Abstract:

The study aimed to describe the prevalence of geriatric syndromes among older adults living in the community. In addition, we evaluated the relationship between frailty and socio-demographic factors and other geriatric syndromes in the Central Mahalapye sub-district, Botswana. This cross-sectional study recruited 414 older adults from the community using the Botswana Pension Office’s roster. We employed a systematic random selection method to recruit 160 older adults in three main villages and we randomly chose 150 elderly individuals in 10 research villages also randomly selected using Microsoft Office. We used the brief-assessment-tool-for-comprehensive-geriatric-assessment to collect information about geriatric syndromes. We conducted a multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression to determine the relationship between the independent variables (sociodemographic factors and other geriatric disorders) and frailty. Most of older adults had geriatric syndromes, particularly Instrumental-Activity-of-Daily-Living impairment (n= 328, 79.2%). About half of the participants were at nutrition risk (n= 261, 63.0%)), had a mood disorder/ depression (n= 237, 57.2%), had visual impairment (n= 245, 59.2%), or were frail (n= 219, 47.1%). In approximately one-third of cases, participants reported hearing impairment (n= 127, 30.7%) or having experienced at least one fall in the past year (n= 117, 28.3%). Factors such as high education level, living with a partner, urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment influenced frailty (p<0.05). We intend to explore the potential impact of family size (despite pension allowance), alcohol consumption, oral health issues, and tooth loss on the nutritional vulnerability of elderly individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a particular emphasis on Botswana.

References:

Abstract:

This study investigates the presence and risks of common industrial antimicrobial agents used, in the vicinity of Vellore's leather industrial hub, Tamil Nadu, India. Water and sediment samples (n=25 each) were collected from two major tannery clusters, Ranipet and Ambur-Vaniyambadi. Using GC-MS and UPLC-DAD analyses, we attempted to detect six major antimicrobial classes such as chlorinated phenols, 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB), ortho phenyl phenol (OPP), Para chloro m-cresol (PCMC), triclosan (TCS) and n-Octyl-isothiazolinone (n-OIT). Among them, only TCMTB, OPP, and PCMK were recorded in water samples, whereas in sediment samples none of the antimicrobials were found. Detection frequencies in water were 24%, with PCMC levels reaching up to 910 µg/L, TCMTB at 45.3 µg/L, and OPP at 821.3 µg/L. A comparative analysis with global studies showed that contaminant levels in this study are significantly higher than in other country reports. Human health risk assessment, based on USEPA methods, revealed a risk quotient (RQ) of 5.200 for PCMC, indicating a potential health risk, whereas TCMTB and OPP presented lower risks. Environmental risk assessment indicated hazard quotients (HQ) >1 for all detected antimicrobials, suggesting significant ecological risks. The study highlights the need for stringent regulations, improved industrial practices, and better wastewater treatment infrastructure. Continuous monitoring and more comprehensive studies with increased sampling are essential to develop strategies for reducing contaminants from leather industry runoff. These measures are crucial for protecting human health and aquatic ecosystems in the region.

References:

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Abstract:

Asthma ranks among the top 20 chronic conditions for the global ranking of disability-adjusted life years in children and is the most prevalent chronic condition in children. In the mid-childhood ages of 5–14 years, it is among the top 10 causes. Parental asthma knowledge is a crucial influencer of management practices and disease control. To achieve guided self-management, education is one of the six essential features. Assessing parents' asthma-related knowledge (ARK) is a significant requirement for improving childhood asthma management. The primary objective of this study was to document the ARK of parents of children (0-18 years) with asthma and identify how their knowledge impacts the control of the medical condition in their children in Accra, Ghana. A short questionnaire was designed and implemented to gather relevant information for the study. We also determined the number of children using an asthma action plan. A total of 200 questionnaires were administered. The median age of the children in the study was 10.7 years, with a mean age of 10.0 years. Seventy-one per cent of the children were males. This variation is based on the standard population, where asthma in boys is nearly twice as significant as in girls before age 14. Asthma educators should pay attention to the level of education of the parents of asthmatic children. The result indicates a higher level of asthma control in children whose parents have a higher level of education. However, it is concerning that only 17.2% of children had an asthma action plan, highlighting the urgent need for action in this area.

References:

Abstract:

Booster vaccinations have become significant in developing herd immunity due to their ability to reduce mortality rates and the severe dangers of Covid-19. Some people support the government's program and believe that booster vaccines will help prevent Covid-19 during the epidemic. Some people, however, say they do not want booster vaccinations because they believe the first and second doses are adequate and do not want to receive additional doses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Covid-19 vaccination booster dose policy acceptance among pregnant women. This cross-sectional study was conducted in March to April 2023. Participants were 185 pregnant women selected from several subdistrict in Malang. Instruments for data collection were a demographic questionnaire, an attitude questionnaire, a social media questionnaire, a role of health workers questionnaire, and questions about Covid-19 vaccine booster dose acceptance. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effects of the study variables on Covid-19 vaccine booster dose acceptance. In the regression model, the three factors of attitude (b= 0.30; SE=0.07; 95% CI= 0.16 to 0.44), social media (b= 0.47; SE=0.13; 95% CI= 0.22 to 0.73), and role of health workers (b= 0.29; SE=0.15; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.58) had significant effects on Covid-19 vaccine booster dose acceptance (p< 0.05). Acceptance of the Covid-19 booster vaccines among pregnant women can be accelerated through their positive attitude towards the vaccination program, the proper use of social media, and the involvement of healthcare workers.

References:

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[2]. Zhang, S., Yang, Z., Chen, Z. L., Yue, S. J., Zhang, S., Tang, Y. P., 2022, Why Does Covid-19 Continue to Spread Despite Mass Vaccination? Front Public Heal, 10(4).

[3]. Tiyo, B. T, Schmitz, G. J. H., Ortega, M. M., da Silva, L. T., de Almeida, A., Oshiro, T. M., et al., 2021, What Happens to the Immune System After Vaccination or Recovery From COVID-19? Life, 11(11).

[4]. Nugraha, R. R, Miranda, A. V., Ahmadi, A., Lucero-Prisno, D, E., 2021, Accelerating Indonesian COVID-19 Vaccination Rollout: A Critical Task Amid the Second Wave. Trop Med Health, 49(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-021-00367-3

[5]. Al Awaidy, S. T., Khatiwada, M., Castillo, S., Al Siyabi, H., Al Siyabi, A., Al Mukhaini. S., et al., 2022, Knowledge, Attitude, and Acceptability of COVID-19 Vaccine in Oman: A Cross-Sectional Study. Oman Med J, 37(3).

[6]. Rela, I. Z, Ramli, Z., Firihu, M.Z., Widayati, W., Awang, A. H., Nasaruddin, N., 2022, COVID-19 Risk Management and Stakeholder Action Strategies: Conceptual Frameworks for Community Resilience in the Context of Indonesia. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(15).

[7]. García-Botella, A., García-Lledó, A., Gómez-Pavón, J., Del Castillo, J. G., Hernández-Sampelayo, T., Martín-Delgado, M. C., et al., 2021, Booster or Additional Vaccination Doses in Patients Vaccinated Against COVID-19. Rev Esp Quimioter, 35(2):105–14.

[8]. Jung, J., 2021, Preparing for the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Vaccination: Evidence, Plans, and Implications. J Korean Med Sci, 36(7):1–20.

[9]. Sarma, P., Kaur, H., Kumar, H., Mahendru, D., Avti, P., Bhattacharyya, A., et al., 2020, Virological and Clinical Cure in Covid-19 Patients Treated With Hydroxychloroquine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Virol, 92(7):776–85.

[10]. Atmar, R. L., Lyke, K. E., Deming, M. E., Jackson, L. A., Branche, A. R., El Sahly, H. M, et al., 2022, Homologous and Heterologous Covid-19 Booster Vaccinations. N Engl J Med, 386(11):1046–1057.

[11]. Costa Clemens, S. A., Weckx, L., Clemens, R., Almeida Mendes, A. V., Ramos Souza, A., Silveira, M. B. V., et al., 2022, Heterologous Versus Homologous Covid-19 Booster Vaccination in previous Recipients of Two Doses of Coronavac Covid-19 Vaccine in Brazil (RHH-001): A Phase 4, Non-Inferiority, Single Blind, Randomised Study. Lancet, 399(10324):521–9.

[12]. Cerqueira-Silva, T., Shah, S. A., Robertson, C., Sanchez, M., Katikireddi, S. V., de Araujo Oliveira, V., et al., 2023, Effectiveness of mRNA Boosters After Homologous Primary Series With BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 Against Symptomatic Infection and Severe COVID-19 in Brazil and Scotland: A Test-Negative Design Case–Control Study. PLoS Med, 20(1):1–15.

[13]. Sapkota, B., Saud, B., Shrestha, R., Al-fahad, D., Sah, R., Shrestha, S., et al., 2022, Heterologous Prime – Boost Strategies for COVID-19 Vaccines, 1–10.

[14]. Bert, F., Scaioli, G., Vola, L., Accortanzo, D., Lo Moro, G., Siliquini, R., 2022, Booster Doses of Anti COVID-19 Vaccines: An Overview of Implementation Policies Among OECD and EU Countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(12).

[15]. Limbu, Y. B., Huhmann, B. A., 2023, Why Some People are Hesitant to Receive COVID-19 Boosters: A Systematic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis, 8(3):159.

[16]. Galanis, P., Vraka, I., Katsiroumpa, A., Siskou, O., Konstantakopoulou, O., Katsoulas, T., et al., 2022, Predictors of Willingness of the General Public to Receive a Second COVID-19 Booster Dose or a New COVID-19 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional Study in Greece. Vaccines, 10(7):1–12.

[17]. Meng, H., Mao, J., Ye, Q., 2022, Strategies and Safety Considerations of Booster Vaccination in COVID-19. Bosn J Basic Med Sci, 22(3):366–73.

[18]. Wong, M. T. J., Dhaliwal, S. S., Balakrishnan, V., Nordin, F., Norazmi, M. N., Tye, G. J., 2023, Effectiveness of Booster Vaccinations on the Control of COVID-19 During the Spread of Omicron Variant in Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 20(2).

[19]. Poh, X. Y., Lee, I. R., Lim, C., Teo, J., Rao, S., Chia, P. Y., et al., 2022, Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of Different Covid-19 Vaccine Combinations in Healthy Individuals: Study Protocol for a Randomized, Subject-Blinded, Controlled Phase 3 Trial [PRIBIVAC]. Trials, 23(1):1–13, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-06345-2

[20]. Atyeo, C., Shook, L. L., Nziza, N., Deriso, E. A., Muir, C., Baez, A. M., et al., 2023, COVID-19 Booster Dose Induces Robust Antibody Response in Pregnant, Lactating, and Nonpregnant Women. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 228(1):68.e1-68.e12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.07.014

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[22]. Ryalat, S., Alduraidi, H., Al-Ryalat, S. A., Alzu’bi, M., Alzyoud, M., Odeh, N., et al., 2022, Attitudes Towards COVID-19 Booster Vaccines, Vaccine Preferences, Child Immunization, and Recent Issues in Vaccination among University Students in Jordan. Vaccines, 10(8).

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[26]. De Giorgio, A., Kuvačić, G., Maleš, D., Vecchio, I., Tornali, C., Ishac, W., et al., 2022, Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Booster Vaccine: Associations Between Green-Pass, Social Media Information, Anti-Vax Beliefs, and Emotional Balance. Vaccines, 10(3):1–18.

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[37]. Ahmad Rizal, A. R., Nordin, S. M., Ahmad, W. F. W., Ahmad Khiri, M. J., Hussin, S. H., 2022, How Does Social Media Influence People to Get Vaccinated? The Elaboration Likelihood Model of a Person’s Attitude and Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccines. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 9(4).

[38]. Bardus, M., Assaf, S. A., Sakr, C. J., 2023, Using Social Marketing to Promote COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake: A Case Study from the “AUBe Vaccinated” Campaign. Vaccines, 11(2):1–14.

[39]. Ahiakpa, J. K., Cosmas, N. T., Anyiam, F. E., Enalume, K. O., Lawan, I., Gabriel, I. B., et al., 2022, COVID-19 Vaccines Uptake: Public knowledge, Awareness, Perception and Acceptance Among Adult Africans. PLoS One, 17(6):1–21, https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268230

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[41]. Elwy, A. R., Maguire, E. M., Kim, B., West, G. S., 2022, Involving Stakeholders as Communication Partners in Research Dissemination Efforts. J Gen Intern Med, 37:123–7.

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[43]. Rao, R., Koehler, A., Beckett, K., Sengupta, S., 2022, COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates for Healthcare Professionals in the United States. Vaccines, 10(9):1–7.

[44]. Andrade, G., Bedewy, D., Bani, I., 2022, Motivational Factors to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine in the United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Community Health, 47(3):530–8, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-022-01084-6

[45]. Soni, G. K., Bhatnagar, A., Gupta, A., Kumari, A., Arora, S., Seth, S., et al., 2023, Engaging Faith-Based Organizations for Promoting the Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccine in India: A Case Study of a Multi-Faith Society. Vaccines, 11(4).

[46]. Elmore, C. E., Blackstone, S. R., Carpenter, E. L., de Cortez, P. I., O’donnell, C., Uhlmann, E., et al., 2022, Advancing COVID-19 Vaccination Equity Among the Refugee Community: An Innovative Multi-Sector Collaborative Outreach Program. J Health Care Poor Underserved, 33(2):25–43.

Abstract:

Child mortality is a major concern in Africa, particularly due to diarrhoea and respiratory tract infections, which are the leading causes. These diseases are often transmitted through poor handwashing practices. This study aimed to examine the factors that influence handwashing practices, as well as the knowledge, awareness, and actual practices of handwashing among primary school students in the Karongi district, Rwanda. A mixed methods approach was utilized, combining quantitative data gathered through an online questionnaire with qualitative data obtained from semi-structured interviews. Interviews were conducted with teachers and students to gain insight into the existing hygiene practices and support systems in place. The sample size consisted of 583 students and 120 teachers. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0, incorporating Fisher's exact, Chi-square, correlation, and multiple regression tests. Qualitative data was analyzed using NVivo version 14.0. The correlation (r=0.75; p<0.001) and multiple regression analyses demonstrated that knowledge of handwashing practices significantly influenced awareness (r=0.612; p<0.001), the availability of hygiene facilities (r=0.665; p<0.001), and the implementation of hygiene practices. The students and teachers in Karongi possess a certain level of knowledge regarding handwashing techniques. Teachers in all primary schools supported the practice of handwashing. Students were washing their hands with soap and water as a means of reducing the transmission of diseases. However, more emphasis on instilling proper handwashing practices is required. Handwashing campaigns should be utilized to encourage good hygiene practices among children, as the primary schools already have adequate facilities in place.

References:

Abstract:

The conventional methods of drug delivery, primarily oral and injectable routes, have encountered limitations in effectively administering new drugs. These limitations arise particularly with drugs such as proteins and nucleic acids, where traditional routes may not be optimal for therapeutic efficacy. Novel biological medications necessitate innovative delivery strategies to mitigate adverse effects and enhance patient compliance. Nanometer-sized drug particles present unique characteristics that offer potential improvements in various dosage formats. Within this size range, particles exhibit resistance to settling, increased saturation solubility, rapid dissolution, and enhanced adherence to biological surfaces. Consequently, these properties facilitate a quicker onset of therapeutic action and improved bioavailability. The emergence of nanotechnology provides scientists with a versatile tool to address both traditional and innovative drug delivery challenges. By leveraging nanotechnology, researchers explore new avenues for drug delivery, striving to optimize therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. This review underscores the transformative potential of nano-drug delivery systems in advancing pharmaceutical sciences and enhancing patient care.

References:

Abstract:

Microbiota in the intestine produces SCFAs like Butyrate and Propionate through undigested fiber, which plays an important role in metabolic disorders, especially in obesity and type II diabetes. To compare the anti-obesity activity of probiotics with SCFAs through GLP-1 and PYY activity in HFD induced obesity in rats. For the study, rats weighing around 150-200g were chosen, separated into multiple groups, and given Fat-enriched diet for 12 weeks to trigger obesity. SCFAs like Butyrate, propionate (400mg/kg, P.O), and probiotics (10⁸ CFU P.O) were continuously administered to their groups along with the HFD. Weekly once the animal's BW & daily food intake by the animal, and every 15 days once lipid profile, GLP, PYY, insulin, and leptin parameters were measured. After the completion of the study blood was collected through retro-orbital puncture for evaluation of biochemical parameters and animals were anesthetized and sacrificed for organ isolation for histopathological studies. Administration of SCFAs along with Probiotics in HFD-induced Overweight rats led to a notable drop in BW, food intake, fat accumulation, fasting insulin, leptin, and lipids throughout 12 weeks as compared with rats fed with HFD and standard. SCFAs along with probiotics effectively increase HDL levels and reduce LDL. Histopathology examination reveals that fat tissue accumulation was absent in treated groups when compared with only the HFD feed group. Results show that SCFAs are showing a notable decrease in lipid profile, food intake, and body weight than probiotics-treated group possesses significant anti-obesity activity.

References:

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Abstract:

Child mortality in Africa is a pressing issue, particularly due to diarrhea and respiratory tract infections. These diseases are often transmitted through improper handwashing practices. This research aimed to identify the factors that influence handwashing habits and assess the availability of adequate facilities and water sources in primary schools in the Karongi district. A mixed-method approach was used to collect data from 583 students through structured questionnaires and 120 teachers through semi-structured interviews. Additionally, interviews with parents and community members were conducted to gain broader insights into community hygiene practices and support systems. Quantitative analysis using SPSS showed that promoting handwashing among school children reduces illness and absenteeism. Over two-thirds (67.2%) of students reported receiving effective support from their teachers, and another two-thirds (66.7%) stated that they wash their hands with soap and water. Moreover, close to another two-thirds (64%) of students acknowledged the importance of hygiene in disease prevention, and nearly two-thirds (60.9%) were aware of the health risks associated with poor hygiene. Qualitative findings revealed that while primary schools have sufficient hygiene facilities, there are challenges such as water shortages, inadequate hygiene resources, a limited number of washing stations, and water supply shortages. The study concludes that it is crucial to promote handwashing through educational campaigns to reduce disease transmission and improve the health outcomes of school children in Rwanda. Additionally, it emphasizes the need to address resource challenges in primary schools.

References:

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Abstract:

This study explores the green synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) using Butea monosperma flower extract, highlighting their antibacterial efficacy, toxicity, and biocompatibility. Utilizing a plant-based reduction method, cobalt ions were reduced and stabilized by the bioactive compounds in the flower extract, forming CoNPs with notable uniformity and stability. Characterization techniques, including, UV-VIS spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), confirmed the formation and nature of the nanoparticles, which exhibited an average size of 10-20 nm. The synthesized CoNPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting their potential as effective antimicrobial agents. Toxicity assessment using zebrafish, and brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA), revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited minimal toxicity. Biocompatibility studies further indicated that CoNPs had no adverse effects on cellular morphology or proliferation, highlighting their suitability for biomedical applications. The eco-friendly synthesis method not only provides a sustainable approach to nanoparticle production but also enhances the potential for their safe application in medical and environmental fields. The findings underscore the promise of B. monosperma-mediated CoNPs as a viable alternative to chemically synthesized nanoparticles, with significant implications for antibacterial therapies and biocompatible materials.

References:

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[30].  Ameena, M., Arumugham, M., Ramalingam, K., Rajeshkumar, S., and Perumal, E., 2023. Cytocompatibility and Wound Healing Activity of Chitosan Thiocolchicoside Lauric Acid Nanogel in Human Gingival Fibroblast Cells. Cureus, 15(8), e43727. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.43727

[31].  Ali, H., Dixit, S., and Alarifi, S., 2024. Biosynthesis and Screening of Cobalt Nanoparticles Using Citrus Species for Antimicrobial Activity. Open Chemistry, 22(1), 20240021. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2024-0021

[32].  Ali, S. G., Ansari, M. A., Alzohairy, M. A., Alomary, M. N., Jalal, M., AlYahya, S., Asiri, S. M. M. and Khan, H. M., 2020. Effect of Biosynthesized ZnO Nanoparticles on Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Antibiotics, 9(5), 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9050260

[33].  Kalanakoppal Venkatesh, Y., Mahadevaiah, R., Haraluru Shankaraiah, L., Ramappa, S., and Sannagoudar Basanagouda, A., 2018. Preparation of a CaO Nanocatalyst and its Application for Biodiesel Production Using Butea Monosperma Oil: An Optimization Study. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 95(5), 635-649. https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12079

[34].  Kumar, V., Harini, R., Anitha, G., and Nagaraju, G., 2024. Facile Green Synthesis of Zn Doped MoO3 Nanoparticles and its Photocatalytic and Photoluminescence Studies. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1312, 138494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.138494

[35].  Mubraiz, N., Bano, A., Mahmood, T., and Khan, N., 2021. Microbial and Plant Assisted Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles and their Antimicrobial Activities. Agronomy, 11(8), https://doi.org/1607.10.3390/agronomy11081607

[36].  Mmelesi, O. K., Masunga, N., Kuvarega, A., Nkambule, T.T., Mamba, B. B., and Kefeni, K. K., 2021. Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites: Photocatalytic, Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity in Water Treatment. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 123, 105523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2020.105523

[37].  Alyami, M. H., Fakhry, A. M., El Halfawy, N. M., Toto, S. M., Sedky, N. K., Yassin, H. A., Fahmy, S. A., and Mokhtar, F. A., 2023. Retama Monosperma Chemical Profile, Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles, and Antimicrobial Potential: A Study Supported by Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. RSC Advances, 13(37), 26213-26228. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA05116A

[38].  Zafar, N., Madni, A., Khalid, A., Khan, T., Kousar, R., Naz, S. S. and Wahid, F., 2020. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications of Green Synthesized Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 26(45), 5844-5865. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201126144805

[39].  Siddiqi, K. S., Rahman, A., Tajuddin, N., and Husen, A., 2018. Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and their Activity Against Microbes. Nanoscale Research Letters, 13, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-018-2532-3

[40].  d’Amora, M., Schmidt, T. J. N., Konstantinidou, S., Raffa, V., De Angelis, F., and Tantussi, F., 2022. Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Zebrafish. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2022(1), 3313016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3313016

[41].  Chen, J., Lei, L., Mo, W., Dong, H., Li, J., Bai, C., Huang, K., Truong, L., Tanguay, R. L., Dong, Q., and Huang, C., 2021. Developmental Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Exposure Induces Oxidative Stress and Neurobehavioral Changes in Zebrafish. Aquatic Toxicology, 240, 105990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105990

[42].  Yan, S., Qian, Y., Haghayegh, M., Xia, Y., Yang, S., Cao, R., and Zhu, M., 2024. Electrospun Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanofibers for Accelerating Wound Healing: A Review. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 12, 3171-3190. https://doi.org/10.1039/D4TB00149D

[43].  Chakraborty, C., Sharma, A. R., Sharma, G., and Lee, S. S., 2016. Zebrafish: A Complete Animal Model to Enumerate the Nanoparticle Toxicity. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 14,1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-016-0217-6

Abstract:

The development of functioning endometrial tissue in the abdominal wall after a cesarean birth is an uncommon case phenomenon known as scar endometriosis. Aside from the pelvis, endometriosis most often manifests in the bladder, gastrointestinal system, and, most notably, after obstetric surgical procedures. Here we present a case of caesarean scar endometriosis in a pregnant woman of 30 years of age. The patient has a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus, is now taking insulin and oral hypoglycaemic medications, and is being treated for hypothyroidism. She said that the region around her prior cesarean scar was swollen and painful periodically. USG showed ill defined heterogeneous hypo-echoic subcutaneous mass lesion approximately measuring 3*2*3cms over the right lateral one third of the caesarean scar site.MRI report showing a well-defined hypointense lesion in the anterior abdominal wall in the previous caesarean scar site suggestive of scar endometriosis. A total of three masses were removed, and scar endometriosis was verified by histology.

References:

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[8].   Bai, L., Li, X., He, L., Zheng, Y., Lu, H., Li, J., Zhong, L., Tong, R., Jiang, Z., Shi, J., & Li, J., 2019, Antidiabetic Potential of Flavonoids from Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Review. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 47(05): 933–957. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415x19500496(2019)

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Abstract:

This study aimed to evaluate the level of awareness and practice of biannual recommended dental clinic visits among the Gweta village population in Botswana.  This was a cross-sectional study. A multivariate analysis was performed utilising binary logistic regression to assess the association between the independent variables under consideration and both awareness and practice of the recommended biannual dental clinic visits (BDCV). Of the 386 participants, one-third (n = 66, 29.7) were aware of the recommended BDCV, and approximately two-thirds (n = 131, 59.0%) reported attending a dental clinic twice a year. Among those who reported being aware of the recommended BDCV, only 25 (11.3%) implemented the recommendation. More than half (n = 227, 58.8%) of individuals reported good toothbrushing oral hygiene practice, and 288 (74.6%) indicated appropriate toothbrushing oral hygiene frequency (two times per day). One hundred and seventy-seven participants (45.9%) reported good dental hygiene practices. Approximately three in ten (n = 137, 35.5%) individuals reported smoking, whereas six in ten (n = 241, 62.4%) reported using alcohol. There was a significant difference in the percentage of people who identified the importance of oral health for quality of life (94.1% vs. 5.1%, p = 0.009). Individuals who recognised the impact of oral health on quality of life were found to have a threefold higher likelihood of being aware of and adhering to the recommended biannual dental clinic visits (OR = 3.086, 95% CI 1.179–8.077). We propose a health system research project to implement evidence-based health promotion and education programs to improve oral health services and lifestyles.

References:

[1].   World Health Organisation, 2022, Global Oral Health Status Report: Towards Universal Health Coverage for Oral Health by 2030.

[2].   Dosumu, T. O., Betiku, A., Ademuyiwa, G., Olabisi, O., Adebisi, T., & Oyekale, R., 2022, Oral Hygiene Practices and Factors Influencing the Choice of Oral Hygiene Materials Among Undergraduates in Selected Universities in Osun State, Nigeria, Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research, 16(4), 137–142.

[3].   Umanah, A., Braimoh, O., 2017, Oral Hygiene Practices and Factors Influencing the Choice of Oral Hygiene Materials Among Undergraduate Students at the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, Journal of Dental and Allied Sciences, 6, 3.

[4].   Anthonappa, R., King, N., 2008, Six-Month Recall Dental Appointments, for all Children, are (un)Justifiable, Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 33(1), 1–8.

[5].   Amarasena, N., Luzzi, L., Brennan, D., 2023, Effect of Different Frequencies of Dental Visits on Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease: A Scoping Review, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(19), 6858.

[6].   Fee, P. A., Riley, P., Worthington, H. V., Clarkson, J. E., Boyers, D., & Beirne, P. V., 2020, Recall Intervals for Oral Health in Primary Care Patients, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2020 (10).

[7].   Glick, M., da Silva, O. M., Seeberger, G. K., Xu, T., Pucca, G., Williams, D. M., Séverin, T., 2012, FDI Vision 2020: Shaping the Future of Oral Health, International dental journal, 62(6), 278.

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[9].   Schneider, C., Zemp, E., & Zitzmann, N. U., 2019, Dental Care Behaviour in Switzerland. Swiss Dent J, 129(6), 466–478.

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Abstract:

One of the most prevalent burn sequelae is postburn contracture (PBC). Contractures involving the neck lead to severe deformities as well as functional debilitation like loss of neck movements and lip seals. Moreover, cosmetic disfigurement has social implications which affect the daily life of the patient. It is a surgical challenge to release the contracture and reconstruct the area by giving a good cosmetic outcome as well as restoring the functions.

References:

[1].   Burd, A., 2010, Burns: Treatment and Outcomes, Semin Plast Surg, Aug 24(3), 262-80.

[2].   Goel, A., 2010, Post-Burn Scars and Scar Contractures, Indian J Plast Surg, Sep 43(Suppl), S63-71.

[3].   Bordoni, B., 2013, Skin, Fascias, and Scars: Symptoms and Systemic Connections, J Multidiscip Healthc, Dec 28, 7, 11-24.

[4].   Valente, S. M., 2004, Visual Disfigurement and Depression, Plast Surg Nurs, Oct-Dec 24(4), 140-6, Quiz 147-8.

[5].   Al-Himdani, S., 2017, Tissue-Engineered Solutions in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Principles and Practice, Front Surg, Feb 23, 4:4.

[6].   Otene, C. I., 2011, Donor Site Morbidity Following Harvest of Split-Thickness Skin Grafts in South Eastern Nigeria, J West Afr Coll Surg, Apr-Jun, 1(2), 86-96.

[7].   Prohaska, J., 2024, Skin Grafting, Stat Pearls [Internet], Treasure Island [FL], Stat Pearls Publishing.

[8].   Ali, H., 2019, Post-Burn Neck Contracture: Effectively Managed with Supraclavicular Artery Flap, Ann Burns Fire Disasters. Dec 31;32(4), 301-307.

[9].   Fanstone, R., 2024, Risk Factors for Burn Contractures in a Lower Income Country: Four Illustrative Cases, Scars Burn Heal, Mar 12, 10:20595131241236190.

[10].  Finnerty, C. C., 2016, Hypertrophic Scarring: The Greatest Unmet Challenge After Burn Injury, Lancet, Oct 1, 388(10052), 1427-1436.

[11].  Hayashida, K., 2017, Surgical Treatment Algorithms for Post-Burn Contractures, Burns Trauma, Mar 14, 5:9.

[12].  Ogawa, R., 2019, Diagnosis and Treatment of Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars-Japan Scar Workshop Consensus Document 2018, Burns Trauma, Dec 27, 7:39.

[13].  Abrams, R., 2024, Shoulder Dislocations Overview, Stat Pearls [Internet], Treasure Island (FL), StatPearls Publishing.

[14].  Kazemian, G. H., 2016, External Fixation vs. Skeletal Traction for Treatment of Intertrochanteric Fractures in the Elderly, Trauma Mon, Feb 6, 21(1), e15477.

[15].  Akhtar, M. S., 2014, Versatility of Pedicled Tensor Fascia Lata Flap: A Useful and Reliable Technique for Reconstruction of Different Anatomical Districts, Plast Surg Int, 2014, 846082.

[16].  Wagh, M. S., 2013, Tissue Expansion: Concepts, Techniques and Unfavourable Results, Indian J Plast Surg, May 46(2), 333-48.

[17].  Alghamdi, H., 2009, Surgical Management of Gingival Recession: A Clinical Update, J Saudi Dent, Jul, 21(2), 83-94.

[18].  Veltman, E. S., 2015, Static Progressive Versus Dynamic Splinting for Posttraumatic Elbow Stiffness: A Systematic Review of 232 Patients, Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, May, 135(5), 613-7.

Abstract:

Lack of adequate sleep and irregular sleep patterns stand as independent factors contributing to chronic inflammation. Sleep deprivation also correlates with the onset of various neurodegenerative diseases, marked by brain protein accumulation leading to memory loss and cognitive decline. This study aims to investigate the connection between sleep deprivation and the pro-inflammatory markers aiming to enhance our comprehension of this relationship and potentially identify future intervention possibilities. The study was conducted with 50 individuals as participants of which 25 were sleep-deprived and 25 had adequate amounts of sleep. The sleep duration details of the individuals were obtained by questionnaire. Blood was withdrawn from all the subjects after due consent from them. Plasma levels of S-100, acetylcholinesterase (AchE), C-reactive protein (CRP) and Complement 3 (C3) were assessed using the ELISA method in the fasted state. The results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between acute sleep deprivation and increased levels of S-100, AchE, CRP and C3 levels in the sleep-deprived individuals when compared to individuals who had adequate sleep. Our exploratory study results suggest that sleep deprivation is associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory markers in the body. These changes reinforce the notion that sleep deprivation may have detrimental effects on brain health, even in younger individuals. It's essential to study larger groups to distinguish between the impacts of sleep loss and circadian rhythms, understand implications for persistent conditions like those in shift workers, and explore how these effects might interact with other lifestyle choices and genetic factors.

References:

[1]. Bentivoglio, M., and Grassi-Zucconi, G., 1997, The Pioneering Experimental Studies on Sleep Deprivation. Sleep, 20(7), pp.570-576.

[2]. Jenkins, J. G., and Dallenbach, K. M., 1924, Obliviscence During Sleep and Waking. The American Journal of Psychology, 35(4), pp.605-612.

[3]. Cedernaes, J., Osorio, R. S., Varga, A. W., Kam, K., Schiöth, H. B., and Benedict, C., 2017, Candidate Mechanisms Underlying the Association Between Sleep-Wake Disruptions and Alzheimer's Disease. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 31, pp.102-111.

[4]. Becker, S. P., Sidol, C. A., Van Dyk, T. R., Epstein, J. N., and Beebe, D. W., 2017, Intraindividual Variability of Sleep/Wake Patterns about Child and Adolescent Functioning: A Systematic Review. Sleep Medicine Reviews,34, pp.94-121.

[5]. Burman, D., Ramanujam, K., Manzar, D., Chattu, V.K., Spence, D.W., Zaki, N.F., Jahrami, H. and Pandi-Perumal, S.R., 2023. Sleep and autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review of diagnosis, markers, interventions, and treatments. Sleep and Vigilance, 7(1), pp.9-22.

[6]. Dzierzewski, J. M., Donovan, E. K., Kay, D. B., Sannes, T. S., and Bradbrook, K. E., 2020, Sleep Inconsistency and Markers of Inflammation. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, p.1042.

[7]. Frey, D. J., Fleshner, M., and Wright Jr, K. P., 2007, The Effects of 40 Hours of Total Sleep Deprivation on Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Young Adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 21(8), pp.1050-1057.

[8]. Wright Jr, K. P., Drake, A. L., Frey, D. J., Fleshner, M., Desouza, C. A., Gronfier, C., and Czeisler, C. A., 2015, Influence of Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Misalignment on Cortisol, Inflammatory Markers, and Cytokine Balance. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 47, pp.24-34.

[9]. Mander, B. A., Winer, J. R., Jagust, W. J., and Walker, M. P., 2016, Sleep: A Novel Mechanistic Pathway, Biomarker, and Treatment Target in the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease?. Trends in Neurosciences, 39(8), pp.552-566.

[10]. Bubu, O. M., Brannick, M., Mortimer, J., Umasabor-Bubu, O., Sebastião, Y. V., Wen, Y., Schwartz, S., Borenstein, A. R., Wu, Y., Morgan, D., and Anderson, W. M., 2017, Sleep, Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sleep, 40(1), p. zsw032.

[11]. Pandi-Perumal, S.R., Cardinali, D.P., Zaki, N.F., Karthikeyan, R., Spence, D.W., Reiter, R.J. and Brown, G.M., 2022. Timing is everything: Circadian rhythms and their role in the control of sleep. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 66, p.100978.

[12]. Irwin, M. R. and Vitiello, M. V., 2019, Implications of Sleep Disturbance and Inflammation for Alzheimer's Disease Dementia. The Lancet Neurology, 18(3), pp.296-306.

[13]. Patel, S. R., Zhu, X., Storfer-Isser, A., Mehra, R., Jenny, N. S., Tracy, R., and Redline, S., 2009, Sleep Duration and Biomarkers of Inflammation. Sleep, 32(2), pp.200-204.

[14]. Mullington, J. M., Simpson, N. S., Meier-Ewert, H. K., and Haack, M., 2010, Sleep Loss and Inflammation. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 24(5), pp.775-784.

[15]. Haack, M., Sanchez, E., and Mullington, J. M., 2007, Elevated Inflammatory Markers in Response to Prolonged Sleep Restriction are Associated with Increased Pain Experience in Healthy Volunteers. Sleep, 30(9), pp.1145-1152.

[16]. Meier-Ewert, H. K., Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Regan, M. M., Price, N. J., Dinges, D. F., and Mullington, J. M., 2004, Effect of Sleep Loss on C-Reactive Protein, an Inflammatory Marker of Cardiovascular Risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 43(4), pp.678-683.

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Abstract:

Human saliva is a complex mixture of various organic and inorganic compounds and host-derived molecules. Performs numerous functions. This comprehensive review will discuss the roles played by saliva in defence against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid in COVID-19 screening will be discussed along with a brief note on SARS-CoV-2 transmission through saliva. Saliva and SARS Cov 2: The antimicrobial and antiviral properties of saliva are conferred by the salivary peptides such as defensins, cathelicidins, and LL 37. Antiviral activity against the herpes virus, hepatitis C virus, ebola virus and to an extent HIV has been documented. Since the COVID-19 pandemic has now occurred as a new global threat, it is being investigated if saliva has certain properties that could defend against this infection. Studies have found the regular presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the aetiological agent of the COVID-19 disease in saliva, hence saliva could be used as a diagnostic tool. Some interesting findings have highlighted the presence of the virus in salivary samples but documented its absence in throat swabs which is intriguing. Despite having multifaceted roles, the drawback of saliva also lies in its contribution to the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Studies have shown that viable viruses can be transmitted through saliva from person to person through coughing and sneezing. Hence saliva could be regarded as a double-edged sword in the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Abstract:

This research focuses on problem related to medical visit in the Mfoundi Division. It is aimed at measuring the extent and effect of the medical visit in medical and pharmaceutical practice in Yaoundé. A mixed, quantitative and qualitative study with descriptive and analytical goals was conducted. It involved a survey carried out over a period of five (5) months from August 1st, 2023 to January 31, 2024 in health facilities of the seven Yaoundé sub-divisions. Data was collected using a questionnaire (either online or physically) self-administered to 464 medical doctors (students, general practitioners, residents or specialists) met in consultation services and an interview guide administered to 12 community and hospital pharmacists. The data obtained was subject to manual and computer processing using SPSS 21, STATA 16 and Excell software. Results revealed that 36.2% of respondents received medical sales representatives (MSR) every day, 62.5% granted an interview to 5 or 10 MSR per week and almost all laid emphasis on the information of their products, on new products and the advantages of the product compared to competing products. The vast majority of respondents believed that relations with MSR were good, and 96.3% found that the medical visit was favorable to their activity. 92.3% of participants admitted to have changed their prescribing habits after the visit of a medical representative and 82.4% of their colleagues saw their prescriptions changed after an interview with a MSR.

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Abstract:

Verruca vulgaris or common warts are benign epidermal growths caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) often found on hands and legs. These lesions are self-limiting varying in number and size and can undergo malignant transformation into SCC. Basal cell carcinoma, the most common type of skin malignancy originates from the basal layer of skin typically in sunlight-exposed areas. And is diagnosed by doing an Edge wedge biopsy and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests. Here we present a case report of Basal Cell Carcinoma within a lesion of Verruca vulgaris over the dorsal aspect of the forearm which is an extremely rare presentation.

References:

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[20].  Zhu, P., Qi, R.-Q., Yang, Y., Huo, W., Zhang, Y., He, L., Wang, G., Xu, J., Zhang, F., Yang, R., Tu, P., Ma, L., Liu, Q., Li, Y., Gu, H., & Cheng, B., 2022, Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cutaneous Warts. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 15(3), 12494. https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12494

Abstract:

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent and challenging type of cancer worldwide. Recent research has focused intensively on understanding the molecular and pathological mechanisms of CRC because of the poor prognosis associated with its treatment. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial in tumor progression and has been the subject of extensive investigation. Metabolic reprogramming has become a central focus in cancer research, with numerous studies emphasizing its importance in CRC. Specifically, the reprogramming of fatty acids has been found to alter the energy and nutrient composition within the tumor microenvironment, affecting the complex interaction between immune cells, especially macrophages and T cells, and associated immune factors. This disruption can influence the tumor's ability to evade immune surveillance. Our in-depth analysis highlights the role of lipid metabolism processes in shaping the immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer tumors, revealing the regulatory impact of fatty acid metabolism on CRC development. The potential impact of this research on improving CRC treatment is significant, underscoring the importance of contribution to this field.

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Abstract:

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted global public health, with effective vaccine distribution being crucial to mitigating virus spread and reducing healthcare burdens. This study investigates determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake among adults in Kogi State, Nigeria, using the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A cross-sectional survey of 484 participants selected through multistage sampling involved a structured questionnaire covering demographic information and HBM and TPB constructs. Results show that the age category (35-44) and senatorial zone (Kogi East) significantly predict vaccine uptake, with individuals aged 35-44 years being 2.5 times more likely to get vaccinated (OR = 2.5, p < 0.05). Perceived behavioral control significantly influences vaccine uptake (Β = -0.112, p = 0.018), while perceived subjective norm (β = 0.038, p = 0.41) and behavioral intention (Β = 0.039, p = 0.423) have minimal impact. The HBM constructs, including perceived severity (Β = 0.062, p = 0.027), susceptibility (Β = 0.08, p < 0.001), barriers, and cues to action, provided a significant fit. However, the combined TPB model did not significantly explain the variability in vaccine uptake (F-_statistic = 2.025, p = 0.109). The study underscores the necessity for targeted public health interventions and longitudinal research to enhance vaccine uptake and provides insights for effective public health strategies and educational campaigns in Kogi State and similar contexts.

References:

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Abstract:

Otomycosis is one of the most prevalent fungal diseases of the external auditory canal in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Numerous environmental and host factors can put a person at risk for otomycosis. This cross-sectional study was undertaken over a one-year period at a tertiary care hospital, in South India after approval from Institutional Human Ethics Committee (IHEC), as there is limited data available on the clinical-mycological profile and its association with various risk factors in our region in the recent past. 90 ear swabs from clinically diagnosed otomycosis patients were sent to the laboratory for mycological examination from the Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) out-patient Department. Their clinical data was evaluated using a self-administered questionnaire. Mycological examination yielded 63 fungal isolates with Aspergillus niger as the predominant organism followed by other fungi; common risk factors identified were diabetes mellitus (92%), CSOM patients on steroid drops (91.6%), swimming (80%), CSOM patients on antibiotic drops (75%) with a significant association of p<0.05 between the above-mentioned risk factors and otomycosis. The current study highlights that proper identification of the causative agents is mandatory to prevent complications and recurrences, even when the patients' otoscopic findings and clinical presentations strongly suggest a fungal infection. Comparable with other superficial fungal infections, otomycosis does not represent a threat to life. However, prompt microbiological identification are essential for timely and effective therapy to avert major issues from otomycosis.

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Abstract:

Despite the significant advances in modern medicine over the last few decades, plants continue to play an important role in health care. Antioxidant capabilities have been studied in a large range of medicinal plants. Natural antioxidants, whether in the form of raw extracts or chemical components, are extremely efficient in preventing oxidative stress-related damage. The objective of the study is to evaluate the synergistic antioxidant property of P.guajava and raw honey with Butylated hydroxytoluene as a standard comparison agent. The plant extract (P.guajava) was prepared by the cold infusion method. 1ml (1mg/ ml) of Guava leaf extract (GLE) was added to 1ml of honey and mixed well. 1ml of this sample mixture was taken and diluted with sterile distilled water to attain different concentrations of the sample such as 500 µg/ml,400 µg/ml, 300 µg/ml, 200 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml. The percentage of antioxidant activity (AA %) of each substance was assessed by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. This assay was performed with different concentrations of P.guajava and raw honey combination. The test sample showed [42.8%] antioxidant activity at 500 µg/ml concentration whereas the standard agent showed 99.8% activity at 500 µg/ml. So, the standard extract yielded the greatest percentage, while the combination extract [Guava leaf and raw honey] yielded the lowest. From this study, it is evident that the antioxidant property of the test agent (P.guajava and raw honey) is comparatively less significant than the standard. Overall, the combination of guava leaves and raw honey proved effective in developing antioxidant capabilities. These parameters might be adjusted either directly as a solution to create rapid reactive oxygen species mitigation or indirectly to achieve a delayed, sustained antioxidant effect.

References:

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Abstract:

Oral cancer is a serious health concern requiring target-specific treatment strategies due to its high rates of morbidity and mortality. Early detection of cancer cells considerably improves prognosis and treatment outcomes. Recently, nanomaterials have opened a world of intriguing new possibilities for cancer diagnosis and therapy by providing creative ways to enhance patients' quality of life. Furthermore, modified nanoparticles use specially designed moieties to target cancer cells more precisely. Drug delivery methods could reduce side effects and significantly improve oral cancer treatment efficacy. In addition, polymer-based drug delivery methods are designed to release drugs gradually and in a controlled way. In addition, the combination therapy with a drug delivery system leads to a synergetic effect are also discussed.

References:

Abstract:

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a multi-factorial disease and no single causative factor has been primarily held responsible. Its pathogenesis is a multistep process involving initiation, promotion and tumor progression. The tumor micro-environment, particularly the collagen characteristics, and mesenchymal cells like myofibroblasts are increasingly implicated. The present study aims to determine the myofibroblast distribution and stromal characteristics in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Total of 46 specimens of different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma were selected from departmental archives and subjected to immunohistochemical evaluation of myofibroblasts using α-smooth muscle actin marker. Parallel sections were subjected to van gieson staining to determine the characteristics of the collagen of the tumor stroma. Statistical analysis was performed for comparison between the different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma. 80% of squamous cell carcinoma specimens were positive for α-smooth muscle actin.  Poorly differentiated carcinoma specimens consistently demonstrated higher concentration of α-SMA positive myofibroblasts and a dense stroma. There was a positive correlation between myofibroblasts and the stromal density. The interesting feature was the higher concentration of myofibroblasts in the stroma away from the tumor islands the results indicate that the effect of the myofibroblasts on the tumor stroma may play a role in the fundamental cellular processes essential for tumor progression. It is well known that TGF-β dependent accumulation of collagen type 1 in tumor microenvironment is related to increased tumor invasiveness. Therefore, myofibroblasts may play a role in tumor growth and invasion.

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Abstract:

Unicystic ameloblastoma a rare variant of ameloblastoma accounting for 6 % of ameloblastomas is characterized by slow growth and is less aggressive in comparison with ameloblastoma. It is commonly associated with an impacted third molar. However, under rare circumstances it may be associated with impacted mandibular canine.  We present a case of unicystic ameloblastoma in a 31-year-old female patient associated with an impacted mandibular canine. Following treatment, the patient’s sister underwent routine radiographic examination which revealed impacted tooth no 43, a finding exactly similar to her sister's case and a small radiolucency surrounding the crown of tooth no 43 which was surgically extracted to prevent further complications. Both the patients are currently under follow-up.  With the available clinical data, we hypothesize that the occurrence of jaw lesions associated with impacted teeth could be familial. The present cases highlight the importance of routine radiographic examination and follows up and to obtain family history and screen the family members of patients with impacted teeth to prevent potential complications.

References:

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[10].  Heikinheimo, K., Huhtala, J. M., Thiel, A., et al., 2019, The Mutational Profile of Unicystic Ameloblastoma. Journal of Dental Research, 98(1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034518798810

[11].  Mortazavi, H., Baharvand, M., 2016, Jaw Lesions Associated with Impacted Tooth: A Radiographic Diagnostic Guide. Imaging Sci Dent, 46(3),147–57.

[12].  Al Sineedi F., Aruveetil, Y. A., Kavarodi, A. M., Harbi, S. O., 2018, Bilocular Unicystic Ameloblastoma of The Mandible in a 9-Year-Old Child – A Diagnostic and Management Dilemma. Saudi Dental Journal, 30(3), 250–5.

[13].  Ackermann, G. L., Altini, M., Shearm M.,1988, The Unicystic Ameloblastoma: A Clinicopathological Study of 57 Cases. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, 17(9–10), 541–6.

[14].  Leider, A. S., Eversole, L.R., Barkin, M. E., 1985, Cystic Ameloblastoma. A Clinicopathologic Analysis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, 60(6), 624–30.

[15].  Lau, S. L., Samman, N., 2006, Recurrence Related to Treatment Modalities of Unicystic Ameloblastoma: A Systematic Review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 35(8), 681–90.

[16].  Li, T. J., Browne, R. M., & Matthews, J. B., 1995, Expression of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 in Unicystic Ameloblastoma. Histopathology, 26(3), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1995.tb01435.x

[17].  Li, Tie-Jun, Wu, Yun-Tang., Yu, Shi-Feng., Yu, Guang-Yan, 2000, Unicystic Ameloblastoma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 33 Chinese Patients. The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 24(10),1385-1392.

[18].  Li, T., Wu, Y., Yu, S., & Yu, G., 2002, Clinicopathological Features of Unicystic Ameloblastoma With Special Reference to its Recurrence. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi Zhonghua Kouqiang Yixue Zazhi. Chinese Journal of Stomatology, 37(3), 210–212.

[19].  Li, T. J., Kitano, M., Arimura, K., & Sugihara, K., 1998, Recurrence of Unicystic Ameloblastoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 122(4), 371–374.

[20].  Rezin Ahmed, Pradeep, D., Muthusekhar, M. R., Unicystic Ameloblastoma: Case Reports And Review Of Literature2021, Int J Dentistry Oral Sci., 8(7), 3412-3415. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000693

[21].  Vanishree Murugavel, Sunderesh Kamal Chander, & Sonti Sulochana, 2022, Unicystic Plexiform Ameloblastoma of mandible-A rare case entity: Case Report . International Journal of Orofacial Biology, 6(2), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.56501/intjorofacbiol.v6i2.615

[22].  Jitesh, S, Madhulazmi, M, 2021, Management of Unicystic Ameloblastoma – A Review,  International Journal of Scientific Development and Research (IJSDR), 6(3), 517- 520.

[23].  Gültekin, S. E., Aziz, R., Heydt, C., Sengüven, B., Zöller, J., Safi, A. F., 2018, The Landscape of Genetic Alterations in Ameloblastomas Relates to Clinical Features. Virchows Archiv, 472(5), 807–14.

[24].  Geoghegan, S., King, G., Henchliffe, J., Ramsden, S. C., Barry, R. J., Green, A. J., et al.,2018, A Sibling Pair with Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome (CFC) Secondary to Braf Mutation with Unaffected Parents—The First Cases of Gonadal Mosaicism in CFC? Am J Med Genet, 176(7), 1637–40.

[25].  Łangowska-Adamczyk, H., Karmańska, B., 2001, Similar Locations of Impacted and Supernumerary Teeth in Monozygotic Twins: A Report of 2 Cases. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,119(1), 67–70.

Abstract:

Endometriosis refers to the existence of functional endometrial glands and tissue in locations beyond the uterus. This condition frequently leads to persistent pelvic discomfort, occasionally severe, and inflammation is recognized as a contributing factor in the development of endometriosis. Finding a non-invasive indicator for endometriosis would greatly assist in its early detection and treatment. Therefore, the present study was conducted to study the levels of inflammatory mediators - Complement 3 (C3) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in endometriosis condition. The study was conducted in 40 women who have been laparoscopically diagnosed with endometriosis, and the levels of C3 and serum CRP were estimated in the plasma by ELISA analysis. The results demonstrated significant rise in the levels of serum CRP and C3 in endometriotic women as compared to the levels in non-endometriotic women. Due to the altered regulation of the complement system and the effects of pelvic adhesions and deep infiltrating endometriosis, there is a significant rise in the levels of complement 3 and serum CRP respectively. While immune infiltration and constant inflammatory milieu foster the disease, the biggest pathological consequences arise from aberrant complement activation. Hence, with the aid of pre-clinical and clinical trials, a detailed strategy can be formulated to suppress complement activation and alleviate the devastating effects of endometriosis.

References:

[1]. Giudice, L.C., 2004. kao LC. Endometriosis. Lancet, 364(9447), pp.1789-99.

[2]. Thubert, T., Santulli, P., Marcellin, L., Menard, S., M'Baye, M., Streuli, I., Borghese, B., de Ziegler, D. and Chapron, C., 2014. Measurement of hs-CRP is irrelevant to diagnose and stage endometriosis: prospective study of 834 patients. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 210(6), pp.533-e1.

[3]. Abrão, M.S., Podgaec, S., Filho, B.M., Ramos, L.O., Pinotti, J.A. and de Oliveira, R.M., 1997. The use of biochemical markers in the diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis. Human Reproduction, 12(11), pp.2523-2527.

[4]. Wu, M.H., Hsiao, K.Y. and Tsai, S.J., 2015. Endometriosis and possible inflammation markers. Gynecology and minimally invasive therapy, 4(3), pp.61-67.

[5]. Mu, F., Harris, H.R., Rich-Edwards, J.W., Hankinson, S.E., Rimm, E.B., Spiegelman, D. and Missmer, S.A., 2018. A prospective study of inflammatory markers and risk of endometriosis. American journal of epidemiology, 187(3), pp.515-522.

[6]. Kokot, I., Piwowar, A., Jędryka, M., Sołkiewicz, K. and Kratz, E.M., 2021. Diagnostic significance of selected serum inflammatory markers in women with advanced endometriosis. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(5), p.2295.

[7]. Pepys, M.B. and Hirschfield, G.M., 2003. C-reactive protein: a critical update. The Journal of clinical investigation, 111(12), pp.1805-1812.

[8]. Abrão, M.S., Podgaec, S., Filho, B.M., Ramos, L.O., Pinotti, J.A. and de Oliveira, R.M., 1997. The use of biochemical markers in the diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis. Human Reproduction, 12(11), pp.2523-2527.

[9]. Matarese, G., Alviggi, C., Sanna, V., Howard, J.K., Lord, G.M., Carravetta, C., Fontana, S., Lechler, R.I., Bloom, S.R. and De Placido, G., 2000. Increased leptin levels in serum and peritoneal fluid of patients with pelvic endometriosis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85(7), pp.2483-2487.

[10]. Xavier, P., Belo, L., Beires, J., Rebelo, I., Martinez-de-Oliveira, J., Lunet, N. and Barros, H., 2006. Serum levels of VEGF and TNF-α and their association with C-reactive protein in patients with endometriosis. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 273, pp.227-231.

[11]. Kianpour, M., Nematbakhsh, M. and Ahmadi, S.M., 2012. C-reactive protein of serum and peritoneal fluid in endometriosis. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research, 17(2 Suppl1), pp.S115-S119.

[12]. Bahari, H., Zeraattalab-Motlagh, S., Sajadi Hezaveh, Z., Namkhah, Z., Golafrouz, H., Taheri, S. and Sahebkar, A., 2024. The Effects of Sumac Consumption on Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Factors: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 30(27), pp.2142-2151.

[13]. Rekker, K., Saare, M., Eriste, E., Tasa, T., Kukuškina, V., Roost, A.M., Anderson, K., Samuel, K., Karro, H., Salumets, A. and Peters, M., 2017. High-throughput mRNA sequencing of stromal cells from endometriomas and endometrium. Reproduction, 154(1), pp.93-100.

[14]. Suryawanshi, S., Huang, X., Elishaev, E., Budiu, R.A., Zhang, L., Kim, S., Donnellan, N., Mantia-Smaldone, G., Ma, T., Tseng, G. and Lee, T., 2014. Complement pathway is frequently altered in endometriosis and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 20(23), pp.6163-6174.

[15]. Ahn, S.H., Khalaj, K., Young, S.L., Lessey, B.A., Koti, M. and Tayade, C., 2016. Immune-inflammation gene signatures in endometriosis patients. Fertility and sterility, 106(6), pp.1420-1431.

[16]. Babah, O.A., Ojewunmi, O.O., Onwuamah, C.K., Udenze, I.C., Osuntoki, A.A. and Afolabi, B.B., 2023. Serum concentrations of IL-16 and its genetic polymorphism rs4778889 affect the susceptibility and severity of endometriosis in Nigerian women. BMC Women's Health, 23(1), p.253.

[17]. Bakhashab, S., Banafea, G.H., Ahmed, F., Alsolami, R., Schulten, H.J., Gauthaman, K., Naseer, M.I. and Pushparaj, P.N., 2024. Acute and prolonged effects of interleukin-33 on cytokines in human cord blood-derived mast cells. Immunology Letters, 269, p.106908. 

[18]. Tehrani, S.D., Hosseini, A., Shahzamani, M., Heidari, Z., Askari, G., Majeed, M., Sahebkar, A. and Bagherniya, M., 2024. Evaluation of the effectiveness of curcumin and piperine co-supplementation on inflammatory factors, cardiac biomarkers, atrial fibrillation, and clinical outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 62, pp.57-65.

[19]. Vodolazkaia, A., Bossuyt, X., Fassbender, A., Kyama, C.M., Meuleman, C., Peeraer, K., Tomassetti, C. and D'Hooghe, T.M., 2011. A high sensitivity assay is more accurate than a classical assay for the measurement of plasma CRP levels in endometriosis. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 9, pp.1-9.

[20]. Ruiz, L.A., Dutil, J., Ruiz, A., Fourquet, J., Abac, S., Laboy, J. and Flores, I., 2011. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the lysyl oxidase-like protein 4 and complement component 3 genes are associated with increased risk for endometriosis and endometriosis-associated infertility. Fertility and sterility, 96(2), pp.512-515.

Abstract:

Premenstrual syndrome refers to distressing physical, psychological, and behavioural symptoms that are not caused by organic disease it regularly occurs before the menstrual cycle and subsides after the onset of menses. In developing countries like India, the stigma surrounding menstruation is a big barrier to seeking help for physical and mental discomfort. As healthcare workers live a more hectic life more knowledge and awareness to be given. Hence, this study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among healthcare workers. A survey was taken with a questionnaire among 390 healthcare workers 18-35 years of age containing signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. Data collected were analysed through tables using proportions and percentages. In this current study, PMS was present among 52.3% of the healthcare workers while 47.7% had no PMS. The mean age of menarche among healthcare workers with PMS was 13. ±3years. The association between physical activity, BMI, Sleep habits, diet, and PMS was found to be highly significant. This study shows the prevalence of PMS among women in healthcare setups. Therefore measures to be taken to reduce the incidence, to conduct awareness programs, improving knowledge about PMS thereby improving quality of life.

References:

[1]. Shruti, V., Archana Nimbalkar, Ajay, G., Phatak, Somashekhar, M., Nimbalkar, 2019, Premenstural Syndrome in Anand District, Gujarat: A Cross-Sectional Survey, Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(2):640, IP:85.218.198.23, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331381816_Premenstrual_syndrome_in_Anand_District_Gujarat_A_cross-sectional_surve

[2]. Bhuvaneswari, K., Rabindran, P., Bharadwaj, B., 2019, Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome and its Impact on Quality of Life Among Selected College Students in Puducherry. The National Medical Journal of India, 32:17-19, https://nmji.in/prevalence-of-premenstrual-syndrome-and-its-impact-on-quality-of-life-among-selected-college-students-in-puducherry/

[3]. Priyanka Malhotra, Suresh Kumar Sharma, Ravinder Kaur, Urvashi, Vanshika, Rakhi Gaur and Shiv Mudgal, 2020, Premenstrual Syndrome and Health Related Quality of Life Among Young Adult Females at Northern India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Psychiatry Journal, Vol.6 No.1:65 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344768200_Pre_menstrual_syndrome_and_health_related_quality_of_life_among_young_adult_females_at_Northern_India_A_cross-sectional_study 

[4]. Madhu Gupta, Devakshi Dua, Harsheen Kaur, and Sandeep Grover, 2019, Prevalence of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Among School-Going Adolescent Girls. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, Jul 1;28(2):198-202. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33223711/

[5]. Sonal Kulshrestha, Anisa, M., Durrani, 2019., Prevalence of Menstrual Disorders and their Association with Physical Activety in Adolescent Girls of Aligarh City. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, Vol.9; Issue:8; 384-93. https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR_Vol.9_Issue.8_Aug2019/53.pdf

[6]. Iman Mohmad Wah by Salem Mashael Yahya Alsamti, Manal Abdulaziz Murad, 2020, Predictors of Premenstrual Syndrome Among Female Students at Governmental Secondary Schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, Vol.78(2):337-47. https://ejhm.journals.ekb.eg/article_76614_b50693256fe1bf6cdb1ad8cf3da9752a.pdf

[7]. Indira Shresthaa, Rita Giri, 2021, Knowledge and Prevalence Regarding Premenstrual Syndrome Among Adolescents in Morang District, Nepal. Current Women's Health Reviews. vol 1;16(3):214-9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340833022_Knowledge_and_Prevalence_Regarding_Premenstrual_Syndrome_among_Adolescents_in_Morang_District_Nepal

[8]. Riya, S., Shah and Donald, S., Christian, 2020, Association of Socio-Demographic, Dietary and Lifestyle Factors with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Among Undergraduate Medical Students of A Tertiary Care Institute in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Vol 1;9(11):5719-24. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842494/

[9]. Abhijit Dutta, Avinash Sharma, 2021, Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphonic Disorder in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Health Promotion Perspectives. Vol 11(2):161. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8233671/

[10]. Riddhi Sahu , Suresh Lal Barnwal, Santosh Vishvakarma, 2022, Prevalence and Severity Of Premenstrual Syndrome Among Young Females in Chhattisgarh, India. Asian Pacific Journal of Health Sciences, Vol 9(1):120-5, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358200051_Prevalence_and_Severity_of_Premenstrual_Syndrome_among_Young_Females_in_Chhattisgarh_India

[11]. Siham Lghoul, Mohamed Loukid, Abdelhafid Benksim and Mohamed Kamal Hilali, 2022, Factors Associated with Premenstrual Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study of Female Adolescents (Morocco), European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, Vol4(6):1-5, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365282050_Factors_Associated_with_Premenstrual_Syndrome_A_Cross-Sectional_Study_of_Female_Adolescents_Morocco

[12]. Himalini Nandakumar, MaheshKumar Kuppusamy, Lavanya Sekhar, Padmavathi Ramaswamy, 2023, Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome Among Students–Stress a Potential Risk Factor. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, Vol23:101368, https://www.sciencedirect.com/unsupported_browser

[13]. Farzaneh Babapour, Forouzan Elyasi, Zohreh Shahhosseini, Monirolsadate Hosseini Tabaghdehi, 2023, The Prevalence of Moderate–Severe Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and the Related Factors in High School Students, A Cross‐Sectionalstudy, Neuropsychopharmacol Reports, Vol 43(2):249-54, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37154790/

[14]. Michelle Proctor, CynthiaFarquhar, 2006, Premenstrual Syndrome. BMJ Clinical Evidence, Vol 332(7550): 1134–1138, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459624/

[15]. Kimberly Ann Yonkers, Shaughn O’Brien ,P M., Elias Eriksson, 2008, Premenstrual syndrome. The Lancet, Vol 371(9619), 1200-1210. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118460/

[16]. Abhijit Dutta , Avinash Sharma , 2021, Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome And Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Health Promot Perspect, 11(2):161-170, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34195039/

[17]. Mohan, M. P, Mohan, P., 2017, Prevalence and Severity of Premenstrual Syndrome in Medical Students of a Tertiary Care Hospital in India, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, Vol11(7),OC25-OC28. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2017/25768.10246.

[18]. Shana Parveen Janu, M., Kanthi, Renjitha Bhaskaran, 2024, Premenstrual Syndrome, Coping Mechanisms and Associated Factors Among Female Students of a Health Sciences Campus in South India, International Journal of Reproduction, Vol. 13 No. 7, https://www.ijrcog.org/index.php/ijrcog/article/view/14188

[19]. Bhuvaneswari, K., Porkodi Rabindran, Balaji Bharadwaj, 2019, Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome and its Impact on Quality of Life Among Selected College Students in Puducherry, Natl Med J India, Vol 32:17-19, https://nmji.in/prevalence-of-premenstrual-syndrome-and-its-impact-on-quality-of-life-among-selected-college-students-in-puducherry/

[20]. Fatimah Alkhamis, Layla Abd Alaziz Almzraq, Zahraa Khaled Alshayeb, Zainab Yaseen AL-Jaziri, 2021, Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome Among Medical Students in King Faisal University in Alahssa-Saudi Arabia, Medical Science,Vol 25(114), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366596221_Prevalence_of_premenstrual_syndrome_among_medical_students_in_King_Faisal_University_in_Alahssa-Saudi_Arabia

Abstract:

Road traffic accidents are one of the world's major sources of death and injury, with low- and middle-income nations suffering the most from them, despite having 60% of the world's automobiles. Two-wheeler accidents lead to a high rate of fatalities and severe injuries, disproportionately affecting young, economically active individuals and resulting in a considerable loss of productive life years. The impact of this death toll on society's socioeconomic output is valuable. This study evaluated the causes and patterns of injuries associated with two-wheeler road traffic accidents in the Chengalpattu region. In a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chengalpattu district, 296 two-wheeler RTA victims participated in six-month cross-sectional research from January to June 2023. Interviews with accident victims were conducted using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire intended for injury patterns in road traffic accidents. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22. Among the participants in the study, 17.1% of the cases were linked to traffic accidents; the majority 51.7% occurred in the under-32 age group, and 80.7% of the cases involved males. Head and neck injuries accounted for 54.4% of all injuries, with upper extremities coming in second with 28.4%. During a collision, alcohol was consumed by 25.7% of the drivers who were involved. The majority of accidents, 37.8%, occur during the night hours from 6 p.m. to 12 midnight. The data reveals a concerning trend of head and limb injuries predominating, highlighting the vulnerability of motorcyclists and scooter riders to severe trauma, particularly to the head and extremities.

References:

[1]. Khalaf, M., Rosen, H., Mitra, S., Neki, K., Mbugua L, Hyder A, Paichadze N Estimating the Burden of Disability From Road Traffic Injuries in 5 Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study JMIR Res Protoc 2023;12:e40985 https://www.researchprotocols.org/2023/1/e40985 

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[3]. Transportation Safety | Transportation Safety | Injury Center | CDC. (2023, July 24). https://www.cdc.gov/transportationsafety/index.html

[4]. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways releases Annual Report on ‘Road Accidents in India-2022”. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2024, from https://www.pib.gov.in/www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1973295

[5]. SDG Target 3.6 | Road traffic injuries: By 2030, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2024, from https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/indicator-groups/indicator-groupdetails/GHO/SDG-target-3.6-road-traffic-injuries

[6]. Global status report on road safety 2018. (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2024, from https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241565684

[7]. Pathak, A., Dev, R., & Awasthi, P., 2020, Study of Injuries among Road Traffic Accidents Victim at LLR Hospital, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur U.P.

[8]. Kakkar, R., Aggarwal, P., Kakkar, M., Deshpande, K., & Gupta, D, 2014, Road traffic accident: a retrospective study. Indian Journal of Scientific Research.

[9]. Solanki, L., & Mittal, H., 2016, an epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases at a tertiary care hospital in Udaipur. International Journal of Current Research and review.

[10]. Adavikottu, A., & Velaga, N. R., 2023, Analysis of speed reductions and crash risk of aggressive drivers during emergent pre-crash scenarios at unsignalized intersections. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 187, 107088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2023.107088

[11]. Balogun, J. A., & Abereoje, O. K., 1992, Pattern of Road Traffic Accident Cases in a Nigerian university teaching hospital between 1987 and 1990. The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95(1), 23–29.

[12]. Qirjako, G., Burazeri, G., Hysa, B., & Roshi, E., 2008, Factors associated with fatal traffic accidents in Tirana, Albania: Cross-sectional study. Croatian Medical Journal, 49(6), 734–740. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2008.49.734

[13]. Gicquel, L., Ordonneau, P., Blot, E., Toillon, C., Ingrand, P., & Romo, L., 2017, Description of Various Factors Contributing to Traffic Accidents in Youth and Measures Proposed to Alleviate Recurrence. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00094

[14]. Ivascu, L., & Cioca, L.-I., 2019, Occupational Accidents Assessment by Field of Activity and Investigation Model for Prevention and Control. Safety, 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety5010012

[15]. Misra, P., Majumdar, A., Misra, M. C., Kant, S., Gupta, S. K., Gupta, A., & Kumar, S., 2017, Epidemiological study of patients of road traffic injuries attending the emergency department of a trauma center in New Delhi. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine: Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, 21(10), 678.

[16]. Neeluri, R., & Anga, V. S., 2018, A study on victims of road traffic accidents attending casualty in a tertiary care hospital, Khammam. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5(7), 3034. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20182644

[17]. Zhao, X., Zhang, X., & Rong, J., 2014, Study of the Effects of Alcohol on Drivers and Driving Performance on Straight Road. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2014, e607652. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/607652

[18]. Patan, S., Narapureddy, B. R., C., C., Hussain, R., & Basha, K., 2018, A study on injuries of road traffic accident victims attending a tertiary care hospital, Tirupathi. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 5, 2357. https://doi.org/10.18203/23946040.ijcmph20182158

[19]. Al-Thaifani, A. A., Al-Rabeei, N. A., & Dallak, A. M., 2016, Study of the Injured Persons and the Injury Pattern in Road Traffic Accident in Sana’a City, Yemen. Advances in Public Health, 2016, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4138163

[20]. Shrivastava, S. R., Pandian, P., & Shrivastava, P. S., 2014, Pre-hospital care among victims of road traffic accident in a rural area of Tamil Nadu: A cross-sectional descriptive study. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 5(Suppl 1), S33–S38. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.145198

[21]. Jha, N., Srinivasa, D., Roy, G., Jagdish, S., & Minocha, R., 2004, Epidemiological Study of Road Traffic Accident Cases: A Study from South India. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 29(1).

[22]. Trivedi, A., & Rawal, D., 2011, Prevalence of road traffic accidents and driving practices among young drivers. Healthline, Journal of Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine.

[23]. Morais Neto, O. L. de, Malta, D. C., Mascarenhas, M. D. M., Duarte, E. C., Silva, M. M. A. da, Oliveira, K. B. de, Lima, C. M., & Porto, D. L., 2010, [Risk factors for road traffic injury among adolescents in Brazil: National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE)]. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 15 Suppl 2, 3043–3052. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-81232010000800009

[24]. Gururaj, G., 2002, Epidemiology of traumatic brain injuries: Indian scenario. Neurological Research, 24(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1179/016164102101199503.

[25]. Ganveer, G. B., & Tiwari, R. R., 2005, Injury pattern among non-fatal road traffic accident cases: A cross-sectional study in Central India. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 59(1), 9–12.

[26]. Ranjan, Dr. R., kumar, Dr. D., & Lal, D., 2017, Pattern And Distribution of Injuries in Fatal Road Traffic Accident Cases. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 16, 71–74. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-1603027174.

[27]. Shah, A., & Jarwani, B., 2014, Research article Study of patients of road traffic accidents arriving in the emergency department (ED) of V.S. hospital at Ahmedabad city, single centre pilot study. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Research-article-Study-of-patients-of-road-traffic-Shah-Jarwani/011a9b6891c361d26638c48c998cf204516c1be1.

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Abstract:

Acute gouty arthritis (AGA) is marked by a swift inflammatory response triggered by the accumulation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals around the joints, often linked to hyperuricemia (HUA). Traditional approaches in AGA management usually prove inadequate, prompting a recent focus on the potential of herbal medicines (HMs) for AGA treatment. This review aims to outline the pharmacological mechanisms of HMs in treating AGA, exploring their active components, extracts, and prescriptions, and discussing relevant molecular targets extensively. Scientific publications on anti-AGA HMs were gathered from diverse journals and databases like PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. The review identified numerous therapeutic targets for AGA treated by HMs through in vitro and in vivo studies. HMs and their active ingredients were found to alleviate AGA symptoms by influencing various immune cell targets. The study revealed that HMs have multiple therapeutic targets that effectively address AGA symptoms through in vitro and in vivo studies. The review systematically categorized the anti-AGA properties of HMs, highlighting phenolic, flavonoid, terpenoid, and alkaloid compounds as key ingredients for AGA improvement. HMs and their active ingredients are shown to enhance efficacy by interacting with multiple targets, with NLRP3 being a primary therapeutic focus. Further research is needed to fully understand how HMs alleviate AGA due to the complex nature of HMs.

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Abstract:

Road traffic accidents are one of the world's major sources of death and injury, with low- and middle-income nations suffering the most from them, despite having 60% of the world's automobiles. Two-wheeler accidents lead to a high rate of fatalities and severe injuries, disproportionately affecting young, economically active individuals and resulting in a considerable loss of productive life years. The impact of this death toll on society's socioeconomic output is valuable. This study evaluated the causes and patterns of injuries associated with two-wheeler road traffic accidents in the Chengalpattu region. In a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chengalpattu district, 296 two-wheeler RTA victims participated in six-month cross-sectional research from January to June 2023. Interviews with accident victims were conducted using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire intended for injury patterns in road traffic accidents. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22. Among the participants in the study, 17.1% of the cases were linked to traffic accidents; the majority 51.7% occurred in the under-32 age group, and 80.7% of the cases involved males. Head and neck injuries accounted for 54.4% of all injuries, with upper extremities coming in second with 28.4%. During a collision, alcohol was consumed by 25.7% of the drivers who were involved. The majority of accidents, 37.8%, occur during the night hours from 6 p.m. to 12 midnight. The data reveals a concerning trend of head and limb injuries predominating, highlighting the vulnerability of motorcyclists and scooter riders to severe trauma, particularly to the head and extremities.

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Abstract:

This qualitative study seeks to understand the factors influencing the adoption and effectiveness of digital health services among Indian citizens. By collecting primary data through surveys distributed to public health staff across policy, district, and peripheral levels, the study explores how digital technology can be optimized to improve health outcomes in India. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including binary logistic regression and ANOVA, were employed to analyse the data, focusing on the digital health score and its associations with various independent variables. Data analysis was conducted using STATA and MS Excel. The results show varying levels of digital technology adoption for health services across different population groups. Mobile phone use for notifying disease outbreaks and tracking beneficiaries had the highest adoption rates. Bivariate analysis revealed significant regional differences in digital health scores, with central regions performing better than others. Regression analysis indicated that district and peripheral levels had higher odds of good digital health scores compared to the policy/program level. ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences between group means, with the Central region notably differing from the national average. The adoption of digital health technologies is influenced by regional variations, timing, and implementation levels. Mobile technologies are prevalent, particularly for outbreak notifications and beneficiary tracking, indicating their crucial role in healthcare. Regional differences and data collection timing significantly impact digital health scores, with district and peripheral levels performing better than policy levels. These findings highlight the need for targeted, region-specific strategies to ensure equitable and effective digital health technology adoption.

References:

Abstract:

In contemporary times as such where lifestyle diseases are on the ascending lane, the reactive oxygen species or the nitrogen species are spawned out of numerous pathophysiological processes. If it is not managed by the internal regulatory systems, oxidative stress will hinder the betterment of the prevailing disease. Hence it is mandatory to combat the free radical generation. Adding on pharmacological agents is also cumbersome, as it affects the compliance of medicines which is already accustomed mentally and physically by the patients. Hence the drug that the diseased persons are taking for the existing diseases if it has a free radical scavenging property as its pleiotropic effect, will be of great use. Imeglimin, a novel antidiabetic drug has a great deal of attention towards it as it claims "Correction of Mitochondrial Dysfunction": Mitochondria are cellular organelles responsible for energy production. Imeglimin aims to address mitochondrial dysfunction, which is often associated with conditions like type 2 diabetes, "Rebalancing Respiratory Chain Activity" The respiratory chain is part of the process of oxidative phosphorylation that occurs in the mitochondria, producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell. Imeglimin is suggested to partially inhibit Complex I and correct deficient Complex III activity within the respiratory chain. "Reduced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation": Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly reactive molecules that can cause cellular damage. Imeglimin is proposed to reduce the formation of ROS, thereby decreasing oxidative stress, "Prevention of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening": Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening is a process associated with cell death. Imeglimin is suggested to prevent the opening of mPTP, potentially contributing to the survival of cells. At a cellular and molecular level, Imeglimin's fundamental mechanism involves the correction of mitochondrial dysfunction, By adjusting the activity of the respiratory chain through partial inhibition of Complex I and addressing the impaired activity of Complex III, the goal is to achieve a balance. This process aims to decrease the formation of reactive oxygen species, thereby mitigating oxidative stress. Additionally, it seeks to prevent the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, a factor implicated in averting cell death. Objective: This study is done to compare Imeglimin with Standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. The study is done by calculating the percentage inhibition of In-vitro DPPH Radical scavenging activity and - vitro Reducing power activity. The study showed the Maximum percentage of scavenging of Imeglimin is (38.88±0.03%) and the Maximum activity of Standard ascorbic acid:92.83±0.46%. Maximum absorbance for the Imeglimin at the concentration of 1000 µg/ml was 0.963 while for the standard ascorbic acid, it is 0.96. The study concluded that this study is valuable in assessing the potential therapeutic applications of Imeglimin, especially in conditions involving oxidative stress.

References:

[1] Marques, A. R., Santos, L. C., & Rodrigues, M. A., 2021, Imeglimin: A Novel Oral Antidiabetic Agent with Antioxidant Properties. Journal of Diabetes Research, Article 8973742. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8973742

[2] Kobayashi, M., Inoue, K., & Nakamura, H., 2021, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Imeglimin in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12, 722948. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.722948

[3] Hoshino, T., Murata, N., & Kato, M., 2020, Evaluation of Imeglimin’s Effects on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 46(3), 1001-1010. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4637

[4] Aoki, M., Takahashi, Y., & Yamamoto, S., 2021, The Role of Imeglimin in Reducing Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Patients. Clinical Endocrinology, 95(4), 563-570. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14579

[5] Koleva, I. I., Van Beek, T. A., Linssen, J. P. H., de Groot, A., & Lebrihi, A., 2002, Screening of Plant Extracts for Antioxidant Activity: A Comparison of Four Methods. Food Chemistry, 78(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00340-4

[6] Ishikawa, T., Nakamura, K., & Nakashima, A., 2023, Novel Insights into the Antioxidant Mechanisms of Imeglimin. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Article 8432701. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8432701

[7] Matsuoka, H., & Ueno, T., 2022, Mechanistic Review of Imeglimin's Effects on Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Function. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 840263. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.840263

[8] Saito, Y., Kimura, M., & Nakano, M., 2022, Comparative Study of Imeglimin’s Antioxidant Effects with other Antidiabetic Agents. Diabetes Therapy, 13(1), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-021-01158-2

[9] Zhang, H., Li, Y., & Liu, X., 2022, Imeglimin and its Effects on Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 123(4), 720-729. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.29767

[10] Tanaka, Y., Ueno, T., & Suzuki, K., 2024, Antioxidant Properties of Imeglimin in Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Recent Studies. Metabolism, 135, 155147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155147

[11] Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., & Wang, J., 2023, Imeglimin Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Mice. Journal of Biomedical Science, 30(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-023-00834-7

[12] Fujimoto, K., Nakagawa, Y., & Oda, H., 2023, The Effects of Imeglimin on Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Diabetes-Induced Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 82(2), 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1097/FJC.0000000000001082

[13] Watanabe, M., & Mori, N., 2022, Imeglimin’s impact on Redox Homeostasis and its Potential Benefits in Diabetes Management. Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews, 38(7), e3528. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3528

[14] Yoshida, M., & Nakamura, T., 2021, Imeglimin Reduces Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Clinical and Mechanistic Insights. Clinical Diabetes and Endocrinology, 7, 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40842-021-00115-4

[15] Takahashi, Y., Saito, Y., & Matsuura, N. (2020). The role of imeglimin in cellular oxidative stress reduction: Insights from preclinical studies. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 375(2), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.120.000284

[16] Otsuki, M., & Kondo, S., 2021, Imeglimin and Its Effects on Oxidative Stress and Metabolic syndrome: A comprehensive Review. Journal of Endocrinology, 251(1), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-21-0263

[17] Kato, T., & Tanaka, Y., 2023, Imeglimin’s Effects on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Diabetic rats. Pharmacological Research, 181, 106292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106292

[18] Oda, H., & Saito, K. 2022, Imeglimin and its Influence on Oxidative Stress Markers in type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Journal of Diabetes Research, Article 6789605. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6789605

[19] Ueno, T., & Nakamura, S. 2023, Impact of Imeglimin On Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Function in Diabetic Nephropathy. Kidney International Reports, 8(4), 983-995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2022.12.003

[20] Suzuki, M., & Yoshida, S. 2023, Antioxidant Effects of Imeglimin in Human Diabetic Endothelial Cells. Diabetology International, 14(1), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-022-00695-2

[21] Inoue, K., & Fujimoto, K., 2022, The Role of Imeglimin in Reducing Oxidative Stress and Improving Glycemic Control: A Detailed Review. Clinical Therapeutics, 44(8), 1324-1337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.06.004

[22] Munteanu, I. G., & Apetrei, C., 2021, Analytical Methods Used in Determining Antioxidant Activity: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7), 3380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380

[23] Harwat, M., & Kumar, P., 2023, Limitations of DPPH Assay In Evaluating Antioxidant Capacity of Non-Classical Antioxidants Like Imeglimin. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 15(3), 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2023.127135

[24] Patel, A. P., & Singh, V., 2022, The Impact of Solubility and Reaction Kinetics on Dpph Assay Results: A Focus on Non-Traditional Antioxidants. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 18(9), 563-570. https://doi.org/10.1021/jmce.6b01589

Abstract:

The number of women referred to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at the Women and New-borne Hospital (WNBH) has significantly increased. This study aimed to investigate the influence of sanitation and hygiene practices on pregnancy outcomes among women with preterm babies referred to WNBH. Descriptive design and mixed methods were used in this study. The study utilized 384 referral post-natal mothers from Lusaka and other parts of the country. Hence, simple random sampling was the ideal sampling method to select respondents randomly as they were referred to WNBH with the leading complication of preterm birth. Poor sanitation and hygiene with related factors such as low level of education, teenage pregnancy, marital status, unsustainable income, poor environmental conditions, unhealthy lifestyles, inadequate nutrients, and a lack of maternal support system were found to be risk factors and contributors to preterm birth. The study recommended the government to create mobile antenatal clinics and establish home care visits by health workers to assist expectant mothers on issues of sanitation and hygiene practices, selection of nutritious foods, and upholding a healthy lifestyle within 1000 days from conception. Traditional and civic leaders to initiate participatory education to members of their communities to improve environmental hygiene and ensure that safe water is available to all the citizens. Policies such as free education by the government would help retain more girls in schools, peer support among pregnant women, besides family support to encourage better health outcomes.

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Abstract:

A stigmatizing environment poses service barriers. The enactment of HIV Anti-stigma Law 2014 in Nigeria was aimed at creating an environment without stigma. However, the effect of policy on stigma is unknown. This study was done to determine if policy contributed to HIV stigma decline. I conducted a cross-sectional Stigma Index study in 2021 in collaboration with Network of PLHIVs in 16 States and FCT. A stigma index questionnaire was administered to 1,235 PLHIVs. living with HIV. I also conducted secondary review of two previous Stigma Index surveys (2011 and 2014). Then utilised a one-sample Z-test to test the differences in PLHIV stigma in my study in 2021 (after laws) and in the secondary review in 2011 (before laws). The Z test revealed that stigma was significantly higher in 2011 before laws than in 2021 after laws. Similarly, the Z test showed stigma was significantly higher in 2011(without stigma law) than in 2014 (law developed). However, on testing the period 2014 and 2021 where laws were available in both years, the Z-test showed there was no difference in both years for some forms of stigma while for other forms, it was higher in 2014 than 2021. This confirms that after stigma policies in 2014, stigma dropped such that stigma in 2014 and 2021 wasn’t significant for some behaviours. Although laws have contributed to stigma reduction the UN's Zero Stigma target is yet unachieved. Zero stigma may not be reached if implementation of laws is not sustained as donor funding dwindles.

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Abstract:

Intra-operative awareness sometimes referred to as awareness while under general anaesthesia, is a rare but noteworthy phenomenon in which patients experience consciousness during surgery. It can result in several long-term emotional disturbances, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One method for identifying intra-operative awareness in patients after surgery is the Modified Brice questionnaire. The main objective of the study was to facilitate a comprehensive evaluation of the level and presence of awareness during operation. The Patients were randomly categorized into two groups of 20 each; group elective and group emergency, modified Brice questions were asked to the patients and it is noted numerically as scores 1-6. The results were analysed using paired “t”-test, Chi-square test and ANOVA. The p-value <0.001 was statistically significant. Out of 40 patients, 20 undergoing emergency surgery have awareness in contrast to the other 20 undergoing elective surgery. The mean awareness of emergency surgery was significantly higher when compared with elective surgery. Because of unforeseen procedures, the need to take patients straight to the operating room without knowing their height, weight, or if they have any medication allergies, and the lack of appropriate and comprehensive diagnostic testing, intraoperative awareness is higher in emergency surgery than in elective surgery.

References: