Abstract:

Although ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer in women, it is the eleventh most common cancer. Ovarian cancer accounts for about 2.5% of all cancers in women. The most lethal type of gynecologic cancer is ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer treatment has become more challenging as a result of inadequate early diagnosis and chemoresistance. Every microanatomic subtype had a specific molecular and epigenetic fingerprint associated with it. According to its histology, OC was divided into four subtypes, of which epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is more common than the others. Medicinal plants have contributed a vital role in the therapy of cancer. since ancient times, and the advantage of herbs is that they are less toxic to the human system compared to commercially available drugs. The majority of medicinal plants increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy, allowing us to reduce patient chemoresistance, which caught the attention of researchers. In this overview, we emphasize the role of Scutellaria barbata, Camellia sinensis, curcumin, ashwagandha, Leea indica, Garcinia, Asparagus and Cnidium monnier in ovarian cancer cells' molecular mechanisms.

References:

Abstract:

Diabetes mellitus, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels resulting from insulin deficiency or resistance, poses a significant global health challenge. With its increasing prevalence and substantial impact on morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, effective strategies for managing diabetes are urgently needed. Natural flavonoid such as apigenin, has emerged as potential therapeutic agent due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory anti-diabetic properties but mechanism of action is not known. The study was aimed at assessing the role of apigenin on PI3K/AKT/GLUT4 pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Invitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity was measured by spectrophotometric methods. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay. Further, gene expression analysis was done by Real Time-PCR. In order to confirm the exact binding interaction of apigenin with PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 signaling, molecular docking analysis was also performed. Results of this study showed that apigenin significantly reduced alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent fashion. q-PCR analysis showed that apigenin significantly improved mRNA expression of insulin signaling molecules (IR, IRS-1, PI3K, Akt and GLUT4) in high glucose-induced 3T3-L1 adipocytes cell line. Molecular docking analysis evidenced that apigenin confirmed possible role of apigenin that regulates insulin metabolic signaling in adipocytes. Overall, apigenin holds promise as a natural flavonoid with potential therapeutic value in combating diabetes and its complications, underscoring the importance of continued research to unlock its full therapeutic potential and pave the way for effective diabetes management strategies.

References:

[1].   Salehi, B., Venditti, A., Sharifi-Rad, M., Kręgiel, D., Sharifi-Rad, J., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Santini, A., Souto, E. B., Novellino, E., Antolak, H., Azzini, E., Setzer, W. N., & Martins, N., 2019, The Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(6), 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061305

[2].   Selvaraj, J., Veeraraghavan, V., Periyasamy, V., and Rajagopal, P., 2021., In Silico and in Vitro Study on the Inhibition of FtsZ Protein of Staphylococcus Aureus by Active Compounds from Andrographis Paniculata. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 11(2): 116–128. doi:10.1080/22311866.2021.1908163.

[3].   Ponnulakshmi, R., Shyamaladevi, B., Vijayalakshmi, P., & Selvaraj, J., 2019, In silico and in vivo analysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 29(4): 276–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2018.1545815.

[4].   Babu, S., Jayaraman, S., 2020, An update on β-sitosterol: A potential herbal nutraceutical for diabetic management. Biomed Pharmacother, 131:110702. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110702. Epub 2020 Aug 31. PMID: 32882583.

[5].   Jayaraman, S., Roy, A., Vengadassalapathy, S., Sekar, R., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Rajagopal, P., Rengasamy, G., Mukherjee, R., Sekar, D., Manjunathan, R., 2021, An Overview on the Therapeutic Function of Foods Enriched with Plant Sterols in Diabetes Management. Antioxidants.; 10(12):1903. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121903

[6].   Jayaraman, S., Devarajan, N., Rajagopal, P., Babu, S., Ganesan, S. K., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Palanisamy, C. P., Cui, B., Periyasamy, V., Chandrasekar, K., 2021, β-Sitosterol Circumvents Obesity Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by down-Regulating IKKβ/NF-κB and JNK Signaling Pathway in Adipocytes of Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Molecules; 26(7):2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072101.

[7].   Pei, J., Yan, Y., Jayaraman, S., Rajagopal, P., Natarajan, P. M., Umapathy, V. R., Gopathy, S., Roy, J. R., Sadagopan, J. C., Thalamati, D., Palanisamy, C. P., Mironescu, M., 2024, A review on advancements in the application of starch-based nanomaterials in biomedicine: Precision drug delivery and cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol, 265(Pt 1):130746. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130746. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38467219.

[8].   Jayaraman, S., Natarajan, S. R., Ponnusamy, B., Veeraraghavan, V. P., & Jasmine, S., 2023, Unlocking the potential of beta sitosterol: Augmenting the suppression of oral cancer cells through extrinsic and intrinsic signalling mechanisms. The Saudi Dental Journal, 35(8): 1007-1013.

[9].   Hatano, T., Edamatsu, R., Hiramatsu, M., MORI, A., Fujita, Y., Yasuhara, T., & OKUDA, T., 1989, Effects of the interaction of tannins with co-existing substances. VI.: effects of tannins and related polyphenols on superoxide anion radical, and on 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin, 37(8), 2016-2021.

Abstract:

Verbascoside (VERB), a phenylethanoid-phenylpropanoid glycoside, has garnered significant interest due to its potential therapeutic effects, particularly its anticancer properties. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer activity of VERB against A549 cells, a model of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our findings demonstrate that VERB induces apoptosis in A549 cells through the modulation of key apoptotic signaling pathways. Specifically, VERB treatment resulted in the activation of caspases, upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins, and downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins. Additionally, VERB was observed to inhibit the NF-kB pathway, thereby reducing inflammation and promoting apoptotic cell death. These results suggest that VERB exerts its anticancer effects by targeting multiple cellular pathways involved in cell survival and apoptosis, providing a promising avenue for the development of novel NSCLC therapies.

References:

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[2].  Ames, B. N., & Gold, L. S., 1998, The causes and prevention of cancer: the role of environment. Biotherapy, 11, 205-220.

[3].  Yeung, S. C., Habra, M. A., & Thosani, S. N., 2011, Lung cancer-induced paraneoplastic syndromes. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine, 17(4), 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0b013e328347bdba.

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[5].  Li, X., Wang, S., Zhu, R., Li, H., Han, Q., & Zhao, R. C. , 2016, Lung tumor exosomes induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells via NFκB-TLR signaling pathway. Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 9, 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-016-0269-y.

[6].  Al-Harbi, N. O., Imam, F., Al-Harbi, M. M., Ansari, M. A., Zoheir, K. M., Korashy, H. M., Sayed-Ahmed, M. M., Attia, S. M., Shabanah, O. A., & Ahmad, S. F., 2016, Dexamethasone Attenuates LPS-induced Acute Lung Injury through Inhibition of NF-κB, COX-2, and Pro-inflammatory Mediators. Immunological Investigations, 45(4), 349–369. https://doi.org/10.3109/08820139.2016.1157814.

[7].  Lu, W. J., Lin, K. H., Hsu, M. J., Chou, D. S., Hsiao, G., & Sheu, J. R., 2012, Suppression of NF-κB signalling by andrographolide with a novel mechanism in human platelets: regulatory roles of the p38 MAPK-hydroxyl radical-ERK2 cascade. Biochemical Pharmacology, 84(7), 914–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.030

[8].  Desai, B. N., Myers, B. R., & Schreiber, S. L., 2002, FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein associates with mitochondria and senses osmotic stress via mitochondrial dysfunction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(7), 4319–4324. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.261702698.

[9].  Luo, C., Zhu, Y., Jiang, T., Lu, X., Zhang, W., Jing, Q., Li, J., Pang, L., Chen, K., Qiu, F., Yu, X., Yang, J., & Huang, J., 2007, Matrine induced gastric cancer MKN45 cells apoptosis via increasing pro-apoptotic molecules of Bcl-2 family. Toxicology, 229(3), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2006.10.020.

[10]. Liang, C. Z., Zhang, J. K., Shi, Z., Liu, B., Shen, C. Q., & Tao, H. M., 2012, Matrine induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo through the upregulation of Bax and Fas/FasL and downregulation of Bcl-2. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 69(2), 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-011-1699-4

[11]. Nussbaumer, S., Bonnabry, P., Veuthey, J. L., & Fleury-Souverain, S., 2011, Analysis of anticancer drugs: a review. Talanta, 85(5), 2265–2289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034

[12]. Rostamabadi, H., Falsafi, S. R., & Jafari, S. M., 2019, Nanoencapsulation of carotenoids within lipid-based nanocarriers. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society, 298, 38–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.005.

[13]. Gil, E. deS., Enache, T. A., & Oliveira-Brett, A. M., 2013, Redox behaviour of verbascoside and rosmarinic acid. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 16(2), 92–97.

[14]. Oyourou, J. N., Combrinck, S., Regnier, T., & Marston, A., 2013, Purification, Stability and Antifungal Activity of Verbascoside from Lippia javanica and Lantana camara Leaf Extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 43, 820-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.028.

[15]. Fan, Y., Xu, C., Li, J., Zhang, L., Yang, L., Zhou, Z., Zhu, Y., & Zhao, D., 2018, Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of verbascoside from Rehmannia root. Industrial Crops and Products, 124, 59-65.

[16]. Hatano, T., Edamatsu, R., Hiramatsu, M., Mori, A., Fujita, Y., Yasuhara, T., Yoshida, T., & Okuda, T., 1989, Effects of the interaction of tannins with co-existing substances. VI.: effects of tannins and related polyphenols on superoxide anion radical, and on 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 37(8), 2016-2021.

[17]. Padmanabhan, P., & Jangle, S. N., 2012, Evaluation of in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of herbal preparation, a combination of four medicinal plants. International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, 2(1), 109-116.

[18]. Elias, G., & Rao, M. N., 1988, Inhibition of albumin denaturation and antiinflammatory activity of dehydrozingerone and its analogs. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 26(7), 540–542.

[19]. Vajrabhaya, L. O., & Korsuwannawong, S., 2018, Cytotoxicity evaluation of a Thai herb using tetrazolium (MTT) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 9(1), 1-6.

[20]. Schmittgen, T. D., & Livak, K. J., 2008, Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C(T) method. Nature Protocols, 3(6), 1101–1108. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2008.73.

[21]. Jayaraman, S., Natarajan, S. R., Ponnusamy, B., Veeraraghavan, V. P., & Jasmine, S., 2023, Unlocking the potential of beta-sitosterol: Augmenting the suppression of oral cancer cells through extrinsic and intrinsic signalling mechanisms. The Saudi Dental Journal, 35(8), 1007-1013.

[22]. Jayaraman, S., Natarajan, S. R., Veeraraghavan, V. P., & Jasmine, S., 2023, Unveiling the anti-cancer mechanisms of calotropin: Insights into cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and metabolic regulation in human oral squamous carcinoma cells (HSC-3). Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 13(6), 704-713.

[23]. Jayaraman, S., Natararaj, S., &Veeraraghavan, V. P., 2024, Hesperidin Inhibits Oral Cancer Cell Growth via Apoptosis and Inflammatory Signaling-Mediated Mechanisms: Evidence From In Vitro and In Silico Analyses. Cureus, 16(2).

[24]. Jayaraman, S., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Natarajan, S. R., & Jasmine, S., 2024, Exploring the therapeutic potential of curcumin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-3 cells): Molecular insights into hypoxia-mediated angiogenesis. Pathology-Research and Practice, 254, 155130.

Abstract:

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of mortality among women worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for new therapeutic agents. This study evaluates the cytotoxicity of Lumicolchicine (LMC) against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using both in vitro and in silico methods, with a focus on angiogenic signaling pathways. The in vitro assessment involved treating MCF-7 cells with varying concentrations of LMC and measuring cell viability using the MTT assay. Results indicated a dose-dependent reduction in cell proliferation, demonstrating LMC's cytotoxicity. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying LMC's effects, we conducted in silico molecular docking studies on angiogenic signaling proteins: HIF1A, AKT, mTOR, VEGF, and ERK. The simulations revealed strong binding affinities of LMC to these targets, suggesting inhibition of angiogenic pathways crucial for tumor growth and metastasis. Further validation through quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed these findings, showing decreased expression levels of VEGF, VEGFR2, and HIF-1α in treated MCF-7 cells, supporting the notion that LMC suppresses angiogenesis. In summary, our combined in vitro and in silico findings suggest that Lumicolchicine has significant potential as an antitumor agent against breast cancer by targeting and inhibiting angiogenic signaling pathways. This study provides a foundation for future preclinical and clinical investigations into Lumicolchicine's use in breast cancer therapy.

References:

[1].  Łukasiewicz, S., Czeczelewski, M., Forma, A., Baj, J., Sitarz, R., & Stanisławek, A., 2021, Breast Cancer-Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Prognostic Markers, and Current Treatment Strategies-An Updated Review. Cancers, 13(17), 4287. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13174287

[2].  Miziak, P., Baran, M., Błaszczak, E., Przybyszewska-Podstawka, A., Kałafut, J., Smok-Kalwat, J., Dmoszyńska-Graniczka, M., Kiełbus, M., & Stepulak, A., 2023, Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer. Cancers, 15(19), 4689. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194689

[3].  Giatagana, E. M., Berdiaki, A., Tsatsakis, A., Tzanakakis, G. N., & Nikitovic, D., 2021, Lumican in Carcinogenesis-Revisited. Biomolecules, 11(9), 1319. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091319

[4].  Lee, H., & Kang, K. T., 2021, Differential angiogenic responses of human endothelial colony-forming cells to different molecular subtypes of breast cancer cells. Journal of lipid and atherosclerosis, 10(1), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2021.10.1.111.

[5].  Shibuya M., 2011, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Its Receptor (VEGFR) signaling in angiogenesis: a crucial target for anti- and pro-angiogenic therapies. Genes & cancer, 2(12), 1097–1105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1947601911423031

[6].  Miricescu, D., Totan, A., Stanescu-Spinu, I. I., Badoiu, S. C., Stefani, C., & Greabu, M., 2020, PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer: From molecular landscape to clinical aspects. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(1), 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010173

[7].  Madu, C. O., Wang, S., Madu, C. O., & Lu, Y., 2020, Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer Progression, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Journal of Cancer, 11(15), 4474–4494. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.44313

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[9].  Jayaraman, S., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Natarajan, S. R., & Jasmine, S., 2024, Exploring the therapeutic potential of curcumin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-3 cells): Molecular insights into hypoxia-mediated angiogenesis. Pathology-Research and Practice, 254, 155130.

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[11]. Yang, F., Lee, G., & Fan, Y., 2024, Navigating tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic perspectives and myeloid cell regulation mechanism. Angiogenesis, 10.1007/s10456-024-09913-z. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-024-09913-z

[12]. Saman, H., Raza, S. S., Uddin, S., & Rasul, K., 2020, Inducing Angiogenesis, a Key Step in Cancer Vascularization, and Treatment Approaches. Cancers, 12(5), 1172. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12051172

[13]. Liu, X., Hu, Y. J., Chen, B., Min, L., Peng, X. S., Zhao, J., Li, S., Wong, H. N. C., & Li, C. C., 2017, Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Colchicine, β-Lumicolchicine, and Allocolchicinoid N-Acetylcolchinol-O-methyl Ether (NCME). Organic Letters, 19(17), 4612–4615. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02224

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[15]. Khan, M. W. A., Otaibi, A. A., Alsukaibi, A. K. D., Alshammari, E. M., Al-Zahrani, S. A., Sherwani, S., Khan, W. A., Saha, R., Verma, S. R., & Ahmed, N., 2022, Biophysical, biochemical, and molecular docking investigations of anti-glycating, antioxidant, and protein structural stability potential of garlic. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 27(6), 1868. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061868

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[17]. Jayaraman, S., Natararaj, S., & Veeraraghavan, V. P., 2024, hesperidin inhibits oral cancer cell growth via apoptosis and inflammatory signaling-mediated mechanisms: evidence from in vitro and in silico analyses. Cureus, 16(2), e53458. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.53458

[18]. Hagras, M., El Deeb, M. A., Elzahabi, H. S. A., Elkaeed, E. B., Mehany, A. B. M., & Eissa, I. H., 2021, Discovery of new quinolines as potent colchicine binding site inhibitors: design, synthesis, docking studies, and anti-proliferative evaluation. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 36(1), 640–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2021.1883598.

[19]. Pradeep, V. R., Menaka, S., Suresh, V., & Jayaraman, S., 2024, Anticancer Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis Leaf Extract on KB Cell Lines. Cureus, 16(2), e54031. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.54031.

[20]. Perumal, S., Langeshwaran, K., Selvaraj, J., Ponnulakshmi, R., Shyamaladevi, B., & Balasubramanian, M. P., 2018, Effect of diosmin on apoptotic signaling molecules in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in experimental rats. Molecular And Cellular Biochemistry, 449(1-2), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-018-3339-3.

Abstract:

Chemicals have been shown to induce epigenetic changes that alter glucose metabolism genes, potentially leading to insulin resistance and increasing the risk of metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes. This study was aimed to assess histopathological and epigenetic changes in insulin signalling molecules in STZ-induced type-2 diabetic rats and the possible therapeutic role of hesperidin. Hesperidin (100mg/kg b.wt) was administered to STZ-induced rats and assessed for its protective role and epigenetic mechanisms in the gastrocnemius muscle. Diabetic rats exhibited significant increase (p<0.05) in renal function markers such as urea (60, 140, 80, 70, and 79 mg/dL) and creatinine (0.9, 2, 1.2, 1.1, and 1.0 mg/dL), oxidative stress markers, while antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (0.9, 0.5,0.8, 0.87 and U/mg protein) and catalase (1, 0.4,0.86, 0.92 and 1.13 U/mg protein) were markedly lower (p<0.05). Histopathological analysis revealed a decrease and disruption in muscle fibres. The mRNA expression of insulin signalling molecules PI3K (1, 0.6, 0.8, 1.1, and 1 fold) and Munc18 (1, 0.6, 0.8, 1, and 0.9) was significantly (p<0.01) reduced in diabetic groups. Epigenetic studies showed CpG island methylation in the promoter regions of GLUT4, Akt, and IR genes in diabetic rats. However, hesperidin treatment restored the detrimental changes caused by diabetogenic agent, streptozotocin. The present study concludes that hesperidin plays a central role in regulating epigenetic mechanisms of insulin signalling molecules and GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle and thereby protects the muscle cells.

References:

[1].  Herman, W. H., 2017, The Global Burden of Diabetes: An Overview. 10.1007/978-3-319-41559-8_1.

[2].  Pyrzynska, K., 2022, Hesperidin: A Review on Extraction Methods, Stability and Biological Activities. Nutrients, 14(12), 2387. doi: 10.3390/nu14122387

[3].  Jayaraman, S., Natarajan, S. R., Ponnusamy, B., Veeraraghavan, V. P. and Jasmine, S., 2023. Unlocking the potential of beta sitosterol: Augmenting the suppression of oral cancer cells through extrinsic and intrinsic signalling mechanisms. The Saudi Dental Journal, 35(8), pp.1007-1013.

[4].  Jayaraman, R., Subramani, S., Sheik Abdullah S. H., & Udaiyar M., 2018, Antihyperglycemic effect of hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, extenuates hyperglycemia and exploring the potential role in antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 97, 98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.102.

[5].  Al-Ishaq, R. K., Abotaleb M., Kubatka P., Kajo K., & Büsselberg D., 2019, Flavonoids and Their Anti-Diabetic Effects: Cellular Mechanisms and Effects to Improve Blood Sugar Levels. Biomolecules, 9(9), 430. doi:10.3390/biom9090430.

[6].  Sundaram, R., Nandhakumar E., & Haseena B. H., 2019, Hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid ameliorates hyperglycemia by regulating key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 29:9, 644-653.

[7].  de Souza P, da Silva R. C. V., Mariano, L. N. B., Dick, S. L., & Ventura GC, Cechinel-Filho V, 2022, Diuretic and Natriuretic Effects of Hesperidin, a Flavanone Glycoside, in Female and Male Hypertensive Rats. Plants (Basel), 21, 12(1):25.

[8].  Sruthi, M. A., Mani, G., Ramakrishnan, M. and Selvaraj, J., 2023, Dental caries as a source of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: An RT‐PCR study. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 33(1), pp.82-88.

[9].  Peng, P., Jin J., Zou G., Sui Y., Han Y, Zhao D., & Liu L., 2021. Hesperidin prevents hyperglycemia in diabetic rats by activating the insulin receptor pathway. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21(1):53.

[10]. Mahmoud, A. M., Ahmed, O. M., Ashour, M. B., et al., 2015, In vivo and in vitro antidiabetic effects of citrus flavonoids; a study on the mechanism of action. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 35(3), 250-263.

[11]. Krishnan, R. P., Pandiar, D., Ramani, P. and Jayaraman, S., 2025, Molecular profiling of oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma using next generation sequencing. Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 126(4), p.102120.

[12]. Mahmoud, A. M., 2016, Hesperidin as a Promising Anti-Diabetic Flavonoid: the Underlying Molecular Mechanism. Int Journal of Food and Nutritional Science, 3, 313-314.

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[14]. Weinhold. B., 2006, Epigenetics: the science of change. Environ Health Perspect, 114(3), A160-7.

[15]. Berger, S. L., Kouzarides, T., Shiekhattar, R., Shilatifard, A., 2009, An operational definition of epigenetics. Genes & Development, 23(7), 781-3. doi: 10.1101/gad.1787609.

[16]. Jayaraman, S., Natarajan, S. R., Veeraraghavan, V. P. and Jasmine, S., 2023, Unveiling the anti-cancer mechanisms of calotropin: Insights into cell growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and metabolic regulation in human oral squamous carcinoma cells (HSC-3). Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 13(6), pp.704-713.

[17]. Moosavi, A., Motevalizadeh A. A., 2016, Role of Epigenetics in Biology and Human Diseases. Iranian Biomedical Journal, 20(5), 246-58. doi: 10.22045/ibj.2016.01.

[18]. Kawada, J., 1992, New hypotheses for the mechanisms of streptozotocin and alloxan inducing Diabetes mellitus. Yakugaku Zasshi, 112(11), 773-91. Japanese. doi: 10.1248/ yakushi1947. 112.11_773

[19]. Szkudelski, T., 2001, The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas. Physiological Research, 50(6):537-46.

[20]. Chen, S., Gan, D., Lin, S., Zhong, Y., Chen M., Zou X., Shao Z., & Xiao, G., 2022, Metformin in aging and aging-related diseases: clinical applications and relevant mechanisms. Theranostics, 12(6), 2722-2740. doi: 10.7150/thno.71360.

[21]. Gurina, T. S., Simms, L., Histology, Staining. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books /NBK557663/

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Abstract:

Cancer ranks as the second most prevalent cause of mortality globally. More specifically, gastric cancer holds the second position in terms of cancer-related fatalities and is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. A malignant condition called gastric carcinoma begins in the stomach. Despite decreased incidence, all malignancies continue to be second leading cause mortality around the globe. The majority of the stomach cancer aren’t discovered until they’re become rather large or have migrated outside the stomach in nations where routine screening for the disease is not practised. Loss of appetite, weight loss, stomach pain, feeling of fullness after eating a small amount. The Epstein- barr virus, in addition to H.pylori infection, is the second component linked to the development of GC. The treatment of gastric cancer is a complex process that typically involves in surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies. While plants and natural compounds have been explored for their potential in cancer treatment, it's important to note that there is no single plant or herbal remedy that can serve as a standalone cure for gastric cancer. Instead, various plants and their derivatives may play supportive roles in managing symptoms, improving the overall well-being of patients, and potentially enhancing the effectiveness of conventional treatments. In this review mainly focus of the medicinal plant such as Curcuma Mangga Rhizomes, Curcuma Zedoaria Rhizomes, Zanthoxylum Nitidum, Perilla Frutescens, Bamboo Shavings, Hericium Erinaceus Mycelium, Liang Jing mushroom, Turmeric.

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Abstract:

Albizia saman is a tree of the Fabaceae family that has been used for ethnomedical purposes since olden times. Prior investigations have reported probable medicinal value against a wide array of ailments, which may be attributed to its varied phytochemical composition. Thence, there is a requirement for comprehensive studies on its efficacy against individual pathogens and their mechanisms. The present study is an effort to encompass a comprehensive description of the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potential of A. saman extract with major emphasis against Candida albicans. Various microbial methods have been used for the determination of the antimicrobial potential of A. saman extract, including disc diffusion, well diffusion, streak plate, and various dilution techniques. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were assayed in vitro and in vivo by various models. A. saman extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens, C. albicans. It also potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. Phytochemical screening for A. The phytochemical screening of the leaf extract of Saman revealed several important phytochemicals: tannins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, protein, phenol, and ninhydrin. In view of the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the extracts of A. saman, it holds immense potential in the development of new therapeutic agents. Findings of the present study clearly show that Albizia saman could be utilized to reveal the traditional uses of this plant, and to discover new therapeutic uses.

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[21]. Ferdous, A., Chowdhury, J. A., Rashid, M. A., & Malik, S. M. A., 2012, Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Pharmacognosy Journal, 4(32): 53-58.

[22]. Yasothkumar, D., Ramani, P., Jayaraman, S., Ramalingam, K., & Tilakaratne, W. M. 2024, Expression Profile of Circulating Exosomal microRNAs in Leukoplakia, Oral Submucous Fibrosis, and Combined Lesions of Leukoplakia and Oral Submucous Fibrosis. Head and Neck Pathology, 18(1), 28.

[23]. Azhar, I. M., Hasan, M. M., & Mazhar, F. A., 2009, Some biological evaluations of Samanea Saman. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacology, 26: 47-53.

[24]. Arumugam, S., Selvaraj, S. V., Velayutham, S., Natesan, S. K., & Palaniswamy, K., 2011, Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of Samanea Saman (Jacq.) Merr bark on ethanol and stress-induced gastric lesions in albino rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 43(5), 585-590.

[25]. Ramalingam, K., Yadalam, P. K., Ramani, P., Krishna, M., Hafedh, S., Badnjević, A., Cervino, G., & Minervini, G., 2024, Light gradient boosting-based prediction of quality of life among oral cancer-treated patients. BMC oral health, 24(1), 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04050-x

[26]. Thangathirupathi, A., 2014, Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Samanea Saman (Jacq.) Merr. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Nano Sciences, 3(4), 352-356.

[27]. Girish Gulab Meshram, Anil Kumar, Waseem Rizvi, Tripathi, C. D., & Khan, R. K., 2016, Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Albizzia lebbeck in rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 6(2), 172-175.

[28]. Neralla, M., M, H., Preethi, A., Selvakumar, S. C., & Sekar, D. 2024, Expression levels of microRNA-7110 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Minerva dental and oral science, 73(3), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.23736/S2724-6329.23.04801-5.

[29]. Sagar, S., Ramani, P., Moses, S., Gheena, S. and Selvaraj, J., 2024, Correlation of salivary cytokine IL-17A and 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Odontology, pp.1-10.

[30]. Harsha, L., & Subramanian, A. K., 2022, Comparative Assessment of pH and Degree of Surface Roughness of Enamel When Etched with Five Commercially Available Etchants: An In Vitro Study. The journal of contemporary dental practice, 23(2), 181–185.

Lovett, J., & Ryuntyu, M., 1992, Allelopathy: Broadening the context. In Allelopathy: Basic and applied aspects, 11-19

Abstract:

Breast cancer is a significant global health challenge, requiring continuous exploration of new treatments. Asarone, a bioactive compound from the Acorus genus, shows promising anticancer properties but its effects on breast cancer cells are underexplored. This study investigates asarone's anticancer potential against breast cancer cell lines using in vitro and in silico approaches. Asarone's antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assays, revealing a dose-dependent (25.56, 32.18, 47.73, 54.83 and 66.74%) effect on free radicals. MTT assays showed a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, indicating asarone's cytotoxicity towards breast cancer cells. mRNA expression analysis showed that targeting apoptosis regulators such as Bax (1, 1.3, 1.52 fold change upregualtion) and Bad (1, 1.4, and 1.6 fold upregulation) gene expression demonstrated that asarone induces apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway. Additionally, asarone inhibited Akt mNRA (1, 0.6, and 0.4 fold change down regulation), caspase-3 (1, 1.4, and 1.7 upregulation) and cytochrome-c mRNA (1, 1.2 and 1,54 fold change upregulation) suggesting interference with key cancer progression pathways. Molecular docking studies predicted favorable binding interactions between asarone and crucial proteins involved in apoptosis and cell survival, including Bax, Bad, cytochrome c, caspase 3, and Akt. These findings collectively highlight the multifaceted anticancer mechanisms of asarone against breast cancer cells. This study underscores the potential of asarone as a natural therapeutic agent for breast cancer, offering avenues for further exploration in translational research and clinical trials. The current study significantly advances our understanding of asarone's anticancer properties, offering promising directions for developing new and effective breast cancer therapies.

References:

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[2].  Jayaraman, S., Raj Natarajan, S., Ponnusamy, B., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Jasmine, S., 2023, Unlocking the potential of beta sitosterol: Augmenting the suppression of oral cancer cells through extrinsic and intrinsic signalling mechanisms. Saudi Dent J,35(8):1007-1013. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.08.003.

[3].  Janani, K. S., Gayatri Devi, R., Selvaraj, J., 2022, Antiproliferative effect of Merremia emarginata (Burm. F.) leaf extract on SAOS-2 cell line. J Pharm Negat Results, 13:1805-1810. doi:10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S06237.

[4].  JinJin, P., Yuqiang, Y., Selvaraj, J., Ponnulakshmi, R., Prabhu Manickam, N,, Vidhya Rekha, U, Sridevi, G., Jeane Rebecca, R., Janaki, C. S., Dwarakesh, T., Chella Perumal., Monica, M., 2024, A review on advancements in the application of starch-based nanomaterials in biomedicine: Precision drug delivery and cancer therapy. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 26(1):130746.,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130746.

[5].  Benedict, A., Suresh, V., Muthamizh, S., Jayaraman, S., & Hussein, M. A., 2024, Merremia emarginata Extract Potentiating the Inhibition of Human Colon Cancer Cells (HT-29) via the Modulation of Caspase-3/Bcl-2 Mediated Pathways. Curēus, https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.56300.

[6].  Roy, J. R., Janaki, C. S., Jayaraman, S., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Periyasamy, V., Balaji, T., Vijayamalathi, M., Bhuvaneswari, P., Swetha, P., 2023, Hypoglycemic Potential of Carica Papaya in Liver Is Mediated through IRS-2/PI3K/SREBP-1c/GLUT2 Signaling in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Male Rats. Toxics, 11(3):240. doi: 10.3390/toxics11030240.

[7].  Butti, R., Das, S., Gunasekaran, V.P., Yadav, A.S., Kumar, D., Kundu, G.C., 2018, Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in breast cancer: signaling, therapeutic implications and challenges. Mol Cancer,17(1):34. doi:10.1186/s12943-018-0797-x.

[8].  Chellian, R., Pandy, V., Mohamed, Z., 2017, Pharmacology and toxicology of α- and β-Asarone: A review of preclinical evidence. Phytomedicine, 32:41-58. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.003

[9].  Hatano, T., Edamatsu, R., Hiramatsu, M., MORI, A., Fujita, Y., Yasuhara, T., OKUDA, T., 1989, Effects of the interaction of tannins with co-existing substances. VI.: effects of tannins and related polyphenols on superoxide anion radical, and on 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 37(8):2016-2021.

[10]. Perumal, S., Langeshwaran, K., Selvaraj, J., Ponnulakshmi, R., Shyamaladevi, B., Balasubramanian, M. P., 2018, Effect of diosmin on apoptotic signaling molecules in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in experimental rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 449: 27-37.

[11]. Zhang, X., Abdelrahman, A., Vollmar, B., & Zechner, D., 2018, The Ambivalent Function of YAP in Apoptosis and Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(12), 3770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123770.

[12]. Ramalingam, K., Yadalam, P. K., Ramani, P., Krishna, M., Hafedh, S., Badnjević, A., Cervino, G., & Minervini, G., 2024, Light gradient boosting-based prediction of quality of life among oral cancer-treated patients. BMC oral health, 24(1), 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04050-x

[13]. Neralla, M., M, H., Preethi, A., Selvakumar, S. C., & Sekar, D., 2024, Expression levels of microRNA-7110 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Minerva Dental and Oral Science, 73(3), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.23736/S2724-6329.23.04801-5

[14]. Prasad, M., Jayaraman, S., Rajagopal, P., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Kumar, P. K., Piramanayagam, S., Pari, L., 2022, Diosgenin inhibits ER stress-induced inflammation in aorta via iRhom2/TACE mediated signaling in experimental diabetic rats: An in vivo and in silico approach. Chem Biol Interact,358:109885. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109885.

[15]. Kumar Subramanian, Aravind & Katyal, Deepika., 2023, The Effect of Topical Melatonin Gel on the oral health and salivary nickel and chromium content of orthodontic Patients: An In Vivo Study. World Journal of Dentistry. 14. 326-330. 10.5005/jp-journals-10015-2218.

[16]. Roy, J. R., Janaki, C. S., Jayaraman, S., Periyasamy, V., Balaji, T., Vijayamalathi, M., Veeraraghavan, V. P., 2022, Effect of Carica papaya on IRS-1/Akt signaling mechanisms in High-Fat-Diet–Streptozotocin-Induced type 2 diabetic experimental rats: a mechanistic approach. Nutrients, 14(19):4181.

[17]. Selvaraj, J., Veeraraghavan, V., Periyasamy, V., and Rajagopal, P., 2021., In Silico and in Vitro Study on the Inhibition of FtsZ Protein of Staphylococcus Aureus by Active Compounds from Andrographis Paniculata. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 11(2): 116–128. doi:10.1080/22311866.2021.1908163.

[18]. Ponnulakshmi, R., Shyamaladevi, B., Vijayalakshmi, P., & Selvaraj, J., 2019, In silico and in vivo analysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 29(4): 276–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2018.1545815.

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[20]. Guo, J., Gan, C., Cheng, B., Cui, B., Yi, F., 2023, Exploration of binding mechanism of apigenin to pepsin: Spectroscopic analysis, molecular docking, enzyme activity and antioxidant assays. pectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 290:122281. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2022.122281.

Abstract:

Through an in-silico approach, the effects of taxifolin on tau, alpha 2 macroglobulin (A2M) and alpha 1 anti-chymotrypsin (ACT), proteins are investigated in relation to neurological disorders. In order to facilitate protein interaction, the ligand taxifolin (extracted from the PubChem Database) and protein receptor molecules (extracted from the PDB) are prepared, converted to PDBQT format, and uploaded in an auto dock. The effects of taxifolin on tau protein, ACT, and A2M are still being studied, but the preliminary findings are promising. These interactions suggest that taxifolin may have a complex role in controlling neuroinflammation, proteostasis, and neurodegeneration in neurological illnesses due to their substantial binding affinity for tau, ACT, and A2M protein. Taxifolin shows promise as a therapy for neurological disorders by targeting tau protein, ACT, and A2M. Lipinski's Rule states that Taxifolin administered orally should not violate more than one condition. Taxifolin examined was in category IV, which is under the dosage of 300 < LD50 = 2000 mg/kg. A significant root mean square value was 0.000, with a docking score of -7.2 for alpha 1 antichymotrypsin and taxifolin. Interactions in 2D and 3D include conventional hydrogen bonds, carbon-hydrogen bonds, and unfavourable donor-donor interactions. The chosen root mean square value was associated with a significant docking score of -10.2 for alpha2 macroglobulin and taxifolin. The docking score for alpha 2 macroglobulin in a two-dimensional structure, emphasising pi-donor bonds, unfavourable donor-donor interactions, and conventional carbon-hydrogen connections. According to these findings, taxifolin has a significant affinity for alpha 2 macroglobulin. Tau had a high root mean square value and a docking score of -7.5 with tau protein. Tau's 2D and 3D structures contain pi-alkyl contacts, pi-stacking interactions, unfavourable donor-donor interactions, and carbon-hydrogen bonds. Its ability to raise A2M activity, decrease ACT expression, and stop tau protein aggregation suggests a variety of potential neuroprotective benefits.

References:

Abstract:

Standard treatments for bacterial infections are becoming increasingly ineffective as antibiotic resistance grows worldwide. Due to the overuse of antibiotics, multidrug-resistant bacteria have emerged as a serious hazard and a major worldwide healthcare issue in the twenty-first century. Traditional approaches to creating novel antibacterial medications are insufficient to fulfil the existing pipeline, hence new tactics in the field of antibacterial discovery are being developed. Cassia fistula (C.fistula), a member of the Leguminosae family, naturally contains antibacterial properties. The plant is used to cure skin diseases, liver problems, tuberculose glands, and hematemesis, pruritus, leucoderma, and diabetes. As a result, effective antimicrobial treatment beyond antibiotics is critical. The Plants contain a wide range of secondary metabolites, including tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides, which have antibacterial characteristics. Terpenenes and terpenoids are effective against bacteria, fungus, viruses, and protozoa. Terpenes' mode of action involves lipophilic chemicals disrupting membranes. Adding a methyl group to increase the hydrophilicity of kaurene diterpenoids decreased their antibacterial efficacy significantly. In the study, antibacterial screening assay against S.aureus and K.pneumonia, a new chemical isolated from C.fistula's ethyl acetate extract demonstrated wider inhibitory zones than the positive control. The treated culture's genomic DNA profile remains unchanged after treatment with the new chemical. The new chemical suppressed protein synthesis, resulting in reduced protein content in treated cultures of both strains, confirming its bactericidal effect. Further immune-blot analysis is required to confirm the particular protein. Investigating a novel triterpenoid that reduces pharmaceutical drug load and resistance risk, as well as treatment costs, could offer promising therapeutic options for treating secondary urinary tract infections associated with diabetes.

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Abstract:

The study was aimed at assessing the effects of Myricetin, a potent anti-cancer compound, targets the NRF2-Keap1 pathway in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells, which is crucial in cancer progression, cell growth, and metastasis. Various assays have demonstrated myricetin's therapeutic potential. Antioxidant properties, confirmed by the DPPH assay, show dose-dependent free radical inhibition, with myricetin achieving 69.98% inhibition at 500 μg/ml (p<0.001). Anti-inflammatory assays reveal significant reductions in inflammatory markers, with inhibition rising to 74.75% at the same concentration (p<0.001). Gene expression studies highlight myricetin's impact on key components of the NRF2/Keap1 pathway, essential for cancer cell survival. In 3T3-L1 cells treated with myricetin, notable changes were observed in mRNA expression levels: IR (0.95±0.05, p<0.001), IL-1β (0.96±0.04, p<0.002), Keap1 (0.9±0.04, p<0.001), Glut4 (0.6±0.04, p<0.002), NRF2 (0.96±0.4, p<0.001), and NFκB (0.94±0.05, p<0.001). These findings suggest myricetin disrupts critical pathways, contributing to reduced inflammation and potential cancer inhibition. The MTT assay further indicates no cytotoxicity after 48 hours, supporting its safety profile. Molecular docking studies reveal strong binding affinities of myricetin to key pathway components, with Keap1 showing the highest affinity (-9.7 kcal/mol), followed by IR (-8 kcal/mol), NFκB (-6.9 kcal/mol), and NRF2 (-6.9 kcal/mol). IL-1β and Glut4 showed affinities of -7.1 and -7.2 kcal/mol, respectively, reinforcing myricetin's role in modulating the NRF2/Keap1 pathway. In summary, myricetin’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gene-modulatory activities, combined with its strong molecular interactions, position it as a promising therapeutic agent for both cancer and diabetes by modulating key cellular pathways.

References:

[1].   Narasimhan, A., Sampath, S., Jayaraman, S., & Karundevi, B., 2013, Estradiol favors glucose oxidation in gastrocnemius muscle through modulation of insulin signaling molecules in adult female rats. Endocrine Research, 38(4), 251-262.

[2].   Roy, J. R., Janaki, C. S., Jayaraman, S., Periyasamy, V., Balaji, T., Vijayamalathi, M., & Veeraraghavan, V. P., 2022, Effect of Carica papaya on IRS-1/Akt signaling mechanisms in high-fat-diet-streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic experimental rats: A mechanistic approach. Nutrients, 14(19), 4181.

[3].   Perumal, S., Langeshwaran, K., Selvaraj, J., Ponnulakshmi, R., Shyamaladevi, B., & Balasubramanian, M. P., 2018, Effect of diosmin on apoptotic signaling molecules in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in experimental rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 449, 27-37.

[4].   Devarajan, N., Jayaraman, S., Mahendra, J., Venkatratnam, P., Rajagopal, P., Palaniappan, H., & Ganesan, S. K., 2021, Berberine—A potent chemosensitizer and chemoprotector to conventional cancer therapies. Phytotherapy Research, 35(6), 3059-3077.

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Abstract:

Hyperglycemia, a pathological condition, predominantly defines diabetes mellitus, a persistent and complex metabolic dysfunction. It has a significant impact on oral health, as seen by conditions including periodontal disease, xerostomia (dry mouth), and increased susceptibility to infections. The intricate bidirectional relationship that exists between oral health and the metabolic disorder diabetes has been thoroughly documented, where it has been observed with poor oral hygiene worsening glycemic management and vice versa. Recently, there has been a change in focus toward the utilization of phytochemicals, the bioactive substances found in plants, as an additional treatment strategy for addressing issues related to dental health and diabetes. Phytochemicals exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant characteristics that are critical for battling oral infections as well as reducing the inflammatory processes associated with diabetic periodontitis. Evidence shows that these substances contribute to enhanced insulin sensitivity and glycemic management, in addition to their beneficial effects on dental health, such as suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress. This review investigates some complex interactions between diabetes and oral hygiene, as well as the role of inflammatory mediators, cellular oxidative stress, and dysfunction of the salivary gland. It explores the dual role of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, reseveratol, and saponins in the context of oral health care for diabetic individuals.

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Abstract:

Diabetes is a long-term physiological disorder that affects people of all ages and has a major negative impact on people's ability to live normal, harmonious lives across the globe. The discovery of innovative antidiabetic medications is necessary due to the emergence of resistance and adverse effects of existing oral antidiabetic drugs, even with the availability of insulin preparations and various synthetic alternatives. Due to the side effects, Scientists are focusing on Phytotherapy. This computational study aimed to elucidate the antioxidant activity of Phytol by utilizing molecular docking. The objective of the current research is to predict the Lipinski rule of 5 for Phytol. To examine the ADMET properties of Phytol. To analyse the protein-ligand interaction of Phytol with ROS proteins like Superoxide dismutase (PDB ID:1SPD_A), Catalase (PDB ID:1QQW_A), Glutathione peroxidase (PDB ID:2HE3_A), Peroxiredoxin (PDB ID:1OC3_A). The results of the in-silico studies infer that Phytol follows the Lipinski rule of 5, having a higher binding affinity with catalase protein and better hydrogen bond interactions with Superoxide dismutase and Glutathione peroxidase. The current study provides evidence that Phytol reduces oxidative stress. However, additional in-vitro and in-vivo research are needed to understand the prediction process.

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Abstract:

In earlier days, researchers were concluding the origin of the disease based on genetic or environmental factors. In the past few years, Epigenetics has been considered as source of certain diseases which could not be ascertained by traditional sources. Recently, more focus has been given to epigenetics, for diseases for which autoimmune disorders, Cardiovascular disease, Cancer, Diabetes, neurodegenerative etc. The original and categorical descriptions of epigenetic alterations, as well as the function of epigenetics in biology and the relationship between epigenetics and the environment, are clarified in the current review. It appears that the significance of epigenetics in human disease is examined by concentrating on a few diseases with complex characteristics. Finally, we have provided an outlook for this field’s future. This review explains the relationship between the epigenetic markers and the environment which influences diabetes.

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Abstract:

Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) is a crucial technique in promoting bone growth in areas where bone tissue is deficient. The use of GBR membranes is essential in preventing the resorption of new bone tissue by the body. This study aims to develop an electrospun GBR membrane utilizing Hyaluronic Acid (HA) with Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP) and quercetin-doped silver to explore its potential in promoting bone regeneration. The novel HA/TCP/quercetin-doped silver membrane demonstrated favorable biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and potential to enhance bone growth. This makes it a promising candidate for clinical applications in GBR. The membrane exhibited superior mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and ability to promote bone growth both in vitro and in vivo, indicating its potential as an innovative material for GBR.

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Abstract:

The antibacterial activity of Gymnema sylvestre solvent extracts, including acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol, and hydroxyethanol, is assessed in this study against common wound infections. G. sylvestre is a well-known traditional medicinal herb with a wide range of therapeutic uses that has drawn attention due to its antibacterial actions. The release of bioactive chemicals was optimized by the use of a systematic extraction process with several solvents. Using the agar well diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of the extract was evaluated against a variety of wound pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The findings showed that the antibacterial activity of the various solvent extracts varied significantly. The extracts of ethanol, acetone, chloroform, and hydroxyethanol showed the strongest inhibitory effects, dramatically slowing the growth of the pathogens under examination. Moderate action was demonstrated by aqueous extracts against the acquired infections. These results indicate that the bioavailability of antimicrobial compounds in G. sylvestre is significantly influenced by the extraction solvent. The study emphasizes the potential of G. sylvestre as a natural antibacterial agent, especially about wound healing. The precise bioactive components causing this activity must be determined, and their mechanisms of action must be investigated, through more research. Overall, this research adds to the increasing evidence that supports the use of herbal remedies for managing wound-related infections, providing valuable insights for future therapeutic applications.

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Abstract:

Camptothecin, a potent anti-cancer agent, exhibits significant activity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by targeting the gene expression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This pathway is crucial in cancer progression and cell proliferation. Camptothecin's effect on this pathway is elucidated through various assays and docking techniques. The DPPH assay demonstrates camptothecin's antioxidant potential, indicating its ability to neutralize free radicals. Additionally, nitric oxide assays reveal a significant enhancement in antioxidant properties, further supporting its therapeutic potential. Gene expression analysis provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying camptothecin's anti-cancer effects. The expression levels of key components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, including Wnt, β-catenin, APC, GSK3β, LP5, and Axin, are significantly altered in MDA-MB-231 cells upon camptothecin treatment. These changes suggest a disruption in the signaling pathway, which is vital for cancer cell survival and proliferation. The MTT assay results highlight camptothecin's capacity to inhibit cell growth in a time-dependent manner, underscoring its efficacy in reducing cancer cell viability over prolonged exposure. Moreover, docking studies indicate a high binding affinity between camptothecin and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway components, reinforcing the compound's role in modulating this critical signaling axis. Overall, camptothecin's multi-faceted approach, encompassing antioxidant activity and targeted gene expression modulation, presents a compelling case for its use in breast cancer therapy. The comprehensive analysis of its effects on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway offers valuable insights into its mechanism of action and potential as a therapeutic agent against aggressive breast cancer types like MDA-MB-231 cells.

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Abstract:

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programmes on knowledge regarding hand washing techniques and their importance among school-going children at selected schools Namakkal district. electronic hand hygiene systems have emerged to not only record compliance but also to promote it among HCWs. Modifications of the hand hygiene procedure have been proposed targeting both time and technique of hand rub application. Reducing rub time from 30 to 15 s and simplifying the technique to consist of three rather than six steps encourages results in terms of microbiological efficacy and compliance. Methods. A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Namakkal, District. The study population consisted of schoolgoers who studying in primary school. The instrument used in this study was a self-structured knowledge questionnaire. The collected data was organized tabulated, summarized and analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The data were analyzed by using the Chi-square test and were calculated to analyze the differences in pre-test and post-test scores on the level of knowledge before and after the structured teaching program. The statistical paired ‘t' test indicates that the mean effectiveness was found to be significant at p>0.05 revealing that the administration of a structured teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding hands-washing techniques among school going children. Conclusion. There was significant improvement in post-test levels of knowledge when compared to pretest levels. The structured teaching programmes are effective in improving the knowledge about hand washing.

References:

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[2].   Almoslem, M. M., Alshehri, T. A., Althumairi, A. A., Aljassim, M. T., Hassan, M. E., & Berekaa, M. M. 2021, Handwashing knowledge, attitudes, and practices among students in Eastern Province schools, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2021(1), 6638443.

[3].   Nagar, K., Darji, J., Parmar, S., Patel, N., & Patel, N. 2021, A Cross Sectional Study to Assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Personal Hygiene among School Children in Rural Primary School of Kheda District, Gujarat. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 15(3), 290-295.

[4].   Ogwezzy-Ndisika, A. O., & Solomon, T. 2019, Knowledge, attitude and practice of hand washing among mothers of children 0-59 months of age in Lagos Nigeria. Univ J Public Health, 7(2), 52-58.

[5].   Pratinidhi, S. A., Haribhakta, S. V., Ambike, D. A., Bhole, O., & Kankariya, B. 2020, Study of knowledge and practices related to handwashing in school going children of a rural community. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 7(1), 24.

[6].   Boyce, J. M. 2008, Hand hygiene compliance monitoring: current perspectives from the USA. Journal of Hospital infection, 70, 2-7.

[7].   Bhat, S. R., Achars Textbook of Pediatrics (4Th Edn). Universities Press.

[8].   Beevi, T. A., 2009, Textbook of paediatric nursing. Elsevier.

[9].   Cowie, H., 2019, From birth to sixteen: Children's health, social, emotional and linguistic development. Routledge.

[10].  Taddese, A. A., Dagnew, B., Dagne, H., & Andualem, Z. 2020, Mother’s handwashing practices and health outcomes of under-five children in northwest Ethiopia. Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics, 101-108.

[11].  Eshetu, D., Kifle, T., & Hirigo, A. T. 2020, Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of hand washing among aderash primary schoolchildren in Yirgalem Town, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 759-768.

[12].  Besha, B., Guche, H., Chare, D., Amare, A., Kassahun, A., Kebede, E., & Yesuf, A. 2016, Assessment of hand washing practice and it’s associated factors among first cycle primary school children in Arba Minch town, Ethiopia, 2015. Epidemiology (Sunnyvale), 6(247), 2161.

[13].  Buda, A. S., Mekengo, D. E., Lodebo, T. M., Sadore, A. A., & Mekonnen, B. 2018, Knowledge, attitude and practice on hand washing and associated factors among public primary schools children in Hosanna town, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 10(6), 205-214.

[14].  Solomon, E. T., Gari, S. R., Kloos, H., & Alemu, B. M. 2021, Handwashing effect on diarrheal incidence in children under 5 years old in rural eastern Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Tropical medicine and health, 49, 1-11.

[15].  Regassa, W., & Lemma, S. 2016, Assessment of diarrheal disease prevalence and associated risk factors in children of 6–59 months old at Adama District rural Kebeles, eastern Ethiopia, January/2015. Ethiopian journal of Health Sciences, 26(6), 581.

[16].  Adane, M., Mengistie, B., Mulat, W., Medhin, G., & Kloos, H. 2018, The most important recommended times of hand washing with soap and water in preventing the occurrence of acute diarrhea among children under five years of age in slums of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Community Health, 43, 400-405.

[17].  Contzen, N., Meili, I. H., & Mosler, H. J. 2015, Changing handwashing behaviour in southern Ethiopia: a longitudinal study on infrastructural and commitment interventions. Social science & medicine, 124, 103-114.

[18].  Shehmolo, M., Gari, T., Jember Tesfaye, D., Boti, N., & Oumer, B. 2021, Magnitude and factors associated with hygiene practice among primary school children in mareko district, southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare, 311-320.

[19].  Datta, S. S., Singh, Z., Boratne, A. V., Senthilvel, V., Bazroy, J., & Dimri, D. 2011, Knowledge and practice of handwashing among mothers of under five children in rural coastal South India.

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[23].  Steiner-Asiedu, M., Van-Ess, S. E., Papoe, M., Setorglo, J., Asiedu, D. K., & Anderson, A. K. 2011, Hand washing practices among school children in Ghana.

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[25].  Workie, H. M., Sharifabdilahi, A. S., & Addis, E. M. 2018, Mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention and home-based management of diarrheal disease among under-five children in Diredawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2016: a cross-sectional study. BMC pediatrics, 18, 1-9.

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Abstract:

The increasing problem of antibiotic resistance in the treatment of bacterial diseases has made the development of novel antimicrobial drugs crucial. In this study, we examine the environmentally friendly synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Bauhinia tomentosa (BT) leaf extract. The plant B. tomentosa, which has been used for centuries for its therapeutic uses, offers an eco-friendly and sustainable way to produce nanoparticles. Diverse techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), were used to characterize these BT-CuONPs. The synthesis of CuO NPs is confirmed through UV-Vis spectroscopy, showing an absorption peak at 225nm. Morphological analysis via SEM and TEM reveals the presence of spherical and irregularly shaped nanoparticles, typically around 50 nm in size. FTIR analysis identifies characteristic absorption bands by indication of fuctional groups from leaf extract that may interact with nanoparticles. Additionally, EDX analysis confirms the elemental composition, predominantly revealing peaks for copper and oxygen, validation successful synthesis of BT-CuONPs. BT-CuONPs were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial effectiveness against wound pathogens, including multiple drug resistant organisms. The findings showed a notable antimicrobial efficacy with highest inhibition zone against P. aeruginosa at 40mm, suggesting that BT-CuONPs had strong antimicrobial potential. The promise of employing plant extracts more especially, B. tomentosa as a green synthesis route for CuONPs and their use in the fight against drug-resistant microbial infections is highlighted in this study. In the continuous fight against drug resistance, these successful production and characterization of nanoparticles highlight their potential as strong antimicrobial agents.

References:

Abstract:

This study investigates the anticancer potential of Pyrogallol, focusing on its effects on cell viability, cell culture, docking analysis, and anticancer activity through fold change measurements. Pyrogallol, a naturally occurring phenolic compound, exhibits significant biological activity, including anticancer properties. This research highlights its therapeutic efficacy against specific cancer cell lines. The methodology involved culturing cancer cells under controlled conditions, followed by treatment with varying concentrations of Pyrogallol. Cell viability assays were conducted using the MTT method to evaluate cytotoxicity. Additionally, molecular docking was performed to analyze the binding interactions of Pyrogallol with target proteins implicated in cancer pathways, revealing strong affinity and specificity. Results demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in cancer cell viability, indicating Pyrogallol's cytotoxic effects. Docking analysis revealed key interactions with critical residues in cancer-related proteins, supporting its mechanistic role in inducing apoptosis. Anticancer activity, measured by fold change in gene expression, confirmed significant upregulation of pro-apoptotic markers and downregulation of survival-associated markers. The findings underline Pyrogallol's potential as an anticancer agent with promising therapeutic implications. This comprehensive approach combining In vitro assays and computational analysis provides a foundation for future studies to explore Pyrogallol's clinical applications in cancer treatment.

References:

[1].   Gupta, A., Jeyakumar, E., Lawrence, R., 2021, Pyrogallol: a competent therapeutic agent of the future. Biotech Env Sc, 23(2):213-7, https://www.envirobiotechjournals.com/AJMBES/v23i22021/AJ-15.pdf

[2].   Revathi, S., Hakkim, F. L., Kumar, N. R., Bakshi, H. A., Rashan, L., Al-Buloshi, M., Hasson, S. S. A. A., Krishnan, M., Javid, F., & Nagarajan, K., 2018, Induction of HT-29 Colon Cancer Cells Apoptosis by Pyrogallol with Growth Inhibiting Efficacy Against Drug-Resistant Helicobacter pylori. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry, 18(13), 1875–1884. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871520618666180806104902

[3].   Ahn, H., Im, E., Lee, D. Y., Lee, H. J., Jung, J. H., Kim, S. H., 2019, Antitumor effect of pyrogallol via miR-134 mediated S phase arrest and inhibition of PI3K/AKT/Skp2/cMyc signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(16):3985, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31426282/

[4].   Sampath, G., Shyu, D. J., Rameshkumar, N., Krishnan, M., Sivasankar, P., Kayalvizhi, N., 2019, Synthesis and characterization of pyrogallol capped silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their in vitro anti-bacterial, anti-cancer profile against AGS cells. Journal of Cluster Science, 32:549-57, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10876-020-01813-8

[5].   Revathi, S., Hakkim, F. L., Ramesh Kumar, N., Bakshi, H. A., Sangilimuthu, A. Y., Tambuwala, M. M., Changez, M., Nasef, M. M., Krishnan, M., M., M., & Kayalvizhi, N., 2019, In Vivo Anti-Cancer Potential of Pyrogallol in Murine Model of Colon Cancer. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP, 20(9), 2645–2651. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.9.2645

[6].   Liu, H., Chang, Y., Jin, L., 2024, Pyrogallol Suppresses the Tumor Progression via Modulating Aerobic Glycolysis and STAT2 Signaling Pathway in Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 20(3):973-82,https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/09731296241242542

[7].   Cicek, B., Tgzd. A., Çiçek, B., et al. 2023, Pyrogallol Induces Selective Cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and Cortical Neuron Cells. Recent Trends in Pharmacology, 1(1):1-10, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/rtpharma/issue/77156/1260696

[8].   Arjsri, P., Mapoung, S., Semmarath, W., Srisawad, K., Tuntiwechapikul, W., Yodkeeree, S., Dejkriengkraikul, P., 2023, Pyrogallol from Spirogyra neglecta Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells via Modulating Akt/GSK-3 β/β-catenin Signaling Pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 29;24(7):6452, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37047425/

[9].   Yasothkumar, D., Jayaraman, S., Ramalingam, K., Ramani, P., 2023, In vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Seed Ethanolic Extract of Pongamia pinnata. Biomed Pharmacol J.16(4),2187-2193, https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol16no4/in-vitro-anti-inflammatory-and-antioxidant-activity-of-seed-ethanolic-extract-of-pongamia-pinnata/

[10].  Praveen, G., Krishnamoorthy, K., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Jayaraman, S., 2024, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Euphorbia Hirta Leaf Extract: An In Vitro and In Silico Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 16(Suppl 2): S1304-7, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11174252/

[11].  Wu, H. Y., Yang, F. L., Li, L. H., Rao, Y. K., Ju, T. C., Wong, W. T., Hsieh, C. Y., Pivkin, M. V., Hua, K. F., & Wu, S. H. 2018, Ergosterol peroxide from marine fungus Phoma sp. induces ROS-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 17956. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36411-2

[12].  Zuvairiya, U., Jayaraman, S., Sankaran, K., Veeraraghavan, V. P., R, G., 2024, Studies on the Effect of Piperine on Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 Alpha (HNF-1α) and Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein 1c (SREBP-1c) Levels in High-Fat-Diet and Sucrose-Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats. Cureus. 16(2): e5406, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38481895/

[13].  Jayaraman, S., Natararaj, S., Veeraraghavan, V. P., 2024, Hesperidin Inhibits Oral Cancer Cell Growth via Apoptosis and Inflammatory Signaling-Mediated Mechanisms: Evidence From In Vitro and In Silico Analyses. Cureus. 16(2): e53458, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38435153/

[14].  Pazhani, J., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Jayaraman, S., 2023, Molecular docking analysis of proflavin with the Wnt pathway targets for OSCC. Bioinformation, 19(4):464, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10563574/

[15].  Mostafa, R. G., Abd-ElHamid, E. S., El-Bolok, A. H., Eldin, E. A., Tohamy, S. M., 2021, Possible Effect of Pyrogallol on Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma SCC-25 Cells. Minia Journal of Medical Research, 32(2):77-87, https://mjmr.journals.ekb.eg/article_231548.html

[16].  Arjsri, P., Mapoung, S., Semmarath, W., et al. 2023, Pyrogallol from Inhibits Proliferation and Promotes Apoptosis in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells via Modulating Akt/GSK-3/-catenin Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci.24(7):6452, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37047425/

[17].  Alavi Rafiee, S., Farhoosh, R., Sharif, A., 2018, Antioxidant activity of gallic acid as affected by an extra carboxyl group than pyrogallol in various oxidative environments. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 120(11):1800319, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejlt.201800319

[18].  Ghasemi, E., Bamoharram, F. F., Karimi, E., Meghdadi, P., 2024, Investigating the anticancer potential and apoptotic signaling of nanocapsule-loaded pyrogallol in ovarian cancer cells (A2780). Results in Chemistry, 11:101772, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211715624004685

[19].  Yang, C. J., Wang, C. S., Hung, J. Y., Huang, H. W., Chia, Y. C., Wang, P. H., Weng, C. F., Huang, M. S., 2009, Pyrogallol induces G2-M arrest in human lung cancer cells and inhibits tumor growth in an animal model. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 66(2), 162–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.01.016

Abstract:

Cancer is a massive public health concern on a global scale. Developed nations have greater rates of breast cancer. Survival rates have increased as a result of early discovery. However, there are still major ongoing challenges which include variances in the availability of care, aggressive tumor subtypes, and the emergence of treatment resistance. These medical procedures have been linked with various adverse effects, prompting the usage of natural substances because they have less to no negative impact. Among these natural compounds is the class of alkaloids. These phytochemicals form a wide range of organic compounds that are naturally present and mostly derived from plant-kinds, but then they are also found in microbes, yeasts, and faunas. Characterized by nitrogen atoms, alkaloids exhibit more biological properties, making them of significant interest in various research fields. Alkaloids exhibit antiproliferative, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties and act as an abundant source for drug discovery and development. This study reviews the alkaloids matrine, noscapine, capsaicin, harmine, and Mahanine and describes their modes of action. These alkaloids can be utilized as tools of combination treatment and have been illustrated to initiate autophagy, reduce tumor volume, cause apoptosis, disrupt microtubule function, inhibit topoisomerase enzymes, and signaling pathway alterations involved in cell growth and survival to inhibit cell multiplication and migration. This review presents comprehensive data on the therapeutic potential of alkaloids against breast cancer.

References:

Abstract:

Trikatu (Thirukadugam) is an amalgamation of various herbal parts which is using in traditional medicinal system like siddha, Ayurvedha, Homeopathy etc. This formulation is effective in respiratory problem acts as bronchodilator and expectorants. It enhances the digestive juice secretion and increase the appetite. Antiobesity property regulate the serum cholesterol and triglycerides level. Hence it might increase sensitivity of insulin receptor and its phytochemical component acts as bio enhancers to promote antidiabetic properties. It is utilized to treat the arthritis, gout disease and good detoxifier agent. Although preceding report shows Trikatu has potential for therapies, phytochemical component is not well determined. This evokes us to initiate the present study, the ethanolic extract of Trikatu is subjected to phytochemical screening the following compounds like alkaloids, sterols, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins and proteins has been present. Bioactive components were identified specifically, Amoxapine, 4,2'-Dihydroxychalcone,Succinic acid, Glycosides, 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,5-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-, Synephrine, Sotalol, Dyphylline, Amrinone and Benzene, 3-[3-iodo-2-(iodomethyl)-2-methylpropyl]-1,2,4,5-tetramethyl—. These components might establish pharmacological nature and therapeutic potentials of the herbal extract.

References:

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[3].  Pazhani, J., Chanthu, K., Jayaraman, S., & Varun, B. R., 2023, Evaluation of salivary MMP-9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral leukoplakia using ELISA. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 27(4), 649-654.

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[6].  Kumar, S. S., & Mishra, S. H., 2004, Hepatoprotective activity of the Trikatu Churna-an Ayurvedic formulation. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66(3), 365-367.

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[8].  Sagar, S., Ramani, P., Moses, S., Gheena, S., & Selvaraj, J., 2024, Correlation of salivary cytokine IL-17A and 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Odontology, 1-10.

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[13]. Krishnan, R. P., Pandiar, D., Ramani, P., & Jayaraman, S., 2025, Molecular profiling of oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma using next generation sequencing. Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 126(4), 102120.

[14]. Offei-Oknye, R., Patterson, J., Walker, L. T., & Verghese, M., 2015, Processing effects on phytochemical content and antioxidative potential of ginger Zingiber officale. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6(5), 445-451.

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Abstract:

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary bone malignancy, predominantly affects children and adolescents, with poor prognosis in advanced or metastatic cases. Originating from osteoblasts, OS is characterized by rapid proliferation, local invasion, and a high propensity for lung metastasis. It is classified as primary (central or surface) or secondary when arising from preexisting conditions. Despite advances in chemotherapy and surgery, the long-term survival rate for patients with metastatic or recurrent OS remains poor, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Phytomedicine, derived from plant-based compounds, has garnered attention for its potential in targeting OS molecular pathways. Phytochemicals such as curcumin, resveratrol, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) exhibit therapeutic effects by modulating key pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and MAPK/ERK, which are crucial for OS cell migration, proliferation, and survival. These compounds inhibit angiogenesis, promote apoptosis, and reduce metastasis by regulating the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, they induce reactive oxygen species (ROS), trigger autophagy, and disrupt cellular signaling, effectively killing OS cells. Emerging studies highlight the potential of phytomedicines to enhance current treatments and improve patient outcomes by offering less harmful and more effective options. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying OS and evaluates phytomedicine's role in developing innovative therapies. By integrating genetic, molecular, and clinical profiles, these findings provide valuable insights for advancing OS diagnosis and management, offering hope for more sustainable and effective treatment strategies.

 

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