Abstract:

To address the health workforce deficit in underserved communities, the Federal Government of Nigeria is contemplating a licensing policy to delegate the provision of some basic health services to patent medicine vendors (PMVs) manned by a skilled health workforce. However, it remains unclear whether residents of underserved communities intend to receive these healthcare services through PMVs. We, therefore, sought to assess the intention to receive basic healthcare from PMVs among 665 heads of households from randomly selected 40 underserved communities in two northern Nigeria states. We used an interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data between December 2021 and February 2022 for this cross-sectional study. The data were analyzed with STATA version 16. We used the Chi-square test to investigate the factors associated with ‘intention’ and Binary logistic regression to identify its predictors. The level of statistical significance was determined at P<0.05. We found that 38.8% of the underserved intend to receive basic health services through PMVs and that respondents who reside in rented buildings or temporary shelters and those who have a high level of trust in PPMVs had higher odds of intending to receive healthcare through PMVs. These findings suggest that PMVs can reach slightly above one-third of the underserved with healthcare. We recommend that healthcare administrators should consider designing additional complementary interventions that can be coherently implemented alongside this initiative to significantly improve healthcare access among the underserved.

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Abstract:

Infant and young child feeding is critical for children's health and survival in South Sudan. No association between maternal demographic information, feeding practice, and Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) was hypothesized. A 3-month descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate into infant feeding practice, prevalence, and the effect of maternal demographic features on EBF in rural areas of Warrap State, South Sudan. 420 breastfeeding mothers were administered structured questionnaires. Odd Ratio (OR), Confidence Interval (CI) and P value < 0.005 were used. The results showed that the mean age of breastfeeding mothers was 26.6 years. They were unemployed housewives with little or no education, delivering at home with good antenatal care. Neonates were breastfed immediately after birth and provided with colostrum (OR = 0.48, CI = (0.11-1.45). Supplementary feeding was mainly cow milk and was introduced six months ago, with Malaria as common during EBF. Knowledge of breastfeeding practice was adequate, and most women lived as single families with shared compounds and were well supported by other family members with the best economic independence practice. The provision of colostrum and prior knowledge on EBF were significantly associated with breastfeeding practice (P< 0.005) which was reflected on the prevalence of 89.04%. In conclusion, this study shows that the infant feeding practice of breastfeeding women with family support has removed barriers to EBF. Further research is needed to improve EBF practice and identify other significant maternal factors influencing EBF in rural communities for the sustainable development of children's health in South Sudan.

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Abstract:

Women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (WLHIV) have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer due to their immune-compromised state. Cervical cancer screening leads to early detection and treatment. The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practices of cervical cancer screening among women infected with HIV in Kasenengwa District, Eastern Province, Zambia. A descriptive cross-sectional study design using a semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 266 WLHIV. Basic descriptive statistics were done using SPSS version 23.0. Almost two-thirds (62.7%) of the 266 WLHIV in the study had adequate knowledge about cervical cancer screening. Almost three-fifths of the respondents (57.1%) had a negative attitude toward cervical cancer screening. The majority (78.2%) had been counselled by healthcare workers on cervical cancer screening with good emotional support from family members (72.9%). About two-thirds (68.4%) of the respondents had been screened for cervical cancer. Most women indicated that they didn’t have access to cervical cancer screening services because they did not know where to go (61.5%) and distant screening sites (56.3%) WLHIV in the study had adequate knowledge, but unfavorable attitude towards cervical cancer screening, while two-thirds had been screened for cervical cancer. Accessibility to screening sites was poor. More education and sensitization are needed in the district to eliminate misconceptions about cervical cancer screening, which may influence uptake.

References:

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[22] Tsegay, A., Araya, T., Amare, K., & G/Tsadik, F. (2021). Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Cervical Cancer Screening and Associated Factors Among Women Aged 15-49 Years in Adigrat Town, Northern Ethiopia, 2019: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. International journal of women’s health, 12, 1283–1298. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S261204.

[23] Nyambe, N., Hoover, S., Pinder, L. F., Chibwesha, C. J., Kapambwe, S., Parham, G., & Subramanian, S. (2018). Differences in Cervical Cancer Screening Knowledge and Practices by HIV Status and Geographic Location: Implication for Program Implementation in Zambia. African journal of reproductive health, 22(4), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2018/v22i4.10.

Abstract:

There is a need for an improvement in the uptake of family planning by women of childbearing age due to the high number of births observed in Nigeria. There are several factors that play an important role in the use of family planning, and among the factors is the number of children delivered by a woman. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 480 women of childbearing age in two different settings (rural and urban), the association between the number of children by these women and the women’s attitude and uptake of family planning was studied. At p-value <0.05, a statistical significance was observed in the association between the number of children and the women’s attitude in the rural setting with X²=43.661, p = 0.02, and among the women in the urban setting with X² = 44.189, p = 0.02. A statistical significance was observed for their uptake of family planning in the rural setting only with X² = 10.343, p = 0.32, while no significance was observed for their uptake of family planning in the urban setting. This study showed that most women who have delivered one child or more have a good attitude toward the uptake of family planning. It showed that women’s attitudes and uptake of family planning could be influenced by the number of children they already have or the family size. Family planning program strategies and family planning messages targeting women who have large family sizes should be created.

References:

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Abstract:

This study on the evaluation of perception towards capacity building programs and workforce skills in HIV/AIDS supply chain management in Nigeria comprised of research objectives and questions. A structured self-completion pre-tested questionnaire (422) was administered to respondents, 396 were completed and returned, with a response rate of (93. 8%). The respondents (mostly managers, supervisors, specialists, advisors, and officers) were drawn from all levels of the HIV/AIDS supply chain sector and work, the majority from national and state levels, with significant experience and workable knowledge of supply chain management. The study revealed that perception towards capacity-building programs and workforce skills in supply chain management reflects reality and entails a good understanding of the HIV/AIDS supply chain management system, mean ± standard deviation score (3.695 ± 0.889 and 3.455±0.643) on a Likert scale of 1-5 (5-point scale) respectively. Reliability analysis was carried out, and Cronbach’s alpha (α) showed the questionnaire reached acceptable reliability, α = 0.886 (perception towards capacity building programs), and less reliable, α = 0.071 (perception towards workforce skills) in HIV/AIDS supply chain management. Inferential analysis revealed that socio-demographic characteristics such as age, years of experience, and job title/rank influence the perception of workforce skills in supply chain management (P<0.05). Federal and State Ministries of Health should ensure proper and effective supervision to prevent the workforce from having a wrong understanding of its capacity-building programs and workforce skills to avoid its harmful effect.

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Abstract:

Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) against minority populations is a global public health problem with consequential effects on human health and development. It has been reported among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transwomen in forms of verbal abuse and physical and sexual violence. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of SGBV among MSM and transwomen in Nigeria. It was cross-sectional in design utilizing a snowballing method to recruit participants. A total of 382 responses were received through an online questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze the data at the significance level of 5%. The mean (SD) age of respondents was 27(0.3) years. About 35 % (95%CI: 30.2-39.8) of all respondents had ever experienced sexual violence, and 42.1 % (95%CI: 37.3-47.2) had ever experienced physical violence. The prevalence of sexual violence within one year preceding the study was 13.8% (95%CI: 10.8-17.5), while physical violence was 16.3% (95%CI: 13.0-20.2). Transwomen were about thrice (odds ratio: 2.92, p<0.01) and 5.6 times (p<0.001) more likely to experience sexual and physical violence respectively than MSM self-identified as males. Transwomen were also about 3 times more likely to experience IPV than MSM self-identified as males (odds ratio: 2.92, p<0.01). One-fifth (18.1%) of all respondents had ever experienced IPV, and for transwomen, it was 1 in 3. This study showed a high prevalence of both sexual and physical violence among MSM and transwomen in Nigeria, and this necessitate the creation of a legal framework that will protect their rights.

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Abstract:

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a public health problem globally. About 376 million new infections of the four main curable STIs are reported annually. In Zambia, as well as in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, STIs are a major public health problem. Studies conducted mostly in the urban areas of Zambia show that the majority of young people engage in risky sexual behavior despite evidence suggesting widespread awareness about STIs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with STIs among women of child-bearing age in the Kabwe district, employing a cross-sectional study design. The sample size was 405, and data was collected using structured interview questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression using (SPSS) version 21 was used to analyze the data. The results showed that women engaged themselves in sexual activity at a much younger age of between 16-20 years. Despite women having a high level of knowledge of STIs, some still were involved in having more than one sexual partner, and this was statistically significant. Inconsistency in condom use by women was a risk factor in influencing a history of STI, and their attitudes showed that they have misconceptions regarding condom use, as some participants felt that condoms were not safe to use to prevent STIs during a sexual encounter. The current study, therefore, revealed that knowledge of STI alone is not adequate in providing protection from STI contraction and that behavioral factors must always be taken into consideration for any effective intervention.

References:

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a public health problem globally. About 376 million new infections of the four main curable STIs are reported annually. In Zambia, as well as in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, STIs are a major public health problem. Studies conducted mostly in the urban areas of Zambia show that the majority of young people engage in risky sexual behavior despite evidence suggesting widespread awareness about STIs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with STIs among women of child-bearing age in the Kabwe district, employing a cross-sectional study design. The sample size was 405, and data was collected using structured interview questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression using (SPSS) version 21 was used to analyze the data. The results showed that women engaged themselves in sexual activity at a much younger age of between 16-20 years. Despite women having a high level of knowledge of STIs, some still were involved in having more than one sexual partner, and this was statistically significant. Inconsistency in condom use by women was a risk factor in influencing a history of STI, and their attitudes showed that they have misconceptions regarding condom use, as some participants felt that condoms were not safe to use to prevent STIs during a sexual encounter. The current study, therefore, revealed that knowledge of STI alone is not adequate in providing protection from STI contraction and that behavioral factors must always be taken into consideration for any effective intervention.

Abstract:

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is traditionally viewed in the context of men as being the perpetrators of violence against women, the victims. Reports of female perpetrated violence against men living with HIV are relatively few in the literature. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that utilized an interviewer-administered questionnaire to identify the reasons for IPV and help-seeking response to IPV among 322 men living with HIV in Birnin Kudu, Jigawa state, Nigeria. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The prevalence of IPV among men in the study period was 45% (145/322). Out of the 145 respondents that experienced IPV in the year preceding the survey, 72 (49.7%) felt the IPV was related to domestic problems, 70 (48.3%) ascribed it to the disclosure of their HIV status, while 48 (33.1%) attributed it to ‘poor upbringing’ on the part of their spouse. About a third of the respondents (n= 51; 35.2%) did not report the incident to anyone; out of those that reported the incident, 94 (64.8%) sought help from informal and formal sources, 48 (51.1%) sought help from their in-laws, and 37 (39.4%) sought help from healthcare workers. Domestic problems, disclosure of HIV status, and poor upbringing of the female perpetrators were the commonest reasons for IPV as perceived by the respondents. The majority of the victims sought help from their in-laws and healthcare workers following the episodes of IPV directed at them. Efforts should be made to screen HIV-positive men for IPV during visits to ART clinics.

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Abstract:

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been a major challenge over the past decade. This has increased the mortality rate amongst the indigenous people of the sub-region. It is expected that this constant CVDs increase could result in an eminent epidemic and lead to high regional burdens due to the high number of Low-middle income countries in the SSA. Despite this, there is, however a low level of literature and research focus on CVDs in SSA, and this has created difficulty in advancing knowledge in this field and hence policy makers and the scientific community are less informed in their quest to fight against CVDs in SSA. This study is aimed at reviewing selected publications on CVDs in SSA to identify important trends and recommendations that could guide stake holders in properly developing the right strategies in reducing CVDs in SSA. The study identified an eminent epidemic of CVDs in SSA and recommends that all stake holders come on board the fight against CVDs. It is expected that the information provided in this review can serve as a guide for future research towards improved management of CVDs.

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Abstract:

Herbal plants are a reservoir of potential phytochemical compounds and the richest bioresource of drugs for traditional systems of medicine, nutraceuticals, food supplements, modern medicines, pharmaceutical intermediates, folk medicines, and chemical entities for synthetic drugs. In the present study we find out phytoconstituents of Nigella sativa and quantitative densitometric analysis of its bioactive compound thymoquinone in the different solvent extracts. It was found that Nigella sativa seeds were extracted with ethanol, methanol, and benzene as solvents. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of potent bioactive constituents such as alkaloids, phenols, tannins, trepenoid, saponins, and steroids in methanol extract. Benzene extracts have only alkaloids and steroids. While ethanol extract showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, tannins, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and steroids. The high-performance thin layer chromatographic method (HPTLC) was employed to quantify and densitometrically analyze thymoquinone in methanol, ethanol, and benzene extract of Nigella sativa. The analysis was performed on an aluminum plate with a mobile phase of n-hexane: ethyl acetate: methanol (7:2:1 v/v/v) and a densitometric measurement using a TLC scanner (CAMAG) at 254 nm. The ethanol extract of N. Sativa exhibited single sharp peak of thymoquinone with 0.85 Rf value, the highest area of the band 8137.6, and a total recovery of was 98.08% which is nearly equal to the standard thymoquinone with Rf value (0.85), the highest area of the band 8789.4 and total recovery was obtained 100%. The present research indicated that purified thymoquinone from N. sativa is a potential source for therapeutic application.

References:

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

Hunger and malnutrition are some of the pressing challenges facing the health systems in the developing world today, and more innovative interventions are needed as a solution to these challenges. The aim of this study is to identify the nutritional and health benefits of peanut-based therapeutic foods in children suffering from malnutrition and assess the effects of this specific therapeutic food on the outcomes of child health services delivery in North-West Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to measure multiple factors and identify the nutritional and health benefits of peanut-based therapeutic foods and assess its acceptability among individuals and families of malnourished children in North-West Nigeria. The effects of PBTF on the delivery of child health services in Sabon Gari Local Government Area in Kaduna state, North-West Nigeria. A total of 396 (97.5%) of mothers and caregivers believe that PBTF is making their child better. Up to 305 (75.1%) reported that the general health of their child has improved and 77 (19%) said their child gained weight, 13 (3.2%) reported that their child’s appetite has increased while 8 (2%) had noticed an increase in the activity of the child. Most respondents (96.5%) believe eating peanuts alone or with food is beneficial to their health. In conclusion, Peanut-Based Therapeutic Foods have valuable nutritional and health benefits and PBTF drives the performance of child health services delivery in North-West Nigeria.

References:

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Abstract:

Ngora district had a total of 3,248 under-five deaths in 2015 (Reproductive maternal newborn and child health report (2015). Ngora Fredica hospital registered 5 maternal deaths on September 6 and 11 in November in 2016. In total 22 maternal deaths in 3 months, 5 deaths are from Nora sub-county with high number of women with morbidity such as foot drop, ill health, maternal exhaustion, and fistulas. The purpose of the study was to assess factors that influence birth preparedness and complications readiness among community women of child-bearing age (15-49 years). Bivariate analysis with an unadjusted odds ratio at a 95% confidence level was performed to determine the factors that were associated with birth preparedness and complication readiness among women within reproductive age. Age (15-19 years COR = 1.68, p-value 0.000), Education level (no formal education COR = 6.1, p-value 0.000), Occupation (housewife not working COR = 4.58, p-value 0.000), Marital status (Single mothers COR = 2.60, p-value 0.000), Number of children (more than 6 children COR = 2.95, p-value 0.000), Distance to the health facility (Not walkable COR = 5.29, p-value 0.000), Cost of transport to the health facility (Not affordable COR = 4.91, p-value 0.010), Perceptions COR = 6.14, p-value 0.000, Knowledge (lack of knowledge on dander signs of birth complications COR = 3.19, p-value 0.000, Practice (not attending ANC COR = 2.95, p-value 0.000) and Practice (delivering from home COR = 3.80, p-value 0.006).

References:

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[15] Kakaire, O., Kaye, D.K. and Osinde, M.O., 2011. Male involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness for emergency obstetric referrals in rural Uganda. Reproductive health, 8(1), p.12. Nam, S.L., 2011. Figo Saving Mothers and Newborns Project in Uganda.

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[18] Nuwagira, C., 2014. Understanding maternal mortality ratio reduction bottlenecks in Uganda. A system dynamics approach for policy development (Master’s thesis, The University of Bergen).

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[20] Ngugi, D., (2015). Influence of Informal Finance on Mothers’ Healthcare in Mtwara, Tanzania (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).

[21] Mbonye, A.K., Sentongo, M., Mukasa, G.K., Byaruhanga, R., Sentumbwe-Mugisa, O., Waiswa, P., Naamala Sengendo, H., Aliganyira, P., Nakakeeto, M., Lawn, J.E. and Kerber, K., 2012. Newborn survival in Uganda: a decade of change and future implications. Health policy and planning, 27(suppl_3), pp. iii104-iii117.

[22] Wilunda, C., Oyerinde, K., Putoto, G., Lochoro, P., Dall’Oglio, G., Manenti, F., Segafredo, G., Atzori, A., Criel, B., Panza, A. and Quaglio, G., (2015). Availability, utilization, and quality of maternal and neonatal health care services in Karamoja region, Uganda: a health facility-based survey. Reproductive health, 12(1), p.30.

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[25] Aldrich, E.C., 2014. Transport-related delays and maternal mortality in Uganda: the effects of managed and controlled mobility on maternal health and well-being (Master’s thesis).

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[30] Schlecht, J., Rowley, E. and Babirye, J., 2013. Early relationships and marriage in conflict and post-conflict settings: Vulnerability of youth in Uganda. Reproductive health matters, 21(41), pp.234-242.

[31] Kalule, I., 2016. Using learning exhibitions in teaching learning of food production: An Action Research project aimed at improving quality of graduates through skills development at the Hotel and Tourism training Institute Jinja, Uganda (Master’s thesis, Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus. Institutt for yrkesfaglærerutdanning).

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[35] Lee, A.C., Lawn, J.E., Cousens, S., Kumar, V., Osrin, D., Bhutta, Z.A., Wall, S.N., Nandakumar, A.K., Syed, U., and Darmstadt, G.L., 2009. Linking families and facilities for care at birth: What works to avert intrapartum‐related deaths? International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 107(Supplement).

[36] Ngugi, D., (2015). Influence of Informal Finance on Mothers’ Healthcare in Mtwara, Tanzania (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).

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Abstract:

Victims of Chronic kidney disease (CKD) are usually present with multi-morbid conditions and are later prescribed poly-pharmacy to contest these conditions leading to drug-drug interactions (DDI). This systematic review determines CKD prevalence, evaluates the relationships of CKD with drug therapy problems (DTPs), and provides possible interventions in Nigeria. PubMed, African Journal Online, BMC, and Google search between June 2005 and December 2019 for studies on the prevalence of CKD and pattern of DDIs in Nigeria. Sixty-three were evaluated, 40 were excluded, and only 23 were included in the final data analysis after realistic selection for quality assessment. Ten studies showed the prevalence of CKD, 13 DTPs, and DDIs. Two articles identified 24.4 % and 26 % prevalence of CKD, four studies had 12.3 %, 14.2 %, 2.5 % and 13.4. One study revealed a prevalence of CKD (11.4 %), two separate studies had a prevalence of CKD (of 7.8 %), and another two in Southwestern Nigeria had different CKD prevalences of 7.5 % and 27.6 %. Seven showed higher percentages of CKD in women than men. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, smoking, old age, elevated blood pressure, family history of renal disease, low-income occupations, abdominal obesity, and habitual intake of analgesics and herbs were the most common risk factors in CKD. Studies categorized furosemide, lisinopril, and amlodipine as commonly prescribed drugs, and ferrous sulfate and calcium carbonate were identified as DDIs. Clinical pharmacists and other prescribers should develop ways to administer drugs in co-morbidity for a special population like CKD to prevent DDIs peril.

References:

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[7] Egbi OG, Okafor UH, Wiebodei KE, Kasia BE, Kunle-Olowu OE, Unuigbe EI. Prevalence and
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[8] Okwuonu CG, Chukwuonye II, Adejumo OA, Agba EI, Ojogwu LI. Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease and its Risk Factors among Adults in a Semi-Urban Community of South-East Nigeria. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2017; 24: 81-87.

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[12] Olanrewaju T, Aderibigbe A, Blankestinju P, Grobbee D, Klipsterime-Grobusch K. Estimated Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease, and its risk factors in North- Central Nigeria: Analysis of Agreegates Data from eight communities. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2018; 33(1):142.

Abstract:

Residents of Ilorin South Local Government Area (LGA), Kwara State, Nigeria, were studied to see how Covid-19 lockdown affected their health. The survey was descriptive in nature. For this investigation, a total of 300 inhabitants were chosen using a multi-stage sampling process. Data was collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.69. To describe the demographic characteristics of the participants, data was analyzed using percentages. The research question was answered using mean and rank order. Hypothesis one was examined with an independent t-test, while hypotheses two, three, and four were assessed with a 0.05 alpha level Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The findings revealed that residents suffered an upsurge in substance use, sadness, anxiety, and loneliness as a result of the Covid-19 lockdown. They however did not suffer from obesity or change in eating habits. There were statistical significant differences in health consequences of covid-19 lockdown on residents based on gender (t ₍₂₉₈₎ = 3.78, p˃0.05), age (F _{(4, 295)} =13.725, p˂0.05), based on educational status (F _{(5, 294)} =7.956, p˂0.05) and occupational status (F_{(3, 296)} =22.041, p˂0.05). Given that the pandemic is still present, and people are becoming infected on a daily basis, there is a chance of another lockdown, and it was suggested, among others, that people should try to stay active by engaging and occupying themselves with learning new useful skills that will allow them to remain productive during the lockdown. This could help to mitigate the negative health effects of loneliness and anxiety during the lockdown.

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Abstract:

Standing order is the instrument with which the community health extension workers (CHEW) were trained and are expected to use when attending to patients at primary health care facilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions of the CHEWs on the standing order. The research was prospective and cross-sectional in nature and used a self-applied structured questionnaire distributed to eligible CHEWs between the months of March and April 2022. The age of the respondents ranged between 23 and 58 years, with a mean age of 42.5 years and a standard deviation of 6.03. 81.1% responded that standing order should be used by CHEWs at all times, while 86.8% responded that all CHEWs should use it when attending to patients. The perceptions of CHEWs on acceptability and credibility of standing order were high, but that of its usefulness was low.

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Abstract:

Viral load (VL) determination is the standard to assess the effectiveness of Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) in people living with HIV (PLWIV). According to Cameroon national ART guidelines, VL determination in PLHIV should be done after six months of starting ART and then every 12 months. Unsuppressed VL occurs when ARV’s fails to suppress viral load and is associated with decreased survival and increased risk of HIV transmission, morbidity, and mortality. A sequential and exploratory facility and community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 391 patients on first-line ART in public health facilities in the East region of Cameroon from January 2021 to January 2022. Structural questionnaires and a review of medical records were the data source of the study. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis, and Chi-squared (χ2) tests to explore the associations between outcome variables and the independent variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors and facilitators of high viral load at 95% CI and P < 0.05 statistically significant level. Age, marital status, Occupation, food insecurity, switching regimen, and non-adherence were found to be the predictors of high viral load, while the distance from the clinic, medication side effects, substance use, poverty, missing clinical appointment or ARV doses, knowledge on ARV and health personnel attitudes were found to be facilitators. Unsuppressed viral load among PLWH in the East region of Cameroon is cause by predictors and facilitators. Therefore, need for targeted interventions for patients on ART who are at high risk of becoming virally unsuppressed.

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Abstract:

Lassa fever is a disease endemic to Nigeria that has shown increased virility annually. Problem: An increase in reported cases and resultant death. Risk Assessment: Endemic to areas of low socioeconomic persons characterized by high density and poor hygiene and sanitation. Results: There is a gap in surveillance and communication with sub-optimal compliance to health protection guidelines. Though environmental policies have been established there is very small evidence of implementation. Recommendation: Emphasis on environmental sanitation and hygiene must be ensured.

References:

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Abstract:

The Social Work profession is a caring professional whose primary mission is to assist in meeting the basic needs of individuals, families, and communities, especially the vulnerable, the oppressed, and other key populations, through different forms of empowerment. Included in these groups are persons with autism spectrum disorder, whose care involves various professionals. The role of professionals like psychiatric doctors and nurses, psychologists, behavioral therapists, and occupational therapists are well defined but the role of social workers, who are presumably the first contact with autistic people, is not yet clearly defined. This study explores the opinions of various scholars on the roles of social workers in the care of autism spectrum disorder with the aim of systematizing these different opinions, thereby delineating the professional responsibilities of social workers in the care of autism. The method used in this study is the systematic literature review of journal articles, books, and conference presentations whose main discussions concern the roles of social workers in the care of persons with autism. The review shows that social workers do have a significant role to play in the care of autism, even though the community of health professionals and the caregivers of persons with autism are not aware of the full scope of the role of social workers in the care of autism. The study recommends that this gap needs to be bridged with increased awareness and sensitization. Also, social work educators need to include the care of persons with disability in the social work curriculum in the various training institutions.

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Abstract:

Since the vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus two (SARS-CoV-2) became accessible in Zambia, there has been limited uptake. The study aimed to determine social cognitive aspects linked with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Mongu. A descriptive quantitative Survey was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022. Cochrane single proportion formula was used to determined sample size of 369 respondents based on 60% herd immunity criterion. Stata version 14 was used to perform Chi square and binary logistic regression. Findings indicated that, vaccination level is still below average, and most non-vaccinated people were unwilling to be vaccinated because they “simply haven’t gotten around to it”. ‘Views on Covid-19 news’, ‘worrying about getting sick/a household member getting sick from Covid-19,” real financial effect of Covid-19 at personal level,’ ‘ages of household Members,’ marital status, religion, academic qualification, and ages of respondents were associated with SAR-CoV-2 vaccination. Social cognitive predictors of vaccination were 30-49-year-old household members and worry about household members being sick. Misconceptions about SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations prevent vaccination. Therefore, there is need scale-up sensitisation, and sensitisation messages should address the need to protect household members and especially having the most mobile age groups (30-49 years) to be vaccinated to reduce on community spread of the infection. Future studies should analyze the proportions of AstraZeneca’s one-dose recipients who did not return for the second dose and the willingness of the completely vaccinated to accept a booster shot.

References:

[1] World Health Organization, ‘Covid-19 deaths in Africa surge more than 40% over previous week’, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.afro.who.int/news/covid-19-deaths-africa-surge-more-40-over-previous-week.

[2] C. M. Himwaze et al., ‘Post-mortem examination of Hospital Inpatient Covid-19 Deaths in Lusaka, Zambia - A Descriptive Whole-body Autopsy Series’, Int. J. Infect. Dis., vol. 108, pp. 363–369, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.06.013.

[3] World Health Organization, ‘Zambia launches the Covid-19 vaccination’, Lusaka, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.afro.who.int/news/zambia-launches-covid-19-vaccination.

[4] O. Sarasty, C. E. Carpio, D. Hudson, P. A. Guerrero-ochoa, and I. Borja, ‘The demand for a Covid-19 vaccine in Ecuador’, Vaccine, vol. 38, no. 51, pp. 8090–8098, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.013.

[5] M. Schoch-spana et al., ‘The public ‘s role in Covid-19 vaccination: Human-centered recommendations to enhance pandemic vaccine awareness, access, and acceptance in the United States’, Vaccine, no. xxxx, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.059.

[6] T. Dzinamarira, B. Nachipo, B. Phiri, and G. Musuka, ‘Covid-19 Vaccine Roll-Out in South Africa and Zimbabwe: Urgent Need to Address Community Preparedness, Fears and Hesitancy’, 2021.

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Abstract:

Despite the well-established importance of nutrition in health and wellness, nutrition’s involvement in the management and prevention of neonatal jaundice varies greatly from one guideline to another, to the extent that some guidelines do not include the role of nutrition in the prevention and management of neonatal jaundice. In addition, mothers typically translate their nutrition knowledge into the care of their babies. Hence, it is prudent for mothers to have the requisite knowledge needed to prevent any health condition, including neonatal jaundice. This study, therefore, sought to investigate and consolidate practices that elucidate the role nutrition plays in the prevention and management of neonatal jaundice in Ghana. The study was a multi-center nested, case-control study involving 120 cases and 120 controls of neonates in three referral hospitals in Ghana. Assessment of nutrition knowledge showed that with regards to the WHO (2004 & 2017) infant feeding recommendations, mothers of babies with neonatal jaundice had a higher nutrition score than mothers with healthy babies. During treatment of neonatal jaundice, babies were mostly fed breastmilk only, and, in a few cases, extra fluids were given if the baby is not exclusively breastfed or there is a risk of dehydration during phototherapy. No probiotic supplements were given, and micronutrient supplementation may or may not be given, depending on the prevailing health conditions of the neonate. It is recommended that further assessment should be carried out to identify the effectiveness of the nutrition education given during antenatal and postnatal education sessions at hospitals, clinics, and health centers.

References:

[1] Brits, H., Adendorff, J., Huisamen, D., Beukes, D., Botha, K., Herbst, H., Joubert, G. (2018). The prevalence of neonatal jaundice and risk factors in healthy term neonates at National District Hospital in Bloenfontein. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 10(1), a1582. Retrieved on 4^th April 2022 from https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm. v10i1.1582.

[2] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Neonatal jaundice (2010). Clinical guideline 98. London Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Available from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg98/evidence/full-guideline-pdf-245411821.

[3] Flaherman, V.J., Narayan, N.R., Hartigan-O’Connor, D., Cabana, M.D., McCulloch, C.E., Paul, I.M. (2018). The effect of early limited formula on breastfeeding, readmission, and intestinal microbiota a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Pediatrics, 196, 84–90.

[4] Althomali, R., Aloqayli, R., Alyafi, B., Nono, A., Alkhalaf, S., Aljomailan, A., et al. (2018). Neonatal jaundice causes and management. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5, 4992-6.

[5] Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (ABM) (2017). ABM Clinical Protocol #22 Guidelines for Management of Jaundice in the Breastfeeding Infant 35 Weeks or More of Gestation. Vol., 12, No. 5. DOI 10.1089/bfm.2017.29042.vjf.

[6] Dennery, P.A., Seidman, D.S., and Stevenson, D.K. (2001). Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Drug Therapy. New England Journal of Medicine, 244(8), 581.

[7] Gartner, L.M., Arias, I.M. (1966) Studies of prolonged neonatal jaundice in the breast-fed infant. The Journal of Paediatrics, 68(1), 54-66.

[8] Althomali, R., Aloqayli, R., Alyafi, B., Nono, A., Alkhalaf, S., Aljomailan, A., et al. Neonatal jaundice causes and management. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 2018;54992-6.

[9] Kellams, A., Harrel, C., Omage, S., Gregory, C., Rosen-Carole, C. Breastfeed ABM clinical protocol #3 supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate. Medicine., 2017;12188–198.

[10] Almeida, M.F. and Draque, C.M. (2007). Neonatal Jaundice and Breastfeeding. Neonatal Reviews, 8(7), 1. Retrieved from https://neoreviews.aappublications.org on April 18, 2017.

[11] American Academy of Pediatrics (2004). Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics, 114(1), 297-316.

[12] Wilde, V.K. (2021). Breastfeeding Insufficiencies Common and Preventable Harm to Neonates. Cureus, 13(10), e18478. doi10.7759/cureus.18478.

[13] Bhutani, V.K., Johnson, L.H. (2000). Managing the assessment of neonatal jaundice importance of timing. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 67(10), 733-7.

[14] Bhutani, V.K., Cline, B.K., Donaldson, K.M, Vreman, H.J. (2011). The need to implement effective phototherapy in resource-constrained settings. Semin Perinatol, 35, 192–7.

[15] World Health Organization (WHO) (2004). Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant, and young child nutrition. Geneva, Swizerland. Pp. 1 – 22.

[16] World Health Organisation (WHO) (2017). Guideline Protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity and newborn services. Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 978-92-4-155008-6.

[17] Norah, M. Alfouwais, Laila, S. Seada, Rawan, Y. Alahmadi, Ahmed, A. Alassiri, Ahmed, A. Alenazi, Majed, S. Aljuaeed. (2018). Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Saudi Parents towards Neonatal Jaundice (NNJ) A Cross-sectional Study. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 70 (9), 1686-1694.

[18] Champlain Maternal Newborn Regional Program (CMNRP) (2015). Newborn Hyperbilirubinemia a Self-Learning Module. Pp. 5 – 24.

[19] University of Michigan (2017). Guidelines for clinical care inpatient Management of indirect neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Michigan Medicine. Quality Department. USA. Pp. 1 – 30.

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[22] Boo N.Y. and Lee, H.T. (2002). Randomized controlled trial of oral versus intravenous fluid supplementation on serum bilirubin level during phototherapy of term infants with severe hyper bilirubinaemia. Journal of Paediatric Child Health, 38(2), 151-155.

[23] Mehta, N.M., Corkins, M.R., Lyman, B., et al. (2013). Defining pediatric malnutrition A paradigm shift toward etiology-related definitions. Journal Parenteral Enteral Nutrition, 37(4), 460-481. doi 10.1177/0148607113479972.

[24] Scott, J.A., Oddy, W.H., Binns, C.W., Graham, K.I. (2006). Temporal changes in the determinants of breastfeeding initiation. Birth, 33, 37–45.

[25] Boskabadi, H., Zakerihamidi, M. (2017). The correlation between frequency and duration of breastfeeding and the severity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Journal of Maternal Fetal Neonatal Medicine. Doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1287897.

[26] National Health and Medical Research Council (2012). Infant Feeding Guidelines Information for health workers. Canberra National Health and Medical Research Council. Eat For Health, Australian Government. National Health and Medical Research Council, Department of Health, and Ageing. Commonwealth of Australia. Pp. 12 – 98.

[27] Moore, E.R., Bergman, N., Anderson, G.C., et al. (2016). Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Systematic Review. DOI:10.1002/ 14651858.CD003519.pub4.

[28] Maisels, M.J., Ostrea, E.J, Jr, Touch S., et al. (2004). Evaluation of a new transcutaneous bilirubinometer. Pediatrics, 113, 1638–1645.

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[31] Kellams, A., Harrel, C., Omage, S., Gregory, C., Rosen-Carole, C. (2017). Breastfeed ABM clinical protocol #3 supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate. Medicine, 12, 188–198.

[32] Wilde, V.K. Breastfeeding Insufficiencies Common and Preventable Harm to Neonates. Cureus, 2021;13(10)e18478. doi10.7759/cureus.18478.

[33] Flaherman, V.J., Aby, J., Burgos, A.E., Lee, K.A., Cabana, M.D. (2013). Effect of early limited formula on duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding in at-risk infants an RCT. Newman TB. Pediatrics, 131, 1059–1065.

[34] Patwari, A.K., Kumar, S., Beard, J. (2015). Undernutrition among infants less than 6 months of age an underestimated public health problem in India. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 11(1), 119-26. doi 10.1111/mcn.12030.

[35] Goldberg, D.L., Becker, P.J., Brigham, K., et al. (2018). Identifying Malnutrition in Preterm and Neonatal Populations Recommended Indicators. Article in Press https://doi.org/10.1016/j and. from Elsevier and Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Pp. 1-11.

Abstract:

Covid 19 is an acute viral infection affecting the main respiratory system. Treatment practices were based on technical guidance from national health authorities, WHO, and CDC Atlanta. The study was aimed at enhancing the understanding of treatment practices for Covid 19. The study was based on a descriptive analysis of records of hundred patients in an urban health facility. 54% were females. 13% received vaccination of the first dose. 24% had known exposure; 39 had a history of co-morbidities. Disease severity was classified as ‘mild (59), moderate (28) and severe (12)’ 76 were managed at home through video-consultation. 42 (55%) were women. 91% treated at home recovered completely. 24 were hospitalized, and 8 of them were admitted in the Covid-19 Intensive care unit (ICU). 33% recovered completely among hospitalized. Covid 19 has affected all age groups, and the median age was 43.5. Elderly and high-risk patients were prone to severe disease. 76% had no history of exposure suggesting community transmission. The diagnosis was based on the clinical status of 6 patients and the rest through RT PCR. All severe patients needed hospitalization. 77% of hospitalized recovered completely. 6% died, indicating close monitoring. Clinical outcome was dependent on disease severity. Complete recovery is possible in the majority of patients (78%). Treatment practices varied from using simple supplements to use of steroids and to anti-viral. Colchicine was prescribed to two patients because of complications Isolation and diligent contact tracing, and timely management helped in containing the spread and effective management of Covid-19.

References:

[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, February 2021, Clinical-guidance-management-patients, with confirmed Corona Virus Disease (COVD-19), https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html.

[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019, Therapeutic Options for Covid-19 Patients  | CDC https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/-ncov/hcp/therapeutic-options.html.

[3] Weiss A, Jellingsø M, Sommer MOA. Spatial and temporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Covid-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EBio Medicine 2020; 58: 102916.

[4] Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP. The trinity of Covid-19: immunity, inflammation, and intervention. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20: 363–74.

[5] Sarkar Chandan, Mondal Milon, Torequl Islam Muhammad, Martorell Miquel, Docea Anca Oana, Maroyi Alfred, Sharifi-Rad, 2020, Potential Therapeutic Options for Covid-19: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Volume 11. www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fphar.2020.572870.

[6] Recovery Collaborative Group, 2020, Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19—preliminary report. N Engl J Med 2020; published online July 17.

[7] Jin YH, Zhan QY, Peng ZY, et al. 2020 Sep 4, Chemoprophylaxis, diagnosis, treatments, and discharge management of Covid-19: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline (updated version). Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1): 41. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00270-8.

[8] Becker, R.C., 2020, Covid-19 treatment update: follow the scientific evidence, J Thromb Thrombolysis 50, 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02120-9.

[9] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Jan 14, 2022, Clinical Care Quick Reference for Covid-19, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care-quick-reference.html#print.

[10] Diana Laila Ramatillah,Suri, Isnaini, April 2021, Treatment profiles and clinical outcomes of Covid-19 patients at private hospital in Jakarta, Plos OnE, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250147.

[11] Lagier JC, Million M, Gautret P, et al. 2020, Outcomes of 3,737 Covid-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: A retrospective analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis.; 36:101791. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101791.

[12] Zhao Jing, Gao Hao-Yu, Feng Zi-Yi, Wu Qi-Jun, 2020, A Retrospective Analysis of the Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Covid-19 Patients in Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China, Frontiers in Medicine, Volume 7, www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmed.2020.00286.

[13] WHO Solidarity trial consortium. February 2021, Repurposed antiviral drugs for Covid-19— interim WHO Solidarity trial results. The New England journal of Medicine, Volume 384, No.6.

[14] Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, et al. 2020, Remdesivir in adults with severe Covid-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 2020; 395: 1569–78.

[15] Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19—final report. N Engl J Med 2020; 383: 1813–26.

[16] Barnby young, Tong Yan, Yee Sin Leo, November 26, 2020, the place of remdesivir in Covid-19, Lancet Infectious diseases Published Online https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1473-3099(20)30911-7.

[17] Lagier JC, Million M, Gautret P, et al. 2020, Outcomes of 3,737 Covid-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: A retrospective analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis.; 36:101791. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101791.

[18] Manenti L, Maggiore U, Fiaccadori E, et al. February 2021Reduced mortality in Covid-19 patients treated with colchicine: Results from a retrospective, observational study. PLoS ONE;16(3): e0248276. Published 2021 Mar 24. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248276.

[19] Zhang L, Peng Y, Zheng Q, Jiang L, Tang S, Chen P. January 2021Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and laboratory results of Covid-19 patients. European Journal of Inflammation. doi:10.1177/20587392211011919.

[20] Spinner CD, Gottlieb RL, Criner GJ, et al. 2020 Effect of remdesivir vs standard care on clinical status at 11 days in patients with moderate Covid-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA; 324: 1048–57.

[21] Recovery Collaborative Group., 2020; Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020; published online October 8. https://doi.org/10·1056/NEJMoa2022926.

[22] Recovery Collaborative Group. 2020; Lopinavir–ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with Covid-19 (Recovery): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet 396: 1345–52.

Abstract:

Sexual assault and rape remain a huge problem in South Africa. However, only a few studies have investigated the association of demographic features and characteristics of sexual assault on the victims. The prevalence of rape in women globally is 7.2%, and in Sub-Saharan Africa 3 (21%). The objective was to determine the sexual assault characteristics and the relationship between the sexual assault characteristics and the socio-demographics of patients who presented for counselling. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was undertaken by reviewing 501 patient files who presented to a secondary-level hospital. A data capture sheet was used to collect information. The analysis included descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. The mean age was 21.5 ± 12.3 years. The women that presented to the hospital were black (92.4%), single (95.4%), unemployed (83.8%), and had a school education (27.6%). Only 4% of the participants were males. Fifty-eight percent of the participants reported that sexual assault had taken place between a Friday and a Sunday, between 18.00 to 05.59 hours. Women older than 20 years were three times more susceptible to sexual assault at night (p = 0.00). Young women were sexually assaulted more frequently at the perpetrator’s place (p = 0.01), and at party venues or in cars (p = 0.01). Health workers play a big role through preventive, educative, and curative measures. Health talks in educational institutes and public areas should be enforced. Safety and security officials should consider the identified risk factors for sexual assault and targeted interventions.

References:

[1] World Health Organization/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 2010. Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241564007_eng.pdf . ISBN 978 92 4 156400 7.

[2] Criminal law: Sexual Offences and Related Matters, Amendment Act No 32 of 2007(2020). www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2007-032.pdf . Accessed on June 13^th, 2022.

[3] Naidoo, K. (2013). Rape in South Africa, a call to action. S Afr Med J, 103(4), 210-211. Available at http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/view/7204/5267. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.6802].

[4] South African Police Services. The crime situation in South Africa 2009-2010. Available at https://www.saps.gov.za/about/stratframework/annualreports_arch.php (Accessed on June 11^th, 2022).

[5] Jewkes, R., Vundule, C., Maforah, F., Jordaan E. (2001). Relationship dynamics and teenage pregnancy in South Africa.SocialScienceandMedicine.52(5),733–744. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953600001775?via%3Dihub.

[6] Statistics South Africa. (2011). Victims of Crime Survey. Statistical release P0341. Available from http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0341/P03412011.pdf.

[7] Ezechi, O, C, Adesolamusa, Z, David, A, N et al. (2016). Trends and patterns of sexual assaults in Lagos South western, Nigeria.PanAfrMedJ;24:261. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.innopac.wits.ac.za/pmc/articles/PMC5075452/. doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.24.261.9172. http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/24/261/pdf/261.pdf .

[8] Al-Azad, M, A, S, Rahman, Z, Ahmad, M, Wahab, M, A, Ali, M., Khalil, M, I. (2011) Socio-demographic characteristics of alleged sexual assault (rape) cases in Dhaka City. JAFMC;7(2):21-4. https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JAFMC/article/download/10391/7677.

[9] Department of the Attorney General, Crime Prevention & Justice Assistance Division, State of Hawaii. (2004). Sexual Assault Victims in Honolulu, A Statistical Profile. http://ag.hawaii.gov/cpja/files/2013/01/Sex-Assault-Victims-2004.pdf.

[10] Ononge, S., Wandabwa, J., Kiondo, P., Busingye, R. (2005). Clinical presentation and management of alleged sexually assaulted females at Mulago hospital, Kampala, Uganda. African Health Sciences, 5(1): 50-4. PMCID: PMC1831897.

[11] Raj, A. and McDougal, L. (2014). Sexual Violence and Rape in India. The Lancet, Mar 8; 383:865. [PubMed]. http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(14)60435-9.pdf (accessed 13.8.2017).

[12] Akinlusi, F, M, Rabiu, K, A., Olawepo, T, A., Adewunmi, AA., Ottun, T, A., Akinola, O, I. (2014). Sexual assault in Lagos, Nigeria: A five-year retrospective review. BMC women’s health 14:115. http://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6874-14-115.

[13] Tiemensma M. (2016). Current approaches to the management of adult survivors of sexual offences. SAfrMedJ;106(11):1071-4. http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/samj/v106n11/11.pdf .

[14] Ezechi, O, C., Adesolamusa, Z., David, A, N et al. (2016). Trends and patterns of sexual assaults in Lagos Nigeria.PanAfrMedJ;24:261. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.innopac.wits.ac.za/pmc/articles/PMC5075452/. doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.24.261.9172 https://www.panafrican-medjournal.com/content/article/24/261/pdf/261.pdf.

[15] Azza, HE., Sahar, MM., Abeer, MH.(2011) Reported cases of female sexual assault over 5 years period in Suez Canal area, Egypt: Demographic study. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences.1, 118-123 www.sciencedirect.com. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2011.08.002.

[16] Abbey, A., Zawacki, T., Buck, PO., Clinton, MA., McAuslan, P. (2004). Sexual assault and alcohol consumption: what do we know about their relationship, and what types of research are still needed? Aggressive Violent Behaviour. 9(3), 271-303. PMCID: PMC4616254. DOI: 10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00011-9.

[17] Abbey, A., Ross, LT., McDuffie, D. (1994). Alcohol’s role in sexual assault. Drug and Alcohol Abuse Reviews: Vol 5. Addictive Behaviours in Women. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. 97-123. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-0299-8_4.

[18] Abbey, A., Zawacki, T., Buck, PO., Testa, M., Parks, K., Norris, J., et al. (2002). How Does Alcohol Contribute to Sexual Assault? Explanations from Laboratory and Survey Data. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 26(4), 575-581. PMID 11981135. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02576.x/pdf.

[19] Crowell, NA. and Burgess, AW. (1996). Understanding Violence Against Women. Washington DC: National Academy Press. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/162272NCJRS.pdf (accessed 07.8.2017).

[20] Bechtel, LK., and Holstege, CP. (2007). Criminal Poisoning: Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault.
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America.25(2),499-525. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/17482030.

Abstract:

The aim of the study was to investigate the factors contributing to unsafe abortion practices among women of reproductive age. Being a case study, this study used a mixed methodology approach which embraces the best of both qualitative and quantitative approaches, as this approach provides the researcher with both “breadth and depth in” obtaining a holistic understanding of social phenomena. The target population of this study comprised adolescent girls, that is, girls and women aged between 18 years and 25 years who are either in school or have dropped out after falling pregnant. This study used both qualitative and quantitative methods and relied on both quantitative and qualitative techniques of data analysis. The results indicate that reforming laws that regulate a highly stigmatized action takes time and may follow years of using multidisciplinary strategies to highlight the public health consequences and costs of unsafe abortion. Zambia is similar to other countries in the region with restrictive abortion laws in that many countries spell out the grounds for when abortion is not punishable in national penal codes. The recommendations are that the government should lift the most egregious barriers to legal services, such as requirements that multiple physicians authorize abortions and that only physicians can provide them. All healthcare professionals who provide abortion must be trained in WHO-recommended techniques, and the use of dilation and curettage must be discontinued. This invasive method should be completely replaced by either medication abortion or vacuum aspiration.

References:

[1] Dillon, A., Cherry, A.L., & Dillon, M.E. (2014) “An International Perspective on Adolescent Pregnancy.” Dillon, A., & Cherry, A.L., & Dillon, M.E. (Eds.) (2014). International Handbook of Adolescent Pregnancy: Medical, Psychosocial, and Public Health Responses. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media.

[2] Godding, J. (2008) Emergency contraception. Emergency Nurse, 16(4): 22–24. Available at http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewervid=4&sid=96428a82-695a-453c-bb381c4a115da6b3%40sessionmgr15&hid=10 [Accessed 06/12/2016].

[3] Central Statistical Office (CSO) (March 2015) Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013-14. Rockville, Maryland, USA: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Health, and ICF International.

[4] Central Statistical Office [CSO] (2010) Ministry of Health (MOH), University of Zambia, and MEASURE Evaluation. Zambia Sexual Behaviour Survey 2009. Lusaka, Zambia: CSO and MEASURE Evaluation.

[5] RN Likwa, W Mhittaker The characteristics of women presenting for abortion and complications of illegal abortions at the university teaching hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: an explorative study

[6] Cauvery, R., Nayak, U.K.S., Girija, M, & Meenakshi, R. (2003) Research Methodology. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company Pvt. Ltd.

[7] Shaffer, D.R. & Kipp, K. (2010) Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence, 8^th edn. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

[8] Brown, C. (2008) Developmental Psychology. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

[9] Singh, S. & Darroch. J (2011) The benefits of investing in Sexual and Reproductive Health care. New York: The institute and United Nations Population Fund.

[10] Diniz, E., & Koller, S. H. (2012) Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy. Set. -dec. 2012, 22(53): 305-314. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272253201302

[11] Gandhi, P., Sharma, S., & Gite, R. (2014) A Study of Teenage Pregnancies in Rural areas. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 4(5): 506-508.

[12] Nguyen, Shiu, & Farber, (2016) A study on Prevalence and Factors Associated with Teen Pregnancy in Vietnam. Available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/societies [Accessed on 03/12/16].

[13] Mutanana, N., & Mutara, G. (2015) Factors Contributing to Teenage Pregnancies in a rural community of Zimbabwe. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare.4(15): 29-34.

[14] Katayamoyo, P. (2010) Determinants of Teenage Pregnancy in Lusaka District. Lusaka: UNZA Press.

[15] Kohler, P.K., Manhart, L., & Lafferty, W. (2008) Abstinence-only and Comprehensive Sex
Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4): 344-351.

[16] Reis, M., Ramiro, L., Maros, M. G., & Diniz, J.A. (2011) The Effects of Sex Education in Promoting Sexual and Reproductive Health in Portuguese University Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 29 (2011): 477-485.

[17] Franklin, C., & Corcoran (2000) Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy: A Review of Programs and Practices. Social Work, 45(1): 40-52.

[18] Tebogo M Mothiba,Maria. (2011) Factors contributing to Teenage Pregnancy in the Capricorn district of the Limpopo province: University of Limpopo Press.

[19] Vanderstoep, S.W. & Johnston, D.D. (2009) Research Methods for Everyday Life: Blending Qualitative and quantitative Approaches. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

[20] Creswell, J.W, & Cresswell J.D (2009). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches5^th edition, Los Angeles: SAGE

[21] Laws, S. (2003) Research for Development: A Practical Guide. Sage Publications Ltd. London.

[22] Polit, D. F. & Beck, C. T. (2014) Nursing Research: Principles and Methods, 7th edn. Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins.

[23] Krishnaswami, O.R., & Ranganatham, M (2012) Methodology of Research in Social Science Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing Housing.

Abstract:

Research shows that alcohol use among women is increasing. While alcohol misuse by anyone presents serious public health concerns, women who drink have a higher risk of certain alcohol-related problems compared to men. Alcohol consumption in childbearing women is a public health concern because of adverse health implications for the mother and baby. The aim of this study was to explore the determinants of abuse of alcohol among women of age group of 18-45 in Ukwimi area of Lusangazi District, Eastern province, Zambia. A cross sectional study was conducted at Ukwimi-A Rural health centre and surrounding community. A sample size of 165 respondents was selected using simple random sampling and data on alcohol abuse in women of child-bearing age was collected using structured questionnaires. From the 165 participants who took alcohol, 78% were youths and 22% adults. 56% were married, 40.4% were single 3% were divorced and 0.6% were widowed. 77% of respondents started to take alcohol due to peer influence and the least, 11% it was due to curiosity. 59% of the respondents had drinking places opened before 10:00 hours and 41% the drinking places opened at or after 10:00 hours. Majority of the women in the study expressed some knowledge on what alcohol abuse is and at the same time were aware of the adverse effects that come with the abuse of alcohol. Alcohol abuse among women of child-bearing age is still on the rise and the majority are the youths.

References:

[1] Hammerstein N, Paul R. 2017. Increasing problem of alcohol abuse among the Zambian population in the psychiatric setting. Available: http://znphi.co.zm/thehealthpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/THPZ_V1_I4.6.pdf.

[2] World Health Organization. 2015. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. URL http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf.

[3] Mezquita L, Stewart S, Ibáñez M, Ruipérez M, Villa H, Moya J. et al. 2011. Drinking motives in clinical and general populations. European Addiction Research. 17 (5):250-61.

[4] Rehm J, Samokhvalov A, Neuman M, Room R, Parry C, Lönnroth K.et al. 2009. The association between alcohol use, alcohol use disorders and tuberculosis (TB). A systematic review. BMC public health. 9(1):450.

[5] Ezzati, M. 2004. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Sexual and Reproductive Health. Vol. 2. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

[6] Babor, T. 2010. Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity: Research and Public Policy. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

[7] Babor, T. Campbell, R. Room, C, and Saunders, J. 1994. A Lexicon of Alcohol and Other Drugs Terms. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

[8] Babor, T. Higgins-Biddle, J. Saunders, B and M. G. Monteiro. 2001. AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Care. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.

[9] Fisher, J. Bang, H and Kapiga. S. 2007. “The Association between HIV Infection and Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of African Studies.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 34(11):856-863.

[10] Clausen, T. Rossow, N. Naidoo, K and Kowal, J. 2009. “Diverse Alcohol Drinking Patterns in 20 African Countries.” Addiction 104(7):1147-1154.

[11] Gallo, M. Behets, M. Steiner, M. Hobbs, T. Hoke, K and Van Damme, L. 2006. “Prostate-s Specific Antigen to Ascertain Reliability of Self-Reported Coital Exposure to Semen.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 33(8):476-479.

[12] Fisher, J. Cook, K and Kapiga. S. 2010. “Alcohol Use before Sex and HIV Risk: Situational Characteristics of Protected and Unprotected Encounters among High-Risk African Women.” Sexually Transmitted Diseases 37(9):571-578.

[13] Bowling, A. 2005. “Mode of Questionnaire Administration Can Have Serious Effects on Data Quality.” Journal of Public Health 27(3):281-291.

[14] Bradley, K. Boyd-Wickizer, S. Powell, H and Burman, H. 2008. “Alcohol Screening Questionnaires in Women: A Critical Review.” The Journal of the American Medical Association 280(2):166-171.

[15] Bush, K. Kivlahan, M. McDonnell, S and K. A. Bradley. 1998. “The Audit Alcohol Consumption Questions (Audit-C): An Effective Brief Screening Test for Problem Drinking.” Archives of Internal Medicine 158(16):1789-1795.

[16] Cass well, S and T. Huckle. 2011. “Alcohol’s Harm to Others: Reduced Wellbeing and Health Status for Those with Heavy Drinkers in their Lives.” Addiction 106(6):1087-1094.

[17] Chersich, M., and H. Rees. 2010. “Causal Links between Binge Drinking Patterns, Unsafe Sex and HIV in South Africa: It’s Time to Intervene.” International Journal of STD & AIDS 21(1):2-7.

Abstract:

The prevalence of occupational stress among nurses is an endemic problem. This study was undertaken on an academic journey to determine the current levels of occupational stress among nurses in referral hospitals in Botswana. The study used a cross-sectional design aimed at determining the prevalence of occupational stress among nurses in selected referral hospitals. The study was carried out in three referral hospitals, namely- Princess Marina hospital, Nyangabgwe referral hospital, and Sabrana psychiatric hospital. Purposive sampling was used to select the nurses as well as management with the required and relevant experiences. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to get responses from nurses and the management in referral hospitals. The data was sourced from different departments/ units in the referral hospitals. From a total of 98 study participants, 43.8 percent of nurses reported stressful irritable/angry at work. Less than one-third, 30.6% of respondents, reported that they were sometimes not able to sleep due to the fact they normally have to work in different departments/units in referral hospitals. Results from the study show that respondents are very often not coping with what they had to do and are not able to control important things (like work may be) in their lives, respectively statistically significant (p = 0.021< 0.05) and (p = 0.038 < 0.05. A significant percentage of respondents reported occupational stress that is influenced by environmental factors like working in different departments and pressure from work.

References:

[1] Okoye, O. G., Olaomi, O. O., Okoye, U. E., & Onaghise, U. E., 2021, A Cross-sectional Survey of Job Stress among Nurses Working at National Hospital Trauma Centre, Abuja, Nigeria. European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, 7(2), 27-32.

[2] Islam, M. I., Alam, K. M. W., Keramat, S. A., Murshid, M. E., Haque, R., Kabir, E., ... & Khan, M. H., 2021, Working conditions and occupational stress among nurses in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional pilot study. Journal of Public Health, 1-9.

[3] Okoli, C. T., Seng, S., Otachi, J. K., Higgins, J. T., Lawrence, J., Lykins, A., & Bryant, E., 2020, A cross‐sectional examination of factors associated with compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue across healthcare workers in an academic medical centre. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 476-487.

[4] Carod-Artal, F. J., & Vázquez-Cabrera, C., 2013, Burnout syndrome in an international setting. Burnout for experts, Springer, Boston, MA.

[5] Njume, P., 2020, Assisting Psychiatric Nurses in Managing Work Stress and Decreasing Callouts and Absenteeism. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 9418, https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/.

[6] Amirkhan, J. H., Urizar, G. G., Jr., & Clark, S., 2015, Criterion validation of a stress measure: The Stress Overload Scale. Psychological Assessment, 27, 985–996.

[7] Alhajjar, B.I., 2013, Occupational Stress among Hospital Nurses in Gaza- Palestine. The University of Manchester Library, www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk.

[8] Jelastopulu, E., Tsouvaltzidou, T., Evangelia, V., FanI, M., John, D. & Alexopoulos, E. C., 2013, Self-reported Sources of Stress, Job Satisfaction and Quality of Care in Professional Hospital Nurses in West-Greece. Nursing and Health, 1, 1-9.

[9] Basimanebotlhe, T., 2022, Over 100 nurses’ contracts not renewed - Mmegi Online. The Monitor, Mmegi Online, 38.

[10] Burke M., 2013, Managing work-related stress in the district nursing workplace. Br J Community Nurse, 18(11): 535–8.

[11] Baye, Y., Demeke, T., Birhan, N., Semahegn, A., & Birhanu, S., 2020, Nurses’ work-related stress and associated factors in governmental hospitals in Harar, Eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PloS one, 15(8), 75-87.

[12] El Dahshan, M. E., & Hafez, S. K., 2014, Effect of Job-Related Stressors on Nurses’ Job Satisfaction in El-Shatby Maternity University Hospital, Alexandria, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine, 32(2), 73 - 97.

[13] Bhui, K., Dinos, S., Galant-Miecznikowska, M., de Jongh, B., & Stansfeld, S., 2016, Perceptions of work stress causes and effective interventions in employees working in public, private and non-governmental organisations: a qualitative study. BJPsych bulletin, 40(6), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.115.050823.

[14] Chu, B., Marwaha, K., Sanvictores, T., & Ayers, D., 2021, Physiology, stress reaction. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.

[15] Creswell, T.W., 2014, Qualitative inquiry and research design choosing among five approaches. Los Angeles C.A Cage.

[16] Apuke.D, 2017, Quantitative research methods a synopsis approach, Arabian journal of business and management review 6(11), 40-47

[17] Yada H., Abe H., Omori H., Ishida Y., Katoh T., 2018, Job-related stress in psychiatric assistant nurses. Nurse Open. 5(3), 15–20.

[18] Adzakpah, G., Laar, A., & Fiadjoe, H., 2016, Occupational stress among nurses in a hospital setting in Ghana. Clinical Case Reports Review, 2(2), 333-8.

[19] Deng, X., Liu, X., & Fang, R., 2020, Evaluation of the correlation between job stress and sleep quality in community nurses. Medicine, 99(4), e18822. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000018822.

[20] McCleery, E., Christensen, V., Peterson, K., Humphrey, L., Helfand, M., 2014, Evidence Brief: The Quality of Care Provided by Advanced Practice Nurses. Washington (DC): Department of Veterans Affairs (US), PMID: 27606392.

Abstract:

This essay discusses the need for Covid 19 prevention training program and its effect to community members. Community training create enabling environment for community members to critically look to their skills, prepares community members to adapt new lifestyle in systematic and in logical manners in how they address the immerging health challenges. Community training stimulates, motivates, empowers and streamline community members to improve quality of their lives and ability to deals with life challenges, particularly in health and personal hygiene. The community training increase health promotion effect and has higher chance of improving how community members may be able to comply and adhere to the instructions of Covid 19 preventions. Community training has an effect on positive attitude and safe community and working environment which also bring good relationship between community members and leaders, employers, employees and visitors of community organizations or places. The community health training fosters collective responsibilities to respond to new health challenges and motivate community members to easily adapt new knowledge and attitude to eliminate diseases of public health importance. The main purpose of this training must be to increase knowledge, skills and improve mental health condition that will influence psychosocial change and remove discouraging factors that has been observed to critically affecting the community and health staff in providing services while fighting Covid-19 to increase vaccine uptake. The training program should use competent trainers with well-planned and structured contents that include specific goal, objectives, and training activities to address mental health; Depression, anxiety, psychological distress and vaccine intake hesitance. The appropriate Pedagogical approaches of training will be able to create effective interaction between trainees and trainers for effective learning that influence changes.

References:

[1] Health policy Watch (2022): Independent global Health reporting. Retrieved in April 2022, from https://healthpolicy-watch.news/?s=covid-19.

[2] Ugarte, M.P., Achilleos, S., Quattrocchi, A. et al. Premature mortality attributable to Covid-19: potential years of life lost in 17 countries around the world, January–August 2020. BMC Public Health 22, 54 (2022). DOI:10.1186/s12889-021-12377-1.

[3] Greg Williams, Angela Spencer, Tracey Farragher, Matthew Gittins, Arpana Verma. Years of life lost to Covid-19 in 20 countries. Journal of global health, March 19, 2022. www.jogh.org. DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.05007.