Abstract:

Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, which comprises the hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and arrector pili muscle. Acne can lead to significant physical and psychological morbidity, including scarring and reduced quality of life. For severe or treatment-resistant cases, systemic isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) is the gold standard treatment due to its ability to target multiple pathogenic factors, including sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, inflammation, and Cutibacterium acnes proliferation. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate. The systemic effects of isotretinoin on hematological, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers highlight its broad impact on the body. While the drug’s anti-inflammatory properties are beneficial for acne treatment, its effects on oxidative stress and hematological parameters may pose risks, particularly in susceptible individuals. The observed reduction in neutrophil and RBC counts, along with elevated platelet counts and Hb levels, suggests that isotretinoin influences multiple hematological pathways. Similarly, the reduction in IL-8 and elevation in CRP levels underscore its complex role in modulating inflammation. The increase in MDA and decrease in TAS levels indicate that isotretinoin may disrupt the balance between oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses, potentially contributing to its adverse effects. Systemic isotretinoin therapy is highly effective for severe acne but is associated with significant systemic effects on hematological, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms underlying these changes and identifying strategies to mitigate adverse effects while preserving the drug’s therapeutic benefits.

References:

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Abstract:

Globally there is increased emphasis on medical nutrition therapy, that’s incorporating nutrition care as part of daily clinical care in order to promote the health of patient and public. To assess nutrition related knowledge, attitude and perceived self-efficacy in nutrition care of newly graduated doctors. A cross-sectional study design were carried out from December 2023 till January 2025, in which all newly graduated medical doctors, from both colleges of medicine that present in Mosul city in Iraq, during the years 2022, 2023, and 2024 were eligible to participate. Data were collected using valid and reliable questionnaire form. A total of 392 newly graduated medical doctors participated, with response rate of 93%, the average nutrition related knowledge was 62%, with 52.8% had positive attitude towards nutritional care and 12% had confidence in providing nutritional counselling. Newly graduated medical doctors had good knowledge and positive attitudes regarding nutrition care but had low levels of perceived efficacy in proving nutrition care, this suggest the need for implementing strategies that help to enhance medical doctors confidence level in providing nutrition care during their daily practices.

References:

Abstract:

This study presents a Sustainable Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Framework aimed at strengthening last-mile vaccine delivery in resource-constrained settings. Health systems in such settings face numerous challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, governance issues, and heavy reliance on donor funding, which undermine equitable access to vaccines. The proposed framework integrates pooled funding from the public and private sectors, leverages digital technologies such as IoT and GPS for real-time logistics optimization, and incorporates strategies to generate long-term financial sustainability. Using a mixed-methods design, the research combines a stakeholder perception survey (n = 128) and qualitative focus group discussions (FGDs) to assess stakeholder readiness for PPP implementation, identify barriers, and evaluate the framework's potential to improve vaccine access and reduce donor dependency. Results show strong support for PPPs across stakeholders, with technology universally regarded as essential for logistics efficiency. Key enablers for a successful framework include clear governance, robust cold chain infrastructure, and strong inter-sector collaboration. The study concludes that the proposed Sustainable PPP Framework offers a scalable, context-sensitive approach for enhancing last-mile delivery systems in health, promoting equity, operational efficiency, and financial sustainability. Although the framework is based on Nigeria’s vaccine delivery system, it is designed to be scalable and applicable to other low-resource settings facing similar logistical and financial sustainability challenges.

References:

Abstract:

Foodborne diseases (FBDs) impose a heavy burden in Africa, yet the capacity for emergency response to food safety incidents varies widely across countries. This study evaluates food safety emergency response frameworks in eight African nations – Nigeria, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Cameroon, and South Africa – selected for regional and developmental diversity. The national policies, response mechanisms, and infrastructure gaps, were analysed drawing on publicly available data and case studies. Findings reveal that while policy initiatives such as new food safety authorities and national plans are emerging, most countries face fragmented oversight, limited laboratory and surveillance capacity, and weak coordination for outbreak response. Notable incidents, such as Kenya’s 2004 aflatoxin poisoning (317 cases, 125 deaths) and South Africa’s 2017–2018 listeriosis outbreak (world’s largest) underscore the consequences of delayed response and highlight gaps in preparedness. Countries with recent reforms (Egypt’s unified Food Safety Authority, Ghana’s emergency plan) show progress, but others continue to struggle with outdated laws, resource constraints, and poor inter-agency communication. Strengthening national food safety systems – through coherent policy, integrated response mechanisms, improved infrastructure, and regional collaboration – is critical to reduce health risks. I conclude with policy recommendations emphasizing a One Health approach, capacity building, and effective coordination to improve food safety emergency responses across Africa.

References:

Abstract:

Cervical cancer poses a significant burden on women worldwide, with particularly devastating impacts in developing nations, despite the availability of established prevention methods. This study aims to determine the socio-demographic and behavioral determinants of cervical cancer screening among adult women in the United States. This study is a cross-sectional study, and it employed the use and analysis of the 2022 behavioral risk factor surveillance system data. Descriptive statistics for all the variables were obtained, and chi-square test was used to determine statistical significance of observed differences in cross tabulated variables. Statistical significance level was taken at p-value < 0.05 and confidence interval at 95%. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done to ascertain any statistical significant between socio-demographic variables and uptake rate of cervical screening. Among the 204,540 respondents, about 60% had previously undergone cervical cancer screening and the determinants of cervical cancer screening include age, single marital status, education, race, health insurance status, general health, veteran status, smoking, alcohol use, and income. In conclusion, the screening rate for cervical cancer found by this study is still low for a developed nation like the United States and sociodemographic factors associated with screening rate were age, single marital status, education, race, health insurance status, general health, veteran status, smoking, alcohol use, and income. It is therefore recommended that targeted interventions, policy initiatives, and community engagement be instituted to increase screening uptake among citizens of the United States.

References:

Abstract:

Vaccine logistics in low-resource settings remain a significant bottleneck in the effort to ensure equitable and timely immunization coverage. These challenges manifest in chronic underfunding, unreliable infrastructure, inefficient cold chain systems, fragmented coordination, and limited last-mile delivery capacity—ultimately affecting health outcomes, especially among vulnerable populations. This paper reviews and synthesizes global and regional evidence on the challenges and innovations in vaccine logistics in resource-constrained environments, with reference to sub-Saharan Africa. The review highlights recurring themes, including poor transport networks, lack of real-time inventory visibility, and inconsistent power supply impacting cold chain integrity. It also draws attention to emerging opportunities such as digital temperature monitoring, solar-powered cold storage, drone-assisted deliveries, and alternative financing strategies. The paper identifies successful models from countries such as India, Kenya, and Rwanda that have adopted hybrid approaches leveraging technology, community partnerships, and public-private collaboration to strengthen immunization systems. The findings underscore the importance of coordinated investment, systemic reforms, and adaptive strategies in addressing vaccine distribution challenges. It concludes by recommending a strategic, context-specific framework that integrates technological tools, sustainable financing, and cross-sectoral partnerships to build resilient vaccine logistics in low-resource settings.

References:

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Abstract:

Inaccessibility or delay in presentation to a health facility during pregnancy and labour contribute to maternal and neonatal complications and deaths in sub-Sahara Africa. Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) is a strategy to reduce obstetric delays. The study sought to determine the level and factors associated with BPCR among antenatal clinic attendees in Primary Health Centers (PHCs) in Ido/Osi Local Government Area (LGA) of Ekiti State in the southwestern part of Nigeria. It was a facility-based cross-sectional study involving 345 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of twelve PHCs in Ido/Osi LGA. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analyzed with IBM SPSS version 24, and binary logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of BPCR. The study reveals that 135 (39.0%) of the respondents had adequate knowledge of obstetric danger signs while 128 (37.0%) were well prepared for birth and its complications. The major predictors of BPCR as revealed by the study are educational status (p = 0.004), age group 36-40 years (p = 0.040), and knowledge of danger signs in pregnancy (p < 0.001). This study revealed a low level of BPCR among the pregnant women with majority of them not making adequate plans in anticipation of normal delivery, or obstetric complications that may arise. Improving level of education, creating awareness on danger signs of pregnancy among women of reproductive age group are recommended strategies to promote BPCR practices and contribute to improved pregnancy outcomes among women

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[15]. Orwa, J., Gatimu, S. M., Mantel, M., Luchters, S., Mugerwa, M. A., Brownie, S., et al., 2021, Birth preparedness and complication readiness among women of reproductive age in Kenya and Tanzania: a community-based cross-sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 20(1), 636. doi: 10.1186/s12884-020-03329-5.

[16]. Saaka, M., Alhassan, L., 2021, Prevalence and predictors of birth preparedness and complication readiness in the Kassena-Nankana district of Ghana: an analytical crosssectional study. BMJ Open, 1-9. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042906

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Abstract:

Given non-availability of effective therapeutics during the COVID-19 pandemic, Public health and social measures were crucial to limiting the transmission of the diseases, amongst which Masks were introduced as an intervention. The use of masks reduced transmission in medical settings, and the same results would be anticipated in communities affected by COVID-19. Compliance to the use of masks remains a challenge in many countries. A case-control study design was used to investigate factors affecting compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures. We recruited 402 respondents for the study. Out of these, 206 case respondents were selected using random numbers generated by Excel 2017, which were then matched to the line listing. The remaining 186 controls were selected based on proximity to confirmed cases. We used an interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data. Analysis was done using Epi-Info 7 software. Out of the total respondents, a proportion of 64% (132/206) of the total cases and 45% (89/196) of the total controls (p=0.0002) believed that using masks in the previous week helped to prevent COVID-19. Amongst the male respondents, who put on masks in the past two weeks to prevent COVID-19, 66% (75/113) of them were cases and 42% (43/103) of were controls (p=0.001). We conclude that compliance with the use of masks was as a result of positive perception of the Kadoma community who believed that use of masks prevented them from getting infected by COVID 19. Availability of masks, government policies, employers’ enforcement also contributed to compliance in public places.

References:

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[3]. Banda, J., Dube, A. N., Brumfield, S., Amoah, A. S., Reniers, G., Crampin, A. C., & Helleringer, S., 2021, Knowledge, risk perceptions, and behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi. https://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/44/20

[4]. Bekele, D., Tolossa, T., Tsegaye, R., & Teshome, W., 2020, The Knowledge and practice towards COVID-19 pandemic prevention among residents of Ethiopia; An online Cross Sectional Study. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.01.127381v1.full.pdf

[5]. Beca-Martínez, M. T., Romay-Barja, M., Falcón-Romero, M., Rodríguez-Blázquez, C., Benito-Llanes, A., & Forjaz, M. J., 2021, Compliance with the main preventive measures of COVID-19 in Spain, the role of knowledge, attitudes, practices, and risk perception. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/tbed.14364

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[8]. Desalegn, Z., Deyessa, N., Teka, B., Shiferaw, W., Hailemariam, D., Addissie, A., Abebe, T., 2021, COVID-19 and the public response: Knowledge, attitude and practice of the public in mitigating the pandemic in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244780

[9]. Haischer, M. H., Beilfuss, R., Hart, M. R., Opielinski, L., Wrucke, D., Zirgaitis, G., Hunter, S. K., 2020, Who is wearing a mask? Gender-, age-, and location-related differences during the COVID-19 pandemic | PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0240785

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[11]. Jones, C. L., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Brown, N. R., Christy, K., & Weaver, J., 2015, The Health Belief Model as an Explanatory Framework in Communication Research: Exploring Parallel, Serial, and Moderated Mediation. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4530978/

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Abstract:

Understanding the diverse complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is crucial for the prevention and management of the condition. Assessing patients' comprehension of the various complications is crucial for devising interventions to manage the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge regarding the complications of diabetes among diabetic patients visiting the diabetic clinic at Brikama District Hospital in The Gambia. Data was collected using a validated interviewer-administered questionnaire, and 217 patients attending diabetic clinics at Brikama District Hospital were selected by a sequential selection method. Descriptive statistics were employed to encapsulate the demographic and knowledge data. Bivariate regression was employed to ascertain parameters correlated with the knowledge of patients with diabetes. The findings indicated a deficient understanding of diabetic complications, with the majority of patients exhibiting inadequate knowledge (n = 113; 52%) compared to those with appropriate knowledge (n = 104; 48%). The patients' educational level was significantly associated with their awareness of diabetes (p = 0.01). The participants were aware of the individual problems of diabetes mellitus, although they lacked a comprehensive grasp of these complications. The proliferation of diabetes education programs, including mass media utilization and the integration of national curricula, can augment self-regulatory awareness of diabetic problems, potentially reducing morbidity and mortality rates among diabetic patients.

References:

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[2]. Obirikorang, Y., Obirikorang, C., Anto, E. O., Acheampong, E., Batu, E. N., Stella, A. D., Constance, O., & Brenya, P. K., 2016, Knowledge of complications of diabetes mellitus among patients visiting the diabetes clinic at Sampa Government Hospital, Ghana: A descriptive study. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 637. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3311-7

[3]. Omotosho, T. O. A., Sanyang, Y., & Senghore, T., 2024, Diabetic foot self‐care knowledge and practice among patients with diabetes attending diabetic clinic in the Gambia. International Wound Journal, 21(7), e14963. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.14963

[4]. Foma, M. A., Saidu, Y., Omoleke, S. A., & Jafali, J., 2013, Awareness of diabetes mellitus among diabetic patients in the Gambia: A strong case for health education and promotion. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1124. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1124

[5]. Belsti, Y., Akalu, Y., Fekadu, H., & Animut, Y., 2019, Awareness of complications of diabetes mellitus and its associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients at Addis Zemen District Hospital, northwest Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 12(1), 602. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4637-x

[6]. Desalu, O., Salawu, F., Jimoh, A., Adekoya, A., Busari, O., & Olokoba, A., 2011, Diabetic foot care: Self-reported knowledge and practice among patients attending three tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Ghana Medical Journal, 45(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v45i2.68930

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[9]. Qasim, M., Arshad Jamil, M., Hanif, Y., Maqsood Butt, A., Mahmood Ul Hassan, S., & Qasim, S., 2022, Knowledge About Various Aspects of Diabetes Among Known Diabetic Patients Attending Diabetic Clinic at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Islamabad: Knowledge About Various Aspects of Diabetes Among Known Diabetic Patients. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 224–228. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v3i05.243

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Abstract:

Hypertensive disorders commonly complicate pregnancies and they are one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality globally. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, maternal-fetal complications, and predictors of feto-maternal complications among pregnant women with hypertensive diseases in a health facility in a low-resource setting in Enugu. This longitudinal study prospectively studied 167 mothers who had hypertension at any time in their pregnancy from June 2015 to May 2017. Data was collected at the admission and discharge of the patients using a structured proforma and analysed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25. The result showed that the prevalence of hypertensive diseases in pregnancy was 4.42% with preeclampsia contributing 69.5% and gestational hypertension 19.2%. Hypertensive diseases in pregnancy were more common (38.9%) among the nulliparous women. The mode of delivery was mainly by caesarean section (65.3%). The mean gestational age at delivery was 36.53 ± 3.99 weeks and the mean birth weight was 2.6 ± 0.85 kg. Maternal and perinatal deaths were recorded in 2.4% and 25.2% of the patients, respectively. The predictors of fetal mortality were marital status (p =0.047, AOR =0.220, CI - 0.049 - 0.982) and the mode of delivery (P=0.000, AOR = 0.197, CI- 0.091- 0.425). In conclusion, the prevalence of hypertensive diseases in pregnancy was high in this study and associated with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The predictors of foetal mortality were both the marital status and the mode of delivery.

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Abstract:

Respiratory diseases are one of the most public causes of passing rates and health complications worldwide. Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory pathogen and can affect both the upper and or lower airways and may spot a life-threatening risk with specific and nonspecific symptoms. Nevertheless, the prevalence and rigorousness of HMPV exposure in children remain unexplored in developing nations. A detailed analysis related to effect of HMPV based on age, gender, patient type (inpatient/outpatient), clinical characteristics, patients with chronic disorders, before corona pandemic and after corona pandemic-19, medical history of prematurity and climate conditions in varies countries. Intense cough and significant feverish symptoms were the most common HMPV clinical characteristics features observed in affected children lesser than 5 years and whereas in adult cases additionally followed by sore throat etc. Increased cognizance of HMPV's influence on public healthiness is indispensable to advance investigation, comprehensive vaccine development, and diminish pathological morbidity and mortality internationally. Our outcomes infer that developed and industrialized countries should support developing nations in augmenting their research infrastructures. Further investigations on the diagnostic features of HMPV should be accomplished recurrently for anticipation and containment about this pathogen.

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Abstract:

A major factor in lowering patients' symptoms of worry and panic is educating them prior to coronary angiography. The way that patients express their fear and anxiety depends on their gender. Nurses are thought to play a vital and essential role in patient education. A pre-experimental design (one group pretest-post test design). The study was conducted using a purposive sample of 51 adult patients of both sexes who were admitted to the cardiac catheterization unit at the Critical Care Unit of the Imam Hassan Al-Mujtaba Teaching Hospital. sections: two instruments have been used. Section I: The demographic data form for the patient includes seven items: age, gender, educational level, marital status, residence, occupational level, and smoking history. Section II: The 20 components that make up the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The study results indicate that the patients exhibited severe levels of anxiety with a mean (2.51) before the application of the program. While the patients exhibit moderate levels of anxiety with a mean (1.69) after the application of the program. Additionally, the study sample's overall responses during the pre-test and post-test periods differed in a highly statistically significant way, with a p-value of 0.000.The study shows that there is a positive effect of instructional Programs on Anxiety levels for patients undergoing cardiac catheterization where decreased levels of anxiety from severe to moderate, where the p-value for the two measurement periods was 0.000 HS.

References:

Abstract:

One of the most common health conditions worldwide, and even in young women, is dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation. The objectives of this study were to establish the level of how widespread dysmenorrhea is (prevalence) and its impacts on undergraduate female students in Weaver Street, Paynesville. The cross-sectional design was used on 383 Weaver Street student residents to carry out the study. Data was gathered to evaluate the prevalence of dysmenorrhea, its effect on daily activities, and its accompanying signs and coping strategies, such as self-treatment and hospital visits. Statistical analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test for determining correlations. About 75.46% of the sample reported moderate to severely bad discomfort (26.9% moderate, 22.7% bad, and 25.8% very bad), indicating significant prevalence of dysmenorrhea. The severity of dysmenorrhea and its impact on daily activities were statistically significantly related (χ2=9.46, df=3, p=0.024). The proportion who reported an effect was 59.6% for mild dysmenorrhea, but declined for moderate (46.6%) and severe (37.9%) before rising again for very severe cases (53.5%). Approximately 49% of the students reported self-medicating, and 46% visited the hospital. Restlessness (38%) and mood change (38%) were prevalent concomitant symptoms. Dysmenorrhea is a medical condition that interferes with daily life in female undergraduate residents in Paynesville. There is a need for focused health interventions and improved support systems at schools and the various communities due to the high incidence of dysmenorrhea, its interference with daily activities, and widespread use of self-medication.

References:

Abstract:

The knowledge and awareness of the risks associated with Lassa fever (LF) are still shallow in some endemic communities and even among some HCWs. This study aimed to evaluate the awareness and adoption of LF prevention practices in select endemic states of Nigeria vis-à-vis the public health implications. This research was a cross-sectional study with two phases: observation and desk review of other related data from study communities where situation reports from the Federal Ministry of Health and the CDC from 2012-2022 were reviewed and analysed. There was a high level of awareness (95.0%) and knowledge of the risk factors (93.7%) of LF, with gender playing a pivotal role as the females had more awareness likelihood (p<0.05). The age, geographical location, and socio-economic class of the respondents do not have any effect on the awareness of LF (p>0.05). There was no association between gender, age, and geographical location and the risk factor knowledge for LF (p>0.05); however, it showed that the socio-economic class directly affected the risk factors awareness (p<0.05). Gender should be considered in raising LF awareness, channeling effort into improving the socio-economic class of people to increase LF knowledge which will consequently reduce the devastating public health impact.

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[17].  Samuel Amoo, O., Ojonugwa Shaibu, J., Salu, O., Idigbe, I., Musa, A. Z., Famokun, G., Ezechi, O., Lawal Salako, B., Omilabu, S., & Audu, R., 2021, Comparative Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude/Practices and Prevention of Lassa fever among Community Dwellers and Contacts of Confirmed Patients in Endemic Areas of Ondo State, Nigeria. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 3(4), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.24018/EJMED.2021.3.4.962

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Abstract:

Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in Nigeria, as in most middle- and low-income countries are disproportionately at risk of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to behavioral, structural, and biological vulnerabilities. This study investigates risk factors contributing to HIV infection in this group, focusing on three high-prevalence states: Anambra, Abia, and Taraba. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was adopted, combining quantitative surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews (KIIs). Quantitative data provided numerical insights into prevalence and behaviours, while qualitative methods explored nuanced social and cultural contexts. Analysis of quantitative data was done using SPSS while qualitative data were analysed by identifying patterns, themes and relationships through coding. Results revealed high prevalence rates linked to age-disparate relationships, gender inequality, limited access to healthcare, and socioeconomic challenges. Policy makers in the states studied did not show coordinated approach to the reduction of the HIV infection among the relevant ministries, departments and agencies. Furthermore, weak policy implementation, and the lack of focus on mental health, substance use, and other aspects of adolescent and young people’s health has further disempowered adolescent girls and young women from enjoying adequate attention. These findings underscore the need for tailored interventions targeting AGYW to reduce HIV vulnerability. We recommend multi-pronged interventions that address the behavioral, structural, and biological factors driving HIV vulnerability among AGYW. Multi-sectoral collaborative efforts involving policymakers, healthcare providers, and community stakeholders are essential to reduce HIV prevalence and improve the quality of life for AGYW in Nigeria.

References:

Abstract:

Foodborne diseases present a significant public health threat worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries where inadequate food safety measures lead to high morbidity and mortality rates. In Nigeria, improper food handling and poor hygiene practices among street vendors contribute to the spread of foodborne illnesses such as diarrhea and cholera. This study aims to assess the food hygiene practices among food vendors in Osun State, Nigeria, and identify sociodemographic factors influencing these practices. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 300 food vendors in Osun State, selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire designed based on objectives and analysed using an IBM SPSS version 25.0. The majority of vendors (88.7%) were female, and 67.0% had received prior food safety training. The findings revealed that 68.0% of vendors had access to adequate handwashing facilities, and 90.0% operated weather-protected stalls. Younger vendors (aged 16–24 years) showed significantly better hygiene practices compared to older age groups. Vendors with food safety training were over twice as likely to exhibit good hygiene practices compared to untrained vendor. Education level was significantly associated with food safety practices. Pest presence (61.7%) and handling money while serving food (64.0%) were identified as key risks in food preparation areas. Age, education, and food safety training were found to be significant predictors of hygiene compliance. Targeted interventions focusing on education, infrastructure, and behavioral change are recommended to improve food safety, especially for younger and less experienced food vendors.

References:

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[2]. Khuluse, D. S., & Deen, A., 2020, Hygiene and safety practices of food vendors. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 9(4), 597-611.

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[7]. Negassa, B., Anbese, A. T., Worku, G., Areba, A. S., Seboka, B. T., Debela, B. G., & Soboksa, N. E., 2023, Food hygiene practices and associated factors among street food vendors in urban areas of Gedeo Zone, southern Ethiopia. Environmental Health Insights, 17, 11786302231168531.

[8]. Kirk, M. D., Pires, S. M., Black, R. E., Caipo, M., Crump, J. A., Devleesschauwer, B., & Angulo, F. J., 2015, World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: a data synthesis. PLoS medicine, 12(12), e1001921.

[9]. Havelaar, A. H., Kirk, M. D., Torgerson, P. R., Gibb, H. J., Hald, T., Lake, R. J., & World Health Organization Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group. 2015, World Health Organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of foodborne disease in 2010. PLoS medicine, 12(12), e1001923.

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[24]. Mwove, J., Imathiu, S., Orina, O., & Karanja, P., 2020, Food safety knowledge and practices of street food vendors in selected locations within Kiambu County, Kenya.

[25]. Samapundo, S., Climat, R., Xhaferi, R., & Devlieghere, F., 2015, Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of street food vendors and consumers in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Food control, 50, 457-466.

[26]. Abid, M. T., Banna, M. H. A., Hamiduzzaman, M., Seidu, A. A., Kundu, S., Rezyona, H., & Khan, M. S. I., 2022, Assessment of food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of street food vendors in Chattogram city, Bangladesh: A cross‐sectional study. Public Health Challenges, 1(3), e16.

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Abstract:

Meckel’s diverticulum is the most common congenital abnormality of the small intestine, resulting from incomplete closure of the vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct. It is a true diverticulum located approximately 2 feet from the ileocecal valve, usually on the anti-mesenteric border of the ileum. While it is generally asymptomatic, complications such as inflammation, haemorrhage, intestinal obstruction, and Littre’s hernia can occur but rarely presents with perforation in adults, especially in females. We present a case of Meckel’s diverticulitis with perforation, highlighting the histopathological features and associated complications and considering differential diagnosis in female patient with symptoms of acute abdomen pain. In our case a 48-year-old female presented with symptoms of intestinal perforation. Laparotomy revealed Meckel’s diverticulum with perforation. On histology shows a true diverticulum containing all the layers of the intestine with transmural inflammation and perforation.

References:

Abstract:

The cases of Lassa fever (LF) infection are rising and call for a change in attitude and practice towards the prevention of the disease. This work was aimed at assessing the factors affecting the uptake of standard practices for LF prevention in Nigeria. This had two phases: observation and desk review of other related data from study communities. Situation reports (SiTrep) reports were reviewed in these communities’ health facilities from the Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) and the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 2012 to 2022 and analyzed. Samples from 300 respondents were assessed, with a male: female ratio of about 1.3:1 and a mean age of 35.01±10.721 years. Our findings showed that there is high sensitization for LF and there is also high media involvement. However, there is often a late presentation of LF cases to healthcare facilities. The HCWs do not give optimum awareness creation to the host communities (52.0%). Our findings showed that PPE use was seen as key in preventing LF among the HCWs; however, the availability of PPE is still not enough. Attitudinal change and adoption of practices that will promote the prevention of LF is therefore advocated. Such practices include the provision and effective use of PPE, early presentation of LF cases, improved LF surveillance, and continuous training of HCWs. These practices will improve the uptake of the control strategies for LF.

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Abstract:

Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) has become a health concern worldwide, characterized by the diagnosis of CRC in individuals under the age of 50. This study aims to determine the trends and characteristics of CRC among young adults (below 50 years of age) in Erbil Governorate, Iraq.  It was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted at Rizgary Oncology Center, Erbil, Iraq, between January 2017 and December 2023. Data were obtained from the medical records of the included patients. Descriptive statistics were used to present the patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and tumor features.  Of 580 cases, 171 (33.0%) were classified as belonging to the 'young' age group. The majority of the cases were presented in stage III disease (57.8%) and only 5.6% were diagnosed at stage 1, younger ages were presenting with more advanced stage than old patients (p=.002). The most common site of metastasis was liver (60.9%) followed by lungs (15.2%) and bones (10.9%). The most aggressive histologies occurring in younger age group as compared to older group. The percentage of colorectal cancer among young individuals in the Erbil governorate seems to be high, in line with the global increase in early-onset CRC. Young males exhibit a higher percentage of right-sided colon cancer than females, while rectal cancer is more common in females than in males.

References:

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[2]. Saraiva, M. R., Rosa, I., Claro, I., 2023, Early-onset colorectal cancer: A review of current knowledge. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 29(8), 1289–1303.

[3]. Sifaki-Pistolla, D., Poimenaki, V., Fotopoulou, I., Saloustros, E., Mavroudis, D., Vamvakas, L., et al., 2022, Significant Rise of Colorectal Cancer Incidence in Younger Adults and Strong Determinants: 30 Years Longitudinal Differences between under and over 50s. Cancers, 14(19), 4799.

[4]. Ibrahem, S., Ahmed, H., Zangana, S., 2022, Trends in colorectal cancer in Iraq over two decades: incidence, mortality, topography and morphology. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 42(4), 252–261.

[5]. Chen, F. W., Sundaram, V., Chew, T. A., Ladabaum, U., 2017, Advanced Stage Colorectal Cancer in Persons Younger Than 50 Years not Associated With Longer Duration of Symptoms or Time to Diagnosis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 15(5), 728–737.

[6]. Meester, R. G. S., Mannalithara, A., Lansdorp-Vogelaar, I., Ladabaum, U., 2019, Trends in Incidence and Stage at Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer in Adults Aged 40 Through 49 Years, 1975–2015. JAMA, 321(19), 1933–1934.

[7]. Siegel, R. L., Jakubowski, C. D., Fedewa, S. A., Davis, A., Azad, N. S., 2020, Colorectal Cancer in the Young: Epidemiology, Prevention, Management. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, (40), e75–e88.

[8]. Kirzin, S., Marisa, L., Guimbaud, R., Reynies, A. D., Legrain, M., Laurent-Puig, P., et al., 2014, Sporadic Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Is a Specific Sub-Type of Cancer: A Morphological, Molecular and Genetics Study. PLOS ONE, 9(8), e103159.

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[24]. Abotchie, P. N., Vernon, S. W., Du, X. L., 2012, Gender Differences in Colorectal Cancer Incidence in the United States, 1975–2006. Journal of Women’s Health, 21(4), 393–400.

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[30]. Doggui, R., Al-Jawaldeh, H., Al-Jawaldeh, A., 2020, Trend of Iodine Status in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Impact of the Universal Salt Iodization Programs: a Narrative Review. Biological Trace Element Research, 198(2), 390–402.

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[33]. Siegel, R. L., Wagle, N. S., Cercek, A., Smith, R. A., Jemal, A., 2023, Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 73(3), 233–254.

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Abstract:

This study analyzed anthropometric indicators such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and body mass index (BMI), in addition to measuring indicators such as Vaspin and Visfatin levels. A link between obesity and the metabolic and hormonal changes that affect overall health. The study sample included 90 men aged 25 to 45 years old. They were divided into five groups based on their body mass index (BMI). The first (control) group included 18 men of normal weight, while the second group included 18 overweight men. The third group included 18 men with class I obesity, and the fourth group included 18 men with class II obesity. The fifth group included 18 men with a history of obesity. Participants with chronic diseases or conditions that also affect metabolic processes were excluded. The study showed that Vaspin and Visfatin levels increased inversely with increasing BMI, suggesting a role for these proteins and hormones in the metabolic effects associated with obesity. The study concluded that using body mass index (BMI) alone to assess health risks may be insufficient, as it does not reflect the distribution of body fat. Therefore, it is preferable to use a combination of anthropometric indicators such as waist circumference, WHR, WHtR, and body fat percentage to provide a comprehensive assessment of health risks associated with obesity. The results also indicate that individuals with increased waist circumference and WHR are more susceptible to heart disease and diabetes.

References:

[1]. Coll, P. P., Phu, S., Hajjar, S. H., Kirk, B., Duque, G., Taxel, P., 2021, The prevention of osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(5), 1388-1398, doi:10.1111/jgs.17043.

[2]. Mohammed, S. A., Sarhat, E. R., 2024, Evaluation of Serum Eta Protein, Sclerostin, and Calcitonin Level in Arthritis Patients on Vitamin D Therapy. Pharmacognosy Journal, 16(2), doi:10.5530/pj.2024.16.67.

[3]. Obied, M. M., Sarhat, E. R., 2024, The Role of Vitamin D-Binding Protein, and Procalcitonin in Patients with Arthritis on Vitamin D. Pharmacognosy Journal, 16(2), doi:10.5530/pj.2024.16.68.

[4]. Sarhat, E. R., Alddin Ibrahim, S. K., 2020, Assessment of Serum Levels of Fetuin-A, Lipocalin-2, Interleukin-18, and C-Reactive Protein in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Biochemical Study. Cellular and Molecular Science, 22(55), 1-9.

[5]. Hofsø, D., Hillestad, T. O. W., Halvorsen, E., Fatima, F., Johnson, L. K., Lindberg, M., Hjelmesæth, J., 2021, Bone mineral density and turnover after sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass: a randomized controlled trial (Oseberg). The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 106(2), 501-511, doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa808.

[6]. Aliyu, N. A., Aliyu, A. B., Jibril, A. M., Bello, Z. I., 2025, Obesity and Risk of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Case-Control Hospital-based Study of 372 Patients. Texila International Journal of Public Health, 2025, 13(1):45-51, doi: 10.21522/TIJPH.2013.13.01.Art006.

[7]. Barbalho, S. M., Tofano, R. J., Oliveira, M. B. D., Quesada, K. R., Barion, M. R., Akuri, M. C., Bechara, M. D., 2019, HDL-C and non-HDL-C levels are associated with anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Jornal vascular brasileiro, 18, e20180109, doi:10.1590/1677-5449.180109.

[8]. Elbanna, I. A., Karthik, N. P., Selvankumar, T., 2025, The Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on LDL Cholesterol Levels in Adults: A Short-Term Observational Study. Texila International Journal of Public Health, 2025, 13(1):458-467, doi: 10.21522/TIJPH.2013.13.01.Art045.

[9]. Cui, R., Zhou, L., Li, Z., Li, Q., Qi, Z., Zhang, J., 2016, Assessment risk of osteoporosis in Chinese people: relationship among body mass index, serum lipid profiles, blood glucose, and bone mineral density. Clinical interventions in aging, 887-895, doi:10.2147/CIA.S103845.

[10]. Al-Barwani, R., Sarhat, E., 2024, Breast cancer-modulated omentin and vaspin plasma levels. Georgian Medical News, (347), 66-69.

[11]. Sarhat, E. R., Rmaid, Z. J., Jabir, T. H., 2020, Changes of salivary interleukine17, Apelin, Omentin and Vaspin levels in normal subjects and diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. Ann Trop Med & Pub Health, 23(1), S404, doi:10.36295/ASRO.2020.23118.

[12]. Jarjees, Z., Sarhat, E., 2024, Assessment of osteopontin, sclerostin, and osteocalcin levels in patients with hypothyroidism on medical therapy. Georgian Medical News, (347), 131-135.

[13]. Hamad, M. S., Sarhat, E. R., Sarhat, T. R., Abass, K. S., 2021, Impact of serum Adropin and Irisin in Iraqi patients with congestive heart failure. PJMH S, 15(2), 497-499.

[14]. Curtis, E. M., Moon, R. J., Harvey, N. C., Cooper, C., 2017, Reprint of: the impact of fragility fracture and approaches to osteoporosis risk assessment worldwide. International journal of orthopaedic and trauma nursing, 26, 7-17, doi:10.1016/j.ijotn.2017.04.004.

[15]. Kim, J., Ha, J., Jeong, C., Lee, J., Lim, Y., Jo, K., Baek, K. H., 2023, Bone mineral density and lipid profiles in older adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Osteoporosis International, 34(1), 119-128, doi:10.1007/s00198-022-06571-z.

[16]. Shen, Y., Huang, X., Wu, J., Lin, X., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z., Shan, P. F., 2022, The global burden of osteoporosis, low bone mass, and its related fracture in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 882241, doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.882241.

[17]. Handisurya, A., Riedl, M., Vila, G., Maier, C., Clodi, M., Prikoszovich, T., Luger, A., 2018. Serum vaspin concentrations in relation to insulin sensitivity following RYGB-induced weight loss. Obesity Surgery, 28(5), 1303–1310, doi:10.1007/s11695-017-3010-3

[18]. Giardullo, A. L., Schiavo, L., Pilone, V., Barbarisi, A., 2021, Vaspin: A Way to Understand the Connection between Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1821, doi:10.3390/ijerph18041821

[19]. Youn, B. S., Kloting, N., Kratzsch, J., Lee, N., Park, J. W., Song, E. S., Bluher, M., 2008, Serum vaspin concentrations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 57(2), 372-377, doi:10.2337/db07-1045.

 [20]. Heiker, J. T., 2014, Vaspin (serpinA12) in obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Journal of Peptide Science, 20(5), 299-306, doi:10.1002/psc.2621.

[21]. Hida, K., Wada, J., Eguchi, J., Zhang, H., Baba, M., Seida, A., Kanwar, Y. S., 2005, Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor: a unique insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 102(30), 10610-10615, doi:10.1073/pnas.0504703102

Abstract:

Malaria is a major infectious disease affecting tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in low-income countries. Manokwari Regency reports the highest number of malaria cases in West Papua Province, with 7,325 cases and a malaria parasite incidence rate of 20.81 per 1,000 population, far from the national elimination target by 2028. This study analyzed the ecological and socio-demographic variations of malaria cases in Manokwari Regency from 2019 to 2023 using a quantitative study with an ecological design. The study was conducted from September to October 2024, analyzing nine districts. Secondary data were collected from various agencies covering the period of 2019-2023. Data analysis included univariate, bivariate, and spatial analyses. No significant association was found between population density (p=0.380; r=0.067), poverty (p=0.380; r=-0.333), geographical characteristics (p=0.380; r=-0.100), and rainfall (p=0.112; r=0.482) with malaria incidence. A negative correlation was observed between average temperature and malaria incidence (p=0.027; r=-0.648), while humidity showed a positive correlation (p=0.022; r=0.649). Spatial analysis revealed inconsistent patterns; densely populated or low-poverty areas often recorded high malaria cases, with coastal and lowland areas tending to have higher malaria incidence compared to highlands. Malaria distribution in Manokwari shows varied and complex patterns. Temperature and humidity were significantly associated with malaria incidence, whereas population density, poverty, geographical characteristics, and rainfall showed no consistent relationship. These findings highlight the complexity of malaria dynamics, suggesting the need for further detailed analysis.

References:

[1]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023, Malaria. Date oof Access: 30/03/2024. Https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/.

[2]. WHO, 2023, World malaria report 2023. Date Of Access: 12/05/2024. Https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2023

[3]. Ministry of Health of Indonesia, 2023, Indonesia Health Profile 2022 (Jakarta, Indonesia : Kemenkes RI).

[4]. Port Health Office, 2023, Performance Accountability Report of Class III Manokwari Port Health Office for 2022, Manokwari.

[5]. Arsin, A. A., 2012, Malaria in Indonesia: A Review of Epidemiological Aspects (Makassar, Indonesia: Masagena Press).

[6]. Noor, N. N., & Arsin, A. A., 2022, Basic Epidemiology, Disciplines in Public Health, I, 2022, (Makassar, Indonesia: Unhas Press).

[7]. Ministry of Health of Indonesia, 2022, Malaria Annual Report 2022 (Jakarta, Indonesia : Kemenkes RI), pp. 1–51.

[8]. Tarekegn, M., Tekie, H., Dugassa, S., & Wolde-Hawariat, Y., 2021, Malaria prevalence and associated risk factors in Dembiya district, North-western Ethiopia, Malaria Journal, 20(1), 1–11.

[9]. Arsunan, A. A., Syamsiar, S. R., Muhammad, A. N., Rezki, E., Aries, T. P. D., Nilawati, U. A., & Aisyah, 2020, Identification and strengthening of positive deviance : An efforts to reduce the incidence of malaria in Selayar islands, Enfermería Clínica, 30, 528–532.

[10]. Marisa, A., Wahyono, T. Y. M., Nasution, H. S., & Sitanggang, H. D., 2024, Factors Associated with Malaria Incidence in East Nusa Tenggara Province in 2018, The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Disease, 10(2), 111–128.

[11]. Nyasa, R. B., Fotabe, E. L., & Ndip, R. N., 2021, Trends in malaria prevalence and risk factors associated with the disease in Nkonghombeng; A typical rural setting in the equatorial rainforest of the South West Region of Cameroon, PLoS One, 16(5), 1–20.

[12]. Awosolu, O. B., Yahaya, Z. S., Farah Haziqah, M. T., Simon-oke, I. A., & Fakunle, C., 2021, A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence, Density, and Risk Factors Associated with Malaria Transmission in Urban Communities of Ibadan , Southwestern Nigeria, Heliyon, 7(1), doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05975.

[13]. Apriliani, A., Siregar, P. A., & Tarigan, A. A., 2021, Analysis of Risk Factors Malaria Incidence in Indonesia (Data Analysis Of Basic Health Research 2018), International Archives of Medical Sciences and Publict Health, 2(1), 98-107.

[14]. Ipa, M., Widawati, M., Laksono, A. D., Kusrini, I., & Dhewantara, P. W., 2020, Variation of preventive practices and its association with malaria infection in eastern Indonesia: Findings from community-based survey, PLoS One, 15(5), 1–18.

[15]. Ministry of Health of Indonesia, 2022, Malaria Risk Factor Control. Technical Guidelines for Malaria Risk Factors, pp. 1–115, [Online]. Available: https://malaria.kemkes.go.id/

[16]. The Health Office of Manokwari, 2024, Strategy to Improve Access to Public Health Services in Manokwari.

[17]. Flateau, C., Picque, M., Cornaglia, C., Pitsch, A. elia, Youbong, T., Leroy, P., De Pontfarcy, A., Jault, T., Thach, C., Camus, M., et al., 2023, Factors associated with delay in seeking healthcare for imported malaria: A retrospective study in a French hospital, Journal of Travel Medicine, 30(3), 1–7.

[18]. Villena, O. C., Arab, A., Lippi, C. A., Ryan, S. J., & Johnson, L. R., 2024, Influence of environmental, geographic, socio-demographic, and epidemiological factors on presence of malaria at the community level in two continents, Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1–18.

[19]. Chirombo, J., Ceccato, P., Lowe, R., Terlouw, D. J., Thomson, M. C., Gumbo, A., Diggle, P. J., & Read, J. M., 2020, Childhood malaria case incidence in Malawi between 2004 and 2017: Spatio-temporal modelling of climate and non-climate factors, Malaria Journal, 19(1), 1–13.

[20]. Nduwayezu, G., Zhao, P., Kagoyire, C., Eklund, L., Bizimana, J. P., Pilesjo, P., & Mansourian, A., 2023, Understanding the spatial non-stationarity in the relationships between malaria incidence and environmental risk factors using Geographically Weighted Random Forest: a case study in Rwanda, Geospatial Health, 18(1), doi: 10.4081/gh.2023.1184.

[21]. Tusting, L. S., Rek, J., Arinaitwe, E., Staedke, S. G., Kamya, M. R., Cano, J., Bottomley, C., Johnston, D., Dorsey, G., Lindsay, S. W., Lines, J., 2016, Why is malaria associated with poverty ? Findings from a cohort study in rural Uganda, Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 5(1), 1–11.

[22]. Rizki, N., Haq, A., & Siswati, S., 2024, Environmental Factors Associated with Malaria Incidence in Mentawai Islands Regency, Journal of Health Sciences, 8(2), 266–273.

[23]. Mbishi, J. V., Chombo, S., Luoga, P., Omary, H. J., Paulo, H. A., Andrew, J., & Addo, I. Y., 2024, Malaria in under-five children: prevalence and multi-factor analysis of high-risk African countries, BMC Public Health, 24(1), 1–10.

[24]. Noor, N. B., Arsunan, A. A., Marleni, N. M. R., & Mallongi, A., 2017, Algorithm malaria diagnosis as a result of the comparison between clinical symptoms and microscopy test in the population central Sulawesi Province, Asian Journal of Epidemiology, 10(1), 32–36.

[25]. Wang Z., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Wang, G., Lourenço, J., Kraemer, M., He, Q., Cazelles, B., Li, Y., Wang, R., Tian, H., et al., 2022, The relationship between rising temperatures and malaria incidence in Hainan, China, from 1984 to 2010: a longitudinal cohort study, The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(4), e350–e358.

[26]. Siya, A., Kalule, B. J., Ssentongo, B., Lukwa, A. T., & Egeru, A., 2020, Malaria patterns across altitudinal zones of Mount Elgon following intensified control and prevention programs in Uganda, BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1), 1–16.

[27]. Zewude, B. T., Debusho, L. K., & Diriba, T. A., 2022, Multilevel logistic regression modelling to quantify variation in malaria prevalence in Ethiopia, PLoS One, 17(9), 1–21.

[28]. Mishra, M. M., Sahu, N., Mallick, G., & Pani, B., 2023, Trend of Malaria Incidences and its Association with Rainfall in Kalahandi District of Odisha, India, Indian J. Public Health, 67(1),166–169.

[29]. Mohammadkhani, M., Khanjani, N., Bakhtiari, B., Tabatabai, S. M., & Sheikhzadeh, K., 2019, The Relation Between Climatic Factors and Malaria Incidence in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran, SAGE Open, 9(3), 1177.

[30]. Directorate of Improving the Quality of Health Workers, 2023, Bionomics of vectors and disease-carrying animals. Vector and Disease-Carrying Animal Control Training Module for Health Entomologists at Community Health Centers, (Jakarta: Ministry of Health of Indonesia), pp. 7–26.

[31]. Arab, A., Jackson, M. C., & Kongoli, C., 2019, Modelling the effects of weather and climate on malaria distributions in West Africa, Malaria Journal, 13(1), 1–9.

[32]. Nyasa, R. B., Awatboh, F., Kwenti, T. E., Titanji, V. P. K., & Ayamba, N. L. M., 2022, The effect of climatic factors on the number of malaria cases in an inland and a coastal setting from 2011 to 2017 in the equatorial rain forest of Cameroon, BMC Infectious. Diseases, 22(1), 1–11.

[33]. Nissan, H., Ukawuba, I., & Thomson, M., 2021, Climate-proofing a malaria eradication strategy, Malaria Journal, 20(1), 1–16.

Abstract:

Acute appendicitis is a common surgical emergency, with perforation leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The length-to-diameter ratio of the appendix may be considered a predictor of perforation risk. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between this ratio and the incidence of appendicular perforation. This research aims to study the correlation between the appendix length/diameter ratio to its incidence of perforation. A retrospective study was conducted on patients undergoing appendectomy from March 2022 to August 2024. A total of 120 patients were recruited in this study. Patient data, including demographics, histopathological findings, and radiological measurements, were analyzed. Patients were grouped into perforated and non-perforated appendicitis groups. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests and logistic regression, were performed to assess the association between appendix length/diameter ratio and perforation risk. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethics committee. Among 120 patients, 65 (54.2%) were male, and 55 (45.8%) were female, with a mean age of 28.1 ± 7.4 years. Perforation was identified in 18 (15%) cases. Patients with a length/diameter ratio ≤10 had a significantly higher perforation rate (14/56, 25%) compared to those with a ratio >10 (4/64, 6.3%) (p<0.01). Logistic regression showed that a ratio ≤10 was an independent predictor of perforation (OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.9-8.5, p<0.001). A lower appendix length/diameter ratio significantly increases the risk of perforation in acute appendicitis. Including this parameter in preoperative radiological assessments may improve early diagnosis and improve surgical decision-making, ultimately reducing complications associated with perforated appendicitis.

References:

[1]. Jaffe, B. M., Berger, D. H., 2005, The Appendix. In: Schwartz SI, Brunicardi CF, eds. Schwartz Principles of Surgery. McGraw-Hill.

[2]. Tantarattanapong, S., & Arwae, N., 2018, Risk factors associated with perforated acute appendicitis in geriatric emergency patients. Open Access Emergency Medicine, 129-134. Doi: 10.2147/OAEM.S173930

[3]. Balogun, O. S., Osinowo, A., Afolayan, M., Olajide, T., Lawal, A., & Adesanya, A., 2019, Acute perforated appendicitis in adults: Management and complications in Lagos, Nigeria. Annals of African medicine, 18(1), 36-41. Doi: 10.4103/aam.aam_11_18.

[4]. Primatesta, P., & Goldacre, M. J., 1994, Appendicectomy for acute appendicitis and for other conditions: an epidemiological study. International journal of epidemiology, 23(1), 155-160.

[5]. Andersson, R. E., 2007, The natural history and traditional management of appendicitis revisited: spontaneous resolution and predominance of prehospital perforations imply that a correct diagnosis is more important than an early diagnosis. World journal of surgery, 31, 86-92.

[6]. Bhangu, A., Søreide, K., Di Saverio, S., Assarsson, J. H., & Drake, F. T., 2015, Acute appendicitis: modern understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. The Lancet, 386(10000), 1278-1287.

[7]. Willekens, I., Peeters, E., De Maeseneer, M., & De Mey, J., 2014, The normal appendix on CT: does size matter?. PloS one, 9(5), e96476.

[8]. Naderan, M., Babaki, A. E. S., Shoar, S., Mahmoodzadeh, H., Nasiri, S., & Khorgami, Z., 2016. Risk factors for the development of complicated appendicitis in adults. Turkish Journal of Surgery/Ulusal cerrahi dergisi, 32(1), 37.

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Abstract:

The present study employed Ultra sound technique to prepare three novel organic compounds. These compounds share a structural similarity with curcumin (A). Specifically, the compounds included the unsubstituted form (B), a 6-OMe-substituted derivative (C), and a 5-Br-substituted derivative (D). The study examined the potential efficacy of selected compounds against kidney cancer in mice through molecular docking approaches. Docking studies revealed that these compounds exhibited strong interactions with four key enzymes involved in inflammation: TNF-alpha, COX-2, IL-6, and LOX-2. Notably, these compounds demonstrated the lowest (most negative) ΔG values, indicating effective inhibition of these enzymes. The results confirmed that the synthesized compounds displayed substantial binding affinity and inhibitory effects on these enzymes. Following molecular docking analysis, an in vivo study was carried out using 90 male mice, randomly assigned to six groups (5 per group). The control group received a standard diet and distilled water, while groups 2 through 6 were administered intraperitoneal injections of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at a dose of 60 mg/kg for two months to induce renal carcinogenesis. Subsequently, groups 3 to 6 received additional intraperitoneal treatments with compounds A, B, C, and D at doses of (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) mg/kg for 21 consecutive days. Biochemical assessments indicated that compound C exerted significant anticancer activity, demonstrated by a marked reduction in TNF-α levels and inhibition of COX-2, IL-6, and LOX-2 enzymes. These molecular changes were associated with amelioration of renal cancer-induced damage. Histopathological examination further confirmed the therapeutic efficacy of compound C, revealing complete regression of renal tumors.

References:

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2.    Tomeh, M. A., Hadianamrei, R., Zhao, X., 2019, A review of curcumin and its derivatives as anticancer agents. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(5), 1033.  doi:10.3390/ijms20051033.

3.    Khalaf, K. A., Omar, A. O., 2023, Green Synthesis and Spectroscopic Study of New Heterocyclic Compounds Derived from Ethyl Coumarilate. African Journal of Advanced Pure and Applied Sciences (AJAPAS), 281-289.

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8.    Zaahkouk, S. M., Aboul-Ela, E. I., Ramadan, M. A., Bakry, S., Mhany, B. M., 2015, Anti-carcinogenic activity of methanolic extract of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare) against breast, colon, and liver cancer cells. Int. J. Adv. Res, 3(5), 1525-1537.

9.    Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R. L., Torre, L. A., Jemal, A., 2018, Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 68(6), 394-424.  doi:10.3322/caac.21492.

10.    Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., Bray, F., 2021, Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 71(3), 209-249.  doi:10.3322/caac.21660.

11.    Napiórkowska, M., Cieślak, M., Kaźmierczak-Barańska, J., Królewska-Golińska, K., Nawrot, B., 2019, Synthesis of new derivatives of benzofuran as potential anticancer agents. Molecules, 24(8), 1529.  doi:10.3390/molecules24081529.

12.    Abedinifar, F., Farnia, S. M. F., Mahdavi, M., Nadri, H., Moradi, A., Ghasemi, J. B., Foroumadi, A., 2018, Synthesis and cholinesterase inhibitory activity of new 2-benzofuran carboxamide-benzylpyridinum salts. Bioorganic chemistry, 80, 180-188.  doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.06.006.

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14.    Sehgal, S. A., 2017, Pharmacoinformatics and molecular docking studies reveal potential novel Proline Dehydrogenase (PRODH) compounds for Schizophrenia inhibition. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 26, 314-326. doi:10.1007/s00044-016-1752-2.

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16.    Khalaf, A. K., Omar, O. A., 2023, Synthesis, Pharmacological Evaluation, and Docking Studies of Ethyl Coumarilate Derivatives as Potential Anti-bladder Cancer in a Mouse Model. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 13(4), 1548-1556. doi:10.9734/irjpac/2022/v23i6791.

17.    Ladokun, O. A., Abiola, A., Okikiola, D., Ayodeji, F., 2018, GC-MS and molecular docking studies of Hunteria umbellata methanolic extract as a potent anti-diabetic. Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, 13, 1-8.  doi:10.1016/j.imu.2018.08.001.

18.    Odhar, H. A., Hashim, A. F., Ahjel, S. W., Humadi, S. S., 2023, Molecular docking and dynamics simulation analysis of the human FXIIa with compounds from the Mcule database. Bioinformation, 19(2), 160.  doi:10.6026/97320630019160.

19.    Hassan, H. A., 2015, Synthesis of Some Benzofuran-based Pyrazoline, Isoxazoline, Pyrmidine, Cyclohexenone and Indazole Derivatives. Iraqi National Journal of Chemistry, 15(1), 12-26.

20.    Gold, S. A., Margulis, V., 2023, Carcinogenic effects of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) contamination in ranitidine: defining the relationship with renal malignancies. JU Open Plus, 1(10), e00053.  doi:10.1097/JU9.0000000000000058.

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24.    Ho, M. Y., Tang, S. J., Chuang, M. J., Cha, T. L., Li, J. Y., Sun, G. H., Sun, K. H., 2012, TNF-α induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition of renal cell carcinoma cells via a GSK3β-dependent mechanism. Molecular cancer research, 10(8), 1109-1119.  doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-12-0160.

25.    Ronca, R., Van Ginderachter, J. A., Turtoi, A., 2018, Paracrine interactions of cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages and endothelial cells: tumor allies and foes. Current Opinion in Oncology, 30(1), 45-53.  doi:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000420.

26.    Keibel, A., Singh, V., Sharma, M. C., 2009, Inflammation, microenvironment, and the immune system in cancer progression. Current pharmaceutical design, 15(17), 1949-1955. h doi:10.2174/138161209788453167.

27.    He, X., Gao, Y., Hui, Z., Shen, G., Wang, S., Xie, T., Ye, X. Y., 2020, 4-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzofuran-2-carbohydrazones as novel LSD1 inhibitors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 30(10), 127109.  doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127109

28.    Tabriz, H. M., Mirzaalizadeh, M., Gooran, S., Niki, F., Jabri, M., 2016, COX-2 expression in renal cell carcinoma and correlations with tumor grade, stage and patient prognosis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 17(2), 535-538.  doi:10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.2.535.

29.    Ishibashi, K., Koguchi, T., Matsuoka, K., Onagi, A., Tanji, R., Takinami-Honda, R., Kojima, Y., 2018, Interleukin-6 induces drug resistance in renal cell carcinoma. Fukushima journal of medical science, 64(3), 103-110.  doi:10.5387/fms.2018-15.

30.    Sang, Y. B., Yang, H., Lee, W. S., Lee, S. J., Kim, S. G., Cheon, J., Kim, C., 2022, High serum levels of IL-6 predict poor responses in patients treated with pembrolizumab plus axitinib for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cancers, 14(23), 5985.  doi:10.3390/cancers14235985.

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Abstract:

A series of experiments were conducted to measure various anthropometric and biological indicators for each group. Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI, as were waist circumference to measure abdominal fat accumulation. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were also measured to determine body fat distribution. Lipid analyzers were used to accurately measure body fat percentage, while laboratory techniques were used to measure blood levels of osteoprotegerin and sclerostin. Regarding biological markers, the study showed that osteoprotegerin and sclerostin levels increased inversely with increasing body mass index (BMI), suggesting a role for these proteins and hormones in the metabolic effects associated with obesity. These findings highlight the potential of using these biomarkers to assess health risks associated with obesity and determine appropriate treatment strategies.The study concluded that using body mass index (BMI) alone to assess health risks may be insufficient, as it does not reflect the distribution of body fat. Therefore, it is preferable to use a combination of anthropometric indicators such as waist circumference, WHR, WHtR, and body fat percentage to provide a comprehensive assessment of health risks associated with obesity. The results also indicate that individuals with increased waist circumference and WHR are more likely to develop heart disease and diabetes.

References:

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[2].   Mahmmod, M., Sarhat, E., 2023. Hepcidin and ferritin modulated in obese male. Georgian Medical News, (344), 114-118.

[3].   Al-Barwani, R., Sarhat, E., 2024. Breast cancer-modulated omentin and vaspin plasma levels. Georgian Medical News, (347), 66-69.

[4].   Sarhat, E. R., Rmaid, Z. J., Jabir, T. H., 2020. Changes of salivary interleukine17, Apelin, Omentin and Vaspin levels in normal subjects and diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. Ann Trop Med and Pub Health, 23(1), S404, Doi:10.36295/ASRO.2020.23118.

[5].   Alay, I., Kaya, C., Cengiz, H., Yildiz, S., Ekin, M., Yasar, L., 2020. The relation of body mass index, menopausal symptoms, and lipid profile with bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Taiwanese journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 59(1), 61-66, Doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2019.11.009.

[6].   Herpich, C., Müller-Werdan, U., Norman, K., 2022. Role of plant-based diets in promoting health and longevity. Maturitas, 165, 47-51, Doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.07.003.

[7].   Shen, Y., Huang, X., Wu, J., Lin, X., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z., Shan, P. F., 2022. The global burden of osteoporosis, low bone mass, and its related fracture in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 882241, Doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.882241.

[8].   Mohammed, S. A., Sarhat, E. R., 2024. Evaluation of Serum Eta Protein, Sclerostin, and Calcitonin Level in Arthritis Patients on Vitamin D Therapy. Pharmacognosy Journal, 16(2), Doi:10.5530/pj.2024.16.67.

[9].   Obied, M. M., Sarhat, E. R., 2024. The Role of Vitamin D-Binding Protein, and Procalcitonin in Patients with Arthritis on Vitamin D. Pharmacognosy Journal, 16(2), Doi:10.5530/pj.2024.16.68.

[10].  Sarhat, E. R., Alddin Ibrahim, S. K., 2020. Assessment of Serum Levels of Fetuin-A, Lipocalin-2, Interleukin-18, and C-Reactive Protein in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Biochemical Study. Cellular and Molecular Science, 22(55), 1-9.

[11].  Jarjees, Z., Sarhat, E., 2024. Assessment of osteopontin, sclerostin, and osteocalcin levels in patients with hypothyroidism on medical therapy. Georgian Medical News, (347), 131-135.

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Abstract:

This investigation into the barriers and facilitators influencing the adoption of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among at-risk and general populations in Regions 3, 4, and 10 of Guyana is of substantial significance. Employing a questionnaire administered to 280 participants, this research explores demographic characteristics, knowledge levels, and perceived obstacles to PrEP accessibility. The findings reveal a gender distribution of male participants (51%), with a notable representation of non-binary individuals (11%). While 60% of respondents have considered utilizing PrEP, the study highlights critical barriers, including stigmatization (50%), insufficient awareness (36%), and affordability concerns (32%). Confidence in PrEP knowledge varies, with only 25% of participants expressing moderate confidence. Healthcare providers play a pivotal role in decision-making for 69% of respondents, indicating the importance of provider-patient interactions in influencing PrEP uptake. This study emphasizes the necessity for targeted awareness campaigns, enhanced healthcare provider education, and the establishment of dedicated PrEP clinics to address these barriers. By identifying and addressing these challenges, this research aims to inform strategies that augment PrEP uptake, ultimately reducing new HIV infections and improving public health outcomes in Guyana.

References:

[1]. World Health Organization, HIV - Global [Internet]. 2019, Oct 1, [cited 2024 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/hiv-aids#tab=tab_1.

[2]. World Health Organization, HIV Data and Statistics [Internet]. 2024, Mar 1, [cited 2024 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/hiv/strategicinformation/hiv-data-and-statistics.

[3]. World Health Organization, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) [Internet], 2024, Mar 1, [cited 2024 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/hiv/prevention/pre-exposure-prophylaxis.

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[5]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA approves second drug to prevent HIV infection as part of ongoing efforts to end the HIV epidemic [Internet]. 2019, [cited 2024 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov.

[6]. Mayer, K. H., Agwu, A., Malebranche, D., 2020, Barriers to the wider use of pre-exposure prophylaxis in the United States: A narrative review. Adv Ther. 37(5):1778-811. doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01295-0.

[7]. World Health Organization, 2016, Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care for key populations - 2016 update [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241511124.

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[9]. Antonini, M., Da Silva, I. E., Elias, H. C., Gerin, L., Cunha-Oliveira, A., Reis, R. K., 2023 Barriers to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use for HIV: An integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 76(3). doi: 10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0963.

[10]. World Health Organization, Global State of PrEP [Internet]. n.d. [cited 2024 Feb 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/groups/global-prep-network/global-state-of-prep#:~:text=There%20were%20about%201.6%20million,in%20eastern%20and%20southern%20Africa.

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[13]. Nabunya, R., Karis, V. M. S., Nakanwagi, L. J., et al., 2023, Barriers and facilitators to oral PrEP uptake among high-risk men after HIV testing at workplaces in Uganda: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 23:365. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15260-3.

[14]. Dolling, D. I., Phillips, A. N., Delpech, V., Miltz, A., Pozniak, A., McCormack, S., 2016, An analysis of baseline data from the PROUD study: An open-label randomized trial of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Trials. 17(1):163. doi: 10.1186/s13063-016-1286-4.

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Abstract:

Warthin's tumor (WT) is the most prevalent monomorphic adenoma of the major salivary glands. It accounts for 2–15% of all parotid tumors. Bilateral occurrences of multifocal WT are considerably less frequent than unilateral occurrences. Most of these bilateral tumors occur metachronously, with only a few synchronous occurrences reported in literature. A 61-year-old male presented with bilateral parotid swelling, with intermittent pain and difficulty opening his mouth. MRI revealed solid lesions in the superficial lobes of both parotid glands, with the largest measuring 3.7x2.3x3.8 cm on the left. FNAC indicated a Category IVA neoplasm, favoring WT. Bilateral parotidectomy and level IB neck dissection were performed. Histology showed multifocal, well-defined tumors with bilayered oncocytic epithelium, papillary and cystic structures, and lymphoid stroma. Reactive hyperplasia in lymph nodes was observed. These findings were consistent with bilateral multifocal WT. This case highlights a rare instance of synchronous bilateral WT in a 61-year-old patient. It emphasizes the need for careful diagnostic evaluation and treatment, as WT is typically metachronous. The report adds valuable insights to the literature, stressing the importance of considering synchronous presentations in salivary gland tumors.

References:

[1].   Nascimento, L. A., Ferreira, J. A. S., Pio, R. B., Takano, G. H. S., Miziara, H. L., 2014, Synchronous bilateral Warthin tumours: a case report. Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol., 18(2):217–220.

[2].   Gallo, O., Bocciolini, C., 1997, Warthin’s tumour associated with autoimmune diseases and tobacco use. Acta Otolaryngol., 117(4):623–627.

[3].   Jo, V. Y., Demicco, E. G., 2022, Update from the 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of head and neck tumors: Soft tissue tumors. Head Neck Pathol., 16(1):87–100.

[4].   Güçlü, O., Muratlı, A., Karatağ, O., Dereköy, F. S., Uludağ, A., 2012, Syncronized Warthin’s tumour in bilateral parotid gland and nasopharynx. Kulak Burun Bogaz Ihtis Derg., 22(4):236–240.

[5].   Kolary-Siekierska, K., Jałocha-Kaczka, A., Niewiadomski, P., Miłoński, J., 2024, Warthin tumors – risk factors, diagnostics, treatment. Nowotwory, 74(2):99–104.

[6].   Naujoks, C., Sproll, C., Singh, D. D., Heikaus, S., Depprich, R., Kübler, N. R., et al., 2012, Bilateral multifocal Warthin’s tumours in upper neck lymph nodes. Report of a case and brief review of the literature. Head Face Med., 8(1):11.

[7].   Faquin, W. C., Rossi, E. D., Baloch, Z., Barkan, G. A., Foschini, M. P., Kurtycz, D. F. I., et al., 2023, The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology. Springer Nature.

[8].   Raghu, A R., Rehani, S., Bishen, K. A., Sagari, S., 2014, Warthin’s tumour: A case report and review on pathogenesis and its histological subtypes. J. Clin. Diagn. Res., 8(9): ZD37–40.

[9].   Head and neck tumours. Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer. (WHO classification of tumours series, 5th ed.; Vol. 9).

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