Abstract:

The healthcare delivery system has been criticized for its “culture of blame” in which culpability for failure has been attributed to the human elements of the system: The Study was designed to identify and ascertain reasons for low-revenue generation in Federal staff hospital (FSH) laboratory; annex 111, Abuja and to proffer solutions, as well as deliver health care that minimizes risks and harm to service users, including avoiding preventable injuries and reducing medical errors. According to World Health Organization (WHO), a well-functioning healthcare system requires a financing mechanism, well trained and adequately paid workforce, reliable Information on which to base decisions and policies, and well-maintained health facilities to deliver quality services and technologies. Out of a total number of two hundred (200) respondents interviewed using questionnaires, hundred and sixty (160) were received using the random sampling method. 41% of the respondents believed that there are no barriers to accessing the facility, 48.0% indicated a Lack of Knowledge, and 11.0% said proximity. The year 2017/2018 to 2019 report showed a tremendous improvement. Revenue generated and the number of patients for the year 2018 was to the tune of twenty-nine million, nine hundred and seventy-six thousand, six hundred and sixty naira only (₦29,976,660.00) and twelve thousand, seven hundred and twenty-six patients (12,726) respectively. In comparing the year 2017/2018, respectively, this Study concluded that for overall improvement of the quality and performance in the healthcare environment, there is a need for the development of new inter-organizational patterns of care delivery and complex multitier governance structures.

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Abstract:

Long-term regular follows up of ART clients is an important component of HIV care, treatment, and prevention. Clients who are lost to follow-up while on treatment compromise their own health leading to poor treatment outcomes, which has a negative impact on HIV control programs. This study aimed to determine the factors contributing to the lost to follow-up (LTFU) of HIV clients on ARVs at the ART clinic, Bor state hospital. A retrospective cohort study of 60 people living with HIV from 576 clients who are lost to follow-up and attending an ART clinic service between Jan. 2015 - Dec. 2019 was undertaken. LTFU was defined as not taking an ARVs drug refill for a period of three months or longer from the last attendance for refill and not yet classified as ‘died’ or ‘transferred out. A total of 1993 clients enrolled at the HIV ART clinic, a total of 576 clients (29.0%) were defined as LTFU from enrolled clients, and 1417 clients (71.0%) were actively being followed up and on ART in the HIV ART clinic. Overall, these data suggested that LTFU in this study was high in patients who were married, low level of education, stigma-related factors, unemployment among clients, and clinical stages I &II were associated with LTFU in this study.

References:

[1] atilda K, Esther B, Joy K, et al. Loss to Follow-Up among HIV Positive Pregnant and Lactating Mothers on Lifelong Anti-retroviral Therapy for PMTCT in Rural Uganda.

[2] Bryan E. Shepherd, Meridith B, Lara M. E. Vaz, et al. Impact of Definitions of Loss to Follow-up on Estimates of Retention, Disease Progression, and Mortality: Application to an HIV Program in Mozambique, American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 178, Issue 5, 1 September 2013, Pages 819–828, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt030.

[3] Chi BH, Yiannoutsos CT, Westfall AO, et al. (2011) Universal Definition of Loss to Follow-Up in HIV Treatment Programs: A Statistical Analysis of 111 Facilities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. PLoS Med 8(10): e1001111. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001111.

[4] Opio, D., Semitala, F.C., Kakeeto, A. et al. Loss to follow-up and associated factors among adult people living with HIV at public health facilities in Wakiso district, Uganda: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 19, 628 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4474-6.

[5] Faraz A, Gideon M, Joseph S. et al. Identifying and Reengaging Patients Lost to Follow-Up in Rural Africa: The “Horizontal” Hospital-Based Approach in Uganda. Global Health: Science and Practice March 2019, 7(1):103-115; https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-18-00394.

[6] Williams H, Filbert F, Brouno P. et al. Lost to follow up and clinical outcomes of HIV adult patients on anti-retroviral therapy in care and treatment centers in Tanga City, north-eastern Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v14i4.3 Volume 14, Number 4, October 2012.

[7] MOH. Fact sheet on the Uganda Population HIV Impact Assessment [Internet]. WHO | Regional Office for Africa. 2017 [cited 2018 Aug 21]. Available from: https://www.afro.who.int/publications/fact-sheet-ugandapopulation-hiv-impact-assessment.

[8] Bior, Awak Deng. HIV/AIDS: A Threat to National Security in South Sudan. Sudd Institute, 2014, www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11027 Accessed 26 July 2020.

[9] Opio, D., Semitala, F.C., Kakeeto, A. et al. Loss to follow-up and associated factors among adult people living with HIV at public health facilities in Wakiso district, Uganda: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res 19, 628 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4474-6.

[10] Kiwanuka J, Mukulu Waila J, Muhindo Kahungu M, et al. Determinants of loss to follow-up among HIV positive patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy in a test and treat setting: A retrospective cohort study in Masaka, Uganda. PLoS One. 2020; 15(4): e0217606. Published 2020 Apr 7. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217606.

[11] Geng EH, Bangsberg DR, Musinguzi N, et al. Understanding reasons for and outcomes of patients lost to follow-up in anti-retroviral therapy programs in Africa through a sampling-based approach. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010; 53(3):405-411. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181b843f0.

[12] Vervölgyi, E., Kromp, M., Skipka, G. et al. Reporting of loss to follow-up information in randomised controlled trials with time-to-event outcomes: a literature survey. BMC Med Res Methodol 11, 130 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-11-130.

[13] Frédérique C, Kathrin Z, Olivia K, et al. Outcomes of Patients Lost to Follow-up in African Antiretroviral Therapy Programs: Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 67, Issue 11, 1 December 2018, Pages 1643–1652, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy347.

[14] Zürcher K, Mooser A, Anderegg N, et al. Outcomes of HIV-positive patients lost to follow-up in African treatment programmes. Trop Med Int Health. 2017; 22(4):375-387. doi:10.1111/tmi.12843In.

[15] Kaplan S, Nteso KS, and Ford N, et al. Loss to follow-up from anti-retroviral therapy clinics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies in South Africa from 2011 to 2015. South Afr J HIV Med. 2019; 20(1):984. Published 2019 Dec 18. doi:10.4102/sajhivmed. v20i1.984in 16 –.

[16] Goggin K, Hurley EA, Staggs VS, et al. Rates and Predictors of HIV-Exposed Infants Lost to Follow-Up during Early Infant Diagnosis Services in Kenya. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 33(8):346-353, 01 Aug 2019.

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[21] Rebecca Hodes, nam-aidmap(2010). Lost to follow-up health system failure, not patients to blame. 8th International AIDS Conference, 29th July 2010. Available at (www.aidsmap.com/loss-to-follow-up-he).

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[25] Geng EH, Bangsberg DR, MUSNGUZIN (2009). Understanding reasons for and outcomes of patients lost to follow-up in anti-retroviral therapy programs in Africa through a sampling-based approach. J Acquir Immune Defic. Syndr. 2009 Sept.10.

[26] Lessels, R.J.; Mutevendzi, P.C.; Cooke, G.S.; Nowel M.L.; Retention in HIV Care for individuals not yet eligible for anti-retroviral therapy: rural KwanZulu-Natal, South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic. Syndr 2010.

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[29] Amref ART hub (2011). Definition of LTFU in Pre-ART and ART. Amref ART knowledge Hub. Available at (www.hub.amref.org/index.php).

[30] Dr. Benjamin H.C.; Ronald A.C.; Albert M.; Andrew O.; Westfall.; Wilbrand M.; Mohammed L.; Lloyd B.M.; Stenttet V.; Jeffrey S.A.; A.M J Epidemiol.2010 April 15;171(8):924-931. Published online 2010 March. 10. d0i:10.1093 /aje/kw9008.

[31] Gilles V.C.; Nathan F.; Katherine H.; Eric G.; Shaheed M.; David C.; Andrew B.: PLOS ONE (2011). vol.6, issue 2; Published online 2011. Public library of science pg 9 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014684. Available at (www.embase.com).

Abstract:

Enrollment into any form of insurance is very low in Katsina State, with most people paying out of pocket for health care. The utilization of community-based health insurance will provide financial risk protection and improve health outcomes. The objective of the study is to compare differences in Utilization between community-based health insurance member households and non-member households and to identify factors associated with the utilization. A comparative cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among household heads in Katsina State, Nigeria. Targeted participants were selected using multistage sampling techniques. Primary data was generated using Open Data Kit (ODK), which was later downloaded and exported to SPSS version 20® for statistical analysis. Mean, and standard deviation from the mean (Mean ± SD) were used to study population characteristics towards utilization of CHI. The statistical significance level of analyzed variables were accepted at P≤0.05. The mean age of respondents was 46.82±13 and 44±12.5 years for CBHI enrolled and non-ensured groups, respectively. Heads of the households were predominantly males and currently married, with 97.3% and 93.3% for CBHI members compared to 82.7% and 99.3% of non-member households, respectively. The enrolled CBHI group utilizes PHC services more than the non-enrolled group(p<0.05) with age, marital status, education, number of children, and distance to health facilities all associated with Utilization. Utilization of CBHI was higher among enrolled groups than non-enrolled groups. Many factors, such as age, marital status, education level, and Payment of transportation to the facility, affect utilization of these services. We recommend CBHI be expanded, poor and vulnerable groups are given special consideration, and people not enrolled should be encouraged to join.

References:

[1] Carrin, G. (2003). Community-based Health Insurance Schemes in Developing Countries; facts, problems, and perspectives. World Health Organization, Geneva.

[2] The World Health Report; Health System Financing; The Path to Universal Coverage, 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2010/whr10_en.pdf Accessed 2 nd August 2020.

[3] WHO 2020 Community-Based Health insurance Scheme. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/community-based-health-insurance2020.

[4] Onwujekwe.O, Valenyi. E. Feasibility of voluntary health insurance in Nigeria. 2006. The World Bank.

[5] National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2017 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17, Survey Findings Report. Abuja, Nigeria; National Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Children’s Fund.

[6] Nasiru, L., Mohammed, T.S., Hassan, A., Shamsuddeen, Y (2021). Health Care Access and Utilization among Households in Katsina State North-western, Nigeria. International Journal of Tourism and Hotel Management; 2641-6948.

[7] Yahaya S.S, Mustapha M, , Lawal N , Runka JY. Knowledge of Community Based Health Insurance among Residence of Katsina State, Nigeria; A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Texila International Journal of Academic Research Special Edition Apr 2022.

[8] Araoye MO. Research Methodology with Statistics for Health and Social Sciences, first edition. Nathadex publishers Ilorin, 2004;25- 120.

[9] Gnawali DP, Pokhrel S, Sié A, Sanon M, De Allegri M, Souares A, Dong H, Sauerborn R. The effect of community-based health insurance on the utilization of modern health care services; evidence from Burkina Faso. Health Policy. 2009 May;90(2-3);214-22. doi; 10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.09.015. Epub 2008 Nov 25. PMID; 19036467.

[10] Asmamaw Atnafu Tsegaye Gebremedhin. Community-Based Health Insurance Enrollment and Child Health Service Utilization in Northwest Ethiopia; A Cross-Sectional Case Comparison Study. Clinico Economics and Outcomes Research 2020;12.

[11] Atnafu A, Gebremedhin T. Community-Based Health Insurance Enrolment and Child Health Service Utilization in Northwest Ethiopia; A Cross-Sectional Case Comparison Study. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2020 Aug 10;12;435-444. doi; 10.2147/CEOR.S262225. PMID; 32848434; PMCID; PMC7428314.

[12] Sarah Alkenbrack, Magnus Lindelow. The impact of community-based health insurance on utilization and out-of-pocket expenditures in Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Health Econ. 2015 Apr;24(4);379-99.

[13] Bayked EM, Kahissay MH,Workneh BD. Factors affecting the uptake of community-based health insurance in Ethiopia; a systematic review. Int J Sci Rep 2021;7(9);459-67. (5) (PDF) Factors affecting community based health insurance utilization in Ethiopia; A systematic review. Available from: https;//www.researchgate.net/publication/340193552_Factors_affecting_community_based_health_insurance_utilization_in_Ethiopia_A_systematic_review [accessed May 20 2022].

Abstract:

Neonatal jaundice is a public health concern responsible for a relatively high rate of infant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is prudent to put in place effective risk-reduction strategies and detect and treat new born jaundice effectively. Optimum nutrition has been shown to be crucial to health and well-being. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the nutritional status of babies that report to three referral hospitals in Ghana (Korle-bu Teaching Hospital, Greater Accra Regional Hospital and the Tamale Teaching hospital). It was a multi-center nested, case-control study involving 120 cases and 120 controls of neonates in the three referral hospitals in Ghana. The study revealed that babies with neonatal jaundice in Ghana mostly have a normal nutritional status, even though they lose about 5% of their birth weight. More mothers of healthy babies (88.3%) did exclusive breastfeeding, compared with mothers of babies with neonatal jaundice (76.7%). It was also revealed that the three referral hospitals implemented the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative’s ten steps to successful breastfeeding as a measure to prevent suboptimal feeding, which could lead to an increase in bilirubin levels. Assessment and interventions to prevent weight loss should therefore be paramount for babies with neonatal jaundice.

References:

[1] Wickström, R., Skiöld, B., Petersson, G., Stephansson, O., Altman, M. (2018). Moderate neonatal hypoglycemia and adverse neurological development at 2-6 years of age. European Journal of Epidemiology, 33, 1011–1020.

[2] American Academy of Pediatrics (2004). Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the new-born infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics, 114(1), 297-316.

[3] Hoynes, H., Schanzenback, D.W. & Almond, D. (2016). Long-run impacts of childhood access to the safety net. American Economic Review, 106(4), 903-934.

[4] Radhakrishnan, K. (2015). Vitamin D deficiency in children: Is your child getting enough? U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved from: http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2015/11/06/vitamin-d-deficiency-in-children.

[5] Benson, S.L.J., Thompson, M. (2016). Nutrition assessment. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Pocket Guide to Neonatal Nutrition, 2nd Edn. Chicago. Pp. 1-31.

[6] Leppanen, M., Lapinleimu, H., Lind, A., et al. (2014). Antenatal and postnatal growth and 5-year cognitive outcome in very preterm infants. Pediatrics, 133(1), 63-70. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-1187.

[7] Corkins, M.R. (2017). Why is diagnosing pediatric malnutrition important? Nutrition Clinical Practice, 32(1), 15-18. doi: 10.1177/0884533616678767.

[8] Mehta S, Kumar P, Narang A. (2005). A randomized controlled trial of fluid supplementation in term neonates with severe hyperbilirubinemia. Journal of Pediatrics, 147(6), 781-785.

[9] Weng, Y., Chiu, Y., Cheng, S. (2012). Breast Milk Jaundice and Maternal Diet with Chinese Herbal Medicines. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/150120/ on 18^th April 2017.

[10] Wilde, V.K. (2021). Breastfeeding Insufficiencies: Common and Preventable Harm to Neonates. Cureus, 13(10), e18478. doi:10.7759/cureus.18478.

[11] Metcoff, J. (1994). Clinical assessment of nutritional status at birth. fetal malnutrition and SGA are not synonymous. Pediatric Clinical North America, 41(5), 875-91.

[12] Althomali, R., Aloqayli, R., Alyafi, B., Nono, A., Alkhalaf, S., Aljomailan, A., et al. (2018). Neonatal jaundice causes and management. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5, 4992-6.

[13] Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (ABM) (2017). ABM Clinical Protocol #22: Guidelines for Management of Jaundice in the Breastfeeding Infant 35 Weeks or More of Gestation. Vol., 12, No. 5. DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2017.29042.vjf.

[14] Koletzko, B. (2015). Pediatric Nutrition in Practice; World Review Nutrition Dietetics: Basel, Karger. Volume 113, pp. 139–146.

[15] Hunt, L., Ramos, M., Helland, Y., Lamkin, K. (2020). Decreasing neonatal jaundice readmission rates through implementation of a jaundice management guide. BMJ Open Qual, 9, 1.

[16] Bolajoko, O. Olusanya, M., Kaplan, T., Hansen W. R, (2018). Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia: a global perspective. Lancet Child Adolescent Health 4642(18), 30139-1 Retrieved on 4^th June 2021 from http://www.thelancet.com/child-adolescent.

[17] Pagana, K.D., Pagana, T.J., Pagana, T.N. (2019). Mosby’s Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference. 14^th ed. Mo: Elsevier, St. Loius.

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[19] Boo N.Y. and Lee, H.T. (2002). Randomized controlled trial of oral versus intravenous fluid supplementation on serum bilirubin level during phototherapy of term infants with severe hyperbilirubinaemia. Journal of Paediatric Child Health, 38(2), 151-155.

[20] Thornton, P.S., Stanley, C.A., De Leon, D.D, et al. Recommendations from the pediatric endocrine society for evaluation and management of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates, infants, and children. Journal of Pediatrics, 2015;167:238–245.

Abstract:

Solid waste continues to pose important challenges to our environment on a daily basis. Insufficient solid waste management systems and equipment have contributed to the alteration to the ecosystems, including water, air, and soil pollution that infringes on the health of the general public that is associated with health ailments like cholera and other food and water borne diseases. Chililabombwe district’s face has continued to be dented with the unkempt environment with littered solid waste that has become a stinging and widespread challenge, especially in the urban areas of the district. Solid waste (SW) collection and working disposal systems are the major problems of the urban environment in most developing countries worldwide. MSW management solutions are financially dependable for the technical viable, socially inclement, and legally accepted. Solid waste management remained the biggest challenge that all the local authorities in Zambia and many developing countries in Africa. Commercialization or valorization of organic food waste was one of the important research areas that could combat the increased solid waste in the environmental causing environmental degradation. The objective of this study was to address matters that would respond positively to the waste management crisis in the district. As waste continues to be accumulated, with its high generation, more technologies are sought in the area of treatment and exploitation of organic and municipal waste through composting and anaerobic digestion in the management of waste. The lack of technologies and machinery has equally downplayed the essence of waste management in the Chililabombwe district.

References:

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[2] McDougall, F., White, P., Franke, M., & Hindle, P. (2011). Integrated Solid Waste Management, A Life-Cycle Inventory. London; Blackwell Science.

[3] Environmental Management Act (No.12 of 2011 section 56(1)(a)(b) &(c) of the Laws of Zambia.

[4] GRZ. (2017). Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste management Regulations). Lusaka; GRZ.

[5] BlaserF.Schluep.M.2012E-waste. Economic Feasibility of e-Waste Treatment in Tanzania Final Version, March 2012. EMPA Switzerland & UNIDO.

[6] Wilson D.C et al.,2010Comparative Analysis of Solid Waste Management. In Cities Around the World. Paper Delivered at the UK Solid Waste Association, Nov.2010.

[7] Okot-OkumuJ.NyenjeR.2011 Municipal solid waste management under decentralisation in Uganda.” Habitat International 35, 537.

[8] Sarkhel, P. & S. Banerjee. 2009. Municipal solid waste management, source-separated waste, and stakeholder’s attitude; a contingent valuation study. Environment, Development, and Sustainability.

[9] Macawife, J. & G. S. Su. 2009. Local government officials’ perceptions and attitudes towards solid waste management in Dasmarinas, Cavite, Philippines. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation 4; 63-69.

[10] Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Mahmood, G., and Trivedi, R.C. (2008) Municipal Solid Waste Management in Indian Cities. Waste Management, 28, 459-467. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.02.008.

[11] Antipolis S (2000) Syria profile. In Policies and Institutional Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Five Countries. Blue Plan Regional Activity Centre, Valbonne, France.

[12] Al-Khatib IA, Arafat HA, Basheer T et al. (2007) Trends and problems of solid waste management in developing countries; a case study in seven Palestinian districts. Waste Management 27(12); 1910–1919.

[13] Bandara NJ, Hettiaratchi JPA, Wirasinghe S and Pilapiiya S 2007 Relation of waste generation and composition to socio-economic factors; a case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 135(1–3); 31–39.

[14] Al-Khatib IA, Monou M, Zahra ASFA, Shaheen HQ and Kassinos D (2010) Solid waste characterization, quantification, and management practices in developing countries. A case study; Nablus district–Palestine. Journal of Environmental Management 91(5); 1131–1138.

[15] C. Zurbrugg, S. Drescher, I. Rytz, A. H. M. M. Sinha, and I. ¨ Enayetullah, “Decentralised composting in Bangladesh, a win-win situation for all stakeholders,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 281–292, 2005.

[16] Mbewe, R., & Mundia, Y. (2012). National Study on Health Care waste, Ministry of Health. Lusaka; CBoH.

[17] Asase M, Yanful EK, Mensah M, Stanford J and Amponsah S (2009) Comparison of municipal solid waste management systems in Canada and Ghana; a case study of the cities of London, Ontario, and Kumasi, Ghana. Waste Management 29 (10); 2779–2786.

[18] Nthambi, M. (2013). An Economic Assessment of Household Solid Waste Management Options; The Case of Kibera Slum, Nairobi City, Kenya. Nairobi; University of Nairobi.

[19] Al-Yousfi B (2004) Sound Environmental Management of Solid Waste – the Landfill Bioreactor. United Nations Environmental Programme – Regional Office for West Asia, Manama, Bahrain

[20] Nyang’echi, G. N. (2012). Management of Solid and Liquid wastes. A Manual for Environmental Health Workers. African Medical Research Foundation.

[21] GRZ. (2011). Ministry of Planning, National Development and Vision 2030 Progress Report. Lusaka; GRZ.

[22] Almasri R, Muneer T and Cullinane K (2011) The effect of transport on air quality in urban areas of Syria. Energy Policy 39(6); 3605–3611.

[23] L. Dahlén Household Waste Collection Factors and Variations, Department of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering Division of Waste Science.

[24] Calo F and Parise M (2009) Waste management and problems of groundwater pollution in karst environments in the context of a post-conflict scenario; the case of Mostar (Bosnia Herzegovina). Habitat International 33(1); 63–72.

[25] Batool SA and Ch MN (2009) Municipal solid waste management in Lahore city district, Pakistan. Waste Management 29(6); 1971–1981.

[26] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Wastes – Non-Hazardous Waste – Municipal Solid Waste, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N. W. Washington, DC 20460, U.S.A. (2013).

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[28] M. P. Velez, T. E. Arbuckle, and W. D. Fraser, “Female exposure ´ to phenols and phthalates and time to pregnancy; The Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study,” Fertility and Sterility, vol. 103, no. 4, pp. 1011.e2–1020.e2, 2015.

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Abstract:

The indirect health impacts include diversion or depletion of resources to provide routine care and decreased access to routine care resulting from an inability to travel due to restriction, fear, or other factors. This paper presents the findings of a cross-sectional quantitative study exploring systemic effects on access to and utilization of quality contraceptive services by women of reproductive age during the Covid-19 pandemic in Oyo State, Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 471 users of users of MNCH services (postnatal clinic and family planning services and immunization uptakes) that responded to 43 structured questionnaires that included socio-demographical characteristics, knowledge of contraceptive products and service availability, contraceptive supplies, access and utilization, health system opportunities and challenges amidst Covid-19 pandemics. Of the 471 respondents, the mean age of respondents was 29.63± 3.29years, with (34.2%) within 26-30 years age group. Majorly self-employed/business (74.9%), (91.1%) Yorubas ethnicity. Only 49.2% accessed contraceptive services during restrictions; due to overwhelming fear of Covid-19 by (31.7%), and disruption of services (31.1%). Others mentioned cost, restriction in movement, and difficulty in seeing caregivers. With 65.4% of the total respondents currently obtained a method with easy in restrictions. The Chi-square test, on the relationship between respondents’ access to and utilization of contraceptive services with systemic factors shows a significant relationship with p =0.004 during the pandemic. It becomes highly imperative that the family planning program be redesigned to improve the health system as part of the preparedness measures to address gaps due to the Covid-19 restrictions.

References:

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[25] Taylor Riley et al., 2020. Estimates of the Potential Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Sexual and Reproductive Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, A journal of peer-reviewed research, volume 46, page 73-76.

Abstract:

This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study qualitative and quantitative designs to gather data through structured interviews, questionnaires over a certain period in time in the past (retrospective) and the present (concurrent), and then analyze the results. The study was undertaken in the selected villages around Gaborone Botswana, situated in the south of the country. Its final focus was to publish the research results from a research survey done on unintentional injuries among preschool children enrolled in day-care centers from selected villages around Gaborone, Botswana. The population consisted of 47-day care centers in the selected villages around Gaborone which are all situated in Mogoditshane/Thamaga Subdistrict. A sample of 45 care centers was drawn using Yamane formula. Data were then collected through auditing, structured interviews, and questionnaires. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used to analyze the data. The summary of the results of the current study show that: i) Males are more likely to get injured than females ii) Older children are more likely to sustain UI (iii) UI are sustained in the late afternoons iv) UI are more likely to be sustained in the early and late part of the week v) Season or term of study is not a factor of UI vi) Amount of time spent at school is a factor of UI (Davis, Godfrey & Rankin 2013).The findings indicate that there are factors that can have a negative influence on the occurrence of unintentional injuries in day care centers. It is suggested that a supportive teaching programme in the form of a workshop for service providers, teachers and parents should be designed, that will support the system of unintentional injury prevention program for preschool children in day care centers in order to prevent unintentional injuries in the selected villages around Gaborone, Botswana.

References:

[1] Daycare centers and pre-schools under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) http://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheet/46-flsa-daycare(2009).

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[3] Phelan KJ,Khoury J, Kalkwarf HJ,Lanphear BP.Trends and patterns of playground injuries in United States children and adolescents (20010. Ambulatory Pediatrics 2001; 1(4):227-33. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003335490512000111.

[4] Macarthur Colin, Hu Xiaohan, Wesson David E &Parkin Patricia C. (2000). Risk factors for severe injuries associated with falls from playground equipment. Analysis and prevention, 32(3):377-82. doi: 10.1016/s0001-4575(99)00079-2.

[5] Gong1 Hairong, Guoping Lu, Jian Ma1, Jicui Zheng, Fei Hu1, Jing Liu1, Jun Song, Shenjie Hu1, Libo Sun1, Yang Chen1, Li Xie, Xiaobo Zhang, Leilei Duan6 and Hong Xu (2021) Causes and Characteristics of Children Unintentional Injuries in Emergency Department and Its Implications for Prevention Public Health PMC8374066. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.669125.

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[10] Davis Christopher S 1, Godfrey Sarah E, Rankin Kristin M (2013) Unintentional injury in early childhood: its relationship with childcare setting and provider. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 17(9):1541-9. doi: 10.1007/s10995-012-1110-z.

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[16] Macarthur Colin, Hu Xiaohan, Wesson David E &Parkin Patricia C. (2000). Risk factors for severe injuries associated with falls from playground equipment. Analysis and prevention, 32(3):377-82. doi: 10.1016/s0001-4575(99)00079-2.

[17] Alkon A, Genevro JL, Tschann JM, et al. (1999) The epidemiology of injuries in 4 childcare centers. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 153(12):1248-54. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.153.12.1248.

[18] Hyder Adnan, Peden Margaret, Krug Etienne ( 2009) Child injuries and violence: The new challenge for child health Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 86(6):420 DOI:10.2471/BLT.08.054767.

[19] Davis, C.S., Godfrey, S.E., & Rankin, K.M. (2012). Unintentional injury in early childhood: Its relationship with childcare setting and provider. Maternal Child Health Journal, NLM Unique ID: 9715672. 17(9):1541-9. doi: 10.1007/s10995-012-1110-z.

[20] Petridou Eleni Th, Sibert J, Dedoukou J Xi, Skalkidis I. (2002). Injuries in public and private playgrounds: The relative contribution of structural,equipment and human factors. Acta Paediatrics, 2002; 91(6):691-7. doi: 10.1080/080352502760069133.

[21] Teck Hoc Toh,Lee Wong. (2006). Playground injuries in Singaporean children with special reference to falls from monkey-bars. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287080444.

[22] Lee, E.J., & Bass, C. (1990). Survey of accidents in a university daycare center. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 4(1):18-23 doi: 10.1016/0891- 5245(90)90035-5.

[23] Maundeni, T. (2013), Early Childhood Care and Education in Botswana: A Necessity That Is Accessible to Few Children. Creative Education, 04(07):54-59 DOI:10.4236/ce.2013.47A1008 http://www.scirp.org/journal/ce.

Abstract:

Nutrition is a key element of health promotion, prevention, and management of diseases. The study was aimed at assessing the nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practice of communities and to determine factors influencing the nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices of these communities. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 10 communities. Multistage sampling was used to select the sample size of 1000 individuals. The study utilized both primary and secondary data through journals and administration of a self-developed structured interviewer questionnaire and focus group discussions. The data was analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS v20). Results were presented using descriptive statistics and Chi-square. The findings of the study revealed that communities have little or no knowledge about nutrition despite the availability of different sources of nutritional information, majority of communities have a negative attitude towards the importance of nutrition because of their Cultural beliefs. Moreso, majority communities do not prepare balanced family meals. The result from chi-square analysis shows that age and source of nutritional knowledge are the main factors influencing nutritional knowledge and education level, marital status, and sources of family income are the main factors influencing nutritional practices among communities. Base on the findings of the study it was recommended among others that there is need to increased public awareness and enlightenment to improve the attitude and practice of communities, community leaders and health workers to promote good dietary habits and consumption of good indigenous food to motivate practice among communities.

References:

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[3] Triches, R. & Giugliani, E. (2005). Obesity, eating habits and nutritional knowledge among school children. Revista de Saúde Pública. 39:541-547.

[4] Ihab, A., Jalil, R., Manan, W., Wan N., Wan S., Mohd S., Zalilah & Abdullah, M. (2013). Nutritional Outcomes Related to Household Food Insecurity among Mothers in Rural Malaysia. Journal of health, population, and nutrition. 31: 480-9.

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[6] Kigaru, D.M.D., Loechl, C., Moleah, T. (2015) Nutrition knowledge, attitude and practices among urban primary school children in Nairobi City, Kenya: a KAP study. BMC Nutrition 1(44). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-015-0040-8.

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[12] Bakhtiar M.D., Masud-ur-Rahman M.D., Kamruzzaman Nargis Sultana M.D and Shaikh S.S. (2021) Determinants of nutrition knowledge, attitude and practices of adolescent sports trainee: A cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. Heliyon Journal 7(1):1-11.

[13] Jeinie, M.H.B.; Guad, R.M.; Hetherington, M.M.; Gan, S.H.; Aung, Y.N.; Seng,W.Y.; Lin, C.L.S.; George, R.; Sawatan,W.; Nor, N.M. (2021) Comparison of Nutritional Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices between Urban and Rural Secondary School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Sabah, East Malaysia. Foods. 10, 2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092037.

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[15] Charles S.R., Ismail S., Ahmad N., Ying L.P, Abubakar N.I. (2016) Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Adolescent Girls towards Reducing Malnutrition in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria: Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. ;12(6):1681.

[16] Likert, R. (1932). A technique for measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology, 140, 5-55.

[17] Kassahun, C.W., Mekonen, A.G. (2017) Knowledge, attitude, practices and their associated factors towards diabetes mellitus among non-diabetes community members of Bale Zone administrative towns, South East. Journal of Medical Science 12(1):34-37.

[18] Uba, M. N., Alih, F. I., Kever, R.T. & Lola, N. (2015). Knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses toward pressure ulcer prevention in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Borno State, North-Eastern, Nigeria. International Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 7(4), 54-60.

[19] Kaur, K., Grover, K., & Kaur, N. (2016). Assessment of Nutrition Knowledge of Rural Mothers and Its Effectiveness in Improving Nutritional Status of Their Children. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 15, 90-98.

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Abstract:

Considering the various limitations of using chronological age, biological age estimation is becoming increasingly recognized as one of the novel public health and clinical strategies for preventing and controlling the rising global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and for achieving healthy ageing. The objectives of this study are to estimate the biological age and compare it to the chronological age of Nigerian adults. Also, to score the magnitude of some of the lifestyle determinants of biological age among the study population. This cross-sectional study uses simple random sampling technique to select 82 Nigerian adults for the study, while standardized instruments were used to collect data. The P value for the study was set at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study noticed poor mean Mediterranean Diet Adherence (MDAQ) score of 7.0 ± 2.28 and mean International Physical Activity (IPAQ) score of 1.3 ± 0.51. There was also suboptimal mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score of 5.9 ± 3.01, mean Perceive Stress Scale-4 (PSS-4) score of 6.3 ± 2.79, and mean Social Connectedness Scale (SCS) score of 15.2 ± 4.13. Furthermore, the estimated biological age of the respondents (45.9 years, ±10.31), was higher than their chronological age (43.2 years, ±8.92). The study concluded that the magnitudes of the lifestyle determinants of ageing are high enough to result in accelerated biological ageing among the study population. Such development, if not mitigated, may result in a significant increase in the prevalence of NCDs and premature deaths in the near future.

References:

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Abstract:

Engagement and training of community health extension workers was the strategy adopted by Nigeria to solve the problem of the dearth of skilled health workers at the primary health care level. This group of health workers were trained to use standing orders in the management of the patient at this level of care. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent of utilization of standing order among community health extension workers. The research was cross-sectional in nature, and it used a self-applied structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed between March and April 2022. There were 265 respondents with age ranges between 23 and 58 years, and the majority (86.7%) were females. 98.1% possessed a copy of the standing order, and 88.5% and 9.9% kept their standing orders in health facilities and home, respectively. 62.3% used it regularly, 19.6% occasionally, 8.3% sometimes and 9.8% rarely used it. Reasons given for not using standing orders included- waste of time, patients who think I am not competent, and not containing new drugs. Regular utilization of standing order is low, and there is a need to educate the community extension workers on the importance of standing order at the primary health care level.

References:

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[24] Grace Komuhangi, Nwana Uchechukwu Kevin, Ilori Oluwole Felex and Lydia Kabiri: Factors Associated with Compliance with Infection Control Guidelines in the Management of Labour by Healthcare Workers at Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Open Journal of Nursing, 2019; 9(7): 697- 723. doi: 10.4236/ojn.2019.97054

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Abstract:

Vaccine management comprises of estimation of vaccine needs, ordering, storage, distribution, monitoring vaccines use and limiting vaccine wastage. Yemen has been in conflict situation for over 7 years and remains one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises, with an estimated 23.4 million people in need of humanitarian assistance. This descriptive cross-sectional study to assess the vaccine management knowledge and practice in Yemen was carried out among health workers in 6 governorates. 536 health workers at different levels provided responses to the online questionnaire which were imported into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) platform for relevant descriptive and inferential analysis. Chi square test was used to determine statistical significance of observed difference in knowledge and vaccine management practice against relevant socio-demographic and work-related variables. The level of significance was set at p value <0.05. The study showed that 429(80%) had good knowledge while 63(11.8%) and 44(8.2%) had fair and poor knowledge of vaccine management respectively. More than two-thirds of respondents only receive vaccines 411(76.7%), 124(23.1%) receive and distribute vaccines. Vaccine distribution included use of refrigerated vehicles (15.2%), cold boxes (32.8%) and vaccine carrier (41.6%) both with conditioned ice packs. A total of 432(63.8%) have experienced vaccine stock-out and mostly for 1-2weeks (75.6%). Association between age and vaccine management knowledge was statistically significant with p-value of 0.006. The vaccine management knowledge and practice as shown from the findings of the study are commendable. However, there is need to address the artificial stock-out of vaccines to avoid missed opportunities.

References:

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[2] Pollard, A.J., Bijker, E.M., 2021, A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments. Nat Rev Immunol 21, 83–100, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7.

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[7] Mohammed, S.A., Workneh, B.D., & kahissay, M.H., 2021, Knowledge, attitude and practice of vaccinators and vaccine handlers on vaccine cold chain management in public health facilities, Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study. Plos One 16(2): e0247459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247459.

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[10] Charan, J., & Biswas, T., 2013, How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 35(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.116232.

[11] World Health Organization (WHO)., 2005, Vaccine Management Assessment. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69616/WHO_IVB_05.02_eng.pdf?sequence=1.

[12] Feyisa, D., Ejeta, F., Aferu, T. et al., 2022, Adherence to WHO vaccine storage codes and vaccine cold chain management practices at primary healthcare facilities in Dalocha District of Silt’e Zone, Ethiopia. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 8, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-022-00167-5.

[13] World Health Organization., 2016, Global Routine Immunization Strategies and Practices (‎GRISP)‎: a companion document to the Global Vaccine Action Plan (‎GVAP)‎. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204500.

[14] Daud, Norwati., 2014, Knowledge, Attitude and Adherence to Cold Chain among General Practitioners in Kelantan, Malaysia. https://internalmedicine.imedpub.com/knowledge-attitude-and-adherence-to-cold-chain-amonggeneral-practitioners-in-kelantan-malaysia.php?aid=6257.

[15] Gebretnsae, H., Hadgu, T., Ayele, B. et al., 2022, Knowledge of vaccine handlers and status of cold chain and vaccine management in primary health care facilities of Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia: Institutional based cross-sectional study. Plos One. 17. e0269183. 10.1371/journal.pone.0269183. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0269183.

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Abstract:

The incidence of work stress among nurses is a persistent issue. This qualitative study was carried out to examine the problems that nurses experience in providing basic health care at Botswana referral hospitals. The study was presented as a qualitative research approach. Three referral hospitals: Princess Marina Hospital, Nyangabwe Referral Hospital, and Sabrana Psychiatric Hospital were chosen for this study. Ten management officers from the three referral hospitals with the necessary and appropriate experience were purposefully sampled in order to generate the required data via questionnaires and interviews. An inductive thematic data analysis was then used, the researchers attentively examined the data to uncover common themes and patterns that appear frequently. The intended study objectives were obtained by focusing on the preceding sampled data from management officers in referral hospitals: to identify challenges faced by nurses in the delivery of basic health care services and to recommend strategies that can be used to address challenges faced by nurses in the delivery of basic health care services. The overall findings of this study emphasized three themes that developed from the interviews: the obstacles faced by nurses in the delivery of essential health care services, which are: a lack of manpower, a lack of staff and accommodation, low wages, and a terrible working environment. The researchers finished by providing a conceptual model that may be employed as an intervention technique in the workplace to help with occupational stress.

References:

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[8] Gebeyehu, S., Zeleke, B., 2019, Workplace stress and associated factors among healthcare professionals working in public health care facilities in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes; 12(1):1–5.

[9] Hamim, N., 2015, Workload and Work Stress on Caring Behavior in nurse on Nursing Services, Int J Hum Resour Stud, 5(3):148.

[10] Jelastopulu, E., Tsouvaltzidou, T., Vangeli, E., Messolora, F., Detorakis, J., Alexopoulos, E., 2013, Self-reported Sources of Stress, Job Satisfaction and Quality of Care in Professional Hospital Nurses in West-Greece, Nurs Heal. 1(1):1–9.

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[12]  Jose, T.T., Bhat, S.M., A, 2015, Descriptive Study on Self-Esteem among Nurses Working in Selected Hospitals of Udupi and Mangalore Districts Karnataka, India. Int J Nurs Educ. 7(3):154.

[13] Kawano, Y, 2008, Association of job-related stress factors with psychological and somatic symptoms among Japanese hospital nurses: Effect of departmental environment in acute care hospitals. J Occup Health, 50(1):79–85.

[14] Kokoroko, E., Sanda, M.A., 2019, Effect of Workload on Job Stress of Ghanaian OPD Nurses: The Role of Coworker Support. Saf Health Work, 8(3):142.

[15] Jasmina, S., 2018, Stress Factors among Nurses at the Primary and Secondary Level of Public Sector Health Care: The Case of Slovenia, Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(2): 416–422.

[16] Muraleeswaran, R., Akilendran, K., 2016, An Assessment of level of work – Related Stress Among Nursing Officers at District General Hospital Vavuniya in Sri Lanka. Int J Sci Res Publ, 6(3):177–80.

[17] Mushonga, B., Dube-Mawerewere, V., 2017, Factors that contribute to burnout syndrome among critical care nurses in Intensive Care Units, Botswana. Int J Nurs Sci, 7(4):91–5.

[18] Prisca, E.N., 2020, Assisting Psychiatric Nurses in Managing Work Stress and Decreasing Callouts and Absenteeism. ProQuest LLC.

[19] Yueh-Chi, T.1., Chieh-Hsing, L., 2012, Factors and symptoms associated with work stress and health-promoting lifestyles among hospital staff: a pilot study in Taiwan. BMC Health Serv Res, 12(162):199.

[20] Yuan, D., Gazi, A.I., Rahman, A., 2022, Occupational stress and health risk of employees working in the garments sector of Bangladesh: An empirical study. Frontiers in Public Health, 12(1):1–5.

Abstract:

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers that affect women worldwide. In developing countries, cancers are detected late due to limited access to preventative measures and late treatment options leading to higher death rates in these countries. The study was undertaken to determine the cervical cancer prevalence to aid in planning grass root level programs to reduce the morbidity and mortality from the disease. This study is a hospital-based retrospective design that reviewed reported screening test results of CCa cases in five screening centres identified in Enugu state. Reported data sets were analysed and one-sample t-test analysis of statistical significance was determined. A pooled total of 27 333 patients were screened using pap smear and 3528 tested positive for cervical cancer was reported over the five years period giving a prevalence rate of 13%. The mean age of the positive cases was 38.82 ± 8.15 years. The majority of the cases (62%) were recorded among the age group 30 – 39 years. The yearly rates included 14% prior to 2016, 12%, 9%, 20%, 13% and 10% for 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 respectively. T-test analysis showed a significant difference in testing rate when compared to previous study t = 5.7, p = .002. The prevalence of this study is high when as reported in previous studies. Therefore, a targeted awareness and enlightenment of the public on cervical cancer screening is highly recommended to ensure early detection which guarantees good treatment outcomes.

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Abstract:

Achieving HIV epidemic control is an ultimate goal for Zambia. To achieve this goal there is need to close services access gaps. Adult men are less likely to utilize existing health facility-based HIV services and they account for a significant proportion of new HIV infections with risk to onward HIV transmission in the community. Almost two-thirds of males (65.1%) and 79.2% of females aged 15-59 years reported ever having been tested for HIV and having received their results. Over two-thirds (67.1%) of HIV-positive males 25-29 years of age reported being unaware of their HIV status. Twenty-five percent of the national pandemic is in Lusaka. This non-experimental, descriptive mixed-methods study shows increase in number of adult males accessing services at community health posts and the impact of community health posts on improving adult male access to HIV services, including improved retention to HIV services and viral load suppression. The attitude or customer care of health care workers and the location of the community health posts played a bigger role in improving adult male access to HIV services, by creating a better, trusted environment and by bringing the services closer to where these males work or live. The community health post improved also the inequality in accessing HIV services for adult males, as this is one of the key factors to achieving the end of HIV pandemic.

References:

[1] United Nations AIDS. (2020). UNAIDS DATA Report 2020. UNAIDS, (pp. 4-26). https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2020_aids-data-book_en.pdf. Accessed in April 2020.

[2] Zambia Central Statistical Office (2013). Population and Demographic Projections 2011 - 2035. Central Statistical Office. https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/phocadownload/Zambia%20Census%20Projection%202011%20-%202035.pdf. Accessed on August 4^th, 2020.

[3] Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment. (2016). Zambia Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment Report. (pp. 6-129). https://phia.icap.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/ZAMPHIA-Final-Report__2.26.19.pdf. Accessed on August 5^th, 2020.

[4] Country Operational Plan. (2018). Strategic Direction Summary. PEPFAR Zambia. https://www.pepfar.gov/documents/organization/285848.pdf. Accessed on August 6th, 2020.

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Abstract:

Use of partographs during labor is a key intervention but it is not widely used due to various factors. This is one of the quality thematic areas incentivized by PBF. Hence the aim of our study was to determine these factors associated with utilization of partograph in Jimma and Buno-Bedelle zone. Our study adopted a cross-section design with independent control. The data collection was retrospective interview of 239 health workers who conducted deliveries in Q3 2021 (July – September 2021) in health facilities from both Buno-Bedele (control) and Jimma (intervention) zones. Bivariate analysis was performed using chi-squared tests. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression analysis. All data analysis was conducted in STATA 15. The proportion of health workers using partographs was higher in Jimma (86.5%) compared to Bedele (64.4%), with a p-value less than 0.001. The finding of this study indicated that the major reasons for non-use of partographs were little/no knowledge, lack of training and shortage of staff and time consuming. Knowledge of partograph, availability of partograph and training on partograph have a positive impact on use of partographs as shown by the statistically significant adjusted odds ratios (AORs) in Table 4. Midwives were also found to be more likely to use partographs compared to nurses. This study revealed that PBF contributed to availability of partographs, improved knowledge score and training on partograph utilization in Jimma. PBF have also improved the use pf partographs for monitoring labour and understanding of action lines in early diagnosis of complications during labour.

Keywords: Factors, Partographs, Performance based financing, Utilization and Completeness.

References:

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[8] Level of partograph utilization and its associated factors among obstetric caregivers at public health facilities in East Gojam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Zelellw, D. A., & Tegegne, T. K. 2018, PloS one, 13(7).

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[10] Effect of partograph use on outcomes for women in spontaneous labour at term and their babies. Lavender, T., Cuthbert, A., & Smyth, R. M. 2018, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (8).

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[12] The use of the partograph in labor monitoring: a cross-sectional study among obstetric caregivers in General Hospital, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Asibong, U., Okokon, I. B., Agan, T. U., Oku, A., Opiah, M., Essien, E. J., & Monjok, E. s.l.: International Journal of Women’s Health, 2014, Vol. 6. 873.

[13] Partograph utilization as a decision-making tool and associated factors among obstetric care providers in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ayenew, A. A., & Zewdu, B. F. 2020, Systematic reviews, 9(1), pp. 1-11.

[14] Assessment of partograph utilization and associated factors among obstetric care givers at public health institutions in central zone, Tigray, Ethiopia. Hailu, T., Nigus, K., Gidey, G., Hailu, B., & Moges, Y. 2018, BMC research notes, 11(1)., pp. 1-6.

[15] Partograph utilization and associated factors among obstetric care providers in North Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. Wakgari, N., Amano, A., Berta, M., & Tessema, G. A. 2015, African health sciences, 15(2), pp. 552-559.

[16] Magnitude of partograph use and associated factors among obstetric care givers in public health institution in Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Eshetu, K., Hussen, E., & Dulla, D. 6, s.l.: Diversity and Equality in Health and Care., 2017, Vol. 14.

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[26] Low utilization of partograph and its associated factors among obstetric care providers in governmental health facilities at West Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia. Bedada, K. E., Huluka, T. K., & Bulto, G. A. 2020, International Journal of Reproductive Medicine.

[27] Utilization of Partograph and its associated factors among midwives working in public health institutions, Addis Ababa City Administration, Ethiopia. Hagos, A. A., Teka, E. C., & Degu, G. 2017, BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 20(1), pp. 1-9.

[28] Incidence, causes and outcome of obstructed labor in jimma university specialized hospital. . Fantu, S., Segni, H., & Alemseged, F. 2010, Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 20(3).

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[30] Assessment of knowledge and utilization of the partograph among health professionals in Amhara region. Abebe, F., Birhanu, D., Awoke, W., Ejigu, T. 2, 2013, Ethiopia Science Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 2, pp. 26 - 42.

[31] Partograph utilization and associated factors among obstetric care providers in North Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. Wakgari, N., Amano, A., Berta, M., & Tessema, G. A. 2, s.l.: African Health Sciences, 2015, Vol. 15. 552-559.

[32] A cross-sectional study of partograph utilization as a decision-making tool for referral of abnormal labour in primary health care facilities of Bangladesh. Khan, A. N. S., Billah, S. M., Mannan, I., Mannan, I. I., Begum, T., Khan, M. A., & Graft-Johnson, J. D. 2018, Plos one, 13(9).

[33] Knowledge and utilization of the partograph: A cross-sectional survey among obstetric care providers in urban referral public health institutions in northwe and southwest Cameroon. Sama, C. B., Takah, N. F., Danwe, V. K., Melo, U. F., Dingana, T. N., & Angwafo III, F. F. 2017, Plos one 12(2).

[34] Knowledge and utilization of the partograph among obstetric care givers in southwest Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health. Fawole, A. O., Hunyinbo, K. I., & Adekanle, D. A. 2008, African Journal of Reproductive Health, 12(1), pp. 22-29.

[35] Knowledge and utilization of the partograph among midwives in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Opiah, M. M., Ofi, A. B., Essien, E. J., & Monjok, E. 2012, African Journal of Reproductive Health, 16(1), pp. 125-132.

[36] Utilization of the partograph and its associated factors among obstetric care providers in the Eastern zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Gebreslassie, G. W., Weldegeorges, D. A., Assefa, N. E., Gebrehiwot, B. G., Gebremeskel, S. G., Tafere, B. B., ... & Welesamuel, T. G. 2019, The Pan African Medical Journal (34).

[37] Partograph Utilization and Associated Factors among Obstetric Care Providers Working in Public Health Facilities of Wolaita Zone. Markos, M., Arba, A., & Paulos, K. 2020, Journal of Pregnancy.

[38] Partograph utilization and associated factors among obstetric care providers at public health facilities in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Haile, Y., Tafese, F., Weldemarium, T. D., & Rad, M. H. 2020, Journal of Pregnancy 2020.

[39] Knowledge and utilization of partograph among health care professionals in public health institutions of Bale zone, Southeast Ethiopia. Markos, D., & Bogale, D. 2016, Public health (137), pp. 162-168.

[40] Knowledge and utilization of partograph among obstetric care givers in public health institutions of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Yisma, E., Dessalegn, B., Astatkie, A., & Fesseha, N. 2013, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(1), pp. 1-9.

[41] Partograph utilization as a decision-making tool and associated factors among obstetric care providers in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ayenew, A. A., & Zewdu, B. F. 2020, Systematic Reviews, 9(1)., p. 251.

[42] Looking into the performance-based financing black box: evidence from an impact evaluation in the health sector in Cameroon. de Walque, Damien, et al. 6, 2021, Health Policy and Planning, Vol. 36.

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[49] Performance-based financing for better quality of services in Rwandan health centres: 3-year experience. Rusa, Louis, et al. 7, 2009, Tropical Medicine & International Health, Vol. 14.

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[52] Taking Results-Based Financing from Scheme to System. Shroff, Zubin Cyrus, et al. 2, 2017, Health Systems & Reform, Vol. 3.

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[54] The national free delivery policy in Nepal: early evidence of its effects on health facilities. Witter, S., et al. 2, 2011, Health Policy and Planning, Vol. 26.

[55] Studying the link between institutions and health system performance: a framework and an illustration with the analysis of two performance-based financing schemes in Burundi. Bertone, M. P. and Meessen, B. 8, 2013, Health Policy and Planning, Vol. 28.

[56] Does training on performance-based financing make a difference in performance and quality of health care delivery? Health care provider’s perspective in Rungwe Tanzania. Manongi, Rachel, et al. 1, 2014, BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 14.

[57] Performance-based financing with GAVI health system strengthening funding in rural Cambodia: a brief assessment of the impact. Matsuoka, S., et al. 4, 2014, Vol. 29.

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[61] Use of the partogram by doctors and midwives at Odi District Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa. Maphashaa, O. M., Govender, I., Motloba, D. P., & Barua, C. 2017, South African Family Practice, 59(2), pp. 82-86.

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Abstract:

Improper healthcare waste management practices, capable of contributing to poor human health and negative environmental impacts, inundate Abuja hospitals. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess risk perceptions and awareness among healthcare workers handling hospital waste in Abuja, Nigeria. In this study, mixed methods design of quantitative approach using cross-sectional study and qualitative approach using descriptive case study were applied to explore the risk perceptions and awareness of healthcare waste handlers within the four selected (two public and two private) hospitals in Abuja. Coding and analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data helped in triangulation, which improved the quality of work. Major trends found through investigations, include that: most Abuja hospitals were fraught with poor healthcare waste management practices; healthcare waste attendants handling hospital waste in Abuja seldom appreciate the danger involved; there exists risky exposures of hospital waste to human health; coupled with negative environmental impacts. Summary of interpretation for the study points at improper healthcare waste management practices.

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[8] Sapkota, B.; Kumar Gupta, G.; Mainali, D. Impact of intervention on healthcare waste management practices in a tertiary care governmental hospital of Nepal. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 1005.

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[16] Assessment of dental waste management in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Waste. manag. Res., 28, 769-777.

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Abstract:

The practice of using pharmacological drugs not prescribed by qualified medical practitioners is a worrying trend especially in the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. It is a global issue that has attracted the attention of physicians and various stakeholders in the health care systems in developing and developed countries. Such practice is associated with overdosage, allergic reaction, infection resistant to antibiotic, wrong diagnosis, delay in seeking treatment at health facilities and drug addiction. This study assessed the prevalence of self-prescribed antibiotics, analgesics, vitamins, and minerals by a cross section of burgesses in the Prices Town Regional Corporation (PTRC) in South Trinidad to treat and prevent Covid-19 infection. A descriptive cross-sectional survey in online and paper and pencil questionnaire formats was conducted from February 2022 to April 2022 on 286 self-selected participants from a population of 1000 residents. Data entry and analysis conducted after merging them using Google Charts. Prevalence of Ivermectin was 9.44%, Zithromax 3.15, Steroids 3.5% Panadol 33.6%, Vitamins C 63.3%, Zinc 60.8%, D3 55.2 %, and B Complex 11.9%. Multivariate analysis performed on dependent and independent variables showed that the use of self-prescribed medication was significantly associated with age group 26-35 years (COR 0.15, p0.00129, 95% CI 0.04, 0.51 at significance level of p≤0.05) and marital status of being separated from spouses (COR 2.48, p0.0229, 95% CI 1.02, 6.06, significance level of p≤0.05). More females practiced self-medication compared to males. The researcher recommends health education to curb the practice.

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Abstract:

Cervical cancer (CCa) is the fourth most frequent cancer in women worldwide, and the second most common cancer in women living in developing countries. The study was done to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of CCa prevention strategies among women of childbearing age in Enugu State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study of 450 eligible women in Enugu State who were selected by proportionate stratified random sampling method. Data were collected electronically using KoboCollect app. Chi-square and bivariate logistic regression model for statistical significance association estimates at 95% C I and, P < 0.05 were done. The mean knowledge score was 3.38 ± 5.009 out of 29 points, with only 5.1% of the respondents classified as having good knowledge. Muslims/traditionalists were 9.6 times more likely than Christians to have good CCa knowledge (95% CI OR= 2.037 – 45.394). Respondents with secondary education were 8 times less likely than those with tertiary education to have good CCa knowledge (95% CI OR 0.034 – 0.415). Majority (71.6%) of the respondents were classified as having a good attitude. Respondents with good CCa knowledge were 4.4 times more likely to have right CCa prevention attitude compared to those with poor knowledge (95% CI OR= 0.053 – 0.985). 3.8% and 8.2% of the respondents have ever screened for CCa and received HPV immunization respectively. Although the knowledge and practice were very low, the CCa prevention attitude was good. Therefore, we recommend targeted awareness and enlightenment of the public about CCa to achieve optimal timely detection and treatment.

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Abstract:

Prevention of Mother to child Transmission (PMTCT) programs has been proven to be effective in reducing the risk of HIV transmission from mother to child. Men participation in PMTCT programs is likely to increase women’s uptake of PMTCT services. Unfortunately, men involvement in this intervention has been very minimal. Thus, identifying the factors that influences male involvement in the PMTCT programs is imperative. The study was a hospital and community base quantitative cross-sectional survey of 200 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic ANC/PMTCT clinic and 200 men in the Kumba Health District community using structured questionnaire. Ethical clearance was obtained from Faculty of health sciences University of Buea. Each health area in the district represented a stratum. Women were sampled at the clinics and men in the community. Written consent was obtained from all participants. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 at 95% confident interval and P<0.05 for statistical significance. Result. 52(13%) of male respondents had attended PMTCT services in the district with their partners which is far below the 80% standard set by the ministry of Public Health of Cameroon. Of the 200 male respondents 94(47%) had heard about PMTCT programs (p=0.001). Knowledge on HIV transmission through breast feeding (P=0.001) were highly significant, likewise level of education (P=0.003) and employment of participants (P=0.001). Despite the successful implementation of the Test and START in Kumba Health District, eliminating MTCT of HIV remains a major challenge.

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Abstract:

The HIV test and treat strategy removes many barriers that interrupt HIV intervention. The Test and Treat campaign is an important strategy such that it promotes the general public access various promotive, preventive and treatment services. The aim of the study was to determine the acceptability of HIV Testing and Treatment and factors that influence acceptance among women and men seeking health care at Monze Mission Hospital. A cross-sectional study design was used at Monze Mission Hospital in Monze district. The findings from 171 patients showed that 72% (12) participants knew the meaning of HIV test and treat policy compared to 28% (48) that seemed not to know. The general distribution of HIV test acceptability among participants shows that the majority of the participants in this study had accepted to be tested for their HIV status. The study shows that 87% of the study participants accepted to be tested for HIV. The study shows that acceptability for HIV test and treat as per UNAIDS 2020 target i.e achieving 90/90/90 has not been achieved. This could be due to less sensitization as 28% of participants never knew the meaning of the policy. Other factors could be lacking awareness, 31% of the participants were not aware of care, treatment, and support services availability for HIV positive people at the hospital. To achieve acceptability of HIV test and treatment, we need to consider educational programs to strengthen or increase sensitization on the meaning and benefits of the program.

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Abstract:

Periodontitis is an inflammatory infectious disease that occurs when the supporting tissues of the teeth are infected by a mix of gram-positive bacteria (GPB), and anaerobic bacteria. Periodontitis must be treated as soon as possible to avoid more injury and worsening of the condition. Prior to evaluating new treatments, animal studies are used in conjunction with in vitro studies in periodontitis research. Even though cultured cells can be used to examine physiological processes that occur in periodontitis development, the complex host response that is at the root of the illness is impossible to replicate in vitro. Mice, rats, rabbits, hamsters, nonhuman primates, dogs, and pigs have all been used to imitate human periodontitis, each with its own set of benefits and drawbacks. Animals have played an important part in researching periodontal diseases and developing effective treatments. There is a limitation in the usage of large animals due to their housing problems. Animals for periodontitis are selected based on their resemblance with that human structure and functioning. The usage of these animals will aid in the better and more precise replication of human disease. This will improve the disease’s prognosis and treatment outcome. As a result, the medications utilized can provide a better indication of the effect they will have on the human body based on the effects they have on animal models. Therefore, it is critical to use appropriate animals in periodontal research in order to develop improved treatments for these disorders. Thus, animal models play a crucial role in periodontal research.

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[57] Johnson-Delaney, C.A., 2016, Exotic Animal Practice. Anatomy and disorders of the oral cavity of ferrets and other exotic companion carnivores. Veterinary Clinics,19(3),901-28.

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Abstract:

The unavailability of safe running water is a major problem faced by many residents of rural Jamaica; the use of unsafe drinking water for domestic purposes is also a major public health challenge in developing countries due its contribution to the global burden of disease reported annually. The aim of the research was to assess the microbiological and physiochemical quality parameters of non-municipal drinking water from springs and tributaries within the Blue and John Crow mountains. The study methodology used was sampling through field work and laboratory testing for microbiological water quality parameters using standard procedures. The research is a cross-sectional survey that was conducted over a seven-month period. Fourteen samples of water were collected from the water sources and in the homes of the residents. Five water parameters were assessed against national and internal water quality index. In one hundred percent of the samples the total coliforms levels exceeded the established safe limit as established by the Ministry of Health Jamaica. The initial hypothesis of the research was supported by the findings. The consumption and use of non-municipal water throughout the communities of the Blue and John Crow Mountain bears a significant risk for public health.

References:

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[3] Project, B. (2016, November 1). Water Quality in Jamaica. The Borgen Project. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://borgenproject.org/water-quality-in-jamaica/.

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[5] Caribbean epidemiology Center. (n.d.). Epidemics Investigated. https://www.paho.org/spc-crb/dmdocuments/history-of-carec/Epidemics%20investigated.pdf.

[6] Westmoreland chief health inspector urges precaution against leptospirosis. (2020, June 23). Westmoreland Chief Health Inspector Urges Precaution Against Leptospirosis | News | Jamaica Gleaner. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20200623/westmoreland-chief-health-inspector-urges-precaution-against-leptospirosis.

[7] Super User. (n.d.). Blue and John crow mountains. https://www.blueandjohncrowmountains.org/do/bird-watching.

[8] Drinking-water. (2022, March 21). Drinking-water. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water.

[9] Goal 6 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2023, May 1). Goal 6 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved November 3, 2022, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal.

[10] Dinka, M.O (2017). Safe Drinking Water: Concepts, Benefits, Principles and Standards [Unpublished doctoral dissertation].

[11] Haile Reda, A. (2015). Assessment of physicochemical quality of spring water in Arbaminch, Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 02(05). https://doi.org/10.4172/2380-2391.1000157.

[12] National Environment and Planning agency. (2009). water_quality_standard_freshwater.pdf. https://www.nepa.gov.jm/new/legal_matters/policies_standards/docs/standards/water_quality_standard_freshwater.pdf.

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[15] Coliform Bacteria and Drinking Water. (2016). https://doh.wa.gov/sites/default/files/legacy/Documents/Pubs//331-181.pdf.

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Abstract:

Preeclampsia risk is a global pandemic that poses a serious threat to global health. It is recognized as a chronic and debilitating disease that is associated with significant complications. As a result, it significantly reduces life expectancy, can cause multi-system morbidities, increases healthcare costs, and ultimately results in the premature death of both the mother and the fetus. All forms of preeclampsia carry unacceptable human, societal, and financial costs for Imo State, regardless of income. Therefore, in Imo State, Southeast Nigeria, this study looked into the socioeconomic effects of the risks associated with pre-eclampsia during pregnancy. This study employed both descriptive and analytical study designs. Data gathering techniques included target, stratified sampling, and random sampling. A total of 3690 people from around the state made up the sample size. Questionnaires were used as the research tool for data collection. Tables and charts with the generated data were created. Statistically descriptive:. The significant difference between the perception of risk variables by individuals and patients was measured using chi-square. Regarding the socioeconomic effects of preeclampsia risks, respondents were generally in agreement that these risks can result in job loss, with 56.19%, or 1190 out of 2700 responses, saying “Yes,” 12.84%, or 272 out of 2700 responses, saying “No,” and 656 out of 2700 respondents, or 30.97% of the responses, saying “No idea.” However, there was a very high significant variation among their responses. Additionally, they agreed that preeclampsia risks can result in subpar performance at work. Preeclampsia risks had a negative socioeconomic influence on the patients’.

References:

[1] Vidaeff A, Pettker CM, Simhan H. (2019) Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia ACOG PRACTICE BULLETIN. Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists. Am Coll. Obstet Gynecol. 133(1):1–25 7.3. Williams PJ and Broughton Pipkin F (2011) The genetics of pre-eclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 25: 405-417.

[2] Trogstad L, Magnus P, Stoltenberg C (2011).. Pre-eclampsia: Risk factors and causal models. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 25(3):329-42.

[3] Williams PJ and Broughton Pipkin F (2011) The genetics of pre-eclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 25: 405-417

[4] Belay A.S., Wudad T. (2019). Prevalence and associated factors of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Mettu Karl referral hospital, Ethiopia: cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Practice, 25(1):14.

[5] World Health Organisation’ (2011). WHO recommendations for prevention and treatment of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Available at: https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/9789241548335/en/ (Accessed: 8 January 2021).

[6] Bellamy, L, Casas, J, Hingorani, AD, Williams, DJ. Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal. 2007; 335:974–985.

[7] Birhanu MY, Temesgen H, Demeke G, Assemie MA, Alamneh AA, Desta M, Toru M, Ketema DB, Bischof P, Martelli M, Campana A, Itoh Y, Ogata Y, Nagase H. (1995) Importance of matrix metalloproteinases in human trophoblast invasion. Early Pregnancy 263-269.

[8] Stevens W, Shih T, Incerti D, Ton TGN, Lee HC, Peneva D, (2017) Short-term costs of preeclampsia to the United States health care system. Am J Obstet Gynecol. ;217(3):237–248.e16.

[9] Nnodim, J., Emmanuel, N., Hope, O., Nwadike, C., Ukamaka, E., Christian, O. (2017). Membrane potential, serum calcium and serum selenium decrease in pre-eclampsia subjects in Owerri. Universa Medicina, 36(2), 88–93.

[10] Siddiqui A, Deneux-Tharaux C, Luton D, Schmitz T, Mandelbrot L, Estellat C (2020) Maternal obesity and severe pre-eclampsia among immigrant women: a mediation analysis. Sci Rep.;10(1):1–9.

[11] Ajah L.O., Ozonu N.C., Ezeonu P.O., Lawani L.O., Obuna J.A., Onwe E.O. (2016). The Feto-Maternal Outcome of Preeclampsia with Severe Features and Eclampsia in Abakaliki, South-East Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Diagnostics and Research, 10(9): QC18–QC21.

[12] Amaral LM, Wallace K, Owens M, LaMarca B (2017). Pathophysiology and Current Clinical Management of Preeclampsia. Curr Hypertens Rep. 19(8):616.

[13] Gray KJ, Kovacheva VP, Mirzakhani H, Bjonnes AC, Almoguera B, Wilson ML, Ingles SA, Lockwood Hakonarson H, McElrath TF, Murray JC, Norwitz ER, Karumanchi SA, Bateman BT (2018), Gene-Centric Analysis of Preeclampsia Identifies Maternal Association at PLEKHG1 Hypertension, ;72(2):408-416.

[14] Morton CH, Seacrist MJ, VanOtterloo LR, Main EK. (2019) Quality improvement opportunities identified through case review of pregnancy-related deaths from preeclampsia/eclampsia. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 48(3):275–87.

[15] Berhan Y., Endeshaw G. (2015). Clinical and Biomarkers Difference in Prepartum and Postpartum Eclampsia. Ethiopian Public Health Journal, 25(3):257–66.

[16] Das S, Das R, Bajracharya R, Baral G, Jabegu B, Odland JØ, (2019) Incidence and risk factors of pre-eclampsia in the paropakar maternity and women’s hospital, Nepal: A retrospective study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16(19):1–8.

[17] Ebrahimi A, Sayad B, Rahimi Z. (2020) COVID-19 and psoriasis: biologic treatment and challenges. J Dermatolog Treat. J Dermatolog Treat; 1–5.

[18] Aziza.com.ng (2022). Imo State History, Local Government Area, and Senatrial Zones/Districts. Available at: https://www.aziza.com.ng/read/2019/10/imo-state-and-local-government-area/ (Accessed: 9 January 2022).

[19] Lucas, A. O. and Gilles, H. M. (2003): Short textbook of public health medicine for the tropics. Revised 4th edition. Hodder Arnold, London, UK pp 30-51.

[20] Farmer, A.; Wade, A. and Goyder, E. (2007): Impact of self-monitoring of blood glucose in the management of patients with non-insulin treated diabetes: open parallel group randomised trial. BMJ.;335:132.

[21] Payne, R. W., Murray, D. A., Hardings, S. A. Baird, D. B. and Soutar, D. M. (2007). GenStat for windows (12th Edition). VSN International Ltd, Hemel Hempstead.

[22] Wandabwa J., Doyle P., Kiondo P., Campbell O., Maconichie N., Welishe G. (2010). Risk factors for severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. East African Medical Journal, 87(10):415–24.

Abstract:

Regardless of the many health promotion communications and public health interventions that the Government of the Republic of Zambia continues to provide to its citizens via the Ministry of Health that are directed at the prevention and reduction of worm infestation in Kasama District, Northern Province of Zambia, a lot of lower primary school going children still continue to miss school attendance in order to access health services due to worm infestation cases which have continued to be on the increase in both rural and urban areas. The high levels of poverty and other related risk factors in such resource-limited areas have put many of these children at increased risk of worm infestation. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between those risk factors and the prevalence of worm infestation in both rural and urban areas with respect to area of residency of the children. The study used retrospective quantitative methods in eliciting information from data sources from six health facilities in Northern Province covering a 2year period (2018-2020). Consequently, 120 children were identified and included in the study. Thereafter, data were analyzed using a statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS v19). Findings indicate; low socio-economic status and areas of residency were the main contributing risk factors in rural than urban areas. Therefore, recommendations on the country’s policies towards mass deworming programs and basic hygiene in lower primary school going children were availed to government after completing the study.

References:

[1] Mwale, K., & Siziya, S. (2015). Intestinal Infestations in Under-Five Children in Zambia. International Journal of MCH and AIDS, 4(2), 40–46. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27622006.

[2] King, C. H. (2010). Parasites and poverty: The case of schistosomiasis. Acta Tropica, 113(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.012.

[3] Kumar, H., Jain, K., & Jain, R. (2014). A study of prevalence of intestinal worm infestation and efficacy of anthelminthic drugs. Medical Journal, Armed Forces India, 70(2), 144–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.12.009.

[4] Bundy, D. A. P., Walson, J. L., & Watkins, K. L. (2013). Worms, wisdom, and wealth: why deworming can make economic sense. Trends in Parasitology, 29(3), 142–148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2012.12.003.

[5] Ugbomoiko, U. S., Dalumo, V., Ofoezie, I. E., & Obiezue, R. N. N. (2009). Socio-environmental factors and ascariasis infection among school-aged children in Ilobu, Osun State, Nigeria. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(3), 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.12.014.

[6] Gunawardena, G. S. A., Karunaweera, N. D., & Ismail, M. M. (2004). Socio–economic and behavioural factors affecting the prevalence of Ascaris infection in a low-country tea plantation in Sri Lanka. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 98(6), 615–621. https://doi.org/10.1179/000349804225021299.

[7] Ganguly, S., Barkataki, S., Karmakar, S., Sanga, P., Boopathi, K., Kanagasabai, K., Kamaraj, P., Chowdhury, P., Sarkar, R., Raj, D., James, L., Dutta, S., Sehgal, R., Jha, P., & Murhekar, M. (2017). High prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections among primary school children, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2015. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 6(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-017-0354-7.

[8] Feachem, R. G., Guy, M. W., Harrison, S., Iwugo, K. O., Marshall, T., Mbere, N., Muller, R., & Wright, A. M. (1983). Excreta disposal facilities and intestinal parasitism in urban Africa: Preliminary studies in Botswana, Ghana, and Zambia. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77(4), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(83)90128-1.

[9] Walana, W., Aidoo, E. N. K., & Tay, S. C. K. (2014). Prevalence of hookworm infection: a retrospective study in Kumasi. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4, S158–S161. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014APJTB-2013-0014.

[10] Kunwar, R., Acharya, L., & Karki, S. (2016). Decreasing prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among school-aged children in Nepal: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 110(6), 324–332. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trw033.

[11] Abossie, A., & Seid, M. (2014). Assessment of the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and associated risk factors among primary school children in Chencha town, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 166. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-166.

[12] Ashtiani, M. T. H., Monajemzadeh, M., Saghi, B., Shams, S., Mortazavi, S. H., Khaki, S., Mohseni, N., Kashi, L., & Nikmanesh, B. (2011). Prevalence of intestinal parasites among children referred to Children’s Medical Center for 18 years (1991–2008), Tehran, Iran. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 105(7), 507–513. https://doi.org/10.1179/1364859411Y.0000000040.

[13] Kahisay, M., Birhanie, M., & Derso, A. (2021). Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma mansoni Infection and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Patients with and without HIV at Chuahit Health Center, Dembia District, Northwest Ethiopia. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine, 12, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRTM.S292899.

[14] Prevalence & risk factors for soil transmitted helminth infection among school children in south India. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 139(1), 76–82. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24604041.

[15] Mulatu, G., Zeynudin, A., Zemene, E., Debalke, S., & Beyene, G. (2015). Intestinal parasitic infections among children under five years of age presenting with diarrhoeal diseases to two public health facilities in Hawassa, South Ethiopia. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 4(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-015-0081-x.

[16] Nishiura, H., Imai, H., Nakao, H., Tsukino, H., Changazi, M. A., Hussain, G. A., Kuroda, Y., & Katoh, T. (2002). Ascaris lumbricoides among children in rural communities in the Northern Area, Pakistan: prevalence, intensity, and associated socio-cultural and behavioral risk factors. Acta Tropica, 83(3), 223–231. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00116-X.

[17] Sitotaw, B., Mekuriaw, H., & Damtie, D. (2019). Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among Jawi primary school children, Jawi town, north-west Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3971-x.

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