Abstract:

Community Based Health Insurance (CBHI) is a form of micro health insurance, which is a health insurance targeting low-income people. The specific feature of CBHI is the community involvement in driving its setup and in its management. Traditional CBHI models are small, voluntary, and often include the pooling of health risks and funds within a community. In Nigeria, many CBHI schemes have had limited success, suffering from low membership levels, and having issues such as regressive financing, poor or lack of involvement amongst scheme members amongst others. The study assessed the level of CBHI knowledge and rate of service uptake of CBHI among the traders. 300 Questionnaires were administered to the traders by face-to-face interview which gave the respondents the opportunity to respond to both the structured and open-ended questions. Inferential statistical tests were used to test the various research hypothesis that arose from the research questions in the study. Various statistical tests such as Chi-square, comparison of column proportions, correlational tests, and multiple regression were used. The result shows a mean knowledge score of 33.79 ± 3.22 with their scores ranging from 25 – 42. 2%. There was no significant relationship between knowledge level and service uptake (p = 0.351). Findings from this study noted that although awareness is poor, a good quota of the participants (79%) still have overall good knowledge of CBHI schemes. Hence, it will be beneficial to leverage on this concretize more efforts towards encouraging people to enrol with the CBHI schemes.

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Abstract:

Pre-analytical errors contribute a significant proportion of errors of all major sources of mistakes made in laboratory testing processes and are responsible for several patient safety risks. It contributes to wrong therapeutic interventions, irrelevant follow up laboratory investigations and diagnostic delays, which impact negatively on the economy and laboratory effectiveness of health services. Pre-analytical phase is directly related to the procedure of specimen collection and is mostly out of the direct control of the laboratory; further, most pre-analytical errors are related to human factors. The aim of the study is to determine the nature and the occurrence of pre-analytical errors and recommendations on possible measures to reduce these errors. A total of 300 specimens were randomly sampled from a study population of 600 patients and analyzed for pre-analytical errors. One hundred and eighty-four (184) samples were found unsuitable for further processing accounting for 1.9% of all samples analyzed for pre-analytical errors and sample rejection. Rejections were due to following reasons: hemolysis 21.7 % (40) wrong tubes 19 % (35); clotted blood 17% (32); inappropriate timing of collection 15.7% (29); mislabeled specimens 15.2% (28); insufficient specimen quantity 6.5 % (12) and lipemic specimens 4.3% (8). The overall percentage of rejection was 1.9% and the substantial numbers of the rejected specimens were re-tested. Efforts aimed to reduce the rates of rejected samples can improve the quality of laboratory-based health care response.

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Abstract:

This study examined the effectiveness of Orthodox vaccine and Local remedy (JOHVIR) administration against Covid-19 Disease- A comparative study approach within FCT Abuja metropolis, Nigeria. 121 volunteers participated in this study, Chi-square calculated was higher than chi-square tabulated, when the lipids mixture was administered- indicating high level of significance (P< 0.05) as very effective anti-corona 2 remedy. Chi-square (χ² Cal = 38.38; χ² tab = 5.99) and (χ² Cal = 30.86; χ² tab = 5.99), the values were significant at 0.05% level, unisex. Those study subjects on orthodox vaccine therapy had a lot of life-threatening side effects and in some cases fatal consequences while in others there were reinfection with corona virus 2. after taking over booster doses of the vaccine: none of those on local herbal lipid remedy ever had any life-threatening side effects apart from mild headaches in some cases, we strongly suggest that cold viruses such as corona virus 2 that mutate a lot may not be effectively combated and handled by orthodox vaccine. Efforts must be geared towards the mass production and development of simple antivirals such as the lipids mixture used in this study termed “Joseleen herbal lipids mixture (JOHVIR)”. As it was significantly sensitive as Covid-19 antiviral agent. Alternate simple measures such as the herbal lipids mixture could be the solution to the Covid-19 Pandemic as it prevents and neutralizes the coronavirus 2 before it penetrates the cell.

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Abstract:

Preeclampsia is a condition that affects pregnant women and is characterized by high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and swelling in the hands, feet, and legs. There is a chance for mild to significant variances. Although it can happen earlier or immediately after delivery, it usually happens in the later stages of pregnancy. Indeed, search engines like Google, Microsoft Bing, and Baidu were used to search publications investigating the association between pre-eclampsia and risk factor. It was observed that if preeclampsia occurred during a prior pregnancy, a woman is seven times more likely to suffer it again. Primarily, initial pregnancies are affected. Preeclampsia is more likely to affect women with history of migraines, gestational diabetes, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, urinary tract infections, gum disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and sickle cell disease. Additionally, it happens more commonly in pregnancies brought on by egg donation, in vitro fertilization, or donor insemination. It is recommended that high-risk pregnant women begin taking low-dose aspirin after 12 weeks to prevent preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is therefore x-rayed along with its signs and causes. There are several risk indicators that, alone or in combination, may help identify early pregnant women who are “high risk” for pre-eclampsia.

References:

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Abstract:

Malaria is a global public health problem known to be a common cause of under five children mortality in the tropical area of Africa. The aim of this study was to compare rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and microscopy technique of malaria infection among patients attending General Hospital Minna, Niger State. A convenience sampling qualitative study was carried out on 300 consenting outpatients of general hospital, Minna in Niger state. Results of the study showed that most of the respondents were females 212(71%) and Most of the participants were within the age bracket of 11-20 years (41%). This demonstrated that transmission was higher among the young age than the elderly. Microscopy was positive in 179(59%) patients and RDT was positive in 185(61%) of the total study population while 6(3%) of those negative by microscopy were also positive with RDT. There was no significant difference when the efficacy of both tests was compared. The RDT used had a sensitivity of 87%, a specificity of 98% while microscopy had sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 72%. The RDT performance was extremely high compared to microscopy in this study. RDT can still serve as the first screening test for malaria diagnosis. However, the gold standard for confirmation of clinical diagnosis for malaria is microscopy examination. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) offers rapid, timely, accurate and accessible detection of malaria parasites which is important for prevention and treatment.

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[25] Ibekwe, A.C., Okonko, I.O., Onunkwo, A.I., Ogun, A.A. &Udeze, A.O. (2019) Comparative Prevalence Level of Plasmodium in Freshmen (First Year Students) of Nnamdi Azikwe University in Akwa, Southern-Eastern, Nigeria. Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 5, 51-54.

[26] Olatunji, M.K., Olugbenga, A.M., Yetunde, A.O. &Tolulope, O.O. (2017). Comparative Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria inPatients Attending Okelele Health Center, Okelele, Ilorin, Nigeria. India Journal of Health Sciences and Biomedical Research, 10, 57-62.

[27] Adeyemo, F.O., Okpala, P.U., Oyana, E.N. &Imoukhuede, M.O. (2014). Malaria Infection amongst Students of the University of Benin, EdoState, Nigeria. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 5, 1529-1532.

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assay in diagnosis of malaria. Journal Parasit Dis DiagnTher. 3:10-14.

[32] Ilesanmi, R.I., Oluwasogo, A.O., Oluwasegun, T.A., Ayodele, O.I., Hyacinth, E. & Abimbola, O.A. (2017). Comparative Assessment ofMalaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Malaria Journal, 8, 17.

Abstract:

Caesarean section is an essential clinical obstetric intervention used to reduce maternal and foetal death. Several indications contribute to the decision-making to use CS as a delivery in the clinical environment. This study sought to determine the prevalence of CS at LEKMA Hospital in Ghana and the demographic and clinical history of mothers as predictors for the prevalence. Using a retrospective study design, data for all mothers who had previously given birth at the hospital’s obstetric and gynaecological department was used. Multiple logistic regression was applied and a p-value<0.05 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for results using IBM-SPSS version 25. From the study, the prevalence of CS was 40.6% and the average age for SVD and CS were 28.3±5.94years and CS 29.6±5.50years respectively. The likelihood of those aged 36 years and above undergoing CS was notably higher (AOR; 2.84, 95%CI 1.41-5.3, p-value <0.0001) compared to those aged 26-30 (AOR; 2.45, 95%CI 1.49-4.00, p-value: 0.004) years and 31-35 (AOR; 1.65, 95% CI 0.94-2.90, p-value: 0.080) years. The results further indicated that the risk of undergoing CS was greater among mothers with parity of 1-2 (AOR: 1.56, 95%CI 1.02-2.41, p-value: 0.040). The prevalence of CS in the study is greater than the recommended prevalence per 100 births by the World Health Organization. The sociodemographic and clinical history of a pregnant woman influenced the mode of delivery such that the increase in gestational age and parity decreased the risk of CS. Whiles the educational status and age of the mothers at the time of birth increased the risk of CS delivery.

References:

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[2] Apanga PA, Awoonor-Williams JK. Predictors of caesarean section in northern Ghana: A case-control study. Pan Afr Med J. 2018; 29:1–11.

[3] Tsegaye H, Desalegne B, Wassihun B, Bante A, Fikadu K, Debalkie M, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of caesarean section in Addis Ababa hospitals, Ethiopia. Pan Afr Med J. 2019; 34:1–9.

[4] Shit S, Shifera A. Prevalence of cesarean section and associated factor among women who give birth in the last one year at Butajira General Hospital, Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia, 2019. Int J Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;6(1):16–21.

[5] Prah J, Kudom A, Afrifa A, Abdulai M, Sirikyi I, Abu E. Caesarean section in a primary health facility in Ghana: Clinical indications and. J Public Health Africa. 2017;8(639):98–102.

[6] Bi S, Zhang L, Chen J, Huang M, Huang L, Zeng S, et al. Maternal age at first cesarean delivery related to adverse pregnancy outcomes in a second cesarean delivery: a multicenter, historical, cross-sectional cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021;21(1):1–10.

[7] Seidu AA, Hagan JE, Agbemavi W, Ahinkorah BO, Nartey EB, Budu E, et al. Not just numbers: Beyond counting caesarean deliveries to understanding their determinants in Ghana using a population based cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):1–10.

[8] Ghana Maternal Health Survey 2017. Vol. 13, Ekp. 2017. 1576–1580 p.

[9] Adu-Bonsaffoh K, Tamma E, Seffah J. Preferred mode of childbirth among women attending antenatal clinic at a tertiary hospital in Ghana: a cross-sectional study. Afr Health Sci. 2022;22(2):480–8.

[10] FAO. 3 : Promote gender equality and empower women 4 : Reduce child mortality GOAL 5 : Improve maternal health Maternal mortality remains unacceptably high across much of the developing world . Fully achieving the MDG 5 target of reducing by three quarters the. Fact Sheet. 2015;5–6.

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[12] WHO. WHO non-clinical recommendations unnecessary to reduce interventions caesarean sections. 2018.

[13] Hailegebreal S, Gilano G, Seboka BT, Ahmed MH, Simegn AE, Tesfa GA, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of caesarian section in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic Health Survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth [Internet]. 2021;21(1):1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-04266-7.

[14] Adewuyi EO, Auta A, Khanal V, Tapshak SJ, Zhao Y. Cesarean delivery in Nigeria: Prevalence and associated factors •a population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(6):1–12.

[15] Tarimo CS, Mahande MJ, Obure J. Prevalence and risk factors for caesarean delivery following labor induction at a tertiary hospital in North Tanzania: A retrospective cohort study (2000-2015). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):1–8.

[16] Das P, Samad N, Sapkota A, Al-Banna H, A Rahman NA, Ahmad R, et al. Prevalence and Factors Associated with Caesarean Delivery in Nepal: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Sample. Cureus. 2021;13(12):11–2.

[17] Alhassan AR. Prevalence and socioeconomic predictive factors of cesarean section delivery in Ghana. 2022;190–5.

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[19] Genc S, Emeklioglu CN, Cingillioglu B, Akturk E, Ozkan HT, Mihmanlı V. The effect of parity on obstetric and perinatal outcomes in pregnancies at the age of 40 and above: a retrospective study. Croat Med J. 2021 Apr;62(2):130–6.

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[21] Manyeh AK, Amu A, Akpakli DE, Williams J, Gyapong M. Socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with caesarean section delivery in Southern Ghana: evidence from INDEPTH Network member site. 2018;(November):1–9.

[22] Ahmed MS, Islam M, Jahan I, Shaon IF. Multilevel analysis to identify the factors associated with caesarean section in Bangladesh: evidence from a nationally representative survey. Int Health. 2022;1–7.

[23] Taye MG, Nega F, Belay MH, Kibret S, Fentie Y, Addis WD, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with caesarean section in a comprehensive specialized hospital of Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study; 2020. Ann Med Surg [Internet]. 2021;67(May):102520. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102520.

[24] Sengoma JPS, Krantz G, Nzayirambaho M, Munyanshongore C, Edvardsson K, Mogren I. Prevalence of pregnancy-related complications and course of labour of surviving women who gave birth in selected health facilities in Rwanda: A health facility-based, cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(7).

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Abstract:

Prior to the release of the current HIV testing recommendation on retesting for verification (RFV), the Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS) established 0.5% misdiagnosis and inappropriate ART treatment among ART clients in Northwest and Southwest regions. This study aimed at assessing adherence to HIV testing guideline and issues involved. This cross-sectional study was conducted at 27 purposefully selected sites where participants consented and anonymously completed a questionnaire containing questions on their knowledge and practice on RFV, challenges and facilitators. Records of clients who tested HIV positive in 2021 were reviewed to confirm RFV. Data was analysed for frequencies and proportions. A total of 25(93.6%) facilities had the minimum two laboratory staff, most (93.8%) had a minimum training at diploma level and had two or more years of work experience (91.7%). The staff knowledge was averagely 81% accurate on HIV testing algorithm, 79% on RFV and 63% on practice. The main facilitators of RFV were availability of rapid test kits (46%) and trained staff (10%) while bottlenecks were limited test kits (34%) and refusals (28%). Second event testing was performed for 92.5% (1525) of cases, of whom 93.4% was by another tester. Most independent testers knew the results of the first event test before conducting the second event test. Cases of documentation of second event testing without conducted it were reported. Staff were trained and knowledgeable on RFV, but the practice was low. More training and supervision are required for improvement on adherence to protocols for RFV.

References:

[1] V. A. Fonner et al., ‘Country adherence to WHO recommendations to improve the quality of HIV diagnosis: a global policy review’, BMJ Glob Health, vol. 5, no. 5, p.e001939, May 2020, doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001939.

[2] N. B. Njozing, K. E. Edin, and A.-K. Hurtig, ‘“When I get better, I will do the test”: Facilitators and barriers to HIV testing in Northwest Region of Cameroon with implications for TB and HIV/AIDS control programmes’, SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 24–32, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1080/17290376.2010.9724974.

[3] P. Ngangue, M.-P. Gagnon, and E. Bedard, ‘Challenges in the delivery of public HIV testing and counselling (HTC) in Douala, Cameroon: providers perspectives and implications on quality of HTC services’, BMC Int Health Hum Rights, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 9, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1186/s12914-017-0118-2.

[4] A report on the misdiagnosis of HIV status.pdf’.

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[7] WHO Recommendations to Assure HIV Testing Quality’. Accessed: May 24, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/179521/WHO_HIV_2015.15_eng.pdf?sequence=5.

[8] Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the “Test and Treat” Strategy in Cameroon’. Accessed: May 24, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://differentiatedservicedelivery.org/Portals/0/adam/Content/4PguUuL3dU2mjDICEGsJFQ/File/Cameroon.pdf.

[9] A report on the misdiagnosis of HIV status.pdf’.

[10] N. Hsiao, A. Zerbe, T. K. Phillips, L. Myer, and E. J. Abrams, ‘Misdiagnosed HIV infection in pregnant women initiating universal ART in South Africa’, J Int AIDS Soc, vol. 20, no. Suppl 6, p. 21758, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.7448/IAS.20.7.21758.

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[12] B. Dupwa et al., ‘Retesting for verification of HIV diagnosis before antiretroviral therapy initiation in Harare, Zimbabwe: Is there a gap between policy and practice?’, Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 113, no. 10, pp. 610–616, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1093/trstmh/trz047.

[13] S. C. Billong et al., ‘Decreased Inaccuracies in HIV Screening following Strengthening of Quality System: Evidence-based Interventions through the PMTCT Program in Cameroon’, vol. 20, p. 10, 2019.

[14] F.-L. Tianyi, J. N. Tochie, V. N. Agbor, and B. M. Kadia, ‘Audit of HIV counselling and testing services among primary healthcare facilities in Cameroon: a protocol for a multicentre national
cross-sectional study’, BMJ Open, vol. 8, no. 3, p. e020611, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020611.

[15] Northwest Region (Cameroon)’, Wikipedia. Aug. 27, 2021. Accessed: Sep. 21, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Region_(Cameroon)&oldid=1040846875.

[16] DHIS 2 Pivot Tables’. https://dhis-minsante-cm.org/dhis-web-pivot/ (accessed Jan. 23, 2023).

[17] Cameroon-National-Laboratory-Policy.pdf’.

[18] E. T. Amin et al., ‘HIV Retesting for Verification: Uptake and Implementation in Some Health Facilities in the Littoral Region of Cameroon’, International Journal of Health Sciences, no. 6, 2019.

[19] A. J. Rogers et al., ‘Implementation of repeat HIV testing during pregnancy in Kenya: a qualitative study’, BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 151, Dec. 2016, doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0936-6.

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[21] A. Lasry, M. B. Kalou, P. R. Young, J. Rurangirwa, B. Parekh, and S. Behel, ‘Cost implications of HIV retesting for verification in Africa’, PLoS ONE, vol. 14, no. 7, p. e0218936, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218936.

Abstract:

Antepartum hemorrhage certainly has an easy clinical diagnosis, but it is complex because of its complications and multidisciplinary treatment. Despite initial care, some patients are still subject to perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. To limit these consequences, our study aims to identify the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of antepartum hemorrhage at the Laquintinie Hospital and the General Hospital of Douala in Cameroon. To achieve this objective, a quantitative descriptive study was conducted from May 1, 2020 to May 1, 2022 and included 166 pregnant women diagnosed with antepartum hemorrhage in the maternity wards of these hospitals. Data was collected by reviewing medical records and interviewing mothers using a questionnaire. We used the convenience sampling technique and the data collected were processed with SPSS 2.3. At the end of this analysis, the study showed that the most recurrent cause of antepartum hemorrhage was placenta abruption (51.81%). The clinical consequence was marked mainly by anemia (50.60%). Caesarean section was the most common method of management (94.20%). The results suggest that antepartum hemorrhage is a public health problem.

References:

[1] Amitava R.S., Saikat S.R., Biswa jit N., Gaurab M., Jayanta M., 2010, Management of obstetric haemorrhage. M.E. J. Anaesth. 20(4), 499-508.

[2] Lamina M.A., and Oladapo O,T., 2011, Maternal and Fetal Outcome of Obstetric Emergencies in a Tertiary Health Institution in South Western Nigeria, International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology. Vol.2011, 1-4. Article ID 160932, doi:10.5402/2011/160932

[3]  Awat I. H., 2018, The maternal and perinatal outcome in antepartum hemorrhage: A cross-sectional study. Zanco J. Med. Sci., 22(2), 155-163, https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2018.021.

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[5] Lakshmipriya K., Vijayalakshmi V., Padmanaban S., 2019, A study of maternal and fetal outcome in Antepartum haemorrhage. Int J Gynecol Obstet, 3(1), 96–99. doi: 10.33545/gynae.2019.v3.i1b.19.

[6] Green J. R., 1989, Placental abnormalities: Placenta previa and abruption placenta, Maternal & fetal medicine. In: Creasy RK, Resnik R editors Principles and Practice 3^rd edition. Philadelphia, WB Saunders,; 588-602.

[7] Sheikh F., Khokhar S., Sirichand P., Shaikh R., 2010, A study of antepartum haemorrhage: Maternal and perinatal outcomes. Medical Channel 16. 268-271.

[8] Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Antepartum Haemorrhage, Green‑top Guideline No. 63. London: RCOG; 2011.

[9] World Health Organization, 2019, Trends in maternal mortality: 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva: Trends in maternal mortality: 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division, Geneva:

[10] Institut National de la Statistique (INS et ICF., 2019, Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Cameroun 2018. Indicateurs Clés. Yaoundé, Cameroun, et Rockville, Maryland, USA : INS et ICF.

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[12] Radhika M. G., Annie R., and Ayshath S., 2020, Maternal outcome in antepartum Haemorrhage: A study at a tertiary care Centre, International Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 4(5): 05-08

[13] Lankoande M., Papougnezambo B., Sosthène O., 2017, Incidence and outcome of severe antepartum hemorrhage at the Teaching Hospital Yalgado Ouédraogo in Burkina Faso, BMC Emergency Medicine 17:17, 7 pages, doi: 10.1186/s12873-017-0128-3.

[14] Subrata D., Ajit R., Bhattacharyya, 2020, A study of risk factors and obstetric outcome of antepartum haemorrhage in a tertiary care hospital of eastern India; Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(3). //doi.org/10.18231/j.pjms.2020.055, , http//www.ipinnovative.com

[15] Majumder S., Shah P., Deliwala K.J., Patel R., Madiya A., 2016, Study of foetomaternal outcome of antepartum haemorrhage in pregnancy. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol, 4(6):1936–1939. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2016.08.032.

[16] Taylor V. M., Peacock S., Kramer M. D., Vaughan T. L., 1995, Increased risk of placenta previa among women of Asian origin. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 86(5):805-808.

[17] Takai I, U., Sayyadi B. M,, Galadanci H. S., 2017, Antepartum hemorrhage: A retrospective analysis from a northern Nigerian teaching hospital. International Journal of Applied and Basic Medical Research 7(2):112–116. doi: 10.4103/2229-516x.205819.

[18] Sharmila G., and Prasanna., 2016, Maternal and perinatal outcome in antepartum hemorrhage. IAIM; 3(9), 148-160

[19] Ikechebelu J. I., and Onwusulu D.N., 2007, Placenta praevia: Review of clinical presentation and management in a Nigerian teaching hospital, Niger J. Med., 16, 61‑64.

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Abstract:

Plasmid is isolated from Salmonella typhimurium, an enteric bacterium responsible for gastro enteritis. Gastro enteritis remains a major clinical and public health problem all over the world, especially among children in the developing countries of the sub – Sahara Africa. The profiling of plasmid isolate of Salmonella typhimurium involved cultivation, isolation, identification, and characterization. The study aimed at investigating the multidrug resistance of salmonella typhimurium of patients attending General Hospital Asokoro with typhoid fever and the susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics. A total of thirty (30) samples, from blood, stool, and water were collected from patients attending General hospital, Asokoro and the environs. The specimens were analyzed using standard microbiological, biochemical, and serological techniques. Bacteriological analysis revealed that twenty-five (25) of the specimens were positive for Salmonella typhimurium. The other five (5) specimens were negative for salmonella typhymurium typhimurium. The biochemical test revealed that they were able to utilize sugar and are lactose fermenter. Anti-microbial susceptibility determination revealed that the most active drugs against salmonella include Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Amikacin, and Gentamicin. All the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and Ampicillin. There was marked resistance of all isolates to amoxicillin, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol. The result of findings revealed that the genes that encode resistance properties in Salmonella typhimurium are plasmid- borne in some of the bacteria. These plasmids can be cloned and used for genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology. The antibiotic susceptibility determined the appropriate drugs efficient for therapy of Salmonella infections.

References:

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[3] Esaki H, Morioka A, Ishihara K, Kojima A, ShirokiS, Tamura Y et al. (2004). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from cattle, swine, and poultry (2001-2002): report from the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Programme. J Antimicrob Chemother 53:266-70.

[4] P J Valentine, NB Shoemaker, A.A Salyers (1988). Mobilization of Bacteroides plasmids by Bacteroides conjugal elements. J Bacteriol 170(3): 1319–1324.

[5] Ashraf AK, Cathy D, Elsie B (2007). Identification and molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. From unpasteurized orange juices and identification of new serotype Salmonella strain S. enterica serovar Tempe. J Food Microbiol 24: 539–543

[6] Koneman, E.W., Allen, S.D., Janda, W.M., Schreelen berger, P.C., and Winin, J., (1997). Introduction to Microbiology : part 1: The role of microbiology laboratory in diagnosis of infectious diseases: Guidelines to practice and management. In Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology 5th ed. Lippin Cott. Chapter 2: 69 –120.

[7] Ajoke Olutola Adagbada, Akitoye Olusegun Coker, Stella Ifeanyi Smith, Solayide Abosede Adesida (2014). The prevalence and plasmid profile of non-typhoidal Salmonellosis in children less than five years in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal. 19:359.

[8] Dunne EF, Fey PD, Kludt P, et al (2000). Emergence of domestically acquired ceftriaxone Resistant Salmonella infections associated with AmpC β-lactamase. 3151-3156.

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[12] I. N. Okeke and R. Edelman (2001). “Dissemination of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria across Geographic Borders,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, 364-369.

[13] Kawagoe K, Mine H, Asai T, Kojima A, Ishihara K, Harada K et al. (2007). Changes in multidrug resistance pattern in Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from food-producing animals in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:1211-3

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[15] Ogunleye AO and Carlson SA (2011). Survey of 3rd generation cephalosporin genes in multi-resistant Salmonella serotypes from septic poultry and an asymptomatic healthy pig from Nigeria. Afr J Microbiol Research. 5(15): 2139-2144.

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[27] Adejuyigbe E A, Ako-Nai A.K and Adisa B (2004). Bacterial isolates in the sick young infant in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 50 (6): 323-327.

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Abstract:

Availability and accessibility of essential medicines for HIV recipients of care varies across regions in Nigeria. This study seeks to compare access and availability of medicines for HIV in the South south and Northeast regions of Nigeria. Data were collected from 120 health facilities and 385 respondents using structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The study methodology included an exploratory sequential mixed of quantitative and qualitative methods, including facility assessments, in-depth interviews, client satisfactory questionnaire conducted amongst HIV program stakeholders and HIV recipients of care. The study found that the HIV program in the regions have made progress in improving the accessibility of essential medicines for HIV patients. The North-East had an average access rate of 87.1%, while the South-South had a slightly higher average access rate of 85.6%. The North-East had a prescription rate of 100% for antiretroviral therapy (ART) for adolescents and for the preventive treatment for tuberculosis (INH + Pyridoxine). On the other hand, access to micronutrient supplementation was higher in the South-South region at 94.7%, compared to the North-East region with a rate of 74.2%. In conclusion, this study highlights that the availability of essential medicines such as ART drugs, micronutrients and prophylaxis for opportunistic infections, medicine supply, storage and documentation has improved overtime with support from donor agencies, though still challenged with electronic management systems and need for adequate procurement, quantification, additional technical assistance, funding and supply chain infrastructure is recommended to be addressed towards achievement of HIV epidemic control in Nigeria.

References:

[1] Adewole, O. F., et al. (2021). Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey 2018: Summary Sheet. Federal Ministry of Health, National Agency for the Control of AIDS. http://naca.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Nigeria-HIV-AIDS-Indicator-and-Impact-Survey-NAIIS-2018-Summary-Sheet.pdf.

[2] Rabkin, M., Melaku, Z., Bruce, K., Reja, A., Koler, A., Tadesse, Y., Kamiru, H. N., Sibanyoni, L. T., & El-Sadr, W. (2012). Strengthening Health Systems for Chronic Care: Leveraging HIV Programs to Support Diabetes Services in Ethiopia and Swaziland. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/137460.

[3] Otu A., Charles CH, Ani F., et al. HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among individuals aged 15–49 in North-Eastern Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):405. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08530-5.

[4] Inyang US, Okonkwo PI, Essien EJ, Udoma EJ, Ekanem E. Assessment of the impact of insurgency on the delivery of HIV/AIDS services in North-east Nigeria. Journal of Public Health in Africa. 2018;9(1):746. doi:10.4081/jphia.2018.746.

[5] Aregbeshola, B. S. (2021). Towards Health System Strengthening: A Review of the Nigerian Health System From 1960 to 2019. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3766017.

[6] Ahmad, A., Samer, E., Jessica, B., Bruce, A., Nicaise, N., Gambo, A., Jibreel, J., Babatunde, A., Patrick, D., Alash’le, A., & Manhattan, C. (2019). Performance and trend for quality of service in a large HIV/AIDS treatment program in Nigeria. AIDS Research and Therapy, 16–29.

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[8] Adoyo, Maureen. (2020). Landscape analysis of healthcare policy: the instrumental role of governance in HIV/AIDS services integration framework. Pan African Medical Journal. 36. 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.27.22795.

[9] Olutuase, V.O., Iwu-Jaja, C.J., Akuoko, C.P. et al. Medicines and vaccines supply chains challenges in Nigeria: a scoping review. BMC Public Health 22, 11 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12361-9.

[10] Murray, S. B., & Crawford-Faucher, A. C. (2022). Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: Overview. American Family Physician, 105(3), 311-320.

[11] World Health Organization. (2021). Antiretroviral therapy. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/antiretroviral-therapy.

[12] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). HIV/AIDS treatment & prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/index.html.

[13] United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. (2021). Essential medicines for HIV/AIDS. https://www.unaids.org/en/topic/essential-medicines.

[14] National Institutes of Health. (2021). HIV treatment and prevention. https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hiv-treatment-prevention.

[15] El-Sadr, W. M., & Justman, J. (2018). Access to antiretroviral therapy in Africa: Sustaining and strengthening. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 15(2), 127-136.

[16] Adewuyi, E. O., & Ajumobi, O. (2019). Strengthening health systems to support HIV and AIDS prevention and control: A critical review of the research literature. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 172.

[17] Okeke, C. O., Uzochukwu, B. S., Okafor, H. U., Ani, O. E., & Isaac, A. B. (2017). Availability, stock-outs and dispensing practices of essential medicines in Nigeria: A qualitative study in rural and urban pharmacy outlets. Health Policy and Planning, 32(5), 705-713.

[18] Farge, E., Barasa, E., Waitolo, J., Winters, T., & Chuma, J. (2020). Evaluating global health partnerships: A case study of a Gavi HPV vaccine application process in Uganda. Global Public Health, 15(4), 563-575.

[19] Mbengashe, N. S., Brown, H. L., Njoroge, B., Omondi, A., & van der Straten, A. (2020). Antiretroviral therapy and the use of contraception among HIV-positive women in western Kenya. Journal of Women’s Health, 29(2), 189-195.

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[21] Okeke, C. O., Uzochukwu, B. S., & Okafor, H. U. (2018). An evaluation of the supply chain management of essential medicines in Nigeria. Public Health, 161, 1-8.

[22] Tavrow, P., Kim, Y. M., & Malianga, L. (2009). Measuring the quality of supervisor-provider interactions in health care facilities in Zimbabwe. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 21(5), 315-322.

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[24] Ogbuabor DC, Onwujekwe OE, Okoronkwo I, Uzochukwu BS. Community ART groups as an intervention to improve retention in care among patients on ART in Nigeria: a pilot study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):946. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5852-6.

[25] Grimsrud, A., Bygrave, H., Doherty, M., Ehrenkranz, P., Ellman, T., Ferris, R., Ford, N., Killingo, B., Kruger, J., Lee, J., Mamvura, C., Mansoor, L., Maruva, M., Mohapi, L., Mohammed, S., Moyo, S., Ncube, K., & Phillips, A. (2016). Reimagining HIV service delivery: the role of differentiated care from prevention to suppression. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 19(1), 21484.

Abstract:

The study examined all the area councils within Federal Capital Territory Abuja, during the Covid 19 pandemic in order to critically appraise the extent of safety of orthodox vaccines and local herbal remedies. A total of 933 volunteers were involved. The adverse reactions post herbal and orthodox vaccinations were compared in order to ascertain which of the two regimes best suited the volunteers. Two sample sizes were estimated. One was based on the expected frequency of at least one local side effect between 48.9 and 85.8%. The second was based on the expected frequency of at least one systemic side effect between 52.6 and 70.5%. T-test calculated was far higher than the values tabulated at 99% confidence limits when the two independent population means of both volunteers that were administered with orthodox vaccine and those who received the local Joseleen lipids mixtures (JOHVIR) were compared. In other words, t-cal. 34.6> t –tab. 3.17 at P <0.01, Case fertility rates for the post orthodox vaccine administration was 14% in all the area councils unisex and across all age groups while no fatality cases were recorded post herbal lipids mixture administration to volunteers. This study provides novel evidence that there was high significant difference (P<0.01) in serious adverse reactions post orthodox vaccine administration and far milder and lesser adverse reactions post Local Joseleen Herbal Lipids mixture (Johvir) across all the ages tested.

References:

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[6] Mehrbod, P., Abdalla, M. A., Njoya, E. M., Ahmed, A. S., Fotouhi, F. and Farahmand, B., (2018), South African medicinal plant extracts active against influenza A virus. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 18 (1), 1–10. 10.1186/s12906-018-2184-y.

[7] Hensel, A., Bauer, R., Heinrich, M., Spiegler, V., Kayser, O. and Hempel, G., (2020), Challenges at the time of Covid-19: opportunities and innovations in Antivirals from nature. Planta Med. 86 (10), 659. 10.1055/a-1177- 4396.

[8] Fortner A, Schumacher D. First Covid-19 Vaccines Receiving the US FDA and EMA Emergency Use Authorization. Discoveries (Craiova). 2021 Mar 5;9(1): e122. doi: 10.15190/d.2021.1. PMID: 33969180; PMCID: PMC8101362.

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[11] Menni, C., Klaser, K., May, A. and Spector, T. D., (2021), Vaccine side-effects and SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in users of the Covid Symptom Study app in the UK: a prospective observational study. Lancet Infect Dis.21(7):939-949. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00224-3 PMID: 33930320; PMCID: PMC8078878.

[12] Ajobiewe, J.O., Ajobiewe, H.F., Ogundeji, A.A., Umeji, L.C., Umeji, C., and Ajobiewe, D.C., (2020), Medical Potential of a Locally Sourced Lipids Mixture on Confirmed Corona Virus Infected Patients and Those At Risk of Infection, Attending National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria. -An Evidence Based Approach. Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports. 8. 846-853. 10.36347/sjmcr. 2020.v08i09.011.

[13] Fortner, A., Schumacher, D., (2021), First Covid-19 Vaccines Receiving the US FDA and EMA Emergency Use Authorization. Discoveries (Craiova);9(1): e122. doi: 10.15190/d.2021.1. PMID: 33969180; PMCID: PMC8101362.

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[17] Soyemi, K. V., Olagoke, E., Olomofe, C., (2021), Covid-19 Vaccine: Newspaper Coverage of the side effects of the vaccine in Nigeria medRxiv10.02.21264454; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.02.21264454.

[18] National Primary Healthcare Development Agency (2021) [Online]. Available from: https://www.facebook.com/NPHCDA/posts/4463147467043205.

[19] Attah, A. F., Fagbemi, A. A., Olubiyi, O., Dada-Adegbola, H., Oluwadotun, A., Elujoba, A., Babalola, C. P., (2021), Therapeutic Potentials of Antiviral Plants Used in Traditional African Medicine with Covid-19 in Focus: A Nigerian Perspective. Front Pharmacol. 26; 12:596855. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.596855. Erratum in: Front Pharmacol; 12:721060. PMID: 33981214; PMCID: PMC8108136.

[20] Ioannidis, J.P.A., Axfors, C., and Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D.G., (2020), Population-level Covid-19 mortality risk for non-elderly individuals overall and for non-elderly without underlying diseases in pandemic epicenters. Environ.Res188:109890. doi: 101016/j.envres.2020.109890.

Abstract:

The Nigerian economy depression, Covid 19 pandemic, nationwide insecurity, and global warming are quartile factors, that affected the already compromised nutritional status of under-five children in the country, with a resultant increase in morbidity and mortality. A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken using two-stage cluster sampling method in Suleja, Tafa, and Gurara LGAs of Niger state. Data from 2350 under-fives were collected using questionnaires, and anthropometric measurements. WHO growth standard was used to determine the prevalence; multivariate logistic regression in IBM explored statistically significant independent variables associated with stunting, underweight and wasting using p-value of < 0.05. Prevalence of stunting was 47.4%, underweight 32.7%, and wasting 22.6% respectively. Severe stunting and underweight were higher in Suleja, severe wasting in Gurara, and male children were more affected by all indicators. Age of child, LGA, mother and father education, marital status, exclusive breastfeeding, and duration of breastfeeding; source and buying of drinking water, family type, maternal knowledge about malnutrition, and health seeking behavior of mothers were found as determinants. Under-five mortality is a good indicator of the health, and economic status of any community; thus, the health of under-fives needs the utmost attention. The high prevalence from the study is critical; a critical approach is urgently needed at the family, community, local government, state, and national levels with other stakeholders; to ensure under-fives receive adequate, quality, and affordable nutrients for health, and growth. Accessible, prompt, and sustainable interventions for identified cases are of utmost importance.

References:

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[2] UNICEF, (2023, January 16). Nutrition. Related UNICEF Websites. Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/nutrition.

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[5] Mathur, P., & Pillai, R. (2019) Over nutrition: Current scenario & combat strategies. The Indian journal of medical research, 149(6), 695–705 https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1703_18.

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Abstract:

In Cameroon, HIV prevalence among youths (15-24 years) is 2% and 26.5% of them have unwanted pregnancies. Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services are widely available, whose optimal utilization will reduce these high rates of HIV/STI transmission and pregnancies, but their knowledge and uptake of these services are unknown. This study aimed to assess determinants of SRH knowledge and uptake among HIV-infected youths in the Northwest region of Cameroon. This cross-sectional study received administrative authorization from the Delegation of Northwest and CBCHB IRB approval (IRB2021-77). We sequentially sampled youths living with HIV and receiving care at 16 treatment sites. Data was anonymously collected from consented participants between February and April 2022 using a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using Stata version 14.0. In total 340 participants were enrolled, 70% female, 62% within 15-19 age group. Overall, knowledge of participants on SHR services was 78% and its uptake was 58%. Knowledge was 71% for SRH counselling, 78% for pregnancy prevention, 78% for STIs services and uptake of these services was 78%, 70% and 76% respectively. Increased age positively predicted SRH knowledge while urban residence had a negative influence. Being a male, living in urban residence and not schooling was negatively associated with SRH service uptake while good SRH knowledge positively predicted uptake. The suboptimal level of knowledge, consistent with low service uptake suggests the need for more sensitization and education on SHR services which is key to influencing uptake of these services and consequently reducing unintended pregnancies and HIV/STIs transmission.

References:

[1] Adolescents_Living_with_HIV.pdf’. Accessed: Sep. 17, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.unicef.org/eca/sites/unicef.org.eca/files/2017-10/Adolescents_Living_with_HIV.pdf.

[2] H. Gebreyesus, M. Teweldemedhin, and A. Mamo, ‘Determinants of reproductive health services utilization among rural female adolescents in Asgede-Tsimbla district Northern Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study’, Reprod Health, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 4, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1186/s12978-019-0664-2.

[3] COP-2020-Cameroon-SDS-FINAL (1).pdf’.

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[5] R. M. Fubam, N. Tendongfor, O. Olayemi, and A.-T. A. Odukogbe, ‘Sexual and reproductive health knowledge of secondary school adolescents in Fako, Cameroon’, The Pan African Medical Journal, vol. 41, no. 340, Art. no. 340, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.11604/pamj.2022.41.340.31686.

[6] B. E. Birhanu, D. L. Kebede, A. B. Kahsay, and A. B. Belachew, ‘Predictors of teenage pregnancy in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis’, BMC Public Health, vol. 19, 2019, doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-6845-7.

[7] B. O. Ahinkorah et al., ‘Access to Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Information and Services in Ghana: A Community-Based Case-Control Study’, Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 7, 2019, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00382.

[8] S. Lawrence et al., ‘“They Just Tell Me to Abstain:” Variable Access to and Uptake of Sexual and Reproductive Health Services Among Adolescents Living with HIV in Kenya’, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, vol. 3, 2021, Accessed: Sep. 13, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frph.2021.644832.

[9] L. S. Mkumba, M. Nassali, J. Benner, and T. D. Ritchwood, ‘Sexual and reproductive health needs of young people living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review’, Reproductive Health, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 219, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1186/s12978-021-01269-7.

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[11] L. R. Ninsiima, I. K. Chiumia, and R. Ndejjo, ‘Factors influencing access to and utilisation of youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review’, Reproductive Health, vol. 18, 2021, doi: 10.1186/s12978-021-01183-y.

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[13] L. Vu et al., ‘Increasing Uptake of HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infection, and Family Planning Services, and Reducing HIV-Related Risk Behaviors Among Youth Living with HIV in Uganda’, Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 60, no. 2, Supplement 2, pp. S22–S28, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.09.007.

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[17] Encouraging young people to access SRHR information’, Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition. https://www.rhsupplies.org/activities-resources/initiatives/whos-holding-up-our-pillars/cameroon-agenda-for-sustainable-development/ (accessed Sep. 13, 2022).

[18] Pregnancy and Associated Factors Among Adolescents and Young Adults Living with HIV in the Northwest Region of Cameroon’. https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/pregnancy-and-associated-factors-among-adolescents-and-young-adults-living-with-hiv-in-the-northwest-region-of-cameroon.html (accessed Nov. 21, 2022).

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[20] T. N. Ndongmo, C. B. Ndongmo, and C. Michelo, ‘Sexual and reproductive health knowledge and behavior among adolescents living with HIV in
Zambia: a case study’, Pan Afr Med J, vol. 26, 2017, doi: 10.11604/pamj.2017.26.71.11312.

[21] M. Lowe, P. I. G. Sagnia, O. Awolaran, and Y. A. M. Mongbo, ‘Sexual and reproductive health of adolescents and young people in the Gambia: a systematic review’, Pan Afr Med J, vol. 40, p. 221, 2021, doi: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.221.25774.

Abstract:

The word “biocompatibility” has been gaining popularity, primarily in the field of dentistry but also in other fields of medicine. In essence, it means that biocompatible materials shouldn’t harm the recipient. The materials used in typical dental operations currently consist of literally hundreds of different components, and more are being developed every year. The relevance of using the patient’s most biocompatible material is increasingly being reported in scientific literature. According to research, choosing the least reactive material is crucial, but so is considering how that material might interact with any other implants that may already be in the mouth cavity. The application of these techniques may also result in a deeper comprehension of the biological reactions’ underlying mechanisms (mechanistic approach) when describing the biocompatibility of dental restorative materials. This review article aims to summarize the biocompatibility of restorative materials in general and the effects on immunological reaction caused by them.

References:

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[3] Zabrovsky, A. & Beyth, N., Pietrokovski, Yoav & Ben-Gal, Gilad & Houri-Haddad, Y. (2016). Biocompatibility and Functionality of Dental Restorative Materials: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100884-3.00005-9.

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Abstract:

Oral health plays an important role in patients suffering with mental disorders. It is important to focus on a multidisciplinary approach including psychiatrists, general practitioners, dental practitioners, psychologists and nutritionists. The most common dental diseases encountered in patients with mental disorders are dental caries and periodontal diseases. Thus, it is required to bridge the professional gap for maintaining adequate oral health and for diagnosing the mental health issues In the present review article, we emphasize an overview on providing the basic information about the dental concerns of patients with mental disability. The electronic database included Pub Med, Medline, Science Direct, Goggle Scholar using terms mental disability and Down syndrome etc. Relevant articles published in English on reference lists were identified and retrieved from electronic and print journals.

References:

[1] Mental disorders. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders. Visited on 16.02.2023.

[2] Charlson, F., van Ommeren, M., Flaxman, A., Cornett, J., Whiteford, H., & Saxena, S 2019. New WHO prevalence estimates of mental disorders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019; 394,240–248.

[3] Mental Health and Covid-19: Early evidence of the pandemic’s impact. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.

[4] Mental Health. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/mental-health. Visited on 16.02.2023.

[5] Kenny, A., Dickson-Swift, V., Gussy, M. et al. 2020 Oral health interventions for people living with mental disorders: protocol for a realist systematic review. Int J Ment Health Syst 2020; 14:24.

[6] Cockburn N, Pradhan A, Taing M, Kisely S, Ford P 2017. Oral health impacts of medications used to treat mental illness. J Affect Disord. 2017;223:184–193.

[7] Aljabri MK, Gadibalban IZ, Kalboush AM, Sadek HS, Abed HH. 2018 Barriers to special care patients with mental illness receiving oral healthcare. A cross sectional study in the Holy City of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2018 Apr;39(4):419-423.

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[9] Poornachitra, Narayan V.2023 Management of Dental Patients with Mental Health Problems in Special Care Dentistry: A Practical Algorithm. Cureus 2023;15(2): e34809.

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Abstract:

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is by far the largest source of HIV infection in children below the age of 15 years. The virus may be transmitted during pregnancy, child birth or breast feeding. Globally 2.7 million children under  the age of 15 years have died of AIDS Over 9 in 10 were I infected by their mothers. Recently however, many interventions are available to reduce mother to child transmission, such as anti-retroviral drug and avoidance of breast feeding. To assess the knowledge pregnant women have on HIV/AIDS, mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS and how PMTCT services are utilized in a tertiary health facility in The Gambia. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from 150 women that consecutively attended the antenatal clinic of Hands On Care. Approval was obtained from the Director of Hand On Care. Sexually active population (15 – 24yrs) constituted 34% whilst 72.0% were housewives. Myths and misconceptions of HIV/AIDS, 42.7% said mosquito bites can cause HIV; 25.3% said sharing of meals with infected person can transmit HIV. Utilization of PMTCT services was high with 92.7% tested for HIV. Out of those respondents 50.0% had ever discussed PMTCT services with their husband. Utilization of PMTCT services among pregnant women was high. However, knowledge on the causes and transmission of HIV was inadequate. Need to formulate policies aim at sensitizing women about the causes and transmission of HIV/AIDS. Promoting the uptake of PMTCT services will also go a long way reducing the transmission of unborn babies by infected mothers.

Keywords: Antenatal Care; HIV/AIDS; Knowledge; Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission; Pregnant Wome; Utilization.

References:

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Abstract:

The Covid-19 pandemic is the largest and longest outbreak in modern times, with socio-economic, political, and educational disruptions. This study was to appraise the level of efforts and the impact of these interventions in the health sector. A mixed methodology approach involving quantitative research techniques. The study revealed that there was generally a high level of awareness and good compliance to government policies and guidelines on Covid-19 regulations being highest in Lagos state compared to FCT and Kaduna state. The public perception of the use of facemask and its enforcement and handwashing practices by health facilities was rated high across the three states. Client education and public perception of Covid-19 counselling was different across the three states, being highest in Lagos in comparison to FCT and Kaduna. Hence the study recommended refreshers training of health workers on awareness creation and counselling of clients at all levels of care.

References:

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[2] UNDP Covid-19 Pandemic Humanity Needs Leadership and Solidarity o DefeattheVirus.UNDP;2020.[Accessedatttps://www.undp.org/coronavirus on 25th September 2021]https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.

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[7] Palinkas LA, Springgate BF, Sugarman OK, Hancock J, Wennerstrom A, Haywood C, Meyers D, Johnson A, Polk M, Pesson CL, Seay JE, Stallard CN, Wells KB. A Rapid Assessment of Disaster Preparedness Needs and Resources during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jan 7;18(2):425. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020425. PMID: 33430355; PMCID: PMC7825778.

[8] Umar, S. S., Muhammad, B. O., & Zaharadeen, S. B. (2020). Preparedness of Nigerian health institutions toward managing lassa fever epidemic and Covid-19 pandemic. Niger J Med [serial online] 2020 [cited 2021 Sep 11]; 29:303-7. Available from: http://www.njmonline.org/text.asp?2020/29/2/303/287943.

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[13] Golden Owhonda, Omosivie Maduka, Ifeoma Nwadiuto, Charles Tobin-West, Esther Azi, Chibianotu Ojimah, Datonye Alasia, Ayo-Maria Olofinuka, Vetty Agala, John Nwolim Paul, Doris Nria, Chinenye Okafor, Ifeoma Ndekwu, Chikezie Opara, Chris Newsom, Awareness, perception and the practice of Covid-19 prevention among residents of a state in the South-South region of Nigeria: implications for public health control efforts, International Health, Volume 14, Issue 3, May 2022, Pages 309–318, https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihab046.

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[15] Faiva E, Hashim HT, Ramadhan MA, Musa SK, Bchara J, Tuama YD, Adebisi YA, Kadhim MH, Essar MY, Ahmad S, Lucero-Prisno DE 3rd. Drug supply shortage in Nigeria during COVID-19: efforts and challenges. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2021 Jan 22;14(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s40545-021-00302-1. PMID: 33482871; PMCID: PMC7820524.

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[19] Davie Madziatera, Kondwani Stanslas Msofi, Thokozani V Phiri, Samuel Devaughn Mkandawire, Amy Comber (2020) Availability, Accessibility and Proper Use of Personal Protective Equipment in Wards at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) Blantyre, Malawi: An Observational Study.

[20] Oladele DA, Idigbe IE, Musa AZ, Gbaja-Biamila T, Bamidele T, Ohihoin AG, Salako A, Odubela T, Aina O, Ohihoin E, David A, Ezechi O, Odunukwe N, Salako BL. Self-reported use of and access to personal protective equipment among healthcare workers during the Covid-19 outbreak in Nigeria. Heliyon. 2021 May;7(5): e07100. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon. 2021.e07100. Epub 2021 May 19. PMID: 34031646; PMCID: PMC8133390. M. A. Alao, A. O. Durodola, O. R. Ibrahim, O. A. Asinobi, “Assessment of Health Workers’ Knowledge,
Beliefs, Attitudes, and Use of Personal Protective Equipment for Prevention of Covid-19 Infection in Low-Resource Settings”, Advances in Public Health, vol. 2020, Article ID 4619214, 10 pages, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4619214.

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Abstract:

A few years after the implementation of policies to combat maternal mortality, antepartum hemorrhage, which is one of the main causes, is not systematically documented to the point where we are left to wonder what it is prevalence in the major cities of Cameroon. This study was conducted in the Gynecological and Obstetric units of the Laquintinie hospital and the General hospital of the city of Douala, from May 01, 2020, to April 30, 2022, has been to determine the prevalence of antepartum hemorrhage in Douala. It included 166 women who had had antepartum hemorrhage. The data collected with an indirect self-administered questionnaire was processed by SPSS 23. Following this treatment, participants had an average age of 31.28 ± 6.33 years. The prevalence of antepartum hemorrhage in the two hospitals was 3.47% and of 166 cases, 51.80% had placenta abruption.

References:

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[14] Onebunne C. A. C., Christopher O. A., 2019, Prevalence and pregnancy outcomes in patients with antepartum haemorrhage in a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecologywww.ijrcog.org pISSN 2320-1770 | eISSN 2320-1789; doi:, http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193017.

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Abstract:

Inadequate quality management during laboratory analysis can increase errors, specimen rejection, and economic resources wastages. A laboratory quality management system (QMS) helps to streamline and coordinate all the processes and operations within the lab, ensuring that each step is well planned, controlled, and correctly performed. Quality management ensures that results are accurate, reliable, and obtained under a traceable process that can easily detect errors. The study aimed to investigate quality practice among laboratory workers during pre-analytical phase activities. Unexpected deviation from quality procedures consequently compromise laboratory test results, leading to patient mismanagement and patient safety risks. Analysis of results showed that 97.1% (340 respondents) were knowledgeable on quality management of pre-analytical phase, and 2.9% (10 respondents) were not. 99.1% (347respondents) agreed to availability of quality management materials and 0.9% (3 respondents) had no resources. 4.6% (16 respondents) do not practice quality management system at pre-analytical phase and 94.5% (334 respondents) practiced quality improvements. 3.4% (12 respondents) agreed that quality improvement is the responsibility of phlebotomist and field staff. 96.6% (338 respondents) agreed that quality management is the responsibility of everyone at the facility. There was maximum knowledge of quality management at the facility. Availability of quality management resources at the facility was standard. The practice of quality management was below standard. Facility requires training in quality management. It is recommended that quality management system be integrated into the curriculum of school of health technology to guide graduates at work.

References:

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[10] Lippi G, Fostini R, Guidi GC. (2008). Quality improvement in laboratory medicine: extra-analytical issues. Clin Lab Med. 28: 285–294.

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[12] Begum F. A study of pre-analytical errors in a hospital-based clinical biochemistry laboratory. IntJ Bioassays, 2014; 3(9): 3270-3275.

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[15] Howanitz PJ. (2005). Errors in laboratory medicine: practical lessons to improve patient safety. Arch Pathol Lab Med.129:1252–1261.

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[20] The Joint Commission. 2014 national patient safety goals. Available at http://www.jointcommission.org/standards_information/npsgs.aspx. Accessed April 2, 2014.

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[29] Al-Ghaithi H, Pathare A, Al-Mamari S, Villacruris R, Fawaz N, Alkindi S. (2017). Impact of educational activities in reducing pre-analytical laboratory errors. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J, 17(3): 309-313.

[30] Nichols JH, Bartholomew C, Brunton M et al. (2004). Reducing medical errors through barcoding at the point of care. Clin Leadersh Manag Rev. 18: 328 – 334.

[31] Dighe AS, Rao A, Coakley AB, Lewandrowski KB. (2006). Analysis of laboratory critical value reporting at a large academic medical center. Am J Pathol. 125:758–764.

[32] Ofaka CE, Nafarnda WD, Sonika RG. (2022). Quality improvements measures on pre-analytical errors in the laboratory. Texila International Journal.

[33] NCCLS. Application of a quality management system model for laboratory services; Approved Guideline: Third Edition. NCCLS document GP26-A3. NCCLS. Wayne, Pennsylvania. 2004.

[34] ISO 15189:2007. Medical laboratories: requirements for quality and competence. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization; 2007.

[35] Verónica Valdivieso-Gómez and Rocío Aguilar-Quesada (2018). Quality Management Systems for Laboratories and External Quality Assurance Programs, Quality Control in Laboratory, Gaffar Sarwar Zaman, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73052.

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[37] Roberta B. Carey, Sanjib Bhattacharyya, Sue C. Kehl, Larissa M. Matukas, Michael A. Pentella, Max Salfinger, and Audrey N. Schuetzg (2018). Implementing a Quality Management System in the Medical Microbiology Laboratory. Clinical microbiology reviews. doi 10.1128/CMR.00062-17.

Abstract:

Interpersonal Communication (IPC)between healthcare practitioners and patients enhances client satisfaction, adherence, and health outcomes. In developed countries, effective IPC improves health, but little is known about Nigeria. Using a quasi-experimental approach, this study investigated the influence of interpersonal communication training for ART practitioners on patient satisfaction in Gombe state public ART hospitals. The study looked at clients’ satisfaction before and after IPC training for ART providers. Six public ART hospitals were chosen at random; three were assigned to intervention and control groups, respectively, and 250 HIV patients receiving treatment at these facilities were chosen at random; 125 from each of the three intervention and control facilities. At both the intervention and control locations, levels of satisfaction were evaluated both before and six weeks after IPC training. The data were obtained using a Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ), and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined using the Cronbach Alpha test (0.76). For data analysis, SPSS 22 was used. Findings revealed that, 42.4% of the clients had been living with HIV for 1-5 years and the mean client satisfaction score with their providers' IPC training was 87.5 in the intervention group and 76.45 in the control group (P = 0.05) while, the mean difference before and after training in the intervention and control groups were 0.46 and 11.05, respectively and a p-value 0.000 was obtained. Therefore, there was a positive association between higher client satisfaction with ART services and training of ART providers on IPC. It is recommended that ART facilities should receive IPC training on a regular basis.

References:

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[18] Thayaparan, A.J., Mahdi, E., 2013, The Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form (PSQ-18) as an adaptable, reliable, and validated tool for use in various settings. Med Educ Online, 18(1), 21747. http://doi:10.3402/meo.v18i0.21747.

[19] Wung, B.A., Peter, N.F., Atashili, J., 2015, Clients' satisfaction with HIV treatment services in Bamenda, Cameroon: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res, 16:280, https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12913-016-1512-5.pdf.

[20] Mosha, F.,Victor, M., Matetee, M., Raphael,Z.S., Jurgen, V., Nsubuga, P., 2013, Gender difference in HIV disease progression and treatment outcomes among HIV patients one year after starting antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania). BMC Public Health, 13(38), 1-7, http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/38.

[21] Cornell, M., Schomaker, M., Garone, D.B., Giddy, J., Hoffmann, C.J., Lessells, R., 2012, Gender differences in survival among adult patients starting antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: a multicentre cohort study. PLoS Med, 9(1), https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001304.

[22] Sachdeva, R.K., Wanchu, A., 2008, Women’s issues in HIV infection. JK Science, 8(3), 129–132, https://www.jkscience.org/archive/Volume83/womens.pdf.

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[31] Farghaly, M., Kamal, A., El-Setouhy, M., Hirshon, J. M., El-Shinawi, M., 2021, Patient satisfaction with a tertiary hospital in Egypt using a HCAHPS-derived survey. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 1(1), 3053-3060, https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S317322.

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Abstract:

The incidence of breast cancer is increasing in many underdeveloped nations and constituted a major public health burden. Despite this, most breast cancer patients in many underdeveloped nations present with late diseases when few options of treatment are available. Early detection through screening remains the main means of improving breast cancer outcomes. Nurses are a group of healthcare professionals and are thus expected to advocate for breast cancer screening programs. This study was conducted to determine the extent of utilisation and predictors of the practice of breast self-examination among nurses in a tertiary health care centre. The study prospectively surveyed 189 nurses on knowledge and practice of breast self-examination (BSE) using a stratified random sampling technique. Data were obtained through a pretested self-administered structured questionnaire. The mean age of the respondents was 41.44 (±5.66) years. Sixty-seven (35.4%) of the respondents practiced BSE of which only 31.3% practiced it monthly as recommended. Family history of breast cancer (p<0.001), age greater than 50 (p<0.001), post-menopausal women (p<0.001), and posting in surgical-related wards (p<0.001) were significantly associated with the practice of BSE. The practice of BSE among the respondents was poor and the few who practiced it lacked the correct technique. The teaching of BSE should be encouraged at nursing schools with an emphasis on practice and techniques. We also suggest a need for continued nursing education.

References:

[1] Ezeome ER. Delay in presentation and treatment of breast cancer in Enugu, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2010; 13(3):311-316.

[2] Anyawu SNC. Temporal Trends in Breast Cancer Presentation in the third World UICC World Cancer Congress. Washington DC 2006.

[3] Akanbi O O, Adeoti ML, Aderounmu AOA, Idris O and Abayomi O. Delay presentation of breast cancer: A study among southwestern Nigerian women. International Journal of Current Research. 2015:7.

[4] Nakhichevan NO and Secginli. Health belief related to breast self-examination in a sample of Turkish women. Oncol Nurs Forum 2007;8:5-10.

[5] Baxter N. Canadian task force on preventive health care. Preventive Health Care. 2001 update: should women be routinely taught self-breast examination to screen for breast cancer? CMAJ. 2001;164:1837-46.

[6] Akhtari-Zavare M., Latiff L.A., Juni M.H., S. Said S.M., Ismail I.Z. Knowledge of female undergraduate students on breast cancer and breast self-examination in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2015;16(15):6231–6235.

[7] Banaian SH, Kazemian A, Soleiman KH. Knowledge, attitude, and practice among women referred to health centers in Broojen about screening methods of breast cancer. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2005; 7:28-34.

[8] Family Planning association of Hong Kong. Report on Women’s Health Survey. Hong Kong: Family Planning Association of Hong Kong. !996.

[9] Nwagbo DF, Akpala OO. Awareness of breast cancer and breast –self-examination among women in Enugu urban, Eastern Nigeria. J Coll. Med. 1996; 1:34-6.

[10] Irurhe NK et al. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of BSE among female medical Students in the University of Lagos. The Internet Journal of Health.,2011,12 (1).

[11] Alkhasawneh LM, Akhu-Zaheya LM, Suleiman SM. Knowledge and practice of self-breast examination. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65:412-6.

[12] Ibraim NA, Odusanya OO. Knowledge of risk factors, beliefs and practices of female health care professionals towards breast cancer in a tertiary institution in Lagos, Nigeria. BMC Cancer 2009;9:76.

[13] Akhigbe AO, Omuemu VO. Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast cancer screening among female health care workers in a Nigerian Urban city. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:203.

[14] Agboola AO, Deji-Agboola AM, Oritogun KS, Musa AA, Oyebadejo TY, Ayoade BA. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of female health care workers in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria. Int Med J 2007;8:5-10.

[15] Al-Naggar RA, DH, Bobryshev YV, Chan R, Assabri A. Practice and barrier towards self-breast examination among young Malaysian women. Asian Pac J Cncer Prev. 2011;12:1173-8.

[16] Karima FE, Ashraf MS, knowledge, and practice of breast cancer screening among Egyptian nurses. J Heamatol Oncol. 2010;1:122-8.

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[19] Karayurt O, Dramali A. Adaptation of Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale for Turkish women and evaluation of the selected variables associated with breast self-examination. Cancer Nurs. 2007;30:69-77.

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impact on perceived risk. Prev Med 2003;37:242-9.

[21] Habib F, Salman M, Shalaby S. Awareness, and knowledge of breast cancer Among University Students in Al Madina Al Munawara Region. Middle East J Cancer. 2010;1:159-66.

[22] Chong PN, Krishnan M, Hong CY, Swash TS. Knowledge and practice of breast cancer screening amongst public health nurses in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 2002;43:509-16.

[23] Abdel-Fattah M, Zaki A, Basili A, El-Shzly M, Tognoni G. Breast self-examination practice and its impact on breast cancer diagnosis in Alexandria, Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 2000;6:34-40.

Abstract:

Vaccination is very important to improve population health throughout life – but despite strong evidence, it is misunderstood and undervalued. Catch-up vaccination aims to provide optimal protection against disease as quickly as possible by completing a person’s recommended vaccination schedule in the shortest but most effective time frame. This descriptive cross-sectional implementation Research was designed to solve problems for Covid–19 recoveries for routine immunization program in private Nursery and primary school in Kosofe Local Government Area Lagos (School-based intervention). The sample size of 135 was adopted with purposive sampling method from the target population. All data were coded, entered, cleaned, and then analyzed using the IBM PSPP. Children that missed vaccination were tracked out more (90) and vaccinated, demand generation with the help of vaccine demand pooling in school for secondary vaccines, the awareness of vaccine-preventable diseases were created more at different schools Parents Teachers Association's meetings. Implementation Research is one of the measures and a component in the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA 2030) designed to achieve the Life course immunization. Creating awareness and sensitization is very important in schools, especially using the power of storytelling for positive change in vaccination uptake. There are parents who can afford to pay for secondary vaccines but don't have the information and there are parents who have the information but can't afford to pay for secondary vaccines due to economic hardship in Nigeria. We recommend that vaccine demand pooling in schools is championed to enable parents to afford secondary vaccines for their children.

References:

[1] Odis Adaora Isabella, Ogbenna Ann, Okpoko Pius, Ganu Daniel, (2022), Epidemics and Vaccination Dilemma in Complex Networks: A Case Study of Kosefe and Shomolu Local Government Area Lagos Nigeria, Texila International Journal of Academic Research, Special Edition Apr 2022, DOI: 10.21522/TIJAR.2014.SE.22.01.Art002. https://www.texilajournal.com/adminlogin/download.php?category=article&file=Academic%20Research_Special_Edition_021.pdf.

[2] Ophori EA, Tula YM, Azih A, Okojie R, Ikpo PE. (2014) “Current Trends of Immunization in Nigeria: Prospect and Challenges”. Tropical Medicine and Health. Vol. 42, no. 2, pp., 67–75. Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar.

[3] Aniekan J. Etokidem, EnNsan and Wo Ndifon, (2013), “Myths and misconceptions as barriers to uptake of immunization services in Nigeria”, 3rd International Conference on Vaccines & Vaccination, July 29-31, 2013, Embassy Suites Las Vegas, NV, USA. https://www.longdom.org/proceedings/myths-and-misconceptions-as-barriers-to-uptake-of-immunization-services-in-nigeria-1153.html.

[4] Adedokun, S.T., Uthman, O.A., Adekanmbi, V.T. et al., (2017), “Incomplete childhood immunization in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of individual and contextual factors”. BMC Public child health services” Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.

[5] WHO, 2022, Essential Programme on Immunization https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization/implementation/catch-up-vaccination.

[6] Shahara reporters “Nigeria Loses 466 Persons To Cholera In 2022 – Monitoring Agency, NCDC” https://saharareporters.com/2022/11/26/nigeria-loses-466-persons-cholera-2022-monitoring-agency-ncdc.

[7] Anyichie Odis Adaora, 2022, Ethical approval https://www.linkedin.com/posts/dr-adaora-anyichie-odis-ph-d-5163a913_ethical-approval-activity-6970458432952766464-_j5-?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop.

[8] Anyichie Odis Adaora, 2022, Approval from Lagos state Ministry of health to conduct research https://www.linkedin.com/posts/dr-adaora-anyichie-odis-ph-d-5163a913_lagos-state-ministry-of-health-activity-6978139769914408960-6wVb?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop.

[9] WHO, 2021, Leave no one behind: guidance for planning and implementing catch-up vaccination https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1342095/retrieve.

[10] Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI), 2022, Australian Immunisation Handbook, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra: Catch-up vaccination https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/contents/catch-up-vaccination.

[11] Anyichie Odis Adaora, 2022, Respondent informed consent form https://www.linkedin.com/posts/dr-adaora-anyichie-odis-ph-d-5163a913_respondent informed-consent-form-activity-6988132525973884929 Hmfl?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop.

[12] Anyichie Odis Adaora, 2022, Sensitization, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/dr-adaora-anyichie-odis-ph-d-5163a913_vaccinessavelives-vaccineswork-vacciness-activity-6996109506078232576-D9sA?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop.

[13] Anyichie Odis Adaora, 2022, Demand pooling, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/dr-adaora-anyichie-odis-ph-d-5163a913_vaccinessavelives-research-merck-activity-6998034050619719680-HGgz?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop.

[14] Anyichie Odis Adaora, 2023, Implementation research approach pg. 5 of ppt https://www.linkedin.com/posts/dr-adaora-anyichie-odis-ph-d-5163a913_implementation-research-ppt-activity-7034149378349015040-ndKb?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop.

[15] Anyichie Odis Adaora, 2022, Sensitization, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/dr-adaora-anyichie-odis-ph-d-5163a913_lagos-who-unicef-activity-6989470780539441152-y0A3?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop.

[16] Sun News, 2022, FG introduces HPV, malaria vaccines in routine immunization https://www.operanewsapp.com/ng/en/share/detail?news_id=746500b57949481c75c013a12122c1b6&news_entry_id=d5d5a52230209en_ng&open_type=transcoded&from=news&request_id=share_request.

[17] Anyichie Odis Adaora, 2022, Challenges in scaling up intervention, https://www.linkedin.com/posts/dr-adaora-anyichie-odis-ph-d-5163a913_research-implementationresearch-tdr-activity-6970813497827831808-9Pzz?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop.

[18] Anyichie Odis Adaora, 2023, Communication https://www.linkedin.com/posts/dr-adaora-anyichie-odis-ph-d-5163a913_communication-administration-planning-activity-7022145547830501376-TkxE?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop.

[19] Burches E, Burches M (2020) Efficacy, Effectiveness and Efficiency in the Health Care: The Need for an Agreement to Clarify its Meaning. Int Arch Public Health Community Med 4:035. https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/iaphcm/international-archives-of-public-health-and-community-medicine-iaphcm-4-035.php?jid=iaphcm.

[20] News desk, 2023, Nigeria diphtheria outbreak update: More than 300 confirmed cases Diphtheria http://outbreaknewstoday.com/nigeria-diphtheria-outbreak-update-more-than-300-confirmed-cases-53006/.

Abstract:

It is well documented in the literature that there is poor treatment outcome in patients with Tuberculosis and Diabetes (TBDM) comorbidity due to the observed interference of drugs for Tuberculosis (TB) treatment on anti-diabetic drugs and elevated glucose level reduces the efficacy of anti- tuberculosis drugs leading to poor TB treatment outcome, and that insulin therapy is not affected by this drug interaction. Importantly, access to Insulin is a challenge due to its prohibitive out-of-pocket cost. The only alternative sustainable treatment for TBDM patients in resource-limited communities is lifestyle-based intervention. This study evaluated the impact of lifestyle intervention on TB treatment outcomes in patients with TBDM comorbidity. This study is a quasi-experimental intervention involving two cohorts of 25 TBDM patients each, as control and experimental cohorts. Their enrolment was from Tuberculosis patients from health facilities in Lagos and Oyo states. The questionnaires were administered before the commencement of the Intervention and at 8 weeks. The sputum Acid Fast Bacillus (AFB) was checked, and chest x-ray (CXR) done before Intervention and Sputum AFB at 8 weeks. The Control group showed no difference in the means of the sputum AFB 95%CI: 0.12(- 0.12 – 0.36; p>0.05), which was an indication of poor treatment outcome. The difference in the means of the sputum AFB in the intervention group was statistically significant 95%CI: -0.8(-0.9 - -0.6; p<0.05). The intervention with educational and behavioral lifestyle modifications significantly improved the outcome of treatment of TB in TBDM comorbidity.

References:

[1] World Health Organization. (2020). Tuberculosis. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/tuberculosis. Assessed 15/04/21.

[2] Afroz, A., Alramadan, M. J., Hossain, M. N., Romero, L., Alam, K., Magliano, D. J., & Billah, B. (2018). Cost-of-illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus in low and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC health services research, 18(1), 972. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3772-8.

[3] Lin, X., Xu, Y., Pan, X. et al. (2020). Global, regional, and national burden and trend of Diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. SciRep 10, 14790. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9.

[4] Dunachie, S., & Chamnan, P. (2019). The double burden of Diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 113(2), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/try124.

[5] Saklayen M. G. (2018). The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome. Current hypertension reports, 20(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z.

[6] York E, Atiase Y, et al. (2017). The Bidirectional Relationship between Tuberculosis and Diabetes. Tuberculosis Research and Treatment.1702578. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1702578. Assessed 16/04/21.

[7] Silva, D. R., Muñoz-Torrico, M., Duarte, R., Galvão, T., Bonini, E. H., Arbex, F. F., Arbex, M. A., Augusto, V. M., Rabahi, M. F., & Mello, F. (2018). Risk factors for tuberculosis: diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and the use of other drugs. Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia: publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia, 44(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562017000000443.

[8] Sahakyan, S., Petrosyan, V., & Abrahamyan, L. (2020). Diabetes mellitus and treatment outcomes of pulmonary Tuberculosis: a cohort study. International journal of public health, 65(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-019-01277-2.

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[10] Mahishale, V., Avuthu, S., Patil, B., Lolly, M., Eti, A., & Khan, S. (2017). Effect of Poor Glycemic Control in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Iranian journal of medical sciences, 42(2), 144–151. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov>articles>PMC5366362. Accessed 22/05/21.

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Abstract:

This study conducted a comparative case study analysis of the HIV program in Nigeria’s South-South and North-East regions of Nigeria to determine the access and quality of HIV care and treatment services. Service delivery is an essential component of the WHO Health systems framework. Data were collected from 385 respondents using structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that the North-East region of Nigeria had significantly lower numbers of primary healthcare facilities and inpatient beds per 10,000 population compared to the South-South region. The North-East region had an average of 0.02 inpatient beds per 1,000 population, significantly below the WHO standard, while the South-South region had an average of 0.18 inpatient beds per 1,000 population, relatively closer to the WHO standard. The general service readiness score for delivering HIV program services was at least 94% in all health facilities in both the North-East and South-South regions. The HIV service readiness index for the North-East region was higher than that of the South-South region, with some disparities in the availability of national ART guidelines, national HIV counselling and testing guidelines, staff training, and availability of HIV prevention services. HIV testing and counselling services were described as readily available and accessible in both regions, with some communities taking ownership of promoting the availability of these services. However, both regions had a relatively high service readiness score for delivering HIV program services, with some disparities in the availability of national guidelines and training of staff. These findings demonstrate extensive investment of government and donor agencies in delivering quality HIV services with areas to improve to ensure alignment with WHO system strengthening framework.

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Abstract:

Telehealth programs have been documented to help conserve scarce resources and enable the provision of quality and convenient patient care. Given the high HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa, it is crucial for telehealth programs to be implemented. The purpose of this scoping review is to map the literature on telehealth in HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa, determine gaps in the utilisation of telehealth, and identify the barriers to implementation. A keyword search for studies reporting on telehealth in HIV care from PubMed, Research gate and gray literature was conducted, and studies published from 2015 to 2022, meeting the research criteria were included in the scoping review. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze findings from the included articles. Extraction of themes was performed using NVIVO version 12. Quality appraisal of the included studies was conducted using the mixed methods appraisal tool 2018 version. Database search retrieved 395 potentially eligible articles. Of these, 13 studies reported evidence of telehealth in HIV care. Included studies were conducted in South Africa, Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Togo, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda. Three main themes emerged from the thematic content analysis: telehealth systems in sub-Saharan Africa are still at pilot stages or not widely implemented; users accept telehealth but raise concerns about privacy; and that low mobile phones ownership hampers telehealth implementation. The review revealed evidence for the effectiveness of telehealth in HIV care despite the presence of barriers. In this sense, it is recommended to adopt telehealth, which is cost effective, and improves access to healthcare.

References:

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Abstract:

Antiretroviral pre-exposure prevention (PrEP) to stop HIV transmission was 1st approved by the USA Food and Drug Administration in 2012. Despite correlations of decreases in new HIV infections being greatest wherever PrE-exposure prophylaxis has been deployed, the uptake of PrE-exposure prophylaxis is insulant, significantly among populations with disproportionate HIV burden. This narrative review seeks to spot individual and general barriers to PrE-exposure prophylaxis usage in African country. A comprehensive search of recent literature uncovered a fancy array of structural, social, clinical, and behavioral barriers, as well as knowledge/awareness of PrE exposure prophylaxis, perception of HIV risk, stigma from care suppliers or family/partners/friends, distrust of care providers/systems, access to school assignment, prices of PrE exposure prophylaxis, and issues around school assignment facet effects/medication interactions. significantly, these barriers might have totally different effects on specific populations in danger. The complete potential of PrE-exposure prophylaxis for HIV interference won't be realized till these problems area unit self-addressed. Ways to realize this goal ought to embody academic interventions, innovative approaches to delivery of HIV care, resource, and DE stigmatization of PrE-exposure prophylaxis and PrE-exposure prophylaxis users. Until then, PrE-exposure prophylaxis `uptake can still be suboptimal, significantly among people who would like it most. Results: Stigma influences uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis; HIV risk perception does not affect uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis; and a significant negative relationship between stigma and pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake. Conclusion: This study was conducted to investigate barriers to oral pre-exposure prophylaxis. Significant findings of the study conclude: stigma influences uptake of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV.

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Abstract:

Adherence to self-care practices among diabetes mellitus patients is vital in achieving optimal glycemic control and delaying the progression of the disease complications. There is limited information regarding diabetes self-care among diabetic patients in Eastern Uganda, where the disease is most prevalent. The aim of this study was to determine the level of adherence to diabetes mellitus self-care practices and the associated factors among adult diabetic outpatients at a tertiary hospital in Eastern Uganda. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital in Eastern Uganda between September and October 2020, on a sample of 156 diabetic patients recruited through systematic random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data through self-report. Descriptive and Logistic regression analyses were conducted using STATA version 15.0, and a 5% level of significance. Most of the study participants were female (63.8%) with an average age of 52.3 years (SD 13.8). The prevalence of adherence to self-care was 36.5%. The factors associated with adherence to self-care were good diabetes knowledge (AOR=2.5; 95% CI= 1.2-5.3, p = 0.016), and high self-efficacy (AOR=3.9; 95% CI= 1.8 – 8.7, p = 0.001). Less than half of the patients attending the diabetic clinic at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital in Eastern Uganda adhere to self-care practices. Patients ought to receive comprehensive, consistent, and contextualized diabetes education to enrich their knowledge, as well as a boost of their self-efficacy through interventions like counseling, positive feedback, role models, and peer education.

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Metab Syndr [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1 [cited 2022 Feb 18];13(1):390–4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30641730/.

Abstract:

The World Health Organization recommends retesting of newly diagnosed HIV cases for verification of results prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. This study aimed at ascertaining the HIV status of clients on lifelong ART. We tested 25% of ART clients in 6 care and treatment (C&T) sites and all HIV-positive women receiving ART in 22 prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) sites in Northwest and Southwest regions. Testing was proposed consecutively to clients in group education sessions during ART refill visit until the sample size was achieved. Individual counselling was provided to clients who opted to be retested. Testing was with Determine HIV-1/2 and First Response rapid tests and further testing was with DNA-PCR. Clients with negative test results were counseled to discontinue ART. Results were analyzed comparing misdiagnosis at ART and PMTCT sites. A total of 4526 ART clients were retested for HIV; 3914(86.5%) from ART and 612(13.5%) from PMTCT sites. Female participants dominated (79%) and the median age was 39 years. Higher proportions of clients retested at PMTCT sites were negative with both tests (0.8% vs 0.1%) and had discordant results (1.1% vs 0.4%) than at ART sites. All 32 clients with negative or discordant results were tested with DNA-PCR and 22(0.5%) were negative; 11(0.3%) in ART and 11(1.8%) in PMTCT sites. HIV positive status was confirmed for 99.5% of clients retested, with a lower rate at PMTCT (98.2%) than C&T (99.7%) sites; meaning misdiagnosis and inappropriate ART treatment was more likely at PMTCT. Adherence to recommendation for HIV retesting for verification will reduce inappropriate treatment.

References:

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[8] World Health Organization, caring for women subjected to violence: a WHO curriculum for training health-care providers. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2019. Accessed: May 02, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330084.

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[10] D. B. Klarkowski, J. M. Wazome, K. M. Lokuge, L. Shanks, C. F. Mills, and D. P. O’Brien, ‘The evaluation of a rapid in situ HIV confirmation test in a programme with a high failure rate of the WHO HIV two-test diagnostic algorithm’, PLoS One, vol. 4, no. 2, p. e4351, 2009, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004351.

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[19] N. Hsiao, A. Zerbe, T. K. Phillips, L. Myer, and E. J. Abrams, ‘Misdiagnosed HIV infection in pregnant women initiating universal ART in South Africa’, J Int AIDS Soc, vol. 20, no. Suppl 6, p. 21758, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.7448/IAS.20.7.21758.

[20] Avoiding false positives: rapid HIV tests vary in their accuracy, so need to be used in combination’, aidsmap.com, May 02, 2017. https://www.aidsmap.com/news/may-2017/avoiding-false-positives-rapid-hiv-tests-vary-their-accuracy-so-need-be-used (accessed Feb. 06, 2023).

Abstract:

In this study, we conducted a statistical assessment of the economic and healthcare issues of leading countries affected due to the Covid-19 pandemic. We sought to consider the pandemic's progressive components, including the total tests, total cases, total deaths, total recoveries, and the total number of active cases. We also investigated the population dispersion, health index, and annual per capita income of the target countries. Real-time information regarding the topics is gathered from reputable institutional websites across the world, then organized and analyzed using statistical techniques. Both the graphical and tabular approaches are employed to present statistical manifestations. While some countries are shown to be in the leading position for most of the target issues, some inconsistencies are observed among a few. Concerning the annual per capita income and health index of the target countries, the Covid-19 components are not very relevant, but there is a slight similarity when looking at the overall population. Interestingly, regions with very low population densities show a higher prevalence of Covid-19. No discernible trend is attained from Bangladesh's perspective.

References:

[1] Shang, Y., Li, H., & Zhang, R. (2021). Effects of pandemic outbreak on economies: evidence from business history context. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 632043.

[2] OECD (2021): Health at a Glance 2021: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, France.

[3] Kaye, A. D., Okeagu, C. N., Pham, A. D., Silva, R. A., Hurley, J. J., Arron, B. L., & Cornett, E. M. (2021). Economic impact of Covid-19 pandemic on healthcare facilities and systems: International perspectives. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 35(3), 293-306.

[4] Vo, T. D., & Tran, M. D. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on global trade. International Journal of Social Science and Economics Invention, 7(1), 1-7.

[5] Donthu, N., & Gustafsson, A. (2020). Effects of Covid-19 on business and research. Journal of business research, 117, 284-289.

[6] Almeida, F., Santos, J. D., & Monteiro, J. A. (2020). The challenges and opportunities in the digitalization of companies in a post-Covid-19 World. IEEE Engineering Management Review, 48(3), 97-103.

[7] Ali, I., & Alharbi, O. M. (2020). Covid-19: Disease, management, treatment, and social impact. Science of the total Environment, 728, 138861.

[8] Ciotti, M., Ciccozzi, M., Terrinoni, A., Jiang, W. C., Wang, C. B., & Bernardini, S. (2020). The Covid-19 pandemic. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences, 57(6), 365-388.

[9] Li, H., Li, H., Ding, Z., Hu, Z., Chen, F., Wang, K., ... & Shen, H. (2020). Spatial statistical analysis of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) in China. Geospatial Health, 15(1).

[10] Alkhowailed, M., Shariq, A., Alqossayir, F., Alzahrani, O. A., Rasheed, Z., & Al Abdulmonem, W. (2020). Impact of meteorological parameters on Covid-19 pandemic: a comprehensive study from Saudi Arabia. Informatics in medicine unlocked, 20, 100418.

[11] Sadiq, I. A., Sharma, S. K., & Ado, R. (2020). Statistical analysis of future prospective in Covid-19 cases in India. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 9(11), 627-631.

[12] Fawad, M., Mubarik, S., Malik, S. S., & Ren, J. (2021). Statistical analysis of Covid-19 infection caused by environmental factors: Evidence from Pakistan. Life Sciences, 269, 119093.

[13] Cuadros, D. F., Branscum, A. J., Mukandavire, Z., Miller, F. D., & MacKinnon, N. (2021). Dynamics of the Covid-19 epidemic in urban and rural areas in the United States. Annals of epidemiology, 59, 16-20.

[14] Wilasang, C., Jitsuk, N. C., Sararat, C., & Modchang, C. (2022). Reconstruction of the transmission dynamics of the first Covid-19 epidemic wave in Thailand. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 2002.

[15] Uddin, M., Shawpnil, K., Mugdha, S. B. S., & Ahmed, A. (2023). A Statistical Synopsis of Covid-19 Components and Descriptive Analysis of Their Socio-Economic and Healthcare Aspects in Bangladesh Perspective. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2023.

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[18] Padhan, R., & Prabheesh, K. P. (2021). The economics of Covid-19 pandemic: A survey. Economic analysis and policy, 70, 220-237.

[19] Spinelli, A., & Pellino, G. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic: perspectives on an unfolding crisis. Journal of British Surgery, 107(7), 785-787.

[20] Yıldırım, M., & Güler, A. (2022). Factor analysis of the Covid-19 Perceived Risk Scale: A preliminary study. Death studies, 46(5), 1065-1072.

Abstract:

There is an observed poor treatment outcome of Diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with Tuberculosis and Diabetes (TBDM) comorbidity due to interference of drugs used in the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) with first- line drugs used in the treatment of DM. Insulin does not interact with TB drugs, but it is not accessible and affordable to low–resource communities due to high cost. Hence a lifestyle-based intervention, which this study evaluated to determine its effect on Diabetes control in these individuals. It is a quasi-experimental intervention with two groups of 25 participants each as experimental and control cohorts, enrolled from Tuberculosis Healthcare centers in Lagos and Oyo states. The questionnaires were administered after the baseline Glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c) has been measured, repeated after 12 weeks, and analyzed with SPSS software. In the control cohort, the difference in the means of HBA1c was statistically significant at 95%CI: 1.1(0.2 – 2.1; p<0.05), indicating a worsening of blood glucose control. The difference in the means of educational scores was not significant 95%CI: -0.04(-2.8 – 2.7; p<0.05), showing no uptake. In the intervention group, the difference in the means of the HBA1c was statistically significant 95%CI: -2.4(-3.1 – 1.6: p<0.05), indicating improvement in glucose control. The difference in the means of the educational and behavioral score was significant statistically 95%CI: 40.6(37.7 – 43.6; p<0.05) indicating uptake of behavioral changes. The intervention with educational and behavioral lifestyle modifications improved the blood glucose control as an adjunct to the conventional treatment with drugs compared to the control group.

Keywords: Behavioral change, Lifestyle, Treatment, Tuberculosis-Diabetes comorbidity.

References:

[1] Saklayen M. G. (2018). The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome. Current hypertension reports, 20(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-018-0812-z.

[2] Dunachie, S., & Chamnan, P. (2019). The double burden of Diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 113(2), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/try124.

[3] Lin, X., Xu, Y., Pan, X. et al. (2020). Global, regional, and national burden and trend of Diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. SciRep 10, 14790. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9.

[4] Khan, M., Hashim, M. J., King, J. K., Govender, R. D., Mustafa, H., & Al Kaabi, J. (2020). Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes - Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends. Journal of epidemiology and global health, 10(1), 107–111. https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001.

[5] World Health Organization. (2021). Diabetes. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/diabetes.

[6] Amanat, S., Ghahri, S., Dianatinasab, A., Fararouei, M., & Dianatinasab, M. (2020). Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1228, 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_6.