Abstract:

Objective: The aim of the present study is to determine the seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), syphilis, and co-infections among antenatal women in National Hospital Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria.

Background: Sexually transmitted infections and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS are a major public health concern owing to both their prevalence and propensity to affect offspring through vertical transmission.

Aim: This study aimed at determining the seroprevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), syphilis, and co-infections among antenatal women in National Hospital Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A two (2) years retrospective study of antenatal women that attended National Hospital Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria from 1^st March, 2013 to 28^th February, 2015. A pretested data extraction form was used to obtain data on socio-demographic variables and screening test results from the antenatal records. The analysis was conducted using SPSS version 17 (Chicago, IL, USA).

Results: A total of 3748 antenatal records was used for the study. The seroprevalence of HIV, HCV, HBsAg and syphilis among the pregnant women were 7.9 %( 296/3748), 4.7 %( 176/3748), 10.6 %( 397/3748) and 1.1 %( 41/3748), respectively. The HIV/HBV, HIV/HCV and HIV/Syphilis co-infection prevalence rates were 0.24 %( 9/3748), 0.13 %( 5/3748) and 0.05 %( 2/3748) respectively. There was no HBC and HCV co-infection among both HIV positive and negative antenatal women. There was statistically significant difference in HBV and HCV infection between the HIV positive and negative antenatal women.

Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis is still a challenge in Abuja. Community health education is urgently require to reduce the prevalence of these infections among the most productive and economically viable age bracket. Our study showed that it is very necessary/important for all pregnant women to be requested to test for HBV, HCV alongside the conventional syphilis and HIV infections, in order to prevent vertical transmission to their unborn babies.

Preceptor/location of project: National Hospital Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria.

References:

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Abstract:

Malaria remains endemic in South Sudan, accounting for 20% of deaths and 30 % of hospital admissions (Global Fund, 2015). The 2014 to 2021 South Sudan national malaria strategic plan aims to bring down the morbidity and mortality related to malaria by 80%, but stock-out of drugs is a major challenge (National malaria control program [NMCP], 2017).

South Sudan received over fifty five million (55,585,832 USD) United states dollars from Global fund in 2015 for fighting malaria in addition to similar amounts from Department of International development (DFID) but this has not changed the ant-malaria  stock out status(DFID, 2015). In the last quarter of 2014, 854 Community based distributors (CBDs) from two sub-recipients had stock out of Artemisinin based combination therapy (ACTs)  (Global Fund, 2015).

This retrospective study re-analyzed the data used for training 240 community based drug distributors (CBDs) in April 2015 on the use of malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Of those who passed the post test, 131 were given kits of RDT to practice the skills they had acquired and give ACTs only to the children 2-59 months who test positive for malaria.

The number of children assessed with fever were 1047, (534 males and 513 females); 1012 were done RDT and only 364(36%) tested positive for plasmodium falciparum malaria.  The iCCM programme in South Sudan treats all fever cases with ACTs. This one month RDT use therefore saved 64% of the ACTs that would have been irrationally used.

References:

[1]. ALIMA 2017, South Sudan: Mobile clinics respond to malaria peak. South-Sudan-mobile-clinics-respond-malaria-peak, para 4

[2]. Armah, M.  Amaah, P. and Ebrahim M.J. 2016. Health cluster bulletin # 4 06 September 2016. South Sudun.  health-cluster-bulletin_24-august---06-sept-2016.pd

[3]. DFID, 2015. Annual review summary sheet. Integrated Community Case Management (ICCM) South Sudan.    South-Sudan-ICCM-Integrated-Community-Case-Management-DFID-2015-review.pdf?x30250

[4]. Dick, M., Farai, C., &Joseph, N. 2011. Pharmaceutical logistics assessment in South Sudan, Global health and technical assistance project. s19289en.pdf

[5]. Global fund 2015; Audit report for the Global Fund Grants to South Sudan. Office of the inspector general, 5th October Geneva 2015 OIG_GF-OIG-15-016_Report_en.pdf

[6]. Malaria Journal201413:45. Doi.1475-2875-13-45

[7]. Margaret B Eyobo, Adwok C Awur, Gregory Wani, Ahmed I Julla, Constantino D Remijo, Bakhit Sebit, Robert Azairwe, Othwonh Thabo, Edward Bepo, Richard L Lako, Lul Riek and Emmanuel Chanda, 2014. Malaria indicator survey 2009, South Sudan: baseline results at household level

[8]. Marycelina Mubi, Annika Janson, Marian Warsame, Andreas Mårtensson, Karin Källander, Max G. Petzold, Billy Ngasala, Gloria Maganga, Lars L. Gustafsson, Amos Massele, Göran Tomson, Zul Premji, and Anders Björkman, 2011. Malaria Rapid Testing by Community Health Workers Is Effective and Safe for Targeting Malaria Treatment: Randomised Cross-Over Trial in Tanzania doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019753.

[9]. Max Gibson and Eric Kramak, 2016. Understanding flood resilience in rural South Sudan. id=77f24aa1-63aa-4224-a69f-b5aa50d449b0.

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[16].  Ohnmar, Tun-Min, San-Shwe, Than-Win and Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong 2012. Effects of malaria volunteer training on coverage and timeliness of diagnosis: a cluster randomized controlled trial in Myanmar.

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Abstract:

A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out among the garments workers with the objective to assess the family planning practices of female garment workers with structured questionnaire by face to face interview. The proportion of women seeking abortion was 75%. The proportion of female workers were using family planning method was 85% and rest of workers were not using any type of method is 15%. Among those 15% who were using family planning method and apart from them 76.5% were taking OCP and 70% providing by Govt. source. There were also some garment workers who were concern about family planning method but due to long term use of oral contraceptive pills as contraceptive method leading to many chronic diseases. This study reflected family planning practices of female garment workers, for better standard. Further large scale studies needed to explore.

Keywords: Family planning practice, female garment workers.

References:

[1].     Acharya Dev Raj, Bhattarai Rabi, Pobalan Amuda, van Teijlingen, Edwin R, Chapman Glyn (2010) on Factors associated with teenage pregnancy in south asia in Health science Journal, vol 4, issue 1.

[2].     Candan Iltemir, Ozturk Turhan, Yuksel Onaron, Ilknur Gumus, Hilal Yuvaci, Elif Gozdemir (2010), on Adolescent Pregnancies: Maternal and Fetal Outcomes. The new Journal of Medicine; vol 27; pp 113-116.

[3].     Chabra, S on Perinatal outcome in Teenage Mothers. The journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India, Feb 1991, vol 41(1), pp 30-32.

[4].      Prianka Mukhopadhyay, R. N. Chaudhuri and Bhaskar Paul on The Hospital based perinatal Outcomes and complications in Teenage Pregnancy in India, ,(2010); October, vol 28(5); pp 494-500.

[5].      Rahman MM, Akter S, Mondal MNI on Contraceptive Use among Married Women in Chuadanga District, Bangladesh. Meddle East Journal of Family Medicine (2008); Vol 6(2), pp 40-45.

Abstract:

Introduction: As per Oman government’s health report (2013), Diabetes Mellitus (DM) prevalence in Omani population aged 18 and above was 12.3%. Omani young adult and older population, are at a higher risk of being diabetic and developing diabetic retinopathy (DR). There are limited studies conducted in Al-Batinah region, to evaluate the community’s, DR related awareness and knowledge. Evidences on community’s condition related knowledge can further help in enhancing the eye health care system.

Aim: To evaluate DR related awareness and knowledge, among Al Batinah population in Oman.

Material and Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire-based study involved 100, randomly selected Omani participants. A self-designed validated questionnaire was used to assess awareness and knowledge of DR, amongst Al-Batinah population. The survey-based responses were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.

Results: All participants have heard of DR. Relative or friend was the most common knowledge (51%) source. 81 % of the study participants were aware that DM leads to ocular complications. 94% participants believed that the eye care visit can be avoided, if DM is under control. Controlled diet was the highly agreed DR prevention strategy among the participants (88%). Agreement on the use of medication, laser and surgery as a part of the treatment, was observed to be 29%, 62%, and 70% respectively.

Conclusion: Awareness about DR, among the participants was high. However, the condition related knowledge variations were observed.

Keywords: Awareness and Knowledge-Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetic Eye Disease.

References:

[1].   Alasiri, R. A., & Bafaraj, A. G. (2016). Awareness of Diabetic Retinopathy among Diabetic Patients in King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

[2].   Al Rasheed, R., & Al Adel, F. (2017). Diabetic retinopathy: Knowledge, awareness and practices of physicians in primary-care centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology, 31(1), 2-6.

[3].   Al Zarea, B. (2016). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Diabetic Retinopathy amongst the Diabetic Patients of of AlJouf and Hail Province of Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2016/19568.7862.

[4].   Diabetic Retinopathy for Medical Students. EyeRounds.org - Ophthalmology. Available at: http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/tutorials/Diabetic-Retinopathy-Med-Students/index.htm. Accessed October 14, 2017.

[5].   El Haddad, O. A., & Saad, M. K. (1998). Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Omani diabetics. British journal of ophthalmology, 82(8), 901-906.

[6].   Khandekar, R. B., & Al-Lawati, J. A. (2015). Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy in Oman: Two decades of research. Oman journal of ophthalmology, 8(1), 1.

[7].   Khandekar, R., Al Harby, S., Al Harthy, H., & Al Lawatti, J. (2010). Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding eye complications and care among Omani persons with diabetes-A cross sectional study. Oman journal of ophthalmology, 3(2), 60.

[8].   Khandekar, R., Al Lawatii, J., Mohammed, A. J., & Al Raisi, A. (2003). Diabetic retinopathy in Oman: a hospital based study. British journal of ophthalmology, 87(9), 1061-1064.

[9].   M’Kiunga, K., Thuo, K., Margaret, C. and Miriam, W. (2017). Long-Term Complications and their Associated Risk Factors among Diabetic Patients at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. The International Annals of Medicine, 1(9).

[10].  Nei.nih.gov. (2018). Facts about Diabetic Eye Disease | National Eye Institute. Nei.nih.gov. Retrieved 10 February 2018, from https://nei.nih.gov/health/diabetic/retinopathy

[11].  Prabhu, M., Kakhandaki, A., & Chandra, K. R. (2015). A hospital based study on awareness of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic individuals based on knowledge, attitude and practices in a tier-2 city in South India. Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 1(3), 159-163.

[12].  Shetgar, A. C., Patil, B., Salagar, M. C., & Nanditha, A. (2015). Assessment of awareness of diabetic retinopathy among diabetics: A Clinical Survey. Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 1(4), 260-263.

[13].  Srinivasan, S., Raman, R., Kulothungan, V., Swaminathan, G., & Sharma, T. (2017). Influence of serum lipids on the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema: Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics Study (SN‐DREAMS II). Clinical & experimental ophthalmology.

[14].  Thapa, R., Paudyal, G., Maharjan, N., & Bernstein, P. S. (2012). Demographics and awareness of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients attending the vitreo-retinal service at a tertiary eye care center in Nepal. Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology, 4(1), 10-16.

Abstract:

The objective of the study was to investigate the association between community health workers (CHWs) socio-demographic characteristics with compliance to quality delivery of integrated community case management (iCCM) of malaria, diarrhea and simple respiratory infection. This was an implementation research study conducted in two local government areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria with a total of 152 CHWs. The study used an observational data collected by the ministry of health and implementing agency in 2010. The observational data was re-analyzed using SPSS version 17 to examine the association between the dependent variable, quality improvement performance score and independent variable - socio-demographic characteristics of CHWs. 21% of the CHWs were male while 79% were female CHWs. The CHWs overall mean age was 36.8(±8.7) years. The CHWs were assigned to the following age groups: <36 years (53%), and >36 years (47%).  12.0% of the CHWs had primary education; 74.0% attained secondary school while 14.0% of the CHWs attained post-secondary school. 63.0% of the CHWs were unskilled while 37.0% of the CHWs were skilled. Chi-square test result revealed that 81.5% (n=124) of the 152 CHWs studied were compliant to quality improvement performance. Logistic regression analysis showed that socio-demographic characteristic associated with quality improvement performance was sex (OR 2.717, 95% CI: 1.064-6.937, p=0.037). To introduce and sustain the impact on quality performance among CHWs requires training, supportive supervision and strong coordination.

Keyword: So-demographic characteristics, Community health workers, integrated community case management of malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea; quality improvement performance standards.

References:

[1].     Alam K., Tasneem S., Oliveras E. (2012). Retention of female volunteer community health workers in Dhaka urban slums: a case-control study. Health Policy Plan 27(6): 477-86. Doi: 1093/heapol/czr059.

[2].     Bagonza J., Kibira PS., Rutebemberwa E., (2014). Performance of health workers managing malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea under community case management program in central Uganda: a cross sectional study. Malaria Journal doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-367.

[3].     Born LJ, Wamulume C, Neroda KA, Quiterio N, Gigant MI, Morris M, Bolton-Moore C, Baird S, Sinkamba M, Tropp SM, Reid SE (2012). Evaluation of a task-shifting strategy involving peer education in HIV Care and treatment clinics in Lusaka, Zambia. Journal of Public Health in Africa.

[4].     Dilaram Acharya, Jitendra Kumar Singh, Samaj Adhikari, Varidmala Jain (2016). Association between sociodemographic characteristics of female community health volunteers and their knowledge and performance on maternal and child health services in Nepal. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare 9:111-120.

[5].     Edgar Necochea, Vandana Tripathi, Young MI Kim, Nabeal Akran, Yoland Hyjazi, Maria da Luz Vaz, Emmanuel Otolorin, Tsigue Pleah, Tambudzai Rashidi, Dustan Bishanga (2015).

[6].     Hayghe HV. (1991). Volunteers in the US: Who donates time? Monthly Labor Review.

[7].     Hamer DH., Brooks ET., Semrau K., Pilingana P., MacLeod WB., Siazeele K., Sabin LL., Thea DM., Yeboah-Antwi (2012). Quality and safety of integrated community case management of malaria using rapid diagnostic tests and pneumonia by community health workers. Pathog Glob Health. 106(1): 32–39. doi: 10.1179/1364859411Y.0000000042Harvey S.A, Jennings L, Chinyama M, Masaninga F, Mulholland K, Bell DR, 2008. Improving community health worker use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Zambia: package instructions, job aid and job aid-plus-training. Malar J 7: 160.

[8].     Implementation of Standard-Based Management and Recognition approach to quality improvement in maternal, newborn, and child health programs in low-resource countries. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 130 S17-S24.

[9].     Lopes SC., Cabral A., de Sousa B., (2014). Community health workers: to train or to restrain? A longitudinal survey to assess the impact of training community health workers in the Bolama Region, Guinea-Bissau. Hum Resour Health. 12:8 doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-12-8.

[10].  York KJ, Kabole I., Mrisho M., Berry DM. Schmidt E., (2015). Factors Affecting Community Participation in the CDTI Program in Morogor, Tanzania. Journal of Nursing Scholarship vol. 47, pages 96-104.

[11].  Morris MB, Chapula BT, Chi BH, Mwanza J, Manda H, Bolton C, Pankratz DS, Stringner JS, Reid SE (2009). Use of task-shifting to rapidly scale-up HIV treatment services: experiences from Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Health Services Research.

[12].  Melvin Hsien Liang Chung, Helmy Hazmi, and Whye Lian Cheah (2017). Role Performance of Community Health Volunteers and its Associated Factors in Kuching District, Sarawak. Journal of Environmental and Public health ID 9610928.

[13].  Orji BC., Brieger WR., Otolorin EO., Nwadike J., Bassey EV., Nkanga M. (2010). Health System Strengthening through Community Referral in the Management of Febrile Illness in Nigeria, ASTMH annual Meeting, Georgia – Atlanta (Abstract #1277.

[14].  Young MI Kim, Maureen Chilila, Hildah Shasulwe, Joseph Banda, Webby kanjipite, Supriya Sarkar, Eva Bazant, Cyndi Hiner, Maya Tholandi, Stephanie Reinhardt, Joyce Chongo Mulilo, and Adrienne Kols. (2013). Evaluation of quality improvement intervention of HIV (PMTCT) at Zambia defence force facilities. BMC Health Services Research 13:345.

Abstract:

This was an appraisal of a Rubella outbreak investigation carried out in Gokwe North District (Zimbabwe). The outbreak occurred from 24^th June to 12 August 2014 at a primary school. The manuscript has an abstract that provided the stance and thesis. The introductory part covered the epidemiology of the disease. Methods section detailed the study design. Findings of the descriptive and analytical epidemiology investigations are presented in the results sections.

The article was published in the Pan African Medical Journal, a peer reviewed journal. This confers credence to the journal. It is tracked by HINARI, and Scopus, among others. The corresponding author is Donewell Bangure, a Zimbabwean epidemiologist. The manuscript was backed up by credible references from World Health Organization and other peer reviewed journals. However, wrong construction of the epidemic curve, may have led to erroneous conclusions.

Most of the information in the manuscript was objectively developed. However, some references were unpublished, and, some outdated. The manuscript was published in a peer reviewed journal and this makes it stable. There are three tables and one graph in the article. There are three well labelled tables and a graph in the manuscript. Information in the tables and graph is presented in a way that is comprehensible.

Keywords: Rubella, Gokwe North, Outbreak.

References:

[1].     Axton et. al. (1979). Simultaneous Rubella and Measles Epidemics in an African Community. The Central African Journal of Medicine.

[2].     Bosma et. al. (1995) PCR for detection of rubella virus RNA in clinical samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. May 1995 vol. 33 no. 5 1075-1079.

[3].  Centres for Disease Control (2006). Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice-US Department of Health and Human Services Updated May 2012.

[4]. Chimhuya et. al. (2015). Trends of rubella incidence during a 5-year period of case-based surveillance in Zimbabwe. BMC Public Health.

[5]. Dimech et.al. (2016). Standardization of assays that detect anti-rubella virus IgG antibodies. Clin Microbiol Rev 29:163–174. doi:10.1128/CMR.00045-15.

[6]. Farra et. al. (2016). Epidemiology of primary rubella infection in the Central African Republic: data from measles surveillance 2007-2014 BMC Infectious Diseases.

[7].Heymann, D. (2014). Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. American Public Health Association.

[8]. Kimberlin et. al. (2015) The Red Book- American Academy of Pediatrics 2015.

[9]. Lawn et. al (2000). Unseen blindness, unheard deafness and unrecorded death and disability: congenital rubella in Kumusi Ghana American J public Health.

[10]. Mengouo et. al. (2017) Epidemiology of Rubella Infection in Cameroon: a 7 -year experience of measles and rubella case-based surveillance 2008-2014. BMJ.

[11].  Mpeta T, Ndlovu et. al. Rubella Outbreak in Nkakezi, Insiza District, Matebeleland South Province (Unpublished). 2005. Google Scholar).

[12].  Lazar et. al. (2016) Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a rubella outbreak, Romania, 2011 to 2012. Euro Surveill. 2016; 21(38):pii=30345. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.38.30345.

[13].  Wesolowski A et al. 2016 Introduction of rubella-containing-vaccine to Madagascar: implications for roll-out and local elimination. J. R. Soc. Interface 13: 20151101.http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.1101.

[14].  World Health Organization (2008) Foodborne disease outbreaks: guidelines for investigation and control. World Health Organization.

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[17].  Zhen Zhu (2007). Comparison of Four methods using throat Swabs to Confirm Rubella Virus Infection. J. Clin. Microbiology.

Abstract:

This quasi experimental study was done among the students of class V of 68 No. Islampur Primary School, Dhamrai, Dhaka to assess & intervene knowledge on nutrition. Purposively 104 students of class V were selected and interviewed with a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Then the respondents were taught with basic nutrition knowledge for 5 days and after completion of teaching, post intervention evaluation was done with same questionnaire. Then the answer scripts were evaluated to understand whether there were any changes in their knowledge on nutrition. As on the analysis it is clearly understood that there is huge difference and increase in percentage before and after the intervention. There was a satisfactory improve of knowledge after giving of intervention on nutrition. The primary objective was to assess the knowledge on nutrition to improve the health of the respondents. On the basis of the findings it may be concluded that the knowledge on nutrition is one of the major health concern, so creating awareness through intervention program on nutrition can reduce the malnutrition problem.

Keywords: Knowledge, nutrition.

References:

[1]. Clasnoff. I. J. 1994, “Family Medical and Health Guide”.

[2]. (CDC) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Childhood overweight and obesity. Accessed 05 March 2013.

[3]. Crockett S.J. and L.S. Sims. 1995. Environmental influences on children’s eating. J Nutr Educ. 27(5):235.

[4]. Delisle, H. Chandra-Mouli, V. and de Benoist, B. (2014) “Should Adolescents be Specifically Targeted for Nutrition in Developing Countries: To Address Which Problems, and How? World Health Organization/International Nutrition Foundation for Developing Countries”.

[5]. Gracey, D., Stanley, N., Burke, V., Corti, B. & Beilin, L.J. 1996, 'Nutritional knowledge, beliefs and behaviours in teenage school students', Health Education Research, v.11, n.2, pp.187-203.

[6]. Gupta. K., et al., 1992,”Food and Nutrition”, Jaypee Brothers.

[7]. Guilloteau, P. Zabielski, R. Hammon, H. M. and Metges, C. C. (2009) “Adverse effects of nutritional programming during prenatal and early postnatal life, some aspects of regulation and potential prevention and treatments,” Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 60, supplement 3, pp. 17–35.

[8]. Ruzita AT, Wan Azdie MAB, Ismail MN (2007) 'The Effectiveness of Nutrition Education Programme for Primary School Children, Mal J Nutr, 13(1), pp. 45-54.

[9]. Stang, J. and Story, M. (2005) “Adolescent growth and development,” in Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services, J. Stang and M. Story, Eds., chapter 1, pp. 1–8, Center for Leadership, Education and Training in Maternal and Child Nutrition, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn, USA.

[10].  Smolin. L. A., & Grovenor. M. B., 1997, “Nutrition Science and Applications”.

[11].  Sreedevi.V., 1997,”Nutrition Education”, Discovery publishing House

[12].  Shriqui V., Entin A., Fraser D., Novack Y., Bilenko N., Vardi H., Shahar D.R. Development and validation of food frequency questionnaire for children age 5–6 using multiple methods. Int. J. Child. Health Nutr. 2013; 2:367–376.

Abstract:

The HIV prevalence in the Zimbabwean population aged 15-49 years remains high (15.2%). Most adolescents do not know their HIV status despite knowing a place to get tested. We determined barriers to HIV testing and counseling (HCT) among sexually active adolescents and young adults in Harare City

We conducted a cross-sectional study among sexually active adolescents and young adults. Data were collected using a pretested self-administered questionnaire. Information was collected on individual characteristics, HIV testing acceptance, risk behaviors and reasons for having never been tested. Epi-Info 7 was used to analyze data. Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used to assess independent determinants for not testing for HIV. Statistical significance was set at p< 0.01.

A total of 427 adolescents and young adults were recruited. The majority (56.9%) were female. Of these, 186(43.6%) had never tested for HIV. Participants listed not knowing where to get tested (60.8%), low risk perception (29%), never having been offered a test(21.5%), fear of a positive result(16.1%), being embarrassed (10.2%), parents who will not allow (7.5%), failure to afford consultation fees(5.9%), and being worried about health worker confidentiality(5.9%) as reasons for not having been tested. In multivariate analysis being afraid of a positive result [aOR=0.07; 95%CI (0.01-0.30)] and being male [aOR=0.43; 95%CI (0.23-0.80)] were independently associated with never having had an HIV test.

Barriers to HIV testing identified in this study can be easily resolved by applying innovative approaches tailored to increase access to and acceptance of HIV-testing services among the adolescent and young adult populations.

Keywords: Adolescents, HIV Testing, Correlates, Barriers, Harare City.

References:

[1].     Addis, Z., Yalew, A., Shiferaw, Y., Alemu, A., Birhan, W., Mathewose, B., & Tachebele, B. (2013). Knowledge, attitude and practice towards voluntary counseling and testing among university students in North West Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 13, 714. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-714

[2].     Baral SD, Poteat T, Strömdahl S, Wirtz AL, Guadamuz TE, Beyrer C. Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013; 113(3):214–22. Publisher Full Text

[3].     Bekker, L.-G., & Hosek, S. (2015). HIV and adolescents: focus on young key populations. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18(2Suppl 1). https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.2.20076

[4].     CDC. Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings. (2006). Retrieved February 7, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5514a1.htm

[5].     Choi, K. H., Lui, H., Guo, Y., Han, L., & Mandel, J. S. (2006). Lack of HIV testing and awareness of HIV infection among men who have sex with men, Beijing, China. AIDS Education and men who have never tested for HIV. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 38(5), 419e428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31820369dd.

[6].     Day, J. H., Miyamura, K., Grant, A. D., Leeuw, A., Munsamy, J.,Baggaley, R., et al. (2003). Attitudes to HIV voluntary counselling and testing among mineworkers in South Africa:will availability of antiretroviral therapy encourage testing? AIDS Care, 15, 665e672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0954012030001595140.

[7].     Deblonde, J., De Koker, P., Hamers, F. F., Fontaine, J., Luchters, S., & Temmerman, M. (2010). Barriers to HIV testing in Europe: a systematic review. European Journal of Public Health, 20(4), 422e432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp231.

[8].     Govindasamy, D., Ferrand, R. A., Wilmore, S. M., Ford, N., Ahmed, S., Afnan-Holmes, H., & Kranzer, K. (2015). Uptake and yield of HIV testing and counselling among children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18(1), 20182. http://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.1.20182

[9].     Idele, P., Gillespie, A., Porth, T., Suzuki, C., Mahy, M., Kasedde, S., & Luo, C. (2014). Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among adolescents: current status, inequities, and data gaps. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 66 Suppl 2, S144-153. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000176

[10].  Kabiru, C. W., Beguy, D., Crichton, J., & Zulu, E. M. (2011). HIV/AIDS among youth in urban informal (slum) settlements in Kenya: what are the correlates of and motivations for HIV testing? BMC Public Health, 11, 685. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-685

[11].  Lopez-Quintero, C., Shtarkshall, R., & Neumark, Y. D. (2005). Barriers to HIV-testing among Hispanics in the United States: analysis of the National Health Interview Survey, 2000. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 19(10), 672–683. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2005.19.672

[12].  Mikolajczak, J., Hospers, H. J., & Kok, G. (2006). Reasons for not taking an HIV-test among untested men who have sex with men: an Internet study. AIDS and Behavior, 10(4), 431–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-006-9068-8

[13].  MOHCC- Zimbabwe National Guidelines for HIV Testing and Counselling in Children and Adolescents (2014). Retrieved January 13, 2018, from https://aidsfree.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/hts_zimbabwe_2014.pdf

[14].  Musumari, P. M., Tangmunkongvorakul, A., Srithanaviboonchai, K., Yungyuankul, S., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P., … Chariyalertsak, S. (2016). Prevalence and Correlates of HIV Testing among Young People Enrolled in Non-Formal Education Centers in Urban Chiang Mai, Thailand: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0153452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153452

[15].  Njagi, F., & Maharaj, P. (2006). Access to voluntary counselling and testing services: Perspectives of young people. South African Review of Sociology, 37(2), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/21528586.2006.10419150

[16].  Peltzer, K., Matseke, G., Mzolo, T., & Majaja, M. (2009).Determinants of knowledge of HIV status in South Africa: results from a population-based HIV survey. BioMedCentral Public Health, 9, 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-174.

[17].  Strauss, M., Rhodes, B., & George, G. (2015). A qualitative analysis of the barriers and facilitators of HIV counselling and testing perceived by adolescents in South Africa. BMC Health Services Research, 15(1), 250. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0922-0

[18].  Subramanian, Y., Gupte, M. D., Mathai, A. K., Boopathi, K., & Dorairaj, V. S. (2008). Perception of HIV among attendees at an TD clinic in India. AIDS Care, 20(1), 26e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120701427480.

Abstract:

Erectile dysfunction is a major problem amongst diabetes mellitus patients. However sexual problems are not usually discussed with doctors due to embarrassment and lack of understanding of the condition thus the patients suffer silently. The study sought to determinate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and associated factors amongst male diabetes mellitus patients attending the outpatient clinic at Parirenyatwa group of hospitals.

Adult male diabetic patients who consented to participate in the study had a questionnaire administered on them to collect demographic data and an International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) Questionnaire administered on them by a male medical doctor. Anthropometric measurements were conducted and samples were collected for laboratory investigations.

The prevalence of erectile dysfunction was 73.9%. Erectile dysfunction was associated with higher age (p = 0.009), higher systolic blood pressure (p = 0.009) and being on hypertensive drugs (p = 0.007). The proportion of diabetic patients with higher glycosylated haemoglobin was higher among patients with erectile dysfunction (p = 0.020).

This study shows high prevalence of erectile dysfunction in diabetes mellitus patients attending Parirenyatwa outpatient clinic. Erectile dysfunction was associated with higher age, higher systolic blood pressure and being on antihypertensive drugs. This study shows the need of consistent screening of erectile dysfunction among diabetic patients for early detection, treatment and prevention. There is also need for a large national study to confirm this prevalence and the associated factors.

Keywords: erectile dysfunction, diabetes mellitus.

References:

[1]. Binmoammar, Turki A, Sondus Hassounah, Saad Alsaad, Salman Rawaf, and Azeem Majeed. 2016. “The Impact of Poor Glycaemic Control on the Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction in Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.” JRSM Open 7 (3): 205427041562260. doi: 10.1177/2054270415622602.

[2]. Esposito, Katherine, Maria Ida Maiorino, and Giuseppe Bellastella. 2014. “Diabetes and Sexual Dysfunction: Current Perspectives.” Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, March, 95. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S36455.

[3]. Hackett, G. 2009. “The Burden and Extent of Comorbid Conditions in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction.” International Journal of Clinical Practice 63 (8): 1205–13. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02088.x.

[4]. Hackett, Geoffrey Ian. 2016. “Erectile Dysfunction, Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk.” British Journal of Diabetes 16 (2): 52. doi:10.15277/bjd.2016.076.

[5]. Kambou, Timothée, Cyprien Zaré, Abdoul Karim Paré, Adama Ouattara, Youombèviel Ludovic Somé, and Bakary Gustave Sanon. 2014. “Erectile Dysfunction among Diabetic Men in Two Medical Centers in Burkina Faso: Epidemiological, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Aspects.” Advances in Sexual Medicine 04 (01): 1–5. doi:10.4236/asm.2014.41001.

[6]. Kemp, T, and P Rheeder. 2015. “The Prevalence and Associations of Erectile Dysfunction in a South African Male Diabetic Urban Population.” Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa 20 (3): 134–39. doi:10.1080/16089677.2015.1090185.

[7]. Malavige, L. S., S. D. Jayaratne, S. T. Kathriarachchi, S. Sivayogan, P. Ranasinghe, and J. C. Levy. 2014. “Erectile Dysfunction Is a Strong Predictor of Poor Quality of Life in Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” Diabetic Medicine 31 (6): 699–706. doi:10.1111/dme.12412.

[8]. Mofid, Alireza, SeyedAhmad Seyedalinaghi, Saeed Zandieh, Tahereh Yazdani, and Sara Jam. 2009. “Prevalence and Risk Factors of Erectile Dysfunction in Iranian Diabetic Men.” Acta Medica Iranica 47 (4): 309–14.

[9]. Mutagaywa, Reuben Kato, Janeth Lutale, Aboud Muhsin, and Benjamin Anathory Kamala. 2014. “Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction and Associated Factors among Diabetic Men Attending Diabetic Clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania.” Pan African Medical Journal 17. doi:10.11604/pamj.2014.17.227.2695.

[10].  Salman, Muhammad, Naureen Shehzadi, Muhammad T Khan, Muhammad Islam, Sohail Amjad, Omer Afzal, Sibghat Mansoor, et al. 2016. “Erectile Dysfunction: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Involvement of Antihypertensive Drugs Intervention.” Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 15 (4): 869. doi:10.4314/tjpr.v15i4.29.

[11].  Seid, Awole, Hadgu Gerensea, Shambel Tarko, Yosef Zenebe, and Rahel Mezemir. 2017. “Prevalence and Determinants of Erectile Dysfunction among Diabetic Patients Attending in Hospitals of Central and Northwestern Zone of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.” BMC Endocrine Disorders 17 (1). doi: 10.1186/s12902-017-0167-5.

[12].  Shi, M-D, J-K Chao, M-C Ma, S-K Chiang, and I-C Chao. 2014. “The Connection between Type 2 Diabetes and Erectile Dysfunction in Taiwanese Aboriginal Males.” International Journal of Impotence Research 26 (6): 235–40. doi:10.1038/ijir.2014.26.

[13].  Unadike, B. C., A. Eregie, and A. E. Ohwovoriole. 2008. “Prevalence and Types of Sexual Dysfunction among Males with Diabetes in Nigeria.” Mera: Diabetes International, 18–20.

Abstract:

This study monitored quality improvement performance standards of Community Health Workers (CHWs) who were providing integrated community case management of malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea (iCCM) in two selected LGAs. One hundred and fifty-two trained CHWs providing iCCM services in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were monitored and assessed using one page tool on quality improvement performance standards. The tool has 37 performance criteria (PC) to measure CHWs’ knowledge, skills and competence in 3 sections: History taking and Examination; Conducting RDTs for Malaria; and Illness Management. Trained assessors observed CHWs providing services. Each correctly performed criterion was scored 1 point. Four rounds of assessments were conducted at an interval of two months from June 2011 - March, 2012 as part of the efforts to strengthen services provided by CHWs. The result shows that during Round 1 CHWs achieved an average of 19 (52.2%) performance standards. This rose to 25 (67.5%) in Round 2; 28 (75. 6%) in 3 and 30 (81.1%) in round 4 and (p = 0.00). Therefore, the number of CHWs that scored >=80 increased from 79 in round-1 to 124 in round-4. PC that needed to be strengthened the most included reinforcement on checking RDT expiry date, recording results, and safe disposing of sharps. Providing feedback in-between rounds of assessments contributed to CHWs improved performance during the subsequent round. The feedback mechanism provides the platform for addressing the barriers that limits the CHWs extent of achieving performance standards for malaria improved service delivery

Keywords: Measurement, Quality improvement performance standards, community health workers, integrated community case management of malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea.

References:

[1].     Alam K., Tasneem S., Oliveras E. (2012). Retention of female volunteer community health workers in Dhaka urban slums: a case-control study. Health Policy Plan 27(6): 477-86. Doi: 1093/heapol/czr059.

[2].     Adrienne Kols, Young-Mi Kim, Eva Bazant, Edgar Necochea, Joseph Banda and Stacie Stender, (2015). A Standards-based approach to quality improvement for HIV services at Zambia Defence force facilities: results and lessons learned. AIDS 29(Suppl 2): S145 – S153.

[3].     Ariba AJ., Thanni LO., Adebayo EO. (2007). Patients' perception of quality of emergency care in a Nigerian teaching hospital: The influence of patient-provider interactions. Nigeria Postgraduate. Medical Journal 14(4):296-301.

[4].     Bagonza J., Kibira PS., Rutebemberwa E., (2014). Performance of health workers managing malaria, pneumonia and diarrhea under community case management program in central Uganda: a cross sectional study. Malaria Journal doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-367.

[5].     Edgar Necochea, Vandana Tripathi, Young MI Kim, Nabeal Akran, Yoland Hyjazi, Maria da Luz Vaz, Emmanuel Otolorin, Tsigue Pleah, Tambudzai Rashidi, Dustan Bishanga (2015). Implementation of Standard-Based Management and Recognition approach to quality improvement in maternal, newborn, and child health programs in low-resource countries. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 130 S17-S24.

[6].     Hamer DH., Brooks ET., Semrau K., Pilingana P., MacLeod WB., Siazeele K., Sabin LL., Thea DM., Yeboah-Antwi (2012). Quality and safety of integrated community case management of malaria using rapid diagnostic tests and pneumonia by community health workers. Pathog Glob Health. 106(1): 32–39. doi: 10.1179/1364859411Y.0000000042.

[7].     Harvey S.A, Jennings L, Chinyama M, Masaninga F, Mulholland K, Bell DR, (2008). Improving community health worker use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Zambia: package instructions, job aid and job aid-plus-training. Malar J 7: 160.

[8].     Ibrahim Kabo, Emmanuel Otolorin, Emma Williams, Nosa Orobaton, Hannatu Abdullahi, Habib Sadauki, Masduk Abdulkarim, Dele Abegunde. (2016). monitoring maternal and newborn health outcomes in Bauchi State, Nigeria: an evaluation of a standards-based quality improvement intervention. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 28(5), 566-572.

[9].     Kinney MV., Kerber KJ., Black RE, Cohen B., Nkrumah F., Coovadia H., Nampala PM., Lawn JE. (2010) on behalf of the Science in Action: Saving the lives of Africa’s mothers, newborns, and children working group. PLoS Med. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed. 1000294.

[10].  Lopes SC., Cabral A., de Sousa B., (2014). Community health workers: to train or to restrain? A longitudinal survey to assess the impact of training community health workers in the Bolama Region, Guinea-Bissau. Hum Resour Health. 12:8 doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-12-8.

[11].  National Population Commission (NPC), Malaria indicator survey (MIS), 2015.

[12].  Perry HB, Zulliger R., Rogers MM. (2014). Community health workers in low-, middle-, and high-income countries: an overview of their history, recent evolution, and recent effectiveness Annu Rev Public Health. 2014; 35:399-421. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182354.

[13].  Young MI Kim, Maureen Chilila, Hildah Shasulwe, Joseph Banda, Webby kanjipite, Supriya Sarkar, Eva Bazant, Cyndi Hiner, Maya Tholandi, Stephanie Reinhardt, Joyce Chongo Mulilo, and Adrienne Kols. (2013). Evaluation of quality improvement intervention of HIV (PMTCT) at Zambia defence force facilities. BMC Health Services Research 13:345.

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Abstract:

Frequent labour crisis leading to strikes is common in a developing country like Nigeria. This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to assess the effect of labour strikes on access to service delivery in secondary Health Institutions in Cross River State, Nigeria. The 508 respondents were drawn from the outpatient, laboratory and pharmacy departments, Ante-Natal and Post-Natal and ART clinics of the 7 secondary health institutions spread across 3 senatorial districts in the state between January and February 2018. Data were collected with a semi structured, closed- and open-ended questionnaire. Raw data were entered EpiData™ and exported for analysis using the SPSS software version 20. The data were cleaned and validated for use. Frequency tables were produced and associations between categorical variables were determined using chi square test at a significance level of P<0.05.

The age range of most repondents was 25 - 45 with the peak value of 198 (39%) recorded for age group 25 – 34 years. The results showed that though many people did not know the reasons why health workers embark on incessant strikes, they did not support strikes. Seven factors were highlighted as the major causes of regular strikes in Nigerian health institutions and the knowledge of respondents about all these factors were tested. Overall, the accessibility of patients to healthcare during labour strikes was approximately 8% which was not a pleasant experience for the patients. Conclusively, labour strike has serious effects on access to service delivery in secondary health institutions in Cross River State, Nigeria.

Keywords: Labour Strikes, Access to Service Delivery, Secondary Health Institutions, Healthcare Workers and patients’ educational level

References:

[1]. Adebimpe WO, Owolade OA, Adebimpe MA. (2010). Health worker’s perception of the use of strikes as a tool for dispute resolution in Lagos State, Nigeria SocSci Public Policy. 2010; 2: 19–23.

[2]. Adesina, J.O (2003). Labour Policies of a Neo-Fuhrer State: the Nigerian Case, Annals of the Social Science Academy 14(15):49-66.

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[7].Dauda, Y.A (2007). Employment of Independent Arbitrators in the Management of Trade Disputes and Industrial Crisis in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Labour Law and Industrial Relations, 1(1):26-44.

[8].Davies A, Rotimi A.D., Adenike A.O, Asa A, Adedapo A, Muktar G, Jacob K.O, Oluwafemi O, and Alexander I.(2017), Health workforce and governance: the crisis in Nigeria, Hum Resour Health. 2017; 15: 32.

[9]. Encyclopedia of the Nations. Nigeria—working conditions [Online]. (n.d); http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Nigeria-WORKING-CONDITIONS.html#ixzz3Q0J8zoCc. Accessed 10 Apr 2015.

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[16].  Lauritsen JM. (2015) editor. EpiData data entry, data management and basic statistical analysis system. Odense Denmark, EpiData Association, 2000-2008. Http://www.epidata.dk. Accessed 13 Apr 2015.

[17].  Ogunbanjo G.A. and Knapp van Bogaert D. (2009), Doctors and strike action: can this be morally justifiable? S AfrFamPract. 2009; 51(4):306–8. doi: 10.1080/20786204.2009.10873869.

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[19].  Oleribe OO, Ezieme IP, Oladipo O, Akinola EP, Udofia D, Taylor-Robinson SD. Industrial action by healthcare workers in Nigeria in 2013-2015: an inquiry into causes, consequences and control-a cross-sectional descriptive study. Hum Resour Health. 2016; 14(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s12960-016-0142-7. [PMC free article][PubMed][Cross Ref].

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Abstract:

Introduction: This is a critical review of an article by Zewdneh Shewamene published in the July 2015. The central theme is that consistent condom use among HIV patients is important in preventing transmission of HIV.

Article summary: The premise of the authors is that consistent condom use among HIV infected is critical for interrupting transmission of HIV and acquisition of resistant strains of HIV. Among the 317 respondents, condoms awareness was 96.2%. Independent factors for consistent use were, male sex (AOR=6.87; p=0.001), urban residency, (AOR=4.65; p=0.001), a higher education attainment (AOR=8.98; p=0.001), and prolonged duration on ART (AOR=3.91; p=0.001). The conclusion was that some HIV infected people were not using condoms.

Article critique: The article maybe considered as objective, and unbiased due to the peer review process. The journal that published it is indexed on PubMed, and, Embase, among others. That the article was published in a journal for those with an interest in HIV and palliative care makes it relevant for HIV programming particularly in Africa where HIV burden is high. The objectives are well spelt, and the methodology is easy to follow. Only verbal consent was obtained from the respondents contrary to the dictates of the Belmont report that requires written informed consent.

Conclusion: The articles contributed to literature and can provide a basis of improving future studies of a similar nature. However, it is suggested that measurement of condom use should be serial and be recoded to a dichotomous variable in analysis.

Keyword: Condoms, Ethiopia, HIV.

References:

[1].     Alene et. al. (2014). Consistent condom use among sexually active HIV-positive women in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Open Access Journal of Contraception 2014:5 85–90.

[2].     Canto et. al. (2015) Substance Use and Condom Use among the HIV Population at Clínica de Familia La Romana, Dominican Republic. JGH Vol. V Issue I.

[3].     Chirundu Daniel (2016). Condom Use among HIV infected clients seeking care at Rimuka Integrated HIV and Tuberculosis Site, Kadoma, Zimbabwe 2015. South American Journal of Public Health Special Edition.

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Abstract:

Background: Several studies reported about the prevalence of refractive error among children as well as various age group. Hardly any study reported about the perception of refractive error among adolescents. The purpose of the study was to examine the level perception regard to refractive error in adolescents, rural region of India.

Objectives: The aim of the study to find the level of perception of refractive error among adolescents, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Materials and Methods: A purposive sampling method was applied to choose 50 subjects aged between 16 years to 18 years from the rural population of Andhra Pradesh were considered for analysis. A self-designed questionnaire with open-ended and closed-ended questions was designed to gather the participants' demographic data such as gender, age, majors, socioeconomic status of the parent, as well as their perception toward refractive error was analysed using a Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 10.0.5) (SPSS Inc. Chicago, USA).

Results: A total of 50 participants' (n=50) responded to a five-point Likert's scale comprising of 11test items. Out of the 11 test item, 5 item mean score found between 4.06 – 4.42 with SD ± 0.9 -1.3 showed consistently high responses as “strongly agree”. Whereas, four-item mean score ranges from 3.18- 3.86 with SD ± 1.3-1.53 reflected as "agree". Furthermore, 2 test items mean score 4.18-4.36 with SD ± 1.5-1.6 found the responses as "Neutral". However, there is no test item mean score as "disagree" and "strongly disagree" reported by the participant.

Conclusion: perception of refractive error among adolescents found to be poor in this study.

Keyword: Perception, Refractive Error, Adolescents, Refractive Correction and Methods.

References:

[1].     AGARWAL, R., & DHOBLE, P. (2013). Study of the knowledge, attitude and practices of refractive error with emphasis on spectacle usages in students of rural central India. Journal of biomedical and pharmaceutical research, 2(3).

[2].     AK, S. M. R. (2013). Awareness and attitude toward refractive error correction methods: a population-based study in Mashhad. Journal of patient safety & quality improvement, 1(1), 23-29.

[3].     Chia, E. M., Wang, J. J., Rochtchina, E., Smith, W., Cumming, R. R., & Mitchell, P. (2004). Impact of bilateral visual impairment on health-related quality of life: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 45(1), 71-76.

[4].     Congdon, N., Wang, Y., Song, Y., Choi, K., Zhang, M., Zhou, Z. ... & Wu, B. (2008). Visual disability, visual function, and myopia among rural Chinese secondary school children: the Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error Study (X-PRES)—report 1. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 49(7), 2888-2894.

[5].     Dhoble, P., Agarwal, R., Patel, C., Anand, G., Sharma, J., & Sabde, Y. (2013). Study to assess the psychosocial aspects of refractive errors and effectiveness of health education in correcting stigmas related to spectacle use in high-school students of rural India.

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[9].     Javali, S. B., Gudaganavar, N. V., & Raj, S. M. (2011). Effect of varying sample size in estimation of coefficients of internal consistency.

[10].  Kevin M. Sullivan, a. (2018). OpenEpi - Toolkit Shell for Developing New Applications. Retrieved from http://www.openepi.com/SampleSize/SSPropor.htm.

[11].  LLK Lin, YF Shih, CK Hsiao, CJ Chen (1983 to 2000).Prevalence of myopia in Taiwanese schoolchildren: " Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore 33, no. 1 (2004): 27-33.

[12].  Pascolini, D., & Mariotti, S. P. (2012). Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 96(5), 614-618.

[13].  SheetalSavur (2011).The perceptions regarding refractive errors and their psychosocial impact on youth in Dakshina Kannada. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2011 August, Vol-5(4): 746-748746 746J.

[14].  Williams, K. M., Verhoeven, V. J., Cumberland, P., Bertelsen, G., Wolfram, C., Buitendijk, G. H., & Höhn, R. (2015). Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European eye epidemiology (E3) Consortium. European journal of epidemiology, 30(4), 305-315.

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Abstract:

This cross sectional study was conducted at the maternity unit of Mile Four Hospital in Abakaliki Ebonyi State. The aim was to determine the degree of awareness and practice of malaria prevention strategies among antenatal attendees in Mile Four Hospital in Abakaliki Ebonyi State. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered to one thousand five hundred and sixteen pregnant women in the antenatal clinic. The findings revealed among other things that pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Mile Four Hospital Abakaliki in Ebonyi State are aware of malaria preventive measures and are utilizing malaria preventive measures to prevent themselves. The study recommended among other things that, awareness campaign should be drawn to rural areas so that Pregnant women should be educate on high risk involve in malaria infestation for total eradication of miscarriage, low birth weight, still birth and maternal death.

Keywords: Awareness, Malaria, Prevention, pregnant women.

References:

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Abstract:

Readymade garment sector has been playing an important role in enhancing Bangladesh economy. Women represent 85 percent of the total 30 million employees in readymade garment industry. A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out among the garments workers with the objective to assess the menstrual hygiene practices of female garment with structured questionnaire by workers. Majority of the respondents were within the age group of 18-23 years. This study showed that only 30.5% respondents were maintaining personal hygiene properly during menstruation and 12% satisfied about their washing facilities in their working place. This study reflected different dimension in their reproductive life which were not upto the level. It should be improved for better standard. Further large scale studies needed to explore the real situation in this regard.

Keywords: Menstrual Hygiene practice, garment workers.

References:

[1]. Acharya Dev Raj, Bhattarai Rabi, Pobalan Amuda, van Teijlingen, Edwin R, Chapman Glyn (2010) on Factors associated with teenage pregnancy in south Asia in Health science Journal, vol 4, issue 1.

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Abstract:

The inception of the whole cell pertussis vaccine wP saw global reduction in reported cases, mortality and morbidity burden to the disease. But, in the late 90s, wP was replaced with acellular pertussis vaccine (aP) in most countries due to safety reasons. In recent years however, the annual reported cases of pertussis globally have increase greatly even among highly vaccinated groups, ¹; ². This nurtures concerns about the level of protection aP bestows on the vaccinated individuals, ². The aim of this current mini review is therefore to assess some recent reports and developments on the matter, evaluate how alarming the situation is by comparing the present to the past and the recommendations for roadmap into the future.

Methodology: Boolean search was carried out on popular sites like PubMed and Google on publications and reviews on the topic.

Results: Some researchers have attributed the recent surge in reported pertussis cases and deaths to reasons like waning of vaccine induced immunity, inefficacy, resistant strain development and mutated forms in the pathogenic bacteria.

Conclusion: For a successful control and eradication of the pertussis disease, new strategies needed to be implemented to factor in the estimated waning effect; 27% / year of 4 years in total reduction in efficacy. Multicomponent aP vaccine (n˃3) has also been reported to be as effective as the wP vaccine hence modification of the current aP vaccine or re-visiting of wP is can also be considered.

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[59].  Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, Halperin SA. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (1):CD001478. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub4.

Abstract:

Malaria remains one of the number one killer diseases in sub-Saharan Africa especially in Nigeria. In the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, malaria is the leading cause of morbidity. A retrospective hospital based study on the distribution of socio economic factors with malaria occurrence at FCT Abuja Nigeria was carried out using a five years (2012-2016) hospital records from Wuse District Hospital Abuja. Sampling Technique includes all the patients’ records that were diagnosed of acute malaria confirmed by Giemsa stained thick and thin peripheral blood films prior to treatment at the General Out Patient and those on admission at Wuse District Hospital Abuja. Data was entered and analyzed using IBM, SPSS Chicago version 25. Appropriate tables, graphs and percentages were displayed. A chi square test was performed to determine the level of significance using 95% confidence interval and p- value. The findings revealed that a total of 22,934 patients were diagnosed with acute malaria based on hospital records between 2012 and 2016 in Wuse District Hospital Abuja. From the analysis, the Non Formal Educational accounted for 57.4% of the total number of patients diagnosed.Those who are unemployed accounted for 77.3% and those living in the rural area accounted for 55.7% of the cases. The study concluded that, The level of educational status, occupational status and residence of patients plays significant roles in the occurrence of malaria infection.

Keywords: Socio Economic, Malaria, Distribution, Factors, occurrence.

References:

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[2]. Ahmad Yahaya Maigemu 2015. Influence of Religion on Malaria Control Practices among Household Heads in Zamfara State North West Nigeria Journal of Culture, Society and Development www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8400 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.10.

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[4]. Eve Worrall et al, January 2003, the relationship between socio-economic status and malaria: a review of the literature.

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[6].  Federal Capital Territory (FCT) 2009 Baseline survey report.

[7]. Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) 2014b Malaria Control Report 2015.

[8]. Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) National Malaria Control Programme 2014.

[9]. Humanitarian manual on malarial control 2010, Published in 2010, pages 10 to 15.

[10].  Karunamoorthi K, Bekele M. 2012. Changes in Malaria Indices in an Ethiopian Health Centre: A Five Year Retrospective Analysis. Health Scope 1(3): 118-26. DOI: 10.5812/jhs.7076.

[11].  Merit Mora-Ruiz, et al 2014, Socio economic factors, attitudes and practices associated with malaria prevention in the coastal plain of Chiapas, Mexico. Malaria Journal201413:157.

[12].  National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), National Malaria Indicator Survey (NMIS), 2015.

[13].  National Demographic and Health Survey report 2013.

[14].  Ruby Naz et al 2016. Pattern of Malaria Infection at Tertiary Care Hospital of Haryana-A Hospital Based Study International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 2(2016) pp. 330-337 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com.

[15].  Salwa Dawaki et al 2015. Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State.

[16].  Snow et al 2013 on Estimating Malaria Burden in Nigeria: A Geostatistical Modelling Approach. License (open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/).

[17].  Vincent Were et al 2018 on socioeconomic health inequality in malaria indicators in rural western Kenya: evidence from a household malaria survey on burden and care-seeking behavior Malaria Journal 17:16https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2319-0.

[18].  W.P. O’Meara et al 2009. The impact of primary health care on malaria morbidity - defining access by disease burden Tropical Medicine International Health Journal.

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[20]. World Health Organization (WHO) Global malaria report 2017 ISBN 978-92-4-156552-www.who.int/malaria.

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[22].  World Health Organization (WHO) Global Malaria Programme 2015 website at http://www.who.int/ malaria/mpac/mpac-sept2015-erg-mip-report.pdf.

[23]. Yadav et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014. Socio-economic determinants for malaria transmission risk in an endemic primary health centre in Assam, India. 10.1186/2049-9957-3-19.

Abstract:

Background: University students are faced with challenges on a regular basis and these could be in form of academics, mental, emotional, social, physical, financial and environmental challenges that predisposes them to stress. The objectives of this study are to assess the prevalence of stress, psychological distress and social support received among clinical medical rehabilitation students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria and also assess for any association with demographic variable.

Methods: This study is a cross – sectional study to investigate the prevalence of stress, psychological distress and social support among clinical medical rehabilitation students in a Nigerian University. Self-administered questionnaires consisting of demographic data, perceived stress scale, psychological distress scale, and perceived social support scale questionnaires were used as survey instruments. Data were collated and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results: The outcome of the study revealed moderate perceived stress as (69.1%) having the highest percentage, low (27.3%) and high (3.6%). Prevalence for mental distress was (47.3%). Mild distress was (19.1%), moderate (18.2%) severe (10.0 %,) and well/normal was (52.7%). For social support, low support was (9.1%), moderate (40.9%) high (50.0%). Perceived stress had significant correlation with parent marital status and student level in school; p value was 0.039 and 0.038 respectively. Kessler score had significant correlation with students’ living arrangement, p value was 0.050, while social support correlated significantly with family economic status of the students, and p was 0.013. No other factors have been found to be significantly correlated.

Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of perceived stress and below average mental distress, symptoms among the university students. Majority had high social support. This is of a great concern in public health. Therefore, there is need for more concerted efforts, preventive measures against mental distress and more sufficient supportive services need be put in place for this group.

Keywords: Prevalence, Perceived stress, psychological distress, social supports.

References:

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[9]. Dusan V. Backovic, Jelema IIic Zivojinovic, Jadrankamak Simovic, Milos Maksimovic (2012): Gender differences in academic stress and burnout among medical students in final years of education. Psychiatria Danubina. Vol. 24, No 2. Pages 175 – 181.

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[12].  Eliza Omar Eva, Md Zakiru Islam, Abu Syed Md Mosaddek, Md Faizur Rahman, Rini Juliet Rozario, Af Md Hassan Iftekhar, Tarafder Shahniam Ahmed, Iffat Jahan, Rabiu Abubakar, Wan Putri Elena Han Dali, Mohammed S Razzaque, Rahat Bin Habib and Mainul Haque (2015): Prevalence of stress among medical students: a comparative study between public and private medical schools in Bangladesh. BMC Research Notes 8.327. DOI: 10.1186/S 13104-015-1295-5.

[13].  Faith Ozbay, Douglas C Johnson, Eleni Dimoulas, C.A. Morgan Dennis Charney and Steven Southwick (2007): Social Support and resilience to stress: from Neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont). May; 4(5): 35 – 40.

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Abstract:

Introduction: Key Populations are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS in all settings. Unfortunately, reaching KPs with HIV intervention is a huge challenge because of stigma, discrimination, violence, and criminalization of KPs lifestyles. Because of lack of KP specific interventions, data on KPs ART outcomes is lacking. This study determined ART outcomes among KPs 6-months after initiation.

Methodology: The study was a longitudinal study of all HIV positive KPs initiated on ART in 7 One-Stop-Shops from October 2016-March 2017. Both Time-1 and Time-2 data were abstracted from facility record after initiation and 6-month after for each patient. Data abstracted include: age, sex, marital status, educational level, employment status and ART outcome 6 months after initiation.

Results: Sixty-seven percent of patients were retained on ART, 1.8% died, 20.6% were lost to follow up, 4.5% transferred to other facilities and 6.2% stopped ART by the end of the 6^th month. PWID had highest retention rate (74.6%) more than MSM (70.2%), while FSW had the least retention rate (65.4%) but highest transfer out rate (4.9%) more than MSM (4.7%). Factors positively associated with retention at 6^th months include: Being a male P=0.007; higher education P=0.000; employed patient P=0.000; living with sex partner P=0.000.

Conclusion: This study has laid a baseline data for ART outcomes among KPs in Nigeria. Further study is however required to identify factors that could improve retention on ART among KPs. This is important if we must achieve the second and third 90s of UNAIDs 90.90.90 goals.

Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Antiretroviral therapy; Key Population in Nigeria; One-Stop-Shop; Antiretroviral therapy outcomes.

References:

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[37].  Rose Wilcher (2017); Call for paper: Optionizing the impact of key population programming across HIV cascade. Available at https://researchforevidence.fhi360.org/call-for-papers-optimizing-the-impact-of-key-population-programming-across-the-hiv-cascade.

[38].  S. Krishnaratne1, H. Mathema2, A. Stangl3, G. Hoddinott4, V. Bond5, J. Hargreaves1;

[39].  Seema T. Meloni, Charlotte A. Chang, Geoffrey Eisen, Toyin Jolayemi, Bolanle Banigbe, Prosper I. Okonkwo, Phyllis J. Kanki (2016) Long-Term Outcomes on Antiretroviral Therapy in a Large Scale-Up Program in Nigeria. PLOS https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164030;

[40].  Van der Kop ML, Ekström AM, Awiti-Ujiji O, Chung MH, Mahal D, et al. (2014) Factors Associated with Attrition from HIV Care during the First Year after Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in Kenya. J AIDS Clin Res 5:354. doi:10.4172/2155-6113.1000354.

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http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/128048/1/9789241507431_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=

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[44].  Yibeltal A, Achamyeleh A, Meskele L, Lut L, Edwin W, and Wim V (2014); Scaling up antiretroviral treatment and improving patient retention in care: lessons from Ethiopia, 2005-2013 Globalization and Health201410:43 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8603-10-43.

Abstract:

The article by Murimba Winnie titled “The Relationship of Socio-Economic Status on Contraction of Tuberculosis among TB Patients in Windhoek District, Namibia: A Public Health Practice Perspective” is reviewed. It is published in Online Journal of Medicine and Medical Science Research Volume 3, Issue 2 of 2014. The review engage the logical presentation of writing, follow of ideas, content and structure and its efficacy in tackling the risk factors of in-patients infected with tuberculosis. Socio-economic factors which predispose people to TB diseases have been investigated before and therefore the review will focus on the relevancy, objective and accuracy of this article on this topic.

Keywords: Socio-Economic Status, Poverty, Katutura Intermediate Hospital, Tuberculosis, Poverty, Namibia.

References:

[1]. Corbett E.L., Bandason T., Cheung Y.B., Makamure B., Dauya E., Munyati S.S., Churchyard G.J., Williams B.G., Butterworth A.E., Mungofa S., Hayes R.J., Mason P.R (2009). Prevalent Infectious Tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe: Burden, Risk Factors and Implications for Control. Int J Tuberculosis Lung Disease; 13(10): 1231-1237.

[2]. David Y. (2010). An Examination of Known Tuberculosis Risk Factors and their Correlation across the United States. (Master’s Thesis). USA: Georgia State University.

[3]. Field S.K., Fisher D., Jarand J.M., Cowie R.L. (2012). New treatment options for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The Adv Respir Dis’ 6: 255-268

[4]. Omara F.D., Sarwat K.S., Abrar A.C., Ejaz Q. (2012). Gender disparity in tuberculosis cases in Eastern and western provinces of Pakistan. BMC Infect Diseases, 12(244).

[5]. Republic of Namibia, Ministry of Health and Social Services (2017). National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme 2015/2016 Annual Report. MOHSS: Republic of Namibia.

[6]. WHO (2011). Global Tuberculosis control: WHO Report. Geneva: World Health Organization.

[7]. WHO (2015). Global Tuberculosis Report. Geneva: World Health Organization.

[8]. WHO (2017). Global Tuberculosis Report. Geneva: World Health Organization.

[9]. World Health Organization website. WHO monitoring of Xpert MTB/RIF roll-out. Accessed January 30 2018. http://www.who.int/tb/areas-of-work/laboratory/status_xpert_rollout_dec_2016.pdf.

Abstract:

The HIV prevalence in the Zimbabwean population aged 15-49 years remains high at 15.2%. Most adolescents do not know their HIV status. This is despite knowing a place to get tested. We determined the prevalence and correlates of HIV testing and counseling (HCT) among sexually active adolescents and young adults in Harare City.

We conducted a cross-sectional study among sexually active adolescents and young adults. Data were collected using a pretested self-administered questionnaire. Epi-Info 7 was used to capture and analyze data for frequencies, odds ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used to assess independent correlates of HIV testing. Statistical significance was set at p< 0.01.

A total of 427 adolescents and young adults were recruited. The majority (56.9%) were female. The overall prevalence of HIV testing among participants was 56.4%. On multivariate analysis, knowing a facility that offers HIV testing [aOR=5.05; 95%CI (2.55-10.00)], reporting being involved in a sexual relationship with one’s partner [aOR=3.24; 95%CI (1.67-6.30)], being afraid of a positive result [aOR=0.07;95%CI(0.01-0.30)]and being male [aOR=0.43;95%CI(0.23-0.80)]were independent correlates of HCT among adolescents and young adults in Harare City.

Although comparable to other settings in Sub-Saharan Africa, HIV testing among adolescents and young adults in Harare City is still considered very low. Interventions should therefore aim at raising awareness on the importance of HIV testing. In addition city authorities should consider addressing barriers for HCT observed in this study including fear of living with a positive result.

Keywords: Adolescents, HIV Testing, Correlates, Prevalence, Harare City.

References:

[1]. Addis, Z., Yalew, A., Shiferaw, Y., Alemu, A., Birhan, W., Mathewose, B., & Tachebele, B. (2013). Knowledge, attitude and practice towards voluntary counseling and testing among university students in North West Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 13, 714. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-714.

[2]. Baltazar, G. M et al. (2001) AIDS in Kenya: Background, Projections, Impact, Interventions and Policy, eds. 6th Ed, Nairobi, AIDS Control Unit of Ministry Of Health and National AIDS Control Council.

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[5]. Dirar, A., Mengiste, B., Kedir, H., & Godana, W. (2014). Factors Contributing to Voluntary Counseling and Testing Uptake among Youth in Colleges of Harar, Ethiopia. Science Journal of Public Health, 1(2), 91. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20130102.17.

[6]. Fact sheet on adolescent health. Geneva: WHO (2014). Retrieved May 18, 2016, from

http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentass

[7]. Glynn, J. R., Caraël, M., Auvert, B., Kahindo, M., Chege, J., Musonda, R. … Study Group on the Heterogeneity of HIV Epidemics in African Cities. (2001). Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? A study in Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia. AIDS (London, England), 15 Suppl 4, S51-60.

[8]. Inungu, J., Lewis, A., Younis, M. Z., Wood, J., O’Brien, S., & Verdun, D. (2011). HIV Testing among Adolescents and Youth in the United States: Update from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The Open AIDS Journal, 5, 80–85. http://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601105010080.

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[10].  Kabiru, C. W., Beguy, D., Crichton, J., & Zulu, E. M. (2011). HIV/AIDS among youth in urban informal (slum) settlements in Kenya: what are the correlates of and motivations for HIV testing? BMC Public Health, 11, 685. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-685.

[11].  Leta, T. H., Sandøy, I. F., & Fylkesnes, K. (2012). Factors affecting voluntary HIV counselling and testing among men in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 12, 438. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-438.

[12].  Lindberg, C., Lewis-Spruill, C., & Crownover, R. (2006). Barriers to sexual and reproductive health care: urban male adolescents speak out. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 29(2), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/01460860600677577.

[13].  Lopez-Quintero, C., Shtarkshall, R., & Neumark, Y. D. (2005). Barriers to HIV-testing among Hispanics in the United States: analysis of the National Health Interview Survey, 2000. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 19(10), 672–683. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2005.19.672.

[14].  MOHCC- Zimbabwe National Guidelines for HIV Testing and Counselling in Children and Adolescents (2014). Retrieved January 13, 2018, from https://aidsfree.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/hts_zimbabwe_2014.pdf.

[15]. Musumari, P. M., Tangmunkongvorakul, A., Srithanaviboonchai, K., Yungyuankul, S., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P., … Chariyalertsak, S. (2016). Prevalence and Correlates of HIV Testing among Young People Enrolled in Non-Formal Education Centers in Urban Chiang Mai, Thailand: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0153452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153452.

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[19]. Swenson, R. R., Rizzo, C. J., Brown, L. K., Payne, N., DiClemente, R. J., Salazar, L. F., … Hennessy, M. (2009). Prevalence and Correlates of HIV Testing among Sexually Active African American Adolescents in Four U.S. Cities. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 36(9), 584–591. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181b4704c.

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Abstract:

This study set out to assess family planning knowledge, attitude and practice among married couples in Abakpa Nike, Enugu East Local Government Area, Enugu State. A survey design approach was adopted for the study. Out of a population of 1130 married couples, 295 of them were randomly selected through taro yamane. Four research questions were formulated and analyzed in the course of this study. The mean value statistical analysis was used to analyze the research questions of the study. The results showed that there is positive knowledge of family planning methods among married couples in Abakpa. Husband’s involvement in family decision, support of national policy of 4 children per family and Contraceptives actually being effective in planning families; control the attitude of married couple towards the use family planning methods in Abakpa Nike, Enugu. There is adequate practice of family planning methods among married couples in Abakpa. Effectiveness and Partner involvement were the major factors influencing the Choice of Family Planning in Abakpa Nike, Enugu. Consequent upon the findings, the following recommendations, among others, were made: It is therefore necessary for religious leaders to be targeted and carried along in the campaign for modern contraceptive methods. The mass media should also be encouraged to do more in public (eg traditional method) have been associated with high enlightenment on the benefits of modern contraceptive methods. So, awareness and pattern of utilizing family planning services among married couples in Abakpa Nike, Enugu should be encouraged.

Keywords: Family planning, Contraceptives, married couples, Mortality.

References:

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[5].     Donati S, Hamam R, Medda E. (2000). Family planning KAP survey in Gaza. SocSci Med; 50:841-849.

[6].     Ekhareafo, D.O. & Moyaki, M.G (2015). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Family Planning Among Air Men in the Sam Ethnan Air Force Base, Ikeja, Lagos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia, 9(1):183-198.

[7].     Eko, J. E, Kalu, O. O.& Offiong, D.A (2013). Prevalence of contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Calabar metropolis, southern Nigeria: International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention. 2(6):27-34.

[8].     Gbolahan, A., Oni & James, M. (2015). Family Planning Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Males in llorin, Nigeria: International Family Planning Perspectives, 17(2):50-54.

[9].     Lasisi, C. J., Bassey, T. I., Ita, A. E., & Awoyemi, O. K. (2014). Awareness and Utilization of Family Planning among Married Women in the Traditional Core Areas of Ibadan, Oyo State: Nova Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(2):1-8.

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[13].  Olaitan, O.L (2011). Factors influencing the choice of family planning among couples in southwest Nigeria: International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 3(7): 227-232.

[14].  Olakojo, O. A. (2012). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of married women in Nigeria towards family planning: Journal of Sociology, Psychology and Anthropology in Practice, (3):18-25.

[15].  Olawepo, R. A. & Okedare, E.A. (2006). Men’s Attitudes towards Family Planning in a Traditional Urban Centre: An Example from Ilorin, Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences.13 (2): 83-90.

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Abstract:

A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out among the garments workers in two garments factory to assess the reproductive health practices of female garment workers with structured questionnaire by face to face interview. A total of two hundred female garment workers were selected purposively in this area who were married within 18-45 years of age. The proportion of women seeking abortion was 75%. Among 28 respondents who were pregnant, highest proportion of them (89.3%) were under regular ANC in pregnancy. More than one third (10.7%) of the respondent were not under regular ANC. Among the 28 respondents half of the respondents (21.43%) did not take Tetanus vaccination and half (78.57%) took tetanus vaccination. This study reflected different dimension in their reproductive life, for improved their better standard. Large scale studies needed.

Keywords: Reproductive health practice, garment workers.

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