The Role of Entrepreneurial Mindset and Institutional Factors in Enhancing Learner Retention in ODeL: A Critical Literature Review

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DOI: 10.21522/TIJMG.2015.11.02.Art005

Authors : Aluko, Odunayo

Abstract:

Open Distance and E-Learning (ODeL) programs provide opportunities for higher education for different people who may otherwise never have access to traditional educational institutions. Access to education, breaking down geographical barriers, and a diverse learner's needs. However, despite their potential to democratize education, ODeL programs face persistent challenges related to learner retention. Understanding and addressing these challenges is paramount for both educational institutions and learners. This article explores the critical intersection of entrepreneurial mindset and institutional support in enhancing learner retention within Open, Distance, and E-Learning (ODEL) environments. It proposes a framework that integrates entrepreneurial principles such as adaptability, resilience, and proactive problem-solving into established retention strategies employed by educational institutions. By examining existing literature, the article highlights the multifaceted challenges faced by ODEL learners and emphasizes the importance of fostering both individual learner attributes and institutional practices. Key strategies for implementation include robust support systems, effective course design, technology integration, and financial assistance. The findings suggest that merging entrepreneurial mindset with institutional support will empower learners to take ownership of their educational pursuits which in no small way will create an engaging environment, enhance learner outcomes, and promote institutional sustainability in ODEL.

References:

[1]. Adamu A. U., 2022 Status of Open and Distance Learning in Nigeria, Commonwealth of Learning, DOI:10.56059/11599/4070.

[2]. Alvin, S., 2023. It's below my expectation: A case study of UMN online learning students. International Journal of Education Review, Law and Social, 843-849.

[3]. Ari, S., and Agus, W., 2018 Do Learning Environment and Self-Efficacy Impact on Students Entrepreneurial Attitude? Research Article: 2018, 22(4), Ari Saptono and Agus Wibowo.

[4]. Bağrıacık Yılmaz, and Karataş, 2022 why do open and distance education students drop out? Views from various stakeholders, Int J Educ Technol High Educ, 19(28), https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00333-x

[5]. Cole, N., 2017. 7 powerful emotions that all entrepreneurs feel. Inc.com. https://www.inc.com/nicolas-cole/7-powerful-emotions-all-entrepreneurs-feel.html Accessed 16 Apr 2020.

[6]. Daspit, J. J., Fox, C. J., & Findley, S. K., 2023. Entrepreneurial mindset: An integrated definition, a review of current insights, and directions for future research. Journal of Small Business Management.

[7]. De Cock, R., Denoo, L., & Clarysse, B., 2020. Surviving the emotional rollercoaster called entrepreneurship: The role of emotion regulation. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(2), 105936.

[8]. Dinh, A., Oberrauch, L., & Dewalt, S., 2022. What’s in a mindset? Exploring the entrepreneurial mindset. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 25(4), 1-24.

[9]. Fodor, O. C., & Pintea, S., 2017. The “emotional side” of entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of the relation between positive and negative affect and entrepreneurial performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 310.

[10]. Hertwig, R., Barron, G., Weber, E. U., & Erev, I., 2004. Decisions from experience and the effect of rare events in risky choice. Psychological Science, 15(8), 534-539. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00715.x

[11]. Imed Bouchrika, 2023 Distance Learning: The Ultimate Guide to Online Learning in 2023 https://research.com/education/distance-learning-the-ultimate-guide-to-online-learning

[12]. Daspit J. J., Corey J. F., & Findley, S. K., 2023. Entrepreneurial Mindset: An Integrated Definition, A Review of Current Insights, and Directions for Future Research. Journal of Small Business Management. 61. 12-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.1907583

[13]. Kara, M., Erdoğdu, F., Kokoç, M., & Cagiltay, K., 2019. Challenges Faced by Adult Learners in Online Distance Education: A Literature Review. Open Praxis.

[14]. Kara, M., Erdoğdu, F., Kokoç, M., 2020. Unraveling the entrepreneurial mindset. Small Business Economics, 54(4), 811-821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-00710-9

[15]. Knowledge at Wharton. 2019. How feelings and friendship factor into startup success and failure. https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/role-of-feelings-in-entrepreneurship/ Accessed 16 Apr 2020.

[16]. Kouakou K. K., Li, C., Akolgo I. G., and Tchamekwen, A. M., 2019 Evolution View of Entrepreneurial Mindset Theory - International Journal of Business and Social Science ,10(6).

[17]. Kuratko, D. F., 2020. Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, practice (11th ed.). Mason: Cengage publishers.

[18]. Kuratko, D. F., Fisher, G., Bloodgood, J., & Hornsby, J. S., 2017. The paradox of new venture legitimation within an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Small Business Economics, 49(1), 119–140.

[19]. Lemoine, P. A., Garretson, C. J., Waller, R. E., Mense, E. G., & Richardson, M. D., 2021. Online Learning for the Adult Learners Using Andragogy. Ensuring Adult and Non-Traditional Learners’ Success with Technology, Design.

[20]. Lindberg, E., Bohman, H., Hulten, P., & Wilson, T., 2017. Enhancing students’ entrepreneurial mindset: a Swedish experience, Education + Training, 59(7/8), pp.768-779, https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-09-2016-0140

[21]. Matthew Lynch, 2020. Entrepreneurial Mindset - Defining the concept, how to & Cagiltay, K. 2019. Challenges Faced by Adult Learners in Online Distance Education: A Literature Review. Open Praxis

[22]. Moore, A, Nguyen, A., Rivas, S., Bany-Mohammed, A., Majeika, J., Martinez, L., 2021. A qualitative examination of the impacts of financial stress on college students’ well-being: Insights from a large, private institution. SAGE Open Medicine, 9. Doi:10.1177/20503121211018122

[23]. Muljana, P. S., & Luo, T., 2019. Factors contributing to student retention in online learning and recommended strategies for improvement: A systematic literature review. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 18, 19-57. https://doi.org/10.28945/4182

[24]. Napier, E., 2021. Getting Excited for our Class: Instructor Immediacy, Rapport, and Effects for Students. Doctoral Dissertation, East Tennessee State University.

[25]. Ndege, W. M., Ndiritu, A., & Gatotoh, A. M., 2024. Learner technical support services and retention of students in open distance learning programmes in Kenya. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, 11(04), 9759-9763.

[26]. Nyakiringa, 2023. Utilization of Support Services and its Relationship with Retention Among Open and Distance Learners in Selected Public Universities in Kenya. https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke /server /api/core/bitstreams/4bbfdb7a-d35e-4f14-9548-2d2adb2fd2b4/content

[27]. Olugbara, C. T., Imenda, S. N., Olugbara, O. O., & Khuzwayo, H. B., 2020. Moderating effect of innovation consciousness and quality consciousness on intention-behaviour relationship in e-learning integration. Education and Information Technologies, 25(1), 329–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09960-w

[28]. Sánchez-Elvira, P. A., & Simpson, O., 2018. Developing student support for open and distance learning: The Empower: Project. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 9, 1–10. Ng.

[29]. Shah, M., & Cheng, M., 2018. Exploring factors impacting student engagement in open access courses. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2018.1508337

[30]. Slettli, V. K., 2019. Developing an entrepreneurial mindset for transformational entrepreneur-ship: The case of Nordic transformative learning circles. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management, and Innovation, 15(4), 77–106. https://doi.org/10.7341/201915

[31]. Thanasi-Boce, M., 2020. Enhancing students’ entrepreneurial capacity through marketing simulation games. Education + Training, 62(9), 999–1013. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2019-0109

[32]. Tryba, A., & Fletcher, D., 2020. How shared pre-start-up moments of transition and cognitions contextualize effectual and causal decisions in entrepreneurial teams. Small Business Economics, (In press). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00148-7.

[33]. Weller, M., & van Ameijde, J., 2018. Student retention: The role of course design in influencing withdrawal rates at the UK Open University. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 23-45.

[34]. Xavier, M., & Meneses, J., 2020. Dropout in Online Higher Education: A scoping review from 2014 to 2018. Barcelona: eLearn Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. https://doi.org/10.7238/uoc.dropout.factors.2020

[35]. Zhang, Z., & Chun, D., 2018. Becoming entrepreneurs: How immigrants developed entre-preneurial identities. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(5), 947–970. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2016-0214

[36]. Zupan, B., Cankar, F., & Cankar, S. S., 2018. The development of an entrepreneurial mindset in primary education. European Journal of Education, 53(3), 427–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12293

[1]. Adamu A. U., 2022 Status of Open and Distance Learning in Nigeria, Commonwealth of Learning, DOI:10.56059/11599/4070.
[2]. Alvin, S., 2023. It's below my expectation: A case study of UMN online learning students. International Journal of Education Review, Law and Social, 843-849.
[3]. Ari, S., and Agus, W., 2018 Do Learning Environment and Self-Efficacy Impact on Students Entrepreneurial Attitude? Research Article: 2018, 22(4), Ari Saptono and Agus Wibowo.
[4]. Bağrıacık Yılmaz, and Karataş, 2022 why do open and distance education students drop out? Views from various stakeholders, Int J Educ Technol High Educ, 19(28), https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00333-x
[5]. Cole, N., 2017. 7 powerful emotions that all entrepreneurs feel. Inc.com. https://www.inc.com/nicolas-cole/7-powerful-emotions-all-entrepreneurs-feel.html Accessed 16 Apr 2020.
[6]. Daspit, J. J., Fox, C. J., & Findley, S. K., 2023. Entrepreneurial mindset: An integrated definition, a review of current insights, and directions for future research. Journal of Small Business Management.
[7]. De Cock, R., Denoo, L., & Clarysse, B., 2020. Surviving the emotional rollercoaster called entrepreneurship: The role of emotion regulation. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(2), 105936.
[8]. Dinh, A., Oberrauch, L., & Dewalt, S., 2022. What’s in a mindset? Exploring the entrepreneurial mindset. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 25(4), 1-24.
[9]. Fodor, O. C., & Pintea, S., 2017. The “emotional side” of entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of the relation between positive and negative affect and entrepreneurial performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 310.
[10]. Hertwig, R., Barron, G., Weber, E. U., & Erev, I., 2004. Decisions from experience and the effect of rare events in risky choice. Psychological Science, 15(8), 534-539. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00715.x
[11]. Imed Bouchrika, 2023 Distance Learning: The Ultimate Guide to Online Learning in 2023 https://research.com/education/distance-learning-the-ultimate-guide-to-online-learning
[12]. Daspit J. J., Corey J. F., & Findley, S. K., 2023. Entrepreneurial Mindset: An Integrated Definition, A Review of Current Insights, and Directions for Future Research. Journal of Small Business Management. 61. 12-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.1907583
[13]. Kara, M., Erdoğdu, F., Kokoç, M., & Cagiltay, K., 2019. Challenges Faced by Adult Learners in Online Distance Education: A Literature Review. Open Praxis.
[14]. Kara, M., Erdoğdu, F., Kokoç, M., 2020. Unraveling the entrepreneurial mindset. Small Business Economics, 54(4), 811-821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-00710-9
[15]. Knowledge at Wharton. 2019. How feelings and friendship factor into startup success and failure. https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/role-of-feelings-in-entrepreneurship/ Accessed 16 Apr 2020.
[16]. Kouakou K. K., Li, C., Akolgo I. G., and Tchamekwen, A. M., 2019 Evolution View of Entrepreneurial Mindset Theory - International Journal of Business and Social Science ,10(6).
[17]. Kuratko, D. F., 2020. Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, practice (11th ed.). Mason: Cengage publishers.
[18]. Kuratko, D. F., Fisher, G., Bloodgood, J., & Hornsby, J. S., 2017. The paradox of new venture legitimation within an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Small Business Economics, 49(1), 119–140.
[19]. Lemoine, P. A., Garretson, C. J., Waller, R. E., Mense, E. G., & Richardson, M. D., 2021. Online Learning for the Adult Learners Using Andragogy. Ensuring Adult and Non-Traditional Learners’ Success with Technology, Design.
[20]. Lindberg, E., Bohman, H., Hulten, P., & Wilson, T., 2017. Enhancing students’ entrepreneurial mindset: a Swedish experience, Education + Training, 59(7/8), pp.768-779, https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-09-2016-0140
[21]. Matthew Lynch, 2020. Entrepreneurial Mindset - Defining the concept, how to & Cagiltay, K. 2019. Challenges Faced by Adult Learners in Online Distance Education: A Literature Review. Open Praxis
[22]. Moore, A, Nguyen, A., Rivas, S., Bany-Mohammed, A., Majeika, J., Martinez, L., 2021. A qualitative examination of the impacts of financial stress on college students’ well-being: Insights from a large, private institution. SAGE Open Medicine, 9. Doi:10.1177/20503121211018122
[23]. Muljana, P. S., & Luo, T., 2019. Factors contributing to student retention in online learning and recommended strategies for improvement: A systematic literature review. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 18, 19-57. https://doi.org/10.28945/4182
[24]. Napier, E., 2021. Getting Excited for our Class: Instructor Immediacy, Rapport, and Effects for Students. Doctoral Dissertation, East Tennessee State University.
[25]. Ndege, W. M., Ndiritu, A., & Gatotoh, A. M., 2024. Learner technical support services and retention of students in open distance learning programmes in Kenya. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, 11(04), 9759-9763.
[26]. Nyakiringa, 2023. Utilization of Support Services and its Relationship with Retention Among Open and Distance Learners in Selected Public Universities in Kenya. https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke /server /api/core/bitstreams/4bbfdb7a-d35e-4f14-9548-2d2adb2fd2b4/content
[27]. Olugbara, C. T., Imenda, S. N., Olugbara, O. O., & Khuzwayo, H. B., 2020. Moderating effect of innovation consciousness and quality consciousness on intention-behaviour relationship in e-learning integration. Education and Information Technologies, 25(1), 329–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09960-w
[28]. Sánchez-Elvira, P. A., & Simpson, O., 2018. Developing student support for open and distance learning: The Empower: Project. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 9, 1–10. Ng.
[29]. Shah, M., & Cheng, M., 2018. Exploring factors impacting student engagement in open access courses. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2018.1508337
[30]. Slettli, V. K., 2019. Developing an entrepreneurial mindset for transformational entrepreneur-ship: The case of Nordic transformative learning circles. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management, and Innovation, 15(4), 77–106. https://doi.org/10.7341/201915
[31]. Thanasi-Boce, M., 2020. Enhancing students’ entrepreneurial capacity through marketing simulation games. Education + Training, 62(9), 999–1013. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2019-0109
[32]. Tryba, A., & Fletcher, D., 2020. How shared pre-start-up moments of transition and cognitions contextualize effectual and causal decisions in entrepreneurial teams. Small Business Economics, (In press). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00148-7.
[33]. Weller, M., & van Ameijde, J., 2018. Student retention: The role of course design in influencing withdrawal rates at the UK Open University. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 23-45.
[34]. Xavier, M., & Meneses, J., 2020. Dropout in Online Higher Education: A scoping review from 2014 to 2018. Barcelona: eLearn Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. https://doi.org/10.7238/uoc.dropout.factors.2020
[35]. Zhang, Z., & Chun, D., 2018. Becoming entrepreneurs: How immigrants developed entre-preneurial identities. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(5), 947–970. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2016-0214
[36]. Zupan, B., Cankar, F., & Cankar, S. S., 2018. The development of an entrepreneurial mindset in primary education. European Journal of Education, 53(3), 427–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12293
[1]. Adamu A. U., 2022 Status of Open and Distance Learning in Nigeria, Commonwealth of Learning, DOI:10.56059/11599/4070.
[2]. Alvin, S., 2023. It's below my expectation: A case study of UMN online learning students. International Journal of Education Review, Law and Social, 843-849.
[3]. Ari, S., and Agus, W., 2018 Do Learning Environment and Self-Efficacy Impact on Students Entrepreneurial Attitude? Research Article: 2018, 22(4), Ari Saptono and Agus Wibowo.
[4]. Bağrıacık Yılmaz, and Karataş, 2022 why do open and distance education students drop out? Views from various stakeholders, Int J Educ Technol High Educ, 19(28), https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00333-x
[5]. Cole, N., 2017. 7 powerful emotions that all entrepreneurs feel. Inc.com. https://www.inc.com/nicolas-cole/7-powerful-emotions-all-entrepreneurs-feel.html Accessed 16 Apr 2020.
[6]. Daspit, J. J., Fox, C. J., & Findley, S. K., 2023. Entrepreneurial mindset: An integrated definition, a review of current insights, and directions for future research. Journal of Small Business Management.
[7]. De Cock, R., Denoo, L., & Clarysse, B., 2020. Surviving the emotional rollercoaster called entrepreneurship: The role of emotion regulation. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(2), 105936.
[8]. Dinh, A., Oberrauch, L., & Dewalt, S., 2022. What’s in a mindset? Exploring the entrepreneurial mindset. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 25(4), 1-24.
[9]. Fodor, O. C., & Pintea, S., 2017. The “emotional side” of entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of the relation between positive and negative affect and entrepreneurial performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 310.
[10]. Hertwig, R., Barron, G., Weber, E. U., & Erev, I., 2004. Decisions from experience and the effect of rare events in risky choice. Psychological Science, 15(8), 534-539. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00715.x
[11]. Imed Bouchrika, 2023 Distance Learning: The Ultimate Guide to Online Learning in 2023 https://research.com/education/distance-learning-the-ultimate-guide-to-online-learning
[12]. Daspit J. J., Corey J. F., & Findley, S. K., 2023. Entrepreneurial Mindset: An Integrated Definition, A Review of Current Insights, and Directions for Future Research. Journal of Small Business Management. 61. 12-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.1907583
[13]. Kara, M., Erdoğdu, F., Kokoç, M., & Cagiltay, K., 2019. Challenges Faced by Adult Learners in Online Distance Education: A Literature Review. Open Praxis.
[14]. Kara, M., Erdoğdu, F., Kokoç, M., 2020. Unraveling the entrepreneurial mindset. Small Business Economics, 54(4), 811-821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-00710-9
[15]. Knowledge at Wharton. 2019. How feelings and friendship factor into startup success and failure. https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/role-of-feelings-in-entrepreneurship/ Accessed 16 Apr 2020.
[16]. Kouakou K. K., Li, C., Akolgo I. G., and Tchamekwen, A. M., 2019 Evolution View of Entrepreneurial Mindset Theory - International Journal of Business and Social Science ,10(6).
[17]. Kuratko, D. F., 2020. Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, practice (11th ed.). Mason: Cengage publishers.
[18]. Kuratko, D. F., Fisher, G., Bloodgood, J., & Hornsby, J. S., 2017. The paradox of new venture legitimation within an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Small Business Economics, 49(1), 119–140.
[19]. Lemoine, P. A., Garretson, C. J., Waller, R. E., Mense, E. G., & Richardson, M. D., 2021. Online Learning for the Adult Learners Using Andragogy. Ensuring Adult and Non-Traditional Learners’ Success with Technology, Design.
[20]. Lindberg, E., Bohman, H., Hulten, P., & Wilson, T., 2017. Enhancing students’ entrepreneurial mindset: a Swedish experience, Education + Training, 59(7/8), pp.768-779, https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-09-2016-0140
[21]. Matthew Lynch, 2020. Entrepreneurial Mindset - Defining the concept, how to & Cagiltay, K. 2019. Challenges Faced by Adult Learners in Online Distance Education: A Literature Review. Open Praxis
[22]. Moore, A, Nguyen, A., Rivas, S., Bany-Mohammed, A., Majeika, J., Martinez, L., 2021. A qualitative examination of the impacts of financial stress on college students’ well-being: Insights from a large, private institution. SAGE Open Medicine, 9. Doi:10.1177/20503121211018122
[23]. Muljana, P. S., & Luo, T., 2019. Factors contributing to student retention in online learning and recommended strategies for improvement: A systematic literature review. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 18, 19-57. https://doi.org/10.28945/4182
[24]. Napier, E., 2021. Getting Excited for our Class: Instructor Immediacy, Rapport, and Effects for Students. Doctoral Dissertation, East Tennessee State University.
[25]. Ndege, W. M., Ndiritu, A., & Gatotoh, A. M., 2024. Learner technical support services and retention of students in open distance learning programmes in Kenya. International Journal of Recent Advances in Multidisciplinary Research, 11(04), 9759-9763.
[26]. Nyakiringa, 2023. Utilization of Support Services and its Relationship with Retention Among Open and Distance Learners in Selected Public Universities in Kenya. https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke /server /api/core/bitstreams/4bbfdb7a-d35e-4f14-9548-2d2adb2fd2b4/content
[27]. Olugbara, C. T., Imenda, S. N., Olugbara, O. O., & Khuzwayo, H. B., 2020. Moderating effect of innovation consciousness and quality consciousness on intention-behaviour relationship in e-learning integration. Education and Information Technologies, 25(1), 329–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09960-w
[28]. Sánchez-Elvira, P. A., & Simpson, O., 2018. Developing student support for open and distance learning: The Empower: Project. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 9, 1–10. Ng.
[29]. Shah, M., & Cheng, M., 2018. Exploring factors impacting student engagement in open access courses. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2018.1508337
[30]. Slettli, V. K., 2019. Developing an entrepreneurial mindset for transformational entrepreneur-ship: The case of Nordic transformative learning circles. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management, and Innovation, 15(4), 77–106. https://doi.org/10.7341/201915
[31]. Thanasi-Boce, M., 2020. Enhancing students’ entrepreneurial capacity through marketing simulation games. Education + Training, 62(9), 999–1013. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2019-0109
[32]. Tryba, A., & Fletcher, D., 2020. How shared pre-start-up moments of transition and cognitions contextualize effectual and causal decisions in entrepreneurial teams. Small Business Economics, (In press). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00148-7.
[33]. Weller, M., & van Ameijde, J., 2018. Student retention: The role of course design in influencing withdrawal rates at the UK Open University. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 23-45.
[34]. Xavier, M., & Meneses, J., 2020. Dropout in Online Higher Education: A scoping review from 2014 to 2018. Barcelona: eLearn Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. https://doi.org/10.7238/uoc.dropout.factors.2020
[35]. Zhang, Z., & Chun, D., 2018. Becoming entrepreneurs: How immigrants developed entre-preneurial identities. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(5), 947–970. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2016-0214
[36]. Zupan, B., Cankar, F., & Cankar, S. S., 2018. The development of an entrepreneurial mindset in primary education. European Journal of Education, 53(3), 427–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12293
[1]. Adamu A. U., 2022 Status of Open and Distance Learning in Nigeria, Commonwealth of Learning, DOI:10.56059/11599/4070.
[2]. Alvin, S., 2023. It's below my expectation: A case study of UMN online learning students. International Journal of Education Review, Law and Social, 843-849.
[3]. Ari, S., and Agus, W., 2018 Do Learning Environment and Self-Efficacy Impact on Students Entrepreneurial Attitude? Research Article: 2018, 22(4), Ari Saptono and Agus Wibowo.
[4]. Bağrıacık Yılmaz, and Karataş, 2022 why do open and distance education students drop out? Views from various stakeholders, Int J Educ Technol High Educ, 19(28), https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00333-x
[5]. Cole, N., 2017. 7 powerful emotions that all entrepreneurs feel. Inc.com. https://www.inc.com/nicolas-cole/7-powerful-emotions-all-entrepreneurs-feel.html Accessed 16 Apr 2020.
[6]. Daspit, J. J., Fox, C. J., & Findley, S. K., 2023. Entrepreneurial mindset: An integrated definition, a review of current insights, and directions for future research. Journal of Small Business Management.
[7]. De Cock, R., Denoo, L., & Clarysse, B., 2020. Surviving the emotional rollercoaster called entrepreneurship: The role of emotion regulation. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(2), 105936.
[8]. Dinh, A., Oberrauch, L., & Dewalt, S., 2022. What’s in a mindset? Exploring the entrepreneurial mindset. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 25(4), 1-24.
[9]. Fodor, O. C., & Pintea, S., 2017. The “emotional side” of entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of the relation between positive and negative affect and entrepreneurial performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 310.
[10]. Hertwig, R., Barron, G., Weber, E. U., & Erev, I., 2004. Decisions from experience and the effect of rare events in risky choice. Psychological Science, 15(8), 534-539. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00715.x
[11]. Imed Bouchrika, 2023 Distance Learning: The Ultimate Guide to Online Learning in 2023 https://research.com/education/distance-learning-the-ultimate-guide-to-online-learning
[12]. Daspit J. J., Corey J. F., & Findley, S. K., 2023. Entrepreneurial Mindset: An Integrated Definition, A Review of Current Insights, and Directions for Future Research. Journal of Small Business Management. 61. 12-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.1907583
[13]. Kara, M., Erdoğdu, F., Kokoç, M., & Cagiltay, K., 2019. Challenges Faced by Adult Learners in Online Distance Education: A Literature Review. Open Praxis.
[14]. Kara, M., Erdoğdu, F., Kokoç, M., 2020. Unraveling the entrepreneurial mindset. Small Business Economics, 54(4), 811-821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-00710-9
[15]. Knowledge at Wharton. 2019. How feelings and friendship factor into startup success and failure. https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/role-of-feelings-in-entrepreneurship/ Accessed 16 Apr 2020.
[16]. Kouakou K. K., Li, C., Akolgo I. G., and Tchamekwen, A. M., 2019 Evolution View of Entrepreneurial Mindset Theory - International Journal of Business and Social Science ,10(6).
[17]. Kuratko, D. F., 2020. Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, practice (11th ed.). Mason: Cengage publishers.
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[21]. Matthew Lynch, 2020. Entrepreneurial Mindset - Defining the concept, how to & Cagiltay, K. 2019. Challenges Faced by Adult Learners in Online Distance Education: A Literature Review. Open Praxis
[22]. Moore, A, Nguyen, A., Rivas, S., Bany-Mohammed, A., Majeika, J., Martinez, L., 2021. A qualitative examination of the impacts of financial stress on college students’ well-being: Insights from a large, private institution. SAGE Open Medicine, 9. Doi:10.1177/20503121211018122
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[28]. Sánchez-Elvira, P. A., & Simpson, O., 2018. Developing student support for open and distance learning: The Empower: Project. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 9, 1–10. Ng.
[29]. Shah, M., & Cheng, M., 2018. Exploring factors impacting student engagement in open access courses. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2018.1508337
[30]. Slettli, V. K., 2019. Developing an entrepreneurial mindset for transformational entrepreneur-ship: The case of Nordic transformative learning circles. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management, and Innovation, 15(4), 77–106. https://doi.org/10.7341/201915
[31]. Thanasi-Boce, M., 2020. Enhancing students’ entrepreneurial capacity through marketing simulation games. Education + Training, 62(9), 999–1013. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2019-0109
[32]. Tryba, A., & Fletcher, D., 2020. How shared pre-start-up moments of transition and cognitions contextualize effectual and causal decisions in entrepreneurial teams. Small Business Economics, (In press). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00148-7.
[33]. Weller, M., & van Ameijde, J., 2018. Student retention: The role of course design in influencing withdrawal rates at the UK Open University. Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice, 6(2), 23-45.
[34]. Xavier, M., & Meneses, J., 2020. Dropout in Online Higher Education: A scoping review from 2014 to 2018. Barcelona: eLearn Center, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. https://doi.org/10.7238/uoc.dropout.factors.2020
[35]. Zhang, Z., & Chun, D., 2018. Becoming entrepreneurs: How immigrants developed entre-preneurial identities. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 24(5), 947–970. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-07-2016-0214
[36]. Zupan, B., Cankar, F., & Cankar, S. S., 2018. The development of an entrepreneurial mindset in primary education. European Journal of Education, 53(3), 427–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12293