carry out preventive measures against Covid-19 (t=0.87; p<0.09). knowledge differs among both communities; however there was a higher proportion of Perception with no significant difference observed among both communities.

References:

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Abstract:

The challenge of incorporating men in HIV prevention from mother to child transmission (PMTCT) activities has remained a major barrier to women’s adoption of basic PMTCT activities. Available research that has been done to incorporate men in PMTCT activities used women as the sample. PMTCT was introduced in Cameroon in 2000 and in the Fundong Health District in 2002. This study was aimed at determining factors that influence men’s participation and involvement in PMTCT programs. A descriptive cross-sectional correlation design was used with 384 participants ranging in age from 24 to 77 years. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. Structured questionnaires were given to 384 men in six randomly selected health areas. A focus group discussion was held with randomly selected key PMTCT service providers in the district. Stata version 10 was used to do univariable and multivariable analyses on the data. Respondents had a mean age of 42.83 and a standard deviation of 10.41. The level of involvement was above average. There was a positive correlation between the age and level of men’s involvement in PMTCT. Knowledge and awareness had an adjusted OR (95%CI) of 5.24(2.78, 9.85) with a P-value of 0.01. Socio-cultural factors had an adjusted OR (95%CI) of 2.98(1.73, 5.11) with a P-value of 0.01. Hospital-based factors had an adjusted OR (95%CI) of 1.53(0.93, 2.53) and a P-value of 0.09. In conclusion, even though socio-cultural factors were seen as deterrents, men’s role and participation increased with more knowledge, awareness, and understanding of the PMTCT programme and the manner in which nurses offer PMTCT services.

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Abstract:

An incisional hernia may occur in women following laparotomy. Obesity has become an increasing non-communicable public health problem in middle and low-income countries. Also, the caesarean section has been on the increase even among obese women. The study aimed to evaluate the outcome of care and determine the association between caesarean section and obesity in the development of incisional hernias among women who underwent laparotomy for various indications in Enugu, Nigeria. A retrospective study of women who underwent incisional hernia repair between January 2010 and December 2020 at the 2 tertiary hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria, was carried out. The following parameters were assessed; age, predisposing factors, presence and absence of obesity and the class of obesity, comorbidity, presenting symptoms, duration of symptoms before presentation, the interval between presentation and intervention, intra-operative finding, the definitive operative procedure performed, complications of treatment, and outcome of treatment. A total of 46 patients were evaluated. Their mean age was 44 years. Caesarean section and obesity were the most frequently performed laparotomy (31/46, 67.5%) and most common comorbidity (41/46, 89.2%) respectively among the participants. The majority of the patients (44/46, 95.7%) had mesh repair of the incisional hernia, and most had no post-operative complications. There was no significant relationship between incisional hernia and obesity, p = 0.446. There was no mortality. In conclusion, caesarean section, a frequently performed laparotomy, and obesity as comorbidity were frequently associated with the occurrence of incisional hernia among the participants. The use of appropriate mesh and techniques were associated with good results and reduced recurrence.

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Abstract:

Same-day Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) initiation after a positive HIV test result is vital for faster viral suppression. This study assessed the time to ART initiation and factors associated to SDAI in the West region of Cameroon. This was a cross-sectional retrospective study. The data was extracted from registers and patients’ medical records and analysed. The mean age of the 3053 participants was 36.9 (SD: 13.3), and 64.0% were female. A total of 2346 (76.8%) participants had initiated ART the same day of the diagnosis. Female gender (OR= 1.2; 95%CI:1.1-1.5), Tier 3 HF (OR= 1.3; 95%CI: 1-1.7), semi-urban facility’s location (OR= 1.4; 95%CI: 1.1-1.7), periods of test January-March 2020 (OR= 2; 95%CI: 1.6-2.6), April- June 2020 (OR= 1.7; 95%CI: 1.3-2.2), and July- September 2020 (OR= 3.4; 95%CI: 2.5-4.6), index case testing entry point (OR= 1.6; 95%CI: 1.2-2.1), active occupational situation (OR= 1.3; 95%CI: 1-1.7), and good general status (OR= 1.3; 95%CI: 1.1-1.6) were independently associated to same day initiation. In addition to WHO stage 2 (OR= 0.6; 95%), tuberculosis (OR= 0.2; 95%CI: 0.1-0.5), inpatient (OR= 0.2; 95%CI: 0.1-0.4) and emergency entry point (OR= 0.1; 95%CI: 0-0.2) were inversely associated to SDI. The ART initiation was timely for most clients in the West region of Cameroon, in alignment with the WHO recommendations. However, this was not the case among symptomatic, critically ill, and tuberculosis clients. This underscores the need for ongoing support, counselling, and continuous readiness assessment, as well as a strong linkage system for clients with delayed ART initiation.

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Abstract:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a global pandemic that was first identified in the city of Wuhan, China, and declared On January 30, 2020, by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. In Ghana, the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital became one of the designated sites for the management of Covid-19 patients, and the pharmacists were part of the task force. This study aims to analyze hospital pharmacists’ interventions in a Covid-19 isolation center and to identify the evidence that supports the effect of such interventions. This was a retrospective study carried out by collecting and collating the interventions and recommendations made by the hospital pharmacists who worked at the isolation center from May 2020 to August 2020 at the peak of the pandemic. A total of 145 pharmacists’ interventions (PIs) were captured from the medication reviews of 53 patients: resulting in an average PI rate of 3 interventions per patient. Women accounted for 58.5% (31/53) of positivity in the study. The mean (SD) for age was 47.1(17.9). Physicians’ acceptance rate of PIs for Covid-19-positive patients was 95.2% (138/145). The most prevalent type of PIs was discharge counseling; 32.4 % (47/145), followed by untreated indication 10.3% (15/145), drug /dose omission 9% (13/145), and drug shortage/refill 9% (13/145) respectively. This study highlights the clinical relevance of pharmacists’ interventions in the Covid-19 era and the importance of teamwork to prevent medication errors.

References:

[1] World Health Organization (WHO). Covid 19 Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Global research and innovation forum: towards a research roadmap. 2020. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-public-health-emergency-of-international-concern-(pheic)-global-research-and-innovation-forum.

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[6] Visacri, M. B., Figueiredo, I. V., & Lima, T. M. (2021). Role of pharmacist during the Covid-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Research in social & administrative pharmacy: RSAP, 17(1), 1799–1806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.07.003.

[7] Alzahrani, Abdulhakim & Alwhaibi, Monira & Asiri, Yousif & Kamal, Khalid & Alhawassi, Tariq. (2020). Description of Pharmacists’ Reported Interventions to Prevent Prescribing Errors among in Hospital Inpatients: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study. 10.21203/rs.3.rs-15710/v1.

[8] Danelich, IM, Thomson, L, Alberto, J, (2021) Adaptation of clinical pharmacy services to meet patient care needs during the Covid-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 4: 364– 371. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1392.

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[21]    Falconer, N., Monaghan, C., & Snoswell, C. L. (2021). The pharmacist informatician: providing an innovative model of care during the Covid-19 crisis. The International Journal of pharmacy practice, 29(2), 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riaa01.

[22]        Kashif Hussain, Gul Ambreen, Mehreen Muzammil, Syed Shamim Raza, Umer Ali, (2020). Pharmacy services during Covid-19 pandemic: experience from a tertiary care teaching hospital in Pakistan, Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 10.1186/s40545-020-00277-5, 13, 1.

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[38] Perez, M., Masse, M., Deldicque, A., Beuscart, J. B., De Groote, P., Desbordes, J., Fry, S., Musy, E., Odou, P., Puisieux, F., Lambert, M., Scherpereel, A., & Décaudin, B. (2021). Analysis of clinical pharmacist interventions in the Covid-19 units of a French university hospital. European journal of hospital pharmacy: science and practice, ejhpharm-2020-002542. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2020-002542.

[39] Zaal, R. J., den Haak, E. W., Andrinopoulou, E. R., van Gelder, T., Vulto, A. G., & van den Bemt, P. (2020). Physicians’ acceptance of pharmacists’ interventions in daily hospital practice. International journal of clinical pharmacy, 42(1), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-020-00970-0.

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Abstract:

The study focused on the conduct of integrated health services in real hard-to-reach/under-served communities to address maternal and child health problems from 2016–2018, riding on the Global Vaccine Action Plan that was conducted in Seventeen (17) Local Government Areas at risk of sustaining polio transmission in Borno State from July 2014 to December 2015, it was further expanded to 1712 for both real Hard-to-reach and Under-served communities in 25 accessible Local Government areas for integrated Health services using two strategies, Real Hard-to-reach areas and under-served communities which targeted newly liberated communities including internally displaced persons between 2016 to 2018. The findings from the study show treatment of minor ailment, 628731 clients were seen, and 9482 were referred to next health facilities for proper diagnosis and management, 88421 pregnant mothers received intermittent preventive therapy, sensitization on exclusive breast feeding, complementary feeding, focused antenatal care, Water sanitation, and hygiene. Furthermore, the findings show that oral polio, measles, hepatitis, yellow fever, tetanus toxoid, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccination was carried out for children from 0-11 months, while tetanus vaccination was carried out for pregnant women. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that the mobile health teams had improved the health status of Children, women of childbearing age, pregnant mothers, and other age groups in Real Hard-to-reach and under-served communities like Antenatal/post-natal, treatment of minor ailments, vaccination, nutritional screening, HIV testing counselling and referrals, Gender-based violence identification counselling and referrals and de-worming.

References:

[1] World Health Organization. An evidence map of social, behavioural, and community engagement interventions for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017.Google Scholar.

[2] National Primary Healthcare Development Agency. Nigeria polio eradication emergency plan 2014. Abuja: National Primary Healthcare Development Agency; 2014. Available from: http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/4.2_10IMB.pdf. Accessed 20 Feb 2022.

[3] Sageer, R., Kongnyuy, E., Adebimpe, W.O., Omosehin, O., Ogunsola, E.A and Sanni, B. (2019). Causes and contributory factors of maternal mortality: evidence from maternal and perinatal death surveillance and response in Ogun state, Southwest Nigeria. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 19 (63):1-8.

[4] Wassilak SGF, Oberste MS, Tangermann RH, Diop OM, Jafari HS, Armstrong GL. Progress toward global interruption of wild poliovirus transmission, 2010–2013, and tackling the challenges to complete eradication. J Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 1;210 Suppl 1: S5–15. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu456 PMID: 25316873.

[5] Tyndall, J.A., Ndiaye, K., Weli, C. et al. The relationship between armed conflict and reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health and nutrition status and services in northeastern Nigeria: a mixed-methods case study. Confl Health 14, 75 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-020-00318-5.

[6] Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/Global Vaccine Action Plan_doc_2011_2020/en/ [cited 2018 Jan 23].

[7] Momoh, J. (2020) The Strides of Polio Vaccination in Hard-to-Reach Areas (HTRs) in Borno State. eHealth Africa. GIS & Data Analytics, Innovation, Public Health Emergency, Polio Eradication. [cited 2022 Feb 24].

[8] Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/GlobalVaccineActionPlan_doc_2011_2020/en/ Accessed 30 June 2016.

[9] UNICEF (2018) Training and Implementation Plan Integrated Health Training Package for Hard to Reach Settlements, Nigeria.

[10] National Programme on Immunization (NPI). A basic guide for immunization service providers. Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Government of Nigeria; 2014. http://healthfolk.net/documents/1/8/basic-guide-for-routine-immunization-service-providers Accessed 6 Mar 2018.

[11] Touray K, Mkanda P, Tegegn SG, Nsubuga P, Erbeto TB, Banda R, et al. Tracking vaccination teams during polio campaigns in northern Nigeria by use of geographic information system technology: 2013–2015. J Infect Dis. 2015;213(suppl 3): S67–72.

[12] Gidado SO, Ohuabunwo C, Nguku PM, Ogbuanu IU, Waziri NE, Biya O, et al.; N-STOP Outreach Team. Outreach to underserved communities in northern Nigeria, 2012-2013. J Infect Dis. 2014 Nov 1;210 Suppl 1: S118.

[13] Lassi ZS, Bhutta ZA. Community-based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015: CD007754. Doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007754. pub3 pmid: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25803792.

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[22] Marston C, Hinton R, Kean S, et al. Community participation for transformative action on women’s, children’s, and adolescents’ health. Bull World Health Organ 2016; 94:376 82. Doi:10.2471/BLT.15.168492CrossRefPubM.

Abstract:

Adolescent pregnancy is a serious public health and social problem. Over 95% of adolescent pregnancy cases occur in developing countries. Understanding and addressing the determinants of adolescent pregnancy is crucial to ending the vice. This study aimed to explore factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in Luuka District, in Uganda. An embedded mixed methods study design was used. Primary data was collected from 336 adolescent girls, aged 10–19 years, selected through simple random sampling, using a case-control survey, with a structured questionnaire. In addition, qualitative data was collected through 20 in-depth interviews and 16 focus group discussions. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were done using SPSS for descriptive, bivariate (i.e., Chi-square tests), multivariable analyses (i.e., logistics regression) used for determining independent associations and content analysis respectively. Findings revealed multiple factors influencing adolescent pregnancy including behavioral factors: such as having multiple sexual partners, frequent sex, lack of self-control over sex and irregular contraceptive use; familial factors: peer pressure, being an orphan living with mother, sexual abuse, and socioeconomic factors such as poverty. In conclusion: behavioral, demographic, familial and socioeconomic factors are major determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Luuka District. We recommend interventions focusing on providing information on sexual and reproductive health, including improving access to contraceptives for adolescent girls. Improving socio-economic status of families, legal punishment of sexual offenders, as well as keeping girls in school to mitigate effects of adolescent pregnancy in the low-income settings.

References:

[1] WHO Coming of age: Adolescent health. 2020.

[2] WHO, Adolescent pregnancy. Key facts. 2020.

[3] WHO, Adolescent pregnancy: Issues in adolescent health and development. 2004. p. 86.

[4] WHO, Adressing adolescent health challenges in Uganda. 2014.

[5] T Ganchimeg, et al., Pregnancy and childbirth outcomes among adolescent mothers: a World Health Organization multicountry study. BJOG 2014. 121(Suppl.1): p. 40-48.

[6] Nathali Gunawardena, Arone Wondwossen Fantaye, and S. Yaya, Predictors of pregnancy among young people in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMJ Global Health 2019;4:e001499., 2019.

[7] Elizabeth Sully, et al., Adding It Up: Investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health 2019. 2020.

[8] C Bonell, et al., The effect of dislike of school on risk of teenage pregnancy: Testing of hypotheses using longitudinal data from a randomised trial of sex education. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2005: p. 223-30.

[9] Nour, N., M, Health Consequences of Child Marriage in Africa. . Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2006. 12(11): p. 1644-1649.

[10] K, E., Sexual behaviour and early coitarche in a national sample of 17-year-old Swedish boys. Acta Paediatr, 2002. 91(9): p.:985-91.

[11] Statistics, U.B.O., Uganda Demographic and health survey 2016. 2016, Uganda Bureau of statistics.

[12] Yu, X. and D. Khazanchi, Using Embedded Mixed Methods in Studying IS Phenomena: Risks and Practical Remedies with an Illustration, in. Information Systems and Quantitative Analysis Faculty Publications. 2017, University of Nebraska at Omaha.

[13] Mukasa, V., Busoga region has the highest rate of teenage pregnancies. 2014.

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[16] UBOS, Nationalpopulation and housing census 2014 area spesifc profiles Luuka District. 2017. p. 66.

[17] Kugonza, H., Early pregnancies escalate during COVID-19 lockdown, in New Vision. 2020.

[18] Mugabi, D., Govt launches programme to reduce teenage pregnancy, in PML Daily. 2018.

[19] Nabugoomu, J., G.K. Seruwagi, and R. Hanning, What can be done to reduce the prevalence of teen pregnancy in rural Eastern Uganda?: multi-stakeholder perceptions. Reproductive Health, 2020. 17(1): p. 134.

[20] Joanne N. Leerlooijer, et al., Applying intervention mapping to develop a community-based intervention aimed at improved psychological and social well-being of unmarried teenage mothers in Uganda. Health Educ Research, 2014.

[21] Ochen, A.M., P.C. Chi, and S. Lawoko, Predictors of teenage pregnancy among girls aged 13–19 years in Uganda: a community based case-control study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2019. 19(1): p. 211.

[22] Joseph Byonanebye, et al., Geographic variation and risk factors for teenage pregnancy in Uganda. African Health Sciences 2020 20(4): p. 1898-907.

[23] Magashi J Ntegwa, Magashi J Ntegwa, and A. Miho, Trends and Causes of Socio-economic Inequality In Teenage Pregnancy and Childbearing in Tanzania. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2021, 2021.

[24] Seblewongel Tigabu, Alemneh Mekuriaw Liyew, and B.M. Geremew, Modeling spatial determinates of teenage pregnancy in Ethiopia; geographically weighted regression. BMC Women’s Health 2021. 21(254).

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Abstract:

Data about mental health literacy and its associations with HIV-related treatment outcomes are both sparsely reported and presented with disparate results. This study aimed to assess the mental health performance among HIV/AIDS outpatients and examine the correlations between Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) with some pre-specified HIV-related treatment outcomes, including clinical status, HIV-RNA suppression, antiretroviral (ART) failure, and treatment adherence. We conducted a single-center, cross-sectional study between June and October 2020 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Adult HIV-infected patients were enrolled in the study when they routinely attended an outpatient clinic to receive medical consultations and antiretroviral therapy. Bivariate logistic regressions were used to study the associations between MHLS and major HIV-related health outcomes. A total of 406 HIV-infected participants were enrolled during the study period. The median MHLS among HIV/AIDS patients was 99 (Interquartile range (IQR): 93-107). Roughly 93% of patients were clinically stable, with a median CD4 count of 603 cells/µl. Two-thirds of patients achieved HIV-RNA suppression (undetectable threshold < 20 copies/ml). A total of thirteen (3.2%) patients were undertaking protease-inhibitors-based second-line ART regimens. The ART compliance of participants was evaluated at 92.1%. The logistic bivariate analyses did not show any significant correlations between mental health literacy with both pre-specified HIV-related health outcomes and ART adherence. The mental health performance among the HIV/AIDS outpatients at the HIV community-based clinic was at the intermediate level. The mental health literacy of patients was not statistically associated with the pre-specified HIV treatment outcomes.

Keywords: Adherence, Antiretroviral therapy, HIV treatment outcomes, Mental health literacy, Vietnam.

References:

[1] Global HIV and AIDS statistics | Avert 2020. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.avert.org/global-hiv-and-aids-statistics. [(Accessed and cited on 12 March 2021].

[2] World Health Organization. Transition to new antiretroviral drugs in HIV programmes: clinical and programmatic considerations. Geneva: 2017. [Internet]. [Accessed and cited on 20 June 2021]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255887/1/WHO-HIV-2017.23-eng.pdf?ua=1.

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has and is greatly affecting the global community. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards Covid-19 among a convenient sample of the general public in the Bamenda Health District (BHD) of Cameroon. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the BHD, from 1^st March to 30^th April 2021. Participants were sampled from three Health Areas in Bamenda. Data collection was performed using a self-administered questionnaire. The Pearson Chi square (χ²) and regression analysis were used to determine associations between KAP and demographic characteristics. We studied 404 participants with the following demographic characteristics: 237 (58.7%) aged 25 – 49 years, 233 (57.7%) females, and 197 (48.8%) with tertiary level of education. Of the 404 participants, 182 (45.0%) were knowledgeable about Covid-19 (79 males and 103 females), 42.5% had positive attitudes towards Covid-19 (63 males and 109 females), and 122 (30.2%) were adherent to practicing public health preventive measures (48 males and 74 females). Compared to females, males were more adherent to practicing public health preventive measures (OR, 1. 3; 95% CI, 0.8 – 2.1), and had positive attitudes towards directives and guidelines (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1 – 2.8). This study shows that public health prevention efforts should be directed to closing the identified gaps in KAP among residents to halt the spread of Covid-19 in the health district as well as the Region.

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Abstract:

Nutrition is an important part of a child’s growth and development, especially the first two years of life considered to be the window of opportunity where we can improve the wellbeing of a child. This study, therefore, investigated mother’s nutritional knowledge and the nutritional status of their children in a selected health centre in Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 400 participants for the study. A 43-item validated semi-structured questionnaire with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.71; 0.72; 0.70 was used to collect data. Frequency, pie chart, Chi-square, and correlation analysis was conducted to give statistical responses to the research question and hypotheses using SPSS version 23. The mean age of the respondents was 30 ± 6.4 years. More than half (56.6%) of the respondents were married, 70% were Yoruba’s, and 61.3% were Christians. Respondents mean knowledge score was 5.9±1.96, while most (78.8%) of the respondents had good nutritional knowledge. Respondents mean child feeding practices score was 6.05±1.98, with more than half (59.2%) of the respondents having good child feeding practices. There was a significant relationship between respondent’s knowledge of nutrition and their child feeding practices (r=-0.13, p value= 0.007). In conclusion the mothers’ nutritional knowledge was good, the study further showed that there is a significant association between mothers’ nutritional knowledge and the nutritional status of the children. The study recommended that women should be educated by trained nutritionists on the types of locally available foods that promote growth in children during ante-natal clinics.

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[12] Fadare, O., Mavrotas, G., Akerele, D., & Oyeyemi, M., 2018, Micronutrient-rich food consumption, intra-household food allocation and child stunting in rural Nigeria. Public Health Nutrition, 3:1–1. https://doi.org/10. 1017/S1368980018003075.

[13] Obonyo, K. O., 2018, Influence of maternal nutrition knowledge, attitude, and practices on nutritional status of children 6-59 months at Kenyatta national hospital, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).

[14] Ongosi, A. N., 2010, Nutrient intake and nutrition knowledge of lactating women (0-6) months postpartum) in a low socio-economic area in Nairobi, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria).

[15] Williams, L., Campbell, K., Abbott, G., Crawford, D., & Ball, K., 2012, Is maternal nutrition knowledge more strongly associated with the diets of mothers or their school-aged children? Public health nutrition, 15(8), 1396-1401.

[16] Akeredolu, A., Osisanya, J., Seriki-Mosadolorun, J., & Okorafor, U., 2014, Mother’s nutritional knowledge, infant feeding practices and nutritional status of children (0-24months) in Lagos State, Nigeria. European Journal of Nurtition & Food Safety, 4(4), 364-374.

[17] Imdad, A., Yakoob, M. Y., & Bhutta, Z. A., 2011, Impact of Maternal Education on Complementary Feeding and Provision of Complementary Foods on Child Growth in Developing Countries. BMC Public Health 2(3), 525.

[18] SunWoong, L., ChungJa, S., AeJung, K., & MiHyun, K., 2000, A study on nutritional attitude, food behavior and nutritional status according to nutrition knowledge of Korean middle school students. Korean Journal of Community Nutrition, 5, 419-431.

[19] National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2013). Abuja, Nigeria, Rockville, Maryland, USA: 2014.

[20] Lawan, U. M., Amole, G. T., Jahum, M. G., & Sani, A., 2014, Age-appropriate feeding practices and nutritional status of infants attending child welfare clinic at a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Journal Family Community Medicine, 21, 6–12.

[21] Kulwa, K. B., Mamiro, P. S., Kimanya, M. E., Mziray, R., & Kolsteren, P. W., 2015, Feeding practices and nutrient content of complementary meals in rural central Tanzania: Implications for dietary adequacy and nutritional status. BMC Pediatric, 15, 171.

[22] Luo, R., Shi, Y., Zhou, H., Yue, A., Zhang, L., Sylvia, S., Medina, A., & Rozelle, S., 2014, Anemia and feeding practices among infants in rural Shaanxi Province in China. Nutrients, 6(12), 5975-5991.

[23] Chaudhury, M. S. I., Akhter, N., Haque, M., Aziz, R. and Nahar, N., (2009). Serum total protein and albumin levels in different grades of protein energy malnutrition. Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist. 3(11):234-245.

[24] Etim, K. D., 2016, Nutritional status of children under five years in Ekureku community, Abi L. G. A. of Cross River State, Nigeria. M.Sc. Thesis submitted to Graduate School, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

[25] Andualem, A., Dube, J., & Getiye, D., 2017, Level of knowledge and practices of mothers on minimum dietary diversity practices and associated factors for 6-23-month-old children in Adea Woreda, Oromia, Ethiopia. Biomed Research International, 2017, 1-9.

[26] WHO., 2000, Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality, Effect of Breastfeeding on Infant and Child Mortality due to Infectious Diseases in Less Developed Countries: A pooled analysis. Lancet, 355, 451-455.

[27] Faber, M., & Bernade, S., 2017, Breast feeding, Complementary feeding, and nutritional status of 6-12 months old infants in rural Kwazulu-Natal.

[28] John, G., Safari, S., Kimambo, C., James, E., & Welaimira, L., 2013, Feeding practices and Nutritional Status of Infants in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 15:3.

[29] National Population Commission., 2016, Nigeria. (2006). Census Report.

[30] Webb, P., & Block, S., 2004, Nutrition information and formal schooling as inputs to child nutrition. Economic Development and cultural change, 52(4), 801-820.

[31] Appoh, L., & Krekling, S., 2005, Maternal nutritional knowledge and child nutritional status in the Volta region of Ghana. Maternal Child Nutrition, 1(2), 100–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2005.00016.x PMID: 16881885.

Abstract:

Adolescents and youth are individuals who are in the phase of life that separates early childhood and adulthood, a period that requires special attention and protection. This study was carried out to assess the baseline knowledge and attitudes concerning sexual and reproductive health among in-school adolescents in Greater Banjul area in Region 1, The Gambia. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 1505 in-school adolescents selected from secondary schools by systematic sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. A total of 1388 valid questionnaire (92.2% response rate) was analyzed. The age of the adolescent ranged from 13 – 19 years, with a mean age of 16.5 ± 1.9 years. A higher proportion of them, 816 (58.8%), were females, concerning HIV prevention, a higher proportion mentioned correct use of condoms during sexual intercourse, 930 (67.0%), and having only one sexual partner, 781 (56.2%). Only 511 (36.8%) mentioned abstinence. The predominant contraceptive methods mentioned by adolescents were condom 1192 (85.9%), followed by oral contraceptive pills 735 (53.0%) and injectable 586 (42.2%). Almost half, 680 (49.0%), agreed that young people who carry contraceptives with them are promiscuous or unfaithful, while only 393 (28.3%) disagreed with this. About the same proportion agreed, 582 (41.9%) and disagreed with 557 (40.1%) that using a contraceptive is a sign of not trusting one’s partner. The knowledge and attitudes concerning sexual and reproductive health were poor among in-school adolescents in studied. There is a need for an all-inclusive, comprehensive sexuality education to be implemented in all secondary schools in The Gambia.

References:

[1] United Nations Population Fund, 2014, The power of 1.8 Billion Adolescents, Youth and The Transformation of The Future, https://www.mhinnovation.net/resources/power-18-billion-adolescents-youth-and-transformation-future-unfpa-state-world-population.

[2] United Nations Children’s Fund, 2011, The state of the world’s children. Adolescence An age of opportunity, ISBN:978.92.806.4556.2. https://data.unicef.org/resources/the-state-of-the-worlds-children-2011-adolescents-an-age-of-opportunity/.

[3] Kariba, F., 2020, The Burgeoning Africa Youth Population: Potential or Challenge? Belgium: Cities Alliance, https://www.citiesalliance.org/newsroom/news/cities-alliance-news/%C2%A0burgeoning-africa-youth-population-potential-or-challenge%C2%A0.

[4] The Gambia Bureau of Statistics (GBOS) and ICF International, 2014, The Gambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013, Banjul, The Gambia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: GBOS and ICF International, https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR289/FR289.pdf.

[5] Paul-Ebhohimhen, V. A., Poobalan A, Teijlingen, E. R., 2008, A systematic review of school-based sexual health interventions to prevent STI/HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, BMC Public Health, 8, Doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-1188-1184.

[6] Sagnia P. I. G., Gharoro, E. P., Isara, A. R., 2020, Adolescents-Parent Communication on Sexual and Reproductive Health Issues among Secondary School Students in Western Region 1 of The Gambia, African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 12(1), a2409, Doi: 10.4102/ phcfm. v12i1.2409.

[7] Dessie, Y., Berhane, Y., Worku, A., 2015, Parent-Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Communication Is Very Limited and Associated with Adolescent Poor Behavioral Beliefs and Subjective Norms: Evidence from a Community Based Cross-Sectional Study in Eastern Ethiopia, Plos One, 10(7), e0129941, Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129941.

[8] The Gambia Bureau of Statistics, 2019, The Gambia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2018, Survey Findings Report. Banjul, The Gambia: The Gambia Bureau of Statistics, https://mics-surveys-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/MICS6/West%20and%20Central%20Africa/Gambia/2018/Survey%20findings/The%20Gambia%202018%20MICS%20Survey%20Findings%20Report_English.pdf.

[9] Republic of The Gambia National Reproductive Health Policy, 2007 – 2014, https://www.google.com/search?channel=nrow5&client=firefox-b-d&q=%5B9%5D+Republic+of+The+Gambia+National+Reproductive+Health+Policy.

[10] United Nations Population Fund, Gambia Government, 2000, Report on the National survey on Adolescent/Youth Health. Banjul: Government of the Gambia, https://www.unfpa.org/data/adolescent-youth/GM.

[11] Gambia Bureau of Statistics, 2016, http://www.gbos.gm.

[12] Cochran, W. G., 1977, Sampling Techniques, 3rd ed., New York, John Wiley and Sons.

[13] Ndongmo, T. N., Ndongmo, C. B., Michelo, C., 2017, Sexual and reproductive health knowledge and behavior among adolescents living with HIV in Zambia: a case study, Pan African Medical Journal, 26:71, Doi: 10.11604/pamj.2017.26.71.11312.

[14] Govender, D., Naidoo, S., Taylor, M., 2019, Knowledge, attitudes and peer influences related to pregnancy, sexual and reproductive health among adolescents using maternal health services in ugu, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, BMC Public Health, 19, 928, Doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7242-y.

[15] Finlay, J. E., Assefa, N., Mwanyika-Sando, M., Dessie, Y., Harling, G., Njau, T., Chukwu, A., Oduola, A., Shah, I., Adanu, R., Bukenya, J., 2020, Sexual and reproductive health knowledge among adolescents in eight sites across sub-Saharan Africa, Trop Med Int Health, 25(1), 44-53, Doi: 10.1111/tmi.13332.

[16] Cortez, R., Seemeen, S., Edmore, M., Oluwole, O., 2016, Adolescent Fertility and Sexual Health in Nigeria. Knowledge Brief. Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, World Bank, Washington, DC, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/24041.

[17] Muanda, F. M., Gahungu, N. P., Wood, F., Bertrand, J. T., 2018, Attitudes toward sexual and reproductive health among adolescents and young people in urban and rural DR Congo, Reproductive Health, 15, 74, Doi: org/10.1186/s12978-018-0517-4.

[18] Ahinkorah, B, O., Hagan, J. E. Jr., Seidu, A-A., Sambah, F., Adoboi, F., Schack, T., et al, 2020, Female adolescents’ reproductive health decisionmaking capacity and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: What does the future hold?, Plos One, 15(7), e0235601, Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235601.

[19] Wangamati, C. K., 2020, Comprehensive sexuality education in sub-Saharan Africa: adaptation and implementation challenges in universal access for children and adolescents, Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 28(2), 56-61, DOI: 10.1080/26410397.2020.1851346.

[20] Gaferi, S. M., Al-Harbi, M. F., Yakout, S. M., Soliman, A. T., 2018, Knowledge, attitude and practice related to reproductive health among female adolescents, Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 2018, 8(8), 53-65, Doi: 10.5430/jnep.v8n8p53.

[21] Abdul-Wahab, I., Nungbaso, A. M., Nukpezah, R. N., Dzantor, E. K., 2021, Adolescents Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Survey of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana, Asian Research Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 6(1), 31-47, Article no., ARJGO.71989.

Abstract:

Menopause is a biological event characterized by a complexity of factors. On average one, third of the women’s life consists of the post-menopause years, and health care programs for women do not address concerns beyond reproductive ages. The purpose of this study was to investigate into the knowledge and practices of women towards menopause in choma district. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used to collect data from a sample of 50 women from two clinics. The researcher used a questionnaire that included both structured and open-ended questions. The findings indicated that 14(28%) of the respondents had adequate knowledge, while 36(72%) had inadequate knowledge towards menopause. 24(48%) of the respondents had good practices with adequate knowledge on menopause which was statistically significant (P<0.000). In this study, 37(74%) of the respondents who had bad practices had bad health-seeking behaviour. A high proportion of women are affected by menopause related symptoms. Care seeking for all symptoms is not uniform, indicative of a lack of knowledge about the treatable nature of many of these symptoms. There is a need to continue giving health education to women 45 years and above on the signs and symptoms, treatment needed, and where and when to seek health services so as to impart knowledge on menopause.

References:

[1] Ham, O. K. (2011). Predictors of health-related quality of life among low-income midlife women. Western journal of nursing research, 33(1), 63- 78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20696845/.

[2] Shakila P, Sridharan P, Thiyagarajan, S. An Assessment of Women’s Awareness and Symptoms in Menopause (A Study with Reference to Academic Women’s at Sri Lanka), J Bus Econ Policy 2014; https://jbepnet.com/journals/Vol_1_No_2_December_2014/12.pdf 1(2).

[3] Bernis, C., & Reher, D. (2007). Environmental contexts of menopause in Spain: comparative results from recent research. Menopause, 14 (4), 777-87. https://museoecologiahumana.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Bernis-and-Reher-Menopause07.pdf.

[4] Bahri N, Roudsari RL. “Moving from uncertainty toward acceptance”: a grounded theory study on exploring Iranian women’s experiences of encountering menopause. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol. 2020;14(2):154–64. https://www.erkenmenopoz.com/konu/dosyalar/menopoz_makale_ozetleri/ekim2019_14.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2019.1678018.

[5] Ramakuela N. J. (2015), Women’s health and gynaecology. University of Venda, South Africa.

[6] Gharaibeh, M., Al-Obeisat, S., & Hattab, J. (2010). Severity of menopausal symptoms of Jordanian women. Climacteric, 13(4), 385-94. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697130903050009.

[7] Ramakuela N. J, Nditsheni A, Akinsola H. A and Racheal L. T. (2014). A Perceptions of Menopause and aging in rural villages of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Health SA Gesond heid http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2071-97362014000100026.

[8] Kilaf E, Kirchengast S. (2010) Menopause between nature and culture: menopausal age and climacteric symptom among Turkish immigrant women in Vienna, Austria. Acta Medica Lituanica. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/55275.

[9] Meleis AI. Transition theory: Middle range and situation specific theories in nursing research and practice. 2010; 1st ed. New York: Springer. https://taskurun.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/transitions_theory__middle_range_and_situation_specific_theories_in_nursing_research_and_practice.pdf.

[10] Bahri N, Roudsari RL, Hashemi MA. “Adopting Self-sacrifice”: How Iranian women cope with the sexual problems during the menopausal transition? An exploratory qualitative study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;38(3):180–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2016.1216962.

[11] Greenblum, C., Meredeth, A., Rowe, N., Neff, D., & Greenblum, S. (2013). Midlife women: symptoms associated with menopausal transition and early post menopause and quality of life. Menopause, 20(1), 227. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230755157Midlife_women_Symptoms_associated_with_menopausal_transition_and_early_postmenopause_and_quality_of_life.

[12] Dutta R, Dcruze L, Anuradha R, Rao S, Rashmi MR. Population based study on the menopausal symptoms in a rural area of Tamil Nadu, India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2012; 4:597–601. http://jcdr.in/articles/PDF/2107/13%20-%203651.pdf.

[13] Cifcili SY, Akman M, Demirkol A, Unalan PC, Vermeire E. I should live and finish it: a qualitative inquiry into Turkish women’s menopause experience. BMC Family Practice 2009; 10(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-10-2.

[14] Elliott J, Berman H, Kim S. A critical ethnography of Korean Canadian women’s menopause experience. Health Care Women Int. 2002;23(4):377–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/0739933029008946.

[15] C. S. O. (2013), Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013 – 2014. Maryland, Calverton.

[16] Bauld, R., & Brown, R. F. (2009). Stress, psychological distress, psychosocial factors, menopause symptoms and physical health in women.Maturitas, 62(2), 160-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.12.004.

[17] Noroozi. E, Dolatabadi. N. K, Eslami. A. A, Hassanzadeh. A and Dava. S. (2013) Knowledge and attitude toward menopause phenomenon among women aged 40–45 years. University of medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778567/.

[18] Thomas SE. Menopause knowledge and attitudes of English-speaking Caribbean women: implications for health education. Californian J Health Prom. 2005; 33:167-76. https://journals.calstate.edu/cjhp/article/download/657/541/.

[19] Pan HA, Wu MH, Hsu LL, Yao BL, Huang KE, The perception of menopause among women in Taiwan. Europ Manou J. 2002;41(4):269-74. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12034513/.

[20] International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology Pathak Vet al. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2017 May;6(5):1848-1853 www.ijrcog.org.

[21] Loutfy F, Aziz A, Dabbous NI, Hassan MHA. women’s perception and experience of menopause: A community-based study in Alexandria, Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 2006;12 Suppl 2:593-606. http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-12-2006/volume-12-supplement-2/womens-perception-and-experience-of-menopause-a-community-based-study-in-alexandria-egypt.html.

[22] N. Osarenren, M. B. Ubangha, I. P. Nwadinigwe and T. Ogunleye, “Attitudes of Women to Menopause: Implications for Counseling,” Edo Journal of Counselling, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2009, pp. 155-164. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejc/article/view/60853/49065.

Abstract:

The study is designed to establish the factors associated with percutaneous /needle stick injuries among health care workers (HCWs) working in Nyangabwe Referral Hospital. Institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 222 randomly selected health care workers in Nyangabwe Referral hospital. The data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. The data was entered into epi info version 7.2.2.16 for analysis and exported to Microsoft excel for visualization. The multivariate regression model was used to determine the association of variables with needle stick injuries/percutaneous injuries with AOR and 95% CI & P value ≤ 0.05. This study revealed that 57% of the health care workers in Nyangabwe referral hospital had sustained percutaneous injuries/needle stick injuries during their period of work in the hospital. Nurses were the most affected cadre. Needles, suture needles, and cannulas are the most contributors to percutaneous injuries and needle stick injuries. NSI/PI occurs mostly due to fatigue, workload, inattentiveness, and distraction. The most significant associated factors to PI/NSI were Education level, work unit, years of experience, use of IPC guidelines, work environment as well as working hours. Percutaneous injuries/needle stick injuries in this study area were prevalent. The most contributing factors to NSI/PI were work unit (medical and pediatric ward), Work environment (busy wards), hours of work (≥40 hours per week), non-utilization of infection prevention and control guidelines.

References:

[1] Jovic Vranes A, Jankovic S, Vranes B, “Safety practice and professional exposure to blood and blood-containing materials,” J Occup Health, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 377-82, 2006.

[2] Ramphal Lekhraj, Rosidah Zakaria, Leong Whyne Sook, Azhar MD Zain, “Needle stick and sharps injuries and factors associated among healthcare workers in Malaysian Hospital,” European Journal of social sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, 2010.

[3] El-Hazmi G, Mohamed A, Hassan E, Ebrahim H, “Needle/sharps injuries and its determinants in nursing care workers.,” European Journal of social sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 15-16 pp.365-83, 2009.

[4] Smith D, Leggat P, “Needle stick and sharps injuries among Nursing students,” J Adv Nurs, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 449-550, 2005.

[5] Ramphal I, Zakaria R, Sook LW, Zain AM, “Needle stick and sharps injuries and factors associated with among healthcare workers in a Malaysian Hospital,” Eur J Soc, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 354-62, 2010.

[6] B. M. G. J. C. D. P. J. V. R. D. Russi M, “Anti-retroviral prophylaxis of health care workers at two urban medical centres,” Indian J Occup Environ Med, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1092-1100, 2000.

[7] Bhardwa DE, “Prevalence and predictors of needle stick injuries among nurses working in public hospitals of Jimmina zone,” Int J Nur Midwifery, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 90-6, 2014.

[8] Kabede A, Generesea H, “Prevalence of needle stick injuries and its associated factors among nurses working in public hospitals of Dessie town, Northwest Ethiopia,” vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2018.

[9] Tadese M, Tadese T, “Epidemiology of needle stick injuries among health care workers in Hawassa city, Southern Ethiopia,” Trop Doct, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 111-3, 2010.

[10] Ilhan MN, Durukan E, Arasa E, Turkcuoglu S, Aygun R, “Long working hours increase the risk of sharp and needle stick injuries in nurses; the need for new policy implication,” vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 563-83, 2006.

[11] Newson DH, Kiwamuka JP, “Needle stick injuries in a Ugandian teaching hospital,” Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology, vol. 96, no. 5, pp. 517-22, 2002.

[12] Lulie W, Embet A, Mesihanit T, Hana F, Dereje B, Muluken a, “Factors associated with needle stick injuries among health care workers in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar Northwest Ethiopia, facility-based cross-sectional survey,” Int J Infect Control, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1-9, 2013.

[13] Fadil RA, Abdelmutalab NA, Abdelhafeez SA, Mazi W, Algamdi S, Shelwy MM, Bouafia N, Alzahrani SE, “Pattern and risk factors of sharp
objects injuries among health care workers in two tertiary hospitals, Al Taif-kingdom of Saudi Arabia,” Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 2016-2018, 2021.

[14] Jahangiri M, Rostamabadi A, Hoboubi N, Solemani A, “Needle stick injuries and their related safety measures among nurses in a university hospital, Shiraz,” Iran Saf Health work, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 72-7, 2016.

[15] Mbaisi M, “Prevalence and factors associated with percutaneous injuries and splash exposures among healthcare workers in a provincial hospital, Kenya,” http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com, Accessed Feb 2022, vol. 14, no. 10, 2010.

[16] Norsayani M, Y, Noor H, I, “Study on incidence of needle stick injuries and factors associated with this problem among medical students,” J Occup Health, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 172-8, 2000.

[17] Ippolito L, Puro V, Arici C, Jagger J, Prevention management safety centre, and chemoprophylaxis of occupational exposure to HIV, Virginia: University of Virginia, 1997, pp. 15-16 pp365-383.

[18] Gemechu Y.B, “Sharps injuries and associated factors among health care professionals in Western Wollega public hospitals,” Ethiopia American Journal of clinical and experimental medicine, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 82-89, 2020.

Abstract:

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease transmitted by the female Aedes Aegypti species. There has been a dramatic increase in Dengue cases globally, many cases being asymptomatic or mild. WHO reports an 8-fold increase in cases over the last two decades, 5.2 million cases in 2019, compared to 2.4 million in 2010 and 505,430 cases in 2000, with a noted increase in fatality cases from 960 to 4032 between years 2000 and 2015. Cases have increased over the last years, with approximately 2.5 billion people at risk (WHO 2019). An estimated 50 million cases occur worldwide annually, with an estimated 500,000 people with DHF requiring hospitalization, the majority being children of less than five years, of whom 2.5% of those affected die. The first Dengue fever outbreak in Kenya was in 1982 in the coastal region, with outbreaks from April-June 2013 and March-June 2014 coinciding with long rains that provide a conducive breeding ground. Mombasa County has environmental conditions favoring mosquito proliferation and interaction with humans, such as a warm climate, high rainfall, and overcrowding. This study realized a major misconception about how Dengue fever is spread when 48% of the respondents recommended sleeping under a mosquito net as the key preventive measure. This study recommends community engagement and sensitization to update on the correct Dengue Fever information, possibly via health promotion activities such as community dialogues, radio talk shows, commercials, and community action days to clear the environment of all items listed and identified as possible Aedes mosquito breeding sites.

 Keywords: Aedes Aegypti, Dengue fever, Mosquito.

References:

[1] George R and Lum LCS (1997) Clinical spectrum of dengue infection. In: Gubler DJ, Kuno G, eds.

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[11] WHO, Comprehensive Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Revised and expanded edition, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204894.

[12] Bhatt, S., et al., The global distribution and burden of Dengue. Nature, 2013. 496(7446): p. 504–507.

[13] Ben-Shlomo Y, Brookes S, Hickman M. 2013. Lecture Notes: Epidemiology, Evidence-based Medicine, and Public Health (6th ed.), Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.

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[15] Wilder-Smith, A., Ooi, E.-E., Horstick, O. & Wills, B. J. T. L. (2019). Dengue. Lancet. 393, 350–363.

[16] Chandren JR, Wong LP, AbuBakar S. 2015. Practices of dengue fever prevention and the associated factors among the Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e 0003954.

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[18] Gubler DJ (1997). Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: its history and resurgence as a global public health problem. In: Gubler DJ, Kuno G, eds Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever, Willingford: CAB international; 1997: 1-22.

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Abstract:

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate evidence that adolescents, particularly girls, experience financial challenges. And such financial limitations are predictors for adolescent pregnancy. Through a case-control study design, research was conducted in Luuka district, Uganda, to examine predictors of adolescent pregnancy. Mixed methods were used to collect qualitative and quantitative data. This article is written from the qualitative data collected through key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions with health practitioners, parents, community leaders, and adolescents. Findings show that due to financial limitations in the community and in their families, adolescent girls are affected at a personal level. Consequently, as a means to find a solution to their financial needs, some take on petty trade, others transactional sex as personal survival strategies. These adopted strategies instead expose them to greater vulnerability, making the financial circumstances a predictor for adolescent pregnancies.

Keywords: Adolescent Pregnancy, Luuka District, Livelihood challenges, Predictors of adolescent pregnancy, Sugarcane.

References:

[1] WHO Adolescent pregnacy: fact sheet. 2014. 4.

[2] WHO, Adolescent pregnancy: issues in adolescent health and development. 2004. p. 92.

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[4] WHO, Adolescent pregnancy. Key facts. 2020.

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[15] WHO, Adolescents: health risks and solutions, in Key Facts. 2018.

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Abstract:

Access to health care services with the assurance of affordable, low-cost, and quality services that is available to people is one of the core components of universal health coverage (UHC). The United Nations (UN) has included the achievement of UHC by the year 2030 as part of the 3rd component of the SDG, which is aimed at ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all ages, in the overall Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The number of people lacking access to essential health services continues to increase. Hence, the need for close monitoring of the mode and pattern of accessibility to basic health care services becomes crucial as population growth continues to expand in many of the low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC). This study examined the geographic and spatial accessibility of the primary health care network in the Bauchi Local Government area of Bauchi State – Nigeria through open data and geospatial analysis techniques. The study identified settlements/populations that are not covered (under-served) by any health facility (HF) in the local government and the geographical network coverage of the HFs in the LGA. It also highlights the factors that are influencing accessibility to guide policymakers on equal distribution of health care facilities towards reducing inequality in accessibility. Different data sets on HF locations, population, and settlement point was used. The study opens ways to closing inequality in access to health care services, which will further support the effective and efficient delivery of health care services in similar resource settings towards achieving UHC.

Keywords: Bauchi Local Government Area, Geographic Accessibility, Health Care Facilities, Spatial Coverage Modelling, Universal Health Coverage, Under-served Settlements.

References:

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[3] Marcelo A, Kijsanayotin B, Roth S, Landry M. The Geography of Universal Health Coverage. 2016. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ Accessed 21 March 2022.

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[7] WHO. Global strategy on digital health 2020-2025. 2021.

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[19] Bascuñán MM, Quezada CR. Geographically weighted regression for modelling the accessibility to the public hospital network in Concepción Metropolitan Area, Chile. Geospatial Health. 2016;11(3):263–273.

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[21] Lawal O, Anyiam FE. Modelling geographic accessibility to Primary Health Care Facilities: combining open data and geospatial analysis. http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tgsi20#VsXpLiCLRhE 2019;22(3):174–184.

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[29] Noor AM, Amin AA, Gething PW, Atkinson PM, Hay SI, Snow RW. Modelling distances travelled to government health services in Kenya. Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH. 2006;11(2):188–196.

Abstract:

Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) retention continues to be a challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding factors that contribute to default at the early stage of ART can contribute to avoid poor treatment outcomes. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study on adult patients who initiated ART treatment between October 2019 and September 2020 in 25 health facilities in the West region of Cameroon. Early ART default was defined as having default within the first three months of treatment. The mean age of the 2219 clients included in the analysis was 36.8 (SD:13.4), and 838 (36.5%) were male. The median time to the first ART default of the 629 (28.3%) participants who experienced at least one ART default within 12 months after their ART initiation was 5 months, and 41.2% of those defaults occurred within the first three months of ART. Male gender (AOR =1.3; 95%CI:1.1-1.7) and good health at initiation (AOR =1.7; 95%CI:1.3-2.2) were associated with a high risk of early default; while being followed up in a private facility (AOR =0.3; 95%CI:0.2-0.6) were associated with less risk of early default. The ART default at the early stage of HIV care is high in the West region of Cameroon and more frequent in the male gender and in patients with apparent good health at the time of ART initiation. Interventions should be identified and implemented to ensure continuity of ART treatment especially in males, in clients with good health at the time of ART initiation, and in clients on care in public health facilities.

References:

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[4] Tripathi A, Youmans E, Gibson JJ, Duffus WA. The impact of retention in early HIV medical care on viro-immunological parameters and survival: a statewide study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011 Jul;27(7):751–8.

[5] Haas AD, Zaniewski E, Anderegg N, Ford N, Fox MP, Vinikoor M, et al. Retention and mortality on antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: collaborative analyses of HIV treatment programmes. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(2): e25084.

[6] Fox MP, Rosen S. Retention of Adult Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 2008-2013. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999. 2015 May 1;69(1):98–108.

[7] Carlos S, Burgueño E, Ndarabu A, Reina G, Lopez-del Burgo C, Osorio A, et al. Predictors of retention in the prospective HIV prevention OKAPI cohort in Kinshasa. Sci Rep. 2021 Mar 8;11(1):5431.

[8] Mugavero MJ, Lin H-Y, Willig JH, Westfall AO, Ulett KB, Routman JS, et al. Missed visits and mortality among patients establishing initial outpatient HIV treatment. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2009 Jan 15;48(2):248–56.

[9] Althoff KN, Buchacz K, Hall HI, Zhang J, Hanna DB, Rebeiro P, et al. U.S. trends in antiretroviral therapy use, HIV RNA plasma viral loads and CD4 T-lymphocyte cell counts among HIV-infected persons, 2000 to 2008. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Sep 4;157(5):325–35.

[10] Ulett KB, Willig JH, Lin H-Y, Routman JS, Abroms S, Allison J, et al. The therapeutic implications of timely linkage and early retention in HIV care. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2009 Jan;23(1):41–9.

[11] Zhang Y, Dou Z, Sun K, Ma Y, Chen RY, Bulterys M, et al. Association between missed early visits and mortality among patients of china national free antiretroviral treatment cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999. 2012 May 1;60(1):59–67.

[12] Nijhawan AE, Liang Y, Vysyaraju K, Muñoz J, Ketchum N, Saber J, et al. Missed Initial Medical Visits: Predictors, Timing, and Implications for Retention in HIV Care. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2017 May;31(5):213–21.

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Abstract:

There is growing awareness that fathers’ infant-feeding preferences may influence mothers’ intentions to breastfeed and help promote optimal breastfeeding. Despite this understanding, fathers are not part of most breastfeeding promotion strategies such as ‘mother-to-mother’ support groups. This study examined male partners’ breastfeeding attitudes, roles, and community views on male involvement through quantitative and qualitative methods. We interviewed 275 fathers of children aged <2 years, 15 key informants, and five focus groups to learn from the community. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 28.0; and thematically to generate frequency tables, median, interquartile range, and repeating patterns. Above 70% of fathers agreed that breastfeeding did not harm marriage or reduce women’s attractiveness. Breastfeeding in public is also accepted, and responsibilities are shared. The study also found support for >80% of the critical roles, including housework, baby care, and holding and watching the mother breastfeed. Education level was significantly associated with breastfeeding attitudes (r=-0.207 p =0.001<0.05) and roles (r=0.308, p=0.001<0.05). Employment status was also significantly associated with attitudes (r=0.184, p=0.003<0.05) and roles in breastfeeding (r=-0.155, p=0.007<0.05). However, there was no significant association between hours of work and the attitudes/roles of male partners in breastfeeding (r=-0.074, p=0.125>0.05 and r=0.049, p=0.224>0.05, respectively). The key barriers that emerge included challenging patriarchy, gender role segregation; Sexism; false beliefs; and work-related, social, economic, and personal factors. The major cultural hurdles that emerged signify the need to develop context-specific strategies to dispel myths about male breastfeeding involvement and promote supporting practices.

Keywords: Attitudes, Breastfeeding, Community, Involvement, Male, Perspectives, Roles.

References:

[1] UNSDGS. (2015). Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all ages. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/.

[2] UNICEF South Sudan. (2020). Key demographic indicators. https://data.unicef.org/country/ssd/.

[3] WHO. (2017). Ten facts on breastfeeding. https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/breastfeeding/en/.

[4] UNICEF. (2019). Health Briefing Note. https://www.unicef.org/southsudan/reports/health-briefing-note.

[5] WHO &The Lancet. (2016). LANCET BREASTFEEDING SERIES: Key Messages and Findings. https://www.who.int/pmnch/media/news/2016/breastfeeding_lancet.pdf.

[6] Yourkavitch, J. M., Alvey, J. L., Prosnitz, D. M., & Thomas, J. C. (2017). Engaging men to promote and support exclusive breastfeeding: a descriptive review of 28 projects in 20 low-and middle-income countries from 2003 to 2013. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 36 (1), 1-10.

[7] Dinga, L. A., Kiage, B. N., & Kyallo, F. M. (2018). Effect of paternal education about complementary feeding of infants in Kisumu County, Kenya. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 18(3), 13702-13716.

[8] Gebremariam, K. T., Zelenko, O., Mulugeta, A., & Gallegos, D. (2021). A cross-sectional comparison of breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and perceived partners’ support among expectant couples in Mekelle, Ethiopia. International Breastfeeding Journal, 16(1), 1-8.

[9] Bulemela, J., Mapunda, H., Snelgrove-Clarke, E., MacDonald, N., & Bortolussi, R. (2019). Supporting breastfeeding: Tanzanian men’s knowledge and attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding. International breastfeeding journal, 14(1), 1-7.

[10] Abera, M., Abdulahi, M., & Wakayo, T. (2017). Fathers’ involvement in breastfeeding practices and associated factors among households with fewer than six months in Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Pediatr Ther, 7 (1), 1000306.

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[19] Komodiki, E., Kontogeorgou, A., Papastavrou, M., Volaki, P., & Genitsaridi, S. (2014). Breastfeeding in public: a global review of different attitudes towards it. J Pediatr Neonatal Care, 1(6), 00040. DOI: 10.15406/jpnc.2014.01.00040.

[20] Dinga, L. A., Kiage, B. N., & Kyallo, F. M. (2018). Effect of paternal education about complementary feeding of infants in Kisumu County, Kenya. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 18(3), 13702-13716.

[21] Tamiru, D., Belachew, T., Loha, E., & Mohammed, S. (2012). Sub-optimal breastfeeding of infants during the first six months and associated factors in rural communities of Jimma Arjo Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC public health, 12, 363. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-363.

[22] Mat Nawi, N. I., & Abdul Hamid, S. B. (2021). Determinants of fathers’ involvement in breastfeeding practices in Kuala Selangor. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 27 (1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31246/mjn-2020-0070.

Abstract:

Kabwata daily ART activity register shows that approximately 30 patients miss appointments weekly and out of which about 20 are lost to follow at month-end. With the support of the Ministry of Health and partners, the clinic has been striving to improve retention levels through the implementation of call-to-care services. However, it is important to assess the state and factors that could be affecting the effective implementation of call-to-care at the facility. This study assessed the acceptance of call-to-care strategy by clients on ART at Kabwata Clinic and has provided evidence-based information on acceptance of call-to-care services, which will help Kabwata Clinic and stakeholders improve the provision of antiretroviral services, which will eventually translate into retention and viral load suppression. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. The population of the study was 5738, from which a sample of 374 participants was drawn using systematic random sampling and subjected to a questionnaire. Data analysis and presentation were performed with the aid of google forms. The study ensured ethical considerations were observed. The study revealed that the majority of respondents (60.7%) agreed to receive appointment reminders, (78.3%) agreed to discuss ART issues on phone, (78.8%) agreed that they were happy to receive calls from medical personnel about their health and lastly (69.3%) agreed that they are religious and free to be contacted about their health. Therefore, the study concluded that most adult ART patients at Kabwata Clinic have accepted call-to-care services and are willing to receive call-to-care services.

References:

[1] Central Statistical Office (CSO) [Zambia], Ministry of Health (MOH) [Zambia], and ICF International. 2014. Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013-14. Rockville, Maryland, USA: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Health, and ICF International.

[2] Ministry of Health, Zambia. Zambia Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (ZAMPHIA) 2016: Final Report. Lusaka, Ministry of Health. February 2019.

[3] Pai, Yun-Hui & Chen, Yen-Chin & Hung, Cheng-Kai & Liu, Hsiao-Ying & Lai, Yi-Yin & Ko, Nai-Ying. (2016). Willingness to Receive Text Message Appointment Reminders Among Patients with HIV Infection. The Journal of Nursing. 63. 59-67. 10.6224/JN.63.1.59.

[4] PEPFAR Monitoring, Evaluation and reporting Database 2022, Zambia Retention report, amfAR

[5] Assefa, Y., Lynen, L., Wouters, E. et al. 2014, How to improve patient retention in an antiretroviral treatment program in Ethiopia: a mixed-methods study. BMC Health Serv Res 14, 45 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-45.

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[7] S.E. Gerdts, B.H. Wagenaar, M.A. Micek, C. Farquhar, M. Kariaganis, J. Amos, S. Gimbel, J. Pfeiffer, S. Gloyd, K. Sherr(2014)Linkage to HIV care and antiretroviral therapy by HIV testing service type in Central Mozambique: a retrospective cohort study.

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[9] Mandana Saki, Sima Mohammad Khan Kermanshahi and Minoo Mohraz 2015, Perception of Patients With HIV/ADS from Stigma and Discrimination.

[10] Keele,B.F. et at. (2006) human immunodeficiency viruses: siv infection in wild gorillas, Nature 444:164.

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[13] Wikipedia 2020 Technology Acceptance Model retrieved from   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model#:~:text=The%20technology%20acceptance%20model%20(TAM,people%20to%20use%20the%20technology.

[14] Ministry of Health [Zambia] 2021, HIA report.

[15] St Clair-Sullivan N, Mwamba C, Whetham J, Bolton Moore C, Darking M, Vera J. 2019 Barriers to HIV care and adherence for young people living with HIV in Zambia and mHealth.

[16] Kebede, M., Zeleke, A., Asemahagn, M. et al. 2015 Willingness to receive text message medication reminders among patients on antiretroviral treatment in Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-015-0193.

Abstract:

The prevalence of significant HIV-associated co-infections and clinical data of HIV/AIDS outpatients in the context of dolutegravir (DTG) transition are sparsely reported in Vietnam. Treatments of HIV co-infection, including antifungals, anti-tuberculous drugs, and direct-acting antiviral agents for viral hepatitis C, potentially challenge the efficacy of DTG-based therapies in terms of drug-to-drug interactions. We conducted a single-center, cross-sectional study between June and October 2020 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. HIV-infected outpatients were enrolled in the study when they attended the clinic to receive medical consultations and antiretroviral therapy (ART). Descriptive analyses were performed to describe the data. A total of 406 HIV-infected participants were enrolled in the study. The prevalence of HIV co-infected with chronic viral hepatitis B and C were 9.9% and 10.6%, respectively. Approximately 22.2% of HIV-infected patients had a history of tuberculosis treatment, and roughly 9% of participants experienced invasive fungal infections, mainly cryptococcosis, taralomycosis, and Pneumocystic jirovecii pneumonia. History of sexually transmitted diseases accounted for 40.4%. At the time of DTG transition, roughly 93% of patients were clinically stable, with a median CD4 count of 603 cells/µl. Two-thirds of HIV-infected patients achieved viral suppression (HIV viral load threshold < 20 copies/ml). A total of thirteen (3.2%) patients were ongoingly undertaking protease-inhibitors-based second-line ART regimens. The ART adherence was assessed at 92.1%. The prevalence of HIV-associated co-infections is still high in the context of DTG transition in Vietnam. More effort is needed in order to achieve the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets.

Keywords: Dolutegravir, Invasive fungal infections, Tuberculosis, Viral hepatitis, Vietnam.

References:

[1] Global HIV and AIDS statistics | Avert 2020. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.avert.org/global-hiv-and-aids-statistics. [(Accessed and cited on 12 March 2021].

[2] World Health Organization. Transition to new antiretroviral drugs in HIV programmes: clinical and programmatic considerations. Geneva: 2017. [Internet]. [Accessed and cited on 20 June 2021]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/255887/1/WHO-HIV-2017.23-eng.pdf?ua=1.

[3] WHO report 2018 on Dolutegravir program [Internet]. [(Accessed and cited 20 on June 2021]. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/number-of-new-hiv-infections.

[4] Dorward J, Lessells R, Drain PK, Naidoo K, de Oliveira T, Pillay Y, et al. Dolutegravir for first-line antiretroviral therapy in low-income and middle-income countries: uncertainties and opportunities for implementation and research. Lancet HIV. 2018; 5: e400-e404.

[5] UNAIDS. New high-quality antiretroviral therapy to be launched in South Africa, Kenya, and over 90 low- and middle-income countries at a reduced price, 2017 [Internet]. [Accessed and cited on 20 June 2021]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2017/september/20170921_TLD.

[6] Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Metro Area Population 2021. [Internet]. [Accessed and cited on 20 June 2021]. Available from: https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22458/ho-chi-minh-city/population.

[7] Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. ANNEX 10, WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults, adolescents, and children. [Internet]. [Accessed and cited on 20 June 2021]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK374293/.

[8] 90–90–90—An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic | UNAIDS [Internet]. (Accessed and cited on 15 July 2021). Available from http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2014/90-90-90.

[9] Mitku AA, Dessie ZG, Muluneh EK, Workie DL. Prevalence and associated factors of TB/HIV co-infection among HIV Infected patients in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Afr Health Sci. 2016; 16:588-95.

[10] Le T, Wolbers M, Chi NH, Quang VM, Chinh NT, Lan NP, et al. Epidemiology, seasonality, and predictors of outcome of AIDS-associated Penicillium marneffei infection in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52:945-52.

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[13] Sharma V, Ramachandran VG, Mogha NS, Bharadwaj M. Hepatitis B & C virus infection in HIV seropositive individuals & their association with risk factors: A hospital-based study. Indian J Med Res. 2018; 147:588-593.

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[15] Kerubo G, Khamadi S, Okoth V, Madise N, Ezeh A, Ziraba A, et al. Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV-1 Coinfection in Two Informal Urban Settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Plos One. 2015; 10: e0129247.

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[17] Nnakenyi ID, Uchechukwu C, Nto-Ezimah U. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus co-infection in HIV positive patients attending a health institution in southeast Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2020; 20:579-586.

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[20] Assemie MA, Alene M, Ketema DB, Mulatu S. Treatment failure and associated factors among first-line patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob Health Res Policy. 2019; 4:32.

[21] Hunt GM, Dokubo EK, Takuva S, de Oliveira T, Ledwaba J, Dube N, et al. Rates of virological suppression and drug resistance in adult HIV-1-positive patients attending primary healthcare facilities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017; 72: 3141-3148.

[22] Boender TS, Kityo CM, Boerma RS, Hamers RL, Ondoa P, Wellington M, et al. Accumulation of HIV-1 drug resistance after continued virological failure on first-line ART in adults and children in sub-Saharan Africa. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016; 71:2918-27.

[23] Kiweewa F, Esber A, Musingye E, Reed D, Crowell TA, Cham F, et al. HIV virologic failure and its predictors among HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy in the African Cohort Study. Plos one. 2019; 14: e0211344.

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Abstract:

The burden of open defecation remains a challenge in Nigeria despite various interventions targeted at ensuring uptake of sanitary means of sewage disposal. This study aimed at determining the factors that influence the practice of open defecation in the rural and urban communities of Osun State. A comparative cross-sectional study design was employed. Two hundred and ninety-nine households were enrolled in the rural and 299 households from urban local government, using multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and a checklist was used to assess the sanitation of the house. Determinants of open defecation were assessed using binary logistic regression. The burden of open defecation is more in rural areas both at home and when away from home 31.1% and 37.8% respectively; compared with urban areas, indoor, 8.4%, and away from home, 11.7%. Households in rural areas are four times more likely to practice open defecation than those in the urban area (Odds ratio = 3.9, p <0.001). Likelihood of practice of open defecation declined with level of education of male head and increase in wealth index of households. House ownership reduced the likelihood of practicing open defecation by 2.5 (odds ratio = 0.4, p = 0.015). There is a need for more efforts focused especially on the rural areas to achieve the eradication of open defecation in Nigeria. There is a need to promote having toilets in the house especially in rural areas where a significant proportion still lacks access to toilets.

References:

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[6] Abubakar I.R. (2018). Exploring the determinants of open defecation in Nigeria using demographic and health survey data. J Science of the total environment, 637:1455-1465.

[7] Osumanu I.K,, Kosoe E.A., Ategeeng F. (2019). Determinants of open defecation in the Wa municipality of Ghana: empirical findings were highlighting socio-cultural and economic dynamics among households. Journal of environmental public health, 2019.

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[14] Setiyo Nugroho P, Wiarisa H, Wulandari M. (2019): Education Level And Knowledge Level In Open Defecation Behavior. Journal of Research in Public Health, 1(2): 109-112.

[15] Osumanu I.K., Kosoe E.A., Ategeeng F. (2019). Determinants of Open Defecation in the Wa Municipality of Ghana: Empirical Findings Highlighting Socio-cultural and Economic Dynamics among Households. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2019:3075840.

[16] Panda P., Chandrakar A., Soni G. (2017): Prevalence of open-air defecation and awareness and practices of sanitary latrine usage in a rural village of Raipur district. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 4:3279.

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[18] Odagiri M., Muhammad Z., Cronin A.A., Gnilo M.E., Mardikanto A.K., Umam K., Asamou Y.T.
(2017). Enabling factors for sustaining open defecation-free communities in rural Indonesia: a cross-sectional study. International journal of environmental research public health, 14(12):1572.

[19] Abubakar I.R. (2018). Exploring the determinants of open defecation in Nigeria using demographic and health survey data. Science of The Total Environment, 637-638:1455-1465.

[20] Saraswat D: Gender Composition of Children and Sanitation Behavior In India. 2019.

[21] Kuang J, Ashraf S, Shpenev A, Delea MG, Das U, Bicchieri C (2020). Women are more likely to expect social sanctions for open defecation: Evidence from Tamil Nadu India. Plos One, 15(10):e0240477.

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Abstract:

Globally, intimate partner violence (IPV) among women living with HIV is well researched in various settings, but little is known about IPV among men living with HIV. While most of the documented facts are from quantitative surveys, very little has been documented from qualitative studies on the subject. Hence, this study sought to explore the experiences of IPV among HIV-positive men living in Birnin Kudu, Jigawa State Nigeria. This study was carried out using an experiential qualitative research approach which collected data through a semi-structured interview that explored the IPV experiences of 23 HIV-positive men, who were all Hausa – Muslims. Their experience of IPV was explored regarding the types of violence, reasons, and consequences. The data were explored with reflexive thematic analysis. Common themes relating to reasons for victimization, the types of IPV experienced, and the consequences of IPV were generated. All the participants in this study had experienced psychological aggression; some had experienced physical assault, while one of the participants had experienced sexual coercion. The reasons for the victimization: include disclosure of HIV status, domestic issues, and suspicion about extra-marital affairs. The experience of IPV against men living with HIV is complex, with psychological aggression and physical assault occurring concurrently. It is of essence to address IPV among men living with HIV as this may lead to a poorer health outcomes.

References:

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[6] Garcia Moreno, c, & Lori, H. (2002). Understanding and Addressing Violence against Women. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf.

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[8] Romans, S., Forte, T., Cohen, M. M., Du Mont, J., & Hyman, I. (2007). Who is most at risk for intimate partner violence? A Canadian population-based study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22(12), 1495–1514.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507306566.

[9] Hines, D. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2009). Women’s Use of Intimate Partner Violence against Men: Prevalence, Implications, and Consequences. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 18(6), 572–586.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770903103099.

[10] Adebayo, A. A. (2014). Domestic Violence against Men: Balancing the Gender Issues in Nigeria. American Journal of Sociological Research, 4(1), 14– 19.

[11] Caldwell, J. E., Swan, S. C., Allen, C. T., Sullivan, T. P., & Snow, D. L. (2009). Why I Hit Him: Women’s Reasons for Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 18(7), 672–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770903231788.

[12] Joseph-Edwards, A., & Wallace, W. C. (2021). Suffering in Silence, Shame, Seclusion, and Invisibility: Men as Victims of Female Perpetrated Domestic Violence in Trinidad and Tobago. Journal of Family Issues, 42(8), 1805–1830. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X20957047.

[13] Shuler, C. A. (2010). Male Victims of Intimate Partner Violence in the United States: An Examination of the Review of Literature through the Critical Theoretical Perspective. Undefined. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Male-Victims-of-Intimate-Partner-Violence-in-the-An-Shuler/9d2314222e936c01d112bd076bda63b8b60e8dcb.

[14] Lysova, A., Hanson, K., Dixon, L., Douglas, E. M., Hines, D. A., &Celi, E. M. (2020). Internal and External Barriers to Help Seeking: Voices of Men Who Experienced Abuse in the Intimate Relationships. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 306624X20919710. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X20919710.

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[18] Peterson, C., Liu, Y., Kresnow, M., Florence, C., Merrick, M. T., DeGue, S., & Lokey, C. N. (2018). Short-term Lost Productivity per Victim: Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Violence, or Stalking. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 55(1), 106–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.03.007.

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[21] Hines, D. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2010). A Closer Look at Men Who Sustain Intimate Terrorism by Women. Partner Abuse, 1(3), 286–313. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.1.3.286.

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[24] Hines, D. A., & Douglas, E. M. (2011). Symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Men Who Sustain Intimate Partner Violence: A Study of Help-seeking and Community Samples. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 12(2), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022983.

[25] Pengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2016). Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Associated Factors among Male and Female University Students in 22 Countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. African Journal of Reproductive Health / La Revue Africaine de La Santé Reproductive, 20(1), 29–39.

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.029.

[27] Spidel, A., Greaves, C., Nicholls, T. L., Goldenson, J., & Dutton, D. G. (2013). Personality Disorders, Types of Violence, and Stress Responses in Female Who Perpetrate Intimate Partner Violence. Psychology, 04(09), 5. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.49A1002.

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Abstract:

The patterns of tobacco smoking, alcohol, and illicit drugs use by young people has presented new public health challenges in lower-middle-income countries like Nigeria. The goal of this study was to assess the patterns of substance use among young people in Ado Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out among 415 enrolled young people aged 10-24years in Ado Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria between August 2021, and January 2022. Information on the pattern of substance use was obtained from the respondents using an adapted and pretested structured questionnaire. Enrolled study participants from the four selected geographical areas were randomly chosen using a multistage cluster sampling method. The analysis was done using SPSS version 20; quantitative outcomes were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The result from this study showed that the prevalence of current use of at least one psychoactive substance among the respondents was 69.9%. The most current used substance by the respondents was alcoholic beverages (42.4%) followed by cigarettes (28.3%), cannabis (7.2%), and tramadol (6.6%). The study also revealed that the lifetime rate of alcohol use decreased with age, while cigarette smoking increased with age. This study had shown that alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, and cannabis are the most abused substances by the participants in this location. Intervention strategies that will reduce the rate of substance use among the younger population to the barest minimum are paramount, particularly within the health education arena.

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Abstract:

Effective segregation practice of biomedical waste is a critical process in hospital waste management and maintenance of a ‘risk-free’ health care environment. Failure to appropriately identify and isolate infectious from non-infectious wastes could lead to a myriad of health and biomedical waste management issues, which include high risk of cross-contamination, high risk of infection, difficulty in the assessment of waste generation, categorization, and composition of hospital waste. The aim of this study is to assess the segregation practice among health workers in selected hospitals in Abuja towards achieving effective waste management. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted among 430 participants from six hospitals in Abuja. Data were collected using a pretested, structured questionnaire and on-the-spot observation. Reliability analysis and descriptive statistics were employed for the analysis of data. Most of the respondents agreed to the segregation at the point of generation 366 (91.5%), majority of the respondents supported the use of color-coded bins for segregation. The Cronbach’s alpha α = 0.830, loading factor (0.601- 0.949) which indicates that the measuring tool was reliable and the items on the questionnaire showed co-relatedness and consistency. The study revealed that most of the respondents were sensitized and practiced the process of segregation. Although these practices were observed on the spot, they could later change thus, sustenance of these practices is expedient to maintain a lasting and workable waste management framework. Government and hospital waste management team to prioritize the segregation process through an adequate budget for supplies of segregation materials.

References:

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[2] Longe, E.G., Williams, A. (2006). A preliminary study of medical waste management in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Health Sciences. 3(2) pp 133-139.

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Abstract:

Vasectomy is a safe and effective permanent male contraceptive, although its acceptance remains low in low-income countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria, between 1^st July and 31^st August 2020. Participants were 247 consenting male health care workers recruited using systematic sampling based on their profession. Data collection was through a self-administered questionnaire, and analysis was performed using IBM-SSPS Version 23.0; p-value<0.05 was significant. The modal age group was 31-39 years (61.1%), 96.8% had tertiary education, 63.2% were Doctors, 21.5% were Laboratory Scientists, 12.1% Pharmacists, 1.6% Nurses, and 1.6% Physiotherapists; 68.0% had two or more children. Awareness about vasectomy was 93.5%, the commonest source of information was the health facility (55.3%), 76.5% supports the role of men in family planning while 84.0% were willing to share family planning responsibility with their partners 16.6% intend to undergo vasectomy on completion of their family size. The identified hindrances to the uptake of vasectomy were fear that it may lead to sexual dysfunction (87.0%), fear of other side effects (70.3%), irreversibility of the procedure (37.0%), cultural factors (25.0%), and concerns about possible infidelity (20.9%). Knowledge about vasectomy was negatively associated with its uptake (p<0.001). This study reports aversion to vasectomy among male health workers despite adequate awareness and Knowledge due to concerns about possible side effects, including the irreversibility of the procedure. Therefore, while advocacy for vasectomy continues, researchers should expedite actions to make reversible male contraceptives readily available.

References:

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[10] Balogun, R., Adeniran, A., Fawole, A., Adesina, K., Aboyeji, A., & Adeniran, P., 2016, Effect of male partner’s support on modern spousal contraception in a low resource setting. Ethiopian Journal of Health Science 26, 439-48.

[11] Kai, Z., Li, W., Xiangbin, K., Yaoping, C., Honggang, L., Yigun, G., et al, 2018, Long-term safety, health, and mental status in men with vasectomy. Scientific Report 8, 15703. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-33989-5.

[12] Perry, B., Packer, C., ChinQuee, D., Zan, T., Dulli, L., & Shattuck, D., 2016, Recent experience and lessons learned in vasectomy programming in low-resource settings: a document review. Durham, NC: FHI 360 and Washington, DC: The Population Council, the Evidence Project.

[13] Sharlip, I., Belker, A., Honig, S., Labrecque, M., Marmar, J., Ross, L., et al, 2012, Vasectomy: AUA guideline. Linthicum, MD: American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.

[14] Akpamu, U., Nwoke, E. O., Osifo, U. C., Igbinovia, E. N., Adisa, A. W., 2010, Knowledge and acceptance of ′vasectomy as a method of contraception′ amongst literate married men in Ekpoma, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research 13, 153-156.

[15] Ebeigbe, P. N., Igberase, G. O., Eigbefoh, J., 2011, Vasectomy: A survey of attitudes, counselling patterns and acceptance among Nigerian resident gynaecologists. Ghana Medical Journal 45,101-104.

[16] Nishtar, N. A., Sami, N., Faruqi, A., Khowaja, S., & Ul-Hasnain, F., 2012, Myths and fallacies about male contraceptive methods: a qualitative study among married youth in slums of Karachi, Pakistan. Global Journal of Health Sciences 5, 84-93.

[17] Roy, J., 2015, The kindest cut: Global need to increase vasectomy availability. Available from https://www.intrahealth.com [Accessed July 2^nd, 2020].

[18] United Nations, 2011, World contraceptive use. Available from: https://www.un.org. [Accessed July 4^th, 2020].

[19] Kana, M. A., Tagurum, Y. O., Hassan, Z. I., Afolanranmi, T. O., Ogbeyi, G. O., Difa, J. A., et al. 2016, Prevalence and determinants of contraceptive use in rural Northeastern Nigeria: results of a mixed qualitative and quantitative assessment. Annals Nigerian Medicine, 10, 3-10.

[20] Daniel, G., Okoli, N., Kumzhi, P., Wina, F., Ari, E., & Onyejekwe, G., 2016, Awareness and use of family planning methods among men in Mista Ali District, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. African Journal of Midwifery Women’s Health 10, 120-125.

[21] Slovin’s formula. Research Assignment. Available from https://www.prudencexd.weebly.com. [Accessed August 24^th, 2020].

[22] Owopetu, C., Chukwuma, S., & Nwozichi, C., 2014, Knowledge and attitude of men about vasectomy as a method of family planning among married men working in Babcock University, Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery 7, 30–35.

[23] Onasoga, O. A., Edoni, E. E. R., & Ekanem, J., 2013, Knowledge and attitude of men towards vasectomy as a family planning method in Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Research in Nursing and Midwifery 2, 13-21.

[24] Ntakirutimana, C., Umuziga, P., Nikuze, B., White, R., Meharry, O., 2019, Vasectomy as family planning: Factors affecting uptake among men in Eastern Province of Rwanda. Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2, 126-137.

[25] Alemayehu, B., 2012, Assessment of male involvement in family planning use among men in southeastern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Scholarly Journal of Med 2, 1-10.

[26] Appiah, S., Agyen, J. K., & Garti, I., 2018, Married men and vasectomy: A focused group study in an urban community in Ghana. Sage Open Nursing 4, 1-10.

[27] Pallangyo, E. S., Msoka, A. C., Brownie, S., & Holroyd, E., 2020, Religious beliefs, social pressure, and stigma: Rural women’s perceptions and belief about vasectomy in Pwani, Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 15, 0230045. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230045.

[28] Alireza, D., Shahriar, S., & Abdolah, K., 2017, Nursing staff’s views regarding barriers to vasectomy: A cross-sectional survey. The Open Public Health Journal 10, 57-62. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501710010057.

Abstract:

Correctional facilities have often been cited as reservoirs for Tuberculosis (TB), presenting a potential threat to the general population. Although correctional facilities are recognized as ideal settings for interventions, little is known about the TB epidemiology within them. The purpose of my study was to determine factors associated with the development of pulmonary tuberculosis among inmates in the selected correctional facilities of Copperbelt province of Zambian. The design of the study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that aimed at determining factors associated with the development of PTB among inmates, a case study of Ndola Remand, Chingola, Luanshya, and Mufulira Correctional Facilities. A semi-structured self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data regarding factors associated with the development of PTB amongst inmates. From the total of 384 study participants, 143 had records of having PTB during the research period, and 241 had no records of having TB disease. With evidence obtained from this study has identified the areas that need attention in terms of control and prevention of TB in the four (4) correctional facilities. Furthermore, the factors associated with TB positivity in the present study included HIV status, sharing of cells with TB patients, and cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption.

References:

[1] Jugheli L, Rigouts L, Shamputa I, Bram de Rijk W, Portaels F. (2008) High levels of resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs among prisoners with pulmonary Tuberculosis in Georgia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 12(5):561–6.

[2] Banda H, Gausi F, Harries A and Salaniponi F. (2009) Prevalence of smear-positive pulmonary Tuberculosis among prisoners in Malawi: a national survey [Short communication] Int J Tuberc Lung Dis.13 (12):1557–9.

[3] Coninx R, Maher D, Reyes H, Grzemska M. (2000). Tuberculosis in prisons in countries with high prevalence. BMJ 320(7232):440-2.

[4] O’Grady J, Hoelscher M, Atun R, Bates M, Mwaba P, Kapata N, et al. (2011) Tuberculosis in prisons in sub-Saharan Africa the need for improved health services, surveillance, and control. Tuberculosis. 91 (2):173–8.

[5] Lobacheva, T., Asikainen, T. and Giesecke, J. 2007. Risk factors for developing tuberculosis in remand prisons in St. Petersburg, Russia, a case control study. European Journal of Epidemiology 22(2): 121 – 127.

[6] Shah A, Maurya V, Vijayan V. (2002) Smoking and Tuberculosis: an association overlooked. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 6 (11):942–51.

[7] Abubakar I, Zignol M, Falzon D, Raviglione M, Ditiu L, Masham S, et al. (2013) Drug-resistant tuberculosis: time for visionary political leadership. Lancet Infect Dis. 13 (6):529–39. Doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70030-6.

[8] Hussain H, Akhtar S, Nanan D. (2003) Prevalence of and risk factors associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in prisoners, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan. International Journal of Epidemiology .32 (5):794-99. Doi: 10.1093/ije/dyg247.

[9] Manzoor S, Tahir Z, Anjum A. Prevalence of HIV and Tuberculosis among jail inmates in lahore pakistan. Journal of Biomedical science. 2009; 25:36–41.

[10] World Health Organization. WHO policy on collaborative TB/HIV activities. Guidelines for national programs and other stakeholders. WHO, Geneva, Swetzerland 2012. WHO/HTM/TB/2012.

[11] Nyangulu D, Harries A. Kang’ombe C, Yadidi A, Chokani K, Cullinan T, et al. tuberculosis in a prison population in Malawi. Lancet. 1997; 350 (9087):1284–7.

[12] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Rapid assessment of tuberculosis in a large prison system--Botswana, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2003;52 (12):250–2.

[13] Abebe D, Bjune G, Ameni G, Biffa D, Abebe F. Prevalence of pulmonary Tuberculosis and associated risk factors in Eastern Ethiopian prisons. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15 (5): 668–73.

[14] Aerts A, Hauer B, Wanlin M, Veen J. Tuberculosis, and tuberculosis control in European prisons. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006; 10(11):1215–23.

[15] Hammett TM, Harmon MP, Rhodes W. (1997) The burden of infectious disease among inmates of and releases from US correctional facilities, Am J Public Health 2002 Nov; 92(11):1789-94.

[16] Stuckler D, Basu S, McKee M, King L. (2008) Mass incarceration can explain population increases in TB and multidrug-resistant TB in European and central Asian countries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA; 105(36):13280-5.

[17] Niveau G. (2006) Prevention of infectious disease transmission in correctional settings: a review. Public Health. 120 (1):33-41.

[18] Baussano I., William B.,Nunn P.,Beggiato M.,Fedeli U.,Scano F.(2012).Tuberculosis incidence in Prison inmates .J Inject Dis. Doi .10.1093/infdis/JISO42.

[19] Telisinghe L, Fielding KL, Malden JL, Hanifa Y, Churchyard GJ, Grant AD, et al: High tuberculosis prevalence in a South African prison: the need for routine tuberculosis screening. Plos one. 2014; 9 (1): e87262.

[20] Unpublished literature, Zambian correctional services, Copperbelt province (region) office (2021). Tuberculosis prevalence in Copperbelt region.

[21] Mogoere S. P. (2013) Risk Factors Associated with Tuberculosis at Mangaung Correctional Centre: Retrospective Analysis. Johannesburg, South Africa: Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand; ID 752709.

[22] Koffi, N., Ngom, A.K., and Aka- Danguy, E. (2007). Smear positive tuberculosis in a prison setting: experience in the penal camp of Bouake, Ivory Coast. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung disease 1(3): 250–253.

[23] Butler T, Levy M. (1999) Mantoux positivity among prison inmates-New South Wales, 1996. Aust N Z J Public Health. 23(2):185. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-842X.1999.tb01232. x.

Abstract:

Vaccination is one of the most important and effective public health interventions against vaccine-preventable diseases. Developed countries have successfully reduced mortality and morbidity due to vaccine-preventable diseases through improving vaccine coverage. This is not the case among low-income countries as vaccine coverages continue to soar below the global target of 90% coverage. Among the reasons reported for the low coverage are poor documentation and poor target setting, which could be attributed to the limited use of electronic vaccine registries. An electronic vaccine registry was created using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) technology and registered births, vaccines administered, and sent short message reminders to mothers about their clinic dates. The registry was deployed in Nyandarua County, Kenya, between June 2018 to March 2019. We conducted a study to establish the acceptability and usability of the system to receive user feedback and explore possibilities of large-scale roll-out. All those interviewed (59) were able to log into the system during their first attempt. The majority (94.8%) reported that it was easy to manoeuvre the menu and move from one menu to the other System downtime was a rare phenomenon, and more than half (63%) reported that if it occurred, it happened at most once or twice per week. The majority of the respondents, 55 (98%), reported that the system was able to record the vaccines administered as envisioned. The cost to run the platform was quite manageable and slightly lower than internet-based systems. The system was user-friendly and can be replicated elsewhere.

Keywords: Vaccination, Registry, Immunization, Coverage.

References:

[1] W. Orenstein and R. Ahmed, “Simply put: Vaccination saves lives,” 2017.

[2] M. Songane, “Challenges for nationwide vaccine delivery in African countries,” Int. J. Heal. Econ. Manag. 2017 182, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 197–219, Oct. 2017.

[3] M. L. Mallory, L. C. Lindesmith, and R. S. Baric, “Vaccination-induced herd immunity: Successes and challenges,” J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 64–66, Jul. 2018.

[4] N. C. Galles et al., “Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1,” Lancet, vol. 398, no. 10299, pp. 503–521, Aug. 2021.

[5] M. C. Danovaro-Holliday, E. Dansereau, D. A. Rhoda, D. W. Brown, F. T. Cutts, and M. Gacic-Dobo, “Collecting and using reliable vaccination coverage survey estimates: Summary and recommendations from the ‘Meeting to share lessons learnt from the roll-out of the updated WHO Vaccination Coverage Cluster Survey Reference Manual and to set an operational research agenda around vaccination coverage surveys’, Geneva, 18–21 April 2017,” Vaccine, vol. 36, no. 34, pp. 5150–5159, Aug. 2018.

[6] K. Harrison, N. Rahimi, and M. Carolina Danovaro-Holliday, “Factors limiting data quality in the expanded programme on immunization in low and middle-income countries: A scoping review,” Vaccine, vol. 38, no. 30, pp. 4652–4663, Jun. 2020.

[7] X. Bosch-Capblanch, O. Ronveaux, V. Doyle, V. Remedios, and A. Bchir, “Accuracy and quality of immunization information systems in forty-one low-income countries,” Trop. Med. Int. Heal., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 2–10, Jan. 2009.

[8] A. M. Secor et al., “Added Value of Electronic Immunization Registries in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Observational Case Study in Tanzania,” JMIR Public Heal. Surveill 2022;8(1)e32455 https://publichealth.jmir.org/2022/1/e32455, vol. 8, no. 1, p. e32455, Jan. 2022.

[9] S. Chandir et al., “Zindagi Mehfooz (Safe Life) Digital Immunization Registry: Leveraging Low-Cost Technology to Improve Immunization Coverage and Timeliness in Pakistan,” iproc 2018;4(2):e11770 https://www.iproc.org/2018/2/e11770, vol. 4, no. 2, p. e11770, Sep. 2018.

[10] M. Mvundura, L. DI Giorgio, D. Lymo, F. Di. Mwansa, B. Ngwegwe, and L. Werner, “The costs of developing, deploying and maintaining electronic immunization registries in Tanzania and Zambia,” BMJ Glob. Heal., vol. 4, no. 6, p. e001904, Nov. 2019.

[11] T. I. Journal and S. Juma, “Use of Simple Mobile Technology to Create an Electronic Vaccination Registry in Kenya”.

[12] A. R. Hinman and D. A. Ross, “Immunization Registries Can Be Building Blocks For National Health Information Systems,” https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2007.0594, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 676–682, Aug. 2017.

[13] R. Wittenauer, N. Puttkammer, and P. Rabinowitz, “Usability and acceptability of electronic immunization registry (EIR) data-entry workflows from the healthcare worker perspective in Siaya, Kenya,” 2020.

[14] S. Zaidi et al., “Operability, Acceptability, and Usefulness of a Mobile App to Track Routine Immunization Performance in Rural Pakistan: Interview Study Among Vaccinators and Key Informants,” JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020;8(2)e16081 https://mhealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e16081, vol. 8, no. 2, p. e16081, Feb. 2020.

[15] A. M. Kazi et al., “Usability and Acceptability of a Mobile App for Behavior Change and to Improve Immunization Coverage among Children in Pakistan: A Mixed-Methods Study,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Heal. 2021, Vol. 18, Page 9527, vol. 18, no. 18, p. 9527, Sep. 2021.

[16] E. R. Weitzman, L. Kaci, and K. D. Mandl, “Acceptability of a Personally Controlled Health Record in a Community-Based Setting: Implications for Policy and Design,” J Med Internet Res 2009;11(2)e14 https://www.jmir.org/2009/2/e14, vol. 11, no. 2, p. e1187, Apr. 2009.

[17] S. B. Dolan et al., “Redefining vaccination coverage and timeliness measures using electronic immunization registry data in low- and middle-income countries,” Vaccine, vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 1859–1867, Mar. 2019.

[18] D. A. Siddiqi et al., “Using a low-cost, real-time electronic immunization registry in Pakistan to demonstrate the utility of data for immunization
programs and evidence-based decision making to achieve SDG-3: Insights from analysis of Big Data on vaccines,” Int. J. Med. Inform., vol. 149, p. 104413, May 2021.

[19] M. Anita Barry, V. B. McKenna, M. Alan Sager, J. E. Gunn, M. Pat Tormey, and M. M. Anita Barry, “Immunization Registries: Costs and Savings:,” http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phr/117.4.386, vol. 117, no. 4, pp. 386–392, Nov. 2016.

[20] P. R. Horne, K. N. Saarlas, and A. R. Hinman, “Costs of immunization registries: Experiences from the all kids count II projects,” Am. J. Prev. Med., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 94–98, Aug. 2000.

[21] M. Mvundura, L. Di Giorgio, E. Vodicka, R. Kindoli, and C. Zulu, “Assessing the incremental costs and savings of introducing electronic immunization registries and stock management systems: evidence from the better immunization data initiative in Tanzania and Zambia,” Pan Afr. Med. J., vol. 35, no. Suppl 1, p. 11, 2020.

Abstract:

There are centres in Lagos State, Nigeria specifically devoted to the care of children with autism. Such centres have developed various practices, methods, and interventions that over the years have become a standard. To curb the spread of Covid-19 in the year 2020, Lagos State Government imposed a lockdown and various social restrictions. One of the attendant consequences of the lockdown was that these centres, where autistic children were being cared for, had to be closed, made to offer skeletal services, or change the delivery of care to an online version. This research is a qualitative research that aims to show that the model of care offered pre-Covid was not resilient to withstand the sudden change brought by the pandemic and to proffer modification to the present model of care. The study was done through in-depth interviews of expert and snowballed sampled professionals involved in the care of autistic children. The study found that it was impossible to continue some interventions during the lockdown; while it was possible to continue some interventions online, it was difficult to deliver; for other interventions, the delivery was inadequate. This led to deterioration in the clinical, psychological, or social status of these autistic children. The researcher concludes that there is a need to redesign the model of care for autistic children in Lagos to make it resilient to all forms of future disruptions. It was recommended that home-based care and software applications and animations fit for local needs be developed for assessment and interventions.

References:

[1] Shah, P.E., Dalton, R., Boris, N.W., 2007, Pervasive Developmental Disorders and Childhood Psychosis, edited by Kliegman, R.M., Behrman, R.E., Jenson, H.B. & Stanton, B.F. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 18th Edition (Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier), pp. 133-136.

[2] Zeidan, J., Fombonne, E., Scorah, J., Ibrahim, A., Durkin, M.S., Saxena, S., Yusuf, A., Shih, A., Elsabbagh, M., 2022, Global prevalence of autism: a systematic review update. Autism Research, 1-13.

[3] Lesi, F.E.A., Adeyemi, J.D., Aina, O.F., Oshodi, Y.O., Umeh, C.S., Olagunju, A.T., & Oyibo, W., 2014. Autism in Nigeria: a call for action. Journal of Clinical Sciences, 11(2), 33-34.

[4] Loomes, R., Hull, L. & Mandy,W.P.L., 2017, What is male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56 (6), 466-474.

[5] Levy, S., Okoye, U.O., Ingram, R., 2022, Making the ‘local’ visible in social work education: insights from Nigeria and Scotland on (re)balancing and contextualising indigenous and international knowledge. The British Journal of Social Work, 00, 1-19.

[6] Odiah, C.A., 1991, Identification of gaps in social work education in Nigeria. Proquest.

[7] Etikan, I. & Bala, K., 2017., Sampling and sampling methods. Biometric & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 1-3.

[8] Stemler, S. (2000). An overview of content analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation. 7(17), 2000 - 2001.

[9] Opelusi, O.I and Omoruyi, O.L. (2021). Adopting coping strategies of parents with autistic school children in Tender Brain Remedial Centre, Oredo Local Government Area, Benin City, Edo State. Sapientia Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Development Studies (SGOJAHDS), (4) 1, 23 – 31.

[10] Egbochuku, E.O. & Imoitseme, V.E., 2012. The efficacy of intervention strategies for parents in managing children with autism disorder. Asian Journal of Management Sciences and Education. 1(3), 39 - 48.

[11] Jain, S., Tamersoy, B., Zhang, Y., Aggarwal, J.K. and Orvalho, V., 2012, “An interactive game for teaching facial expressions to children with autism spectrum disorders,” 2012 5th International Symposium on Communications, Control and Signal Processing, 1-4.

[12] Manap, A. A., Dehkordi, S. R., Rias, R. M., & Sardan, N. A., 2013., Computer game approach focusing on social communication skills for children with autism spectrum disorder: An initial study. International Conference on Computer Graphics, Visualization, Computer Vision, and Game Technology, VisioGame 2013, 26–31.

[13] Nwosu, N. (2015). Practical steps in the rehabilitation of children with speech and language impairment in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics, 42(4), 293.

[14] Broadstock, M., Doughty, C. & Eggleton, M., 2007. Systematic review of the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism 11(4), 335-348.

[15] Olatunde-Aiyedun, T.G., Ogunode, N.J., & Eyiolorunse Aiyedun, 2021. Assessment of virtual learning during Covid-19 lockdown in Nigerian public universities. Academicia Globe, 1-17.

[16] Irish, J.E.N. (2013) Can I sit here? A review of the literature supporting the use of single-user virtual environments to help adolescents with autism learn appropriate social communication skills. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(5), 17-24.

[17] Lorenzo, G., Newbutt, N., & Lorenxo-Lledo. A. (2022). Global trends in the application of virtual reality for people with autism spectrum disorders:
conceptual, intellectual and the social structure of scientific production. Journal of Computers in Education. 9, 225 - 260.

[18] Mumtaz, S., 2001. Children’s enjoyment and perception of computer use in the home and the school. Computers and Education, 36(4) 347– 362.

[19] Silva, J.C.A, Fels, S. & Villena, J.M.R., 2010, Design of a web-based therapist tool to promote emotional closeness. Proceedings of CHI Extended Abstracts, 3565-3570.

[20] Hassan, A.Z., Zahed, B. T., Zohora, F. I., Moosa, J.M., Salam, T., Rahman, M. M. Ferdous, H.S. & Ahmed, S.I. (2011) Developing the Concept of Money by Interactive Computer Games for Autistic Children. IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia, 559-564.

[21] Akinloye, F. O., Obe, O. & Boyinbode, O., 2020., Development of an affective-based e-healthcare system for autistic children. International Journal of Computer Trend and Technology, 68(2), 216-222.

[22] Reichow, B., Kogan, C., Barbui, C., Smith, I., Yasamy, M. T., & Servili, C. (2014). Parent skills training for parents of children or adults with developmental disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. BMJ Open, 4(8), 1-5.

Abstract:

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a serious challenge facing major environmental challenges associated with waste generation and inadequate waste collection, transport, treatment, and disposal. The paper wishes to highlight on the current waste management practices by the district, also highlighting on challenges and opportunities in order to remedy the current problems and how best to address future opportunities for a better sustainable solid waste management in the district. The district has no capacity to overcome the amplification of the increased generated waste with the increased population, and this has impacted on the environment and public health. The current district aims to move away from the reliance of the open dumpsite that does not offer any environmental protection to a solid waste system that is of more useful that will retain useful resources within the economic zone through recycling. Waste sorting and segregation at the source that provides separation of the recyclable materials is actually key to waste management. Most of the extracted materials from the disposal residuals require proper landfill management with waste sorting facilities. Obviously, challenges and barriers are significant so are the opportunities in the district. Shortage of qualified manpower, lack of technologies, and proper solid waste equipment to deliver improved waste management systems remain the authority concern. Landfill plays a significant role in energy generation if well managed, thus poses a greater opportunity for local empowerment and job creation for the youths that need further study.

References:

[1] McAllister, J. (2015). Factors Influencing Solid-Waste Management in the Developing World. Utah State University.

[2] Wilson, DC (2007) Development drivers for waste management. Waste Management & Research 25: 198–207.

[3] Van de Klundert, A, Anschütz, J (2001) Integrated sustainable waste management – the concept. In: Scheinberg, A (ed.).

[4] Chalmin P and Gailachet C (2009) an Abstract of World Waste survey. Cyclone Veolia Environmental Services, 5^th Edition, Economica Aubervilliers, France.

[5] Chowdhury M (2009) Searching quality data for municipal solid waste planning. Waste Management 29(8): 2240–2247.

[6] Ahmed, S.A. and Ali, M. (2004) Partnerships for Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: Linking Theories to Realities. Habitat International, 28, 467-469.

[7] Scheinberg, A, Simpson, M, Gupt, Y. (2010a) Economic Aspects of the Informal Sector in Solid Waste. Main Report, October 2010. Research report prepared by WASTE, SKAT, and city partners for GTZ - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit and CWG - Collaborative Working Group on Solid Waste Management in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Eschborn, Germany: GTZ. http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2010-en-economic-aspects-waste.

[8] Brunner, PH, Fellner, J (2007) Setting priorities for waste in developing countries. Waste Management & Research 25: 234–240.

[9] Kumar, H. D. (2008). Environmental Pollution and Waste Management. MD Publications Ltd.

[10] Chung, S-S, Poon, C-S (2001) Characterisation of municipal solid waste and its recyclable contents of Guangzhou. Waste Management & Research 19: 473–485.

[11] McDougall, F., White, P., Franke, M., & Hindle, P. (2011). Integrated Solid Waste Management: A Life-Cycle Inventory. London: Blackwell Science.

[12] Mugambwa, E. K. (2009). What is Waste Management? URL: http://www.nemaug.orgindex.phpoption=comcontent&view=articled=69, what is waste-management & catid=1: latest-news & Item id=59 Accessed 5th January 2018.

[13] Nthambi, M. (2013). An Economic Assessment of Household Solid Waste Management Options: The Case of Kibera Slum, Nairobi City, Kenya. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.

[14] Nyang’echi, G. N. (2012). Management of Solid and Liquid wastes. A Manual for Environmental Health Workers. African Medical Research Foundation.

[15] Ogawa, H. (2015). Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries.

[16] Ogwuche, J., & Yusufu, A. F. (2011). Assessment of the Factors Influencing the Generation and Disposal of Urban SMEs Solid Waste in Africa: The Nigerian perspective Department of Geography, Benue State University, Makurdi. Journal of Environmental Sciences and Resources Management. Volume 3.

[17] Pongracz, E. (2009). Through Waste Prevention Towards Corporate Sustainability: Analysis of the Concept of Waste and a Review of Attitudes Towards Waste Prevention. Sustainable Development, 17, 92-101.

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[19] Sada, P. O. (2008). Environmental Issues and Management in Nigerian Development. Lagos: Evans Brothers Nigeria Ltd.

[20] Shafiul, A. A., &Mansoor, A. (2003). Partnerships for solid waste management in developing countries: Linking theories to reality in the Institute of Development Engineering, Water and Development Centre (WEDC). United Kingdom: Loughborough University.

[21] Larkin, G. R. (2014). Public-private partnerships in economic development: A review of theory and practice. Economic Development Review, 7-9.

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