Abstract:

The use and misuse of drugs in Sub Saharan region are of public health concern. Exposures to un-prescribed drugs and traditional medications are frequent and create a great danger in pregnant women. The use of herbal medicines has been on the increase in many developing and industrialized countries. The study examined the use of traditional medications and un-prescribed orthodox medicines for gestational mothers. A descriptive cross-sectional design & inferential statistic were employed for the study and a total sample of one hundred and ninety-six was used. A standardized data collection form was employed based on the World Health Organization criteria and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS Version 22.The result showed that most of the respondents were between the age of 22- 27 years with the mean age of 24 years and majority of the respondents (63.3%) used both un-prescribed drugs and traditional medicines during pregnancy, while 27.0% used only un-prescribed drugs and 9.7% use only traditional medications. More so, the results revealed that pain killers’ drug were the leading cause for misused. Also, the results demonstrated a significant relationship between respondent’s awareness of harm associated with use of un-prescribed medications and educational status, (P < 0.01). The study concluded a wide spread use of un-prescribed drugs and traditional medications among pregnant women and therefore, recommend the need for health education and massive campaign with community involvement against the wrong practices by both the healthcare practioners and the government.

References:

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Abstract:

This study sought to investigate the fear of susceptible to infectious disease experienced among the hospitalized patients in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. Two research questions one hypothesis were used. Do hospitalized patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar have fear of susceptibility to infectious disease? What support do hospitalized patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar received from family. The hypothesis states that; there is no significant relationship between fear among hospitalized patients and the support they received from family members. Literature was reviewed based on the research variables. The research instrument used in collecting data for analysis was a questionnaire administered to one hundred (100) hospitalized patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. Their responses were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and Pearson product moment correlation analysis and the following results were obtained, Results in Table 3 indicated that 68(68%) of the respondents agreed that they have received a significant support from their family members during the period of their hospitalization while 32(32%) disagreed. 24(24%) said the financial support they received from family members was too minimal while 76(76%) said it was not. 78(78%) agreed that their family members frequently visited them while 22(22%) disagreed. The above data, therefore, showed that hospitalized patients in UCTH, Calabar received both moral and financial support from family members. In line with the views expressed by the patients. It was recommended that more nurses should be employed to help avoid contacting the communicable disease. This implies that, the nurses would be able to manage two patients at a time instead of taking care of a large number of patients.

References:

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[2] Berman, A., Snyder, S., Kozier, B. and Erb, G. (2008). Fundamentals of nursing, concept, process and practice (8^th Ed.). United States of America: Courier Kendaville p. 450.

[3] Brandy, N. (2004). A portrait of family with a member labeled schizophrenia. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation Cabe Western Reserve University.

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[5] Oyira, E. J., Mgbekem, M. A. & Edet, O. B. (2016). Factors associated with discharge against medical advice among patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar. Global Journal Series University of Calabar.

[6] Oyira, E. J. & Bassey, E. O. (2016). Psychosocial problems of hospitalized patients in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar-Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Advancement in Bioscience Vol. 6, No.1. pp 35-43

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Abstract:

References:

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Abstract:

Insecticide Treated Net (ITN) is use for the prevention of mosquito bites causing malaria. The study sought to investigate the perception and utilization of insecticide treated net among pregnant women attending antenatal care in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. To successfully carry out the study, research questions and hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. Literature was reviewed based on the research variables. The research instrument used in data collection was a questionnaire designed by the researchers which was administered on 150 pregnant women in UCTH who formed the sample for the study. Their responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages and contingency chi-square. The following results were obtained. Result of findings as presented in table 4 indicate that 93(62%) of the respondents said they have heard about ITN before while 57(38%) said they have not. 90(60%) said they have seen it while 60(40%) said they have not. 96(64%) said ITN is a major tool for prevention of malaria while 54(36%) said it was not. 98(65.3%) said ITN has health benefits while 52(34.7%) said it does not. 108(72%) said the reason for treating the nets with insecticide is to irritate and repel mosquitoes while 42(28%) said it was not. It was observed that in spite of their knowledge of ITN, pregnant women in UCTH did not utilize insecticide treated bed nets. It was recommended that ministry of health should intensify enlightenment campaign on the utilization of ITN.

References:

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[2] Abdulla, S. Armstrong, S. Nathan, R. Mukasa, O. Marchant, T., Smith, T. Tanner, M. & Ledger, C. (2009). Impact on malaria morbidity of a program supplying insecticide treated nets in children aged under 2 years in Tanzania: community cross sectional study. British medical journal, V. 332(35), 270-273.

[3] Ahorlu, C., Dunye, S., Afari, E., Koram, K. & Nkrumah, F. (2008). Malaria related belief and behaviours in southern Ghana: implications for treatment, prevention and control. Tropical medicine and international health Vol 2(5), 488-499.

[4] Akpan, S. S. (2007). The popularity of insecticide-treated bed nets as a preventive method of malaria control among residents in Calabar Municipality, Cross River State, Nigeria: Tropical doctor Vol 37(3), 192-3.

[5] Alaii, J. Hawley, W. Kolczac, M. Ter Kuile, F. Gimning, J. & Vulvule, J. (2003). Factors affecting use of permethrin-treated mosquito nets during a randomized controlled trial western Kenya: America journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. Vol 68(4), 149-160.

[6] Alaii, J. Ven Den Borne, H. Kuchur, P. Hawley, W. Mwenesi, & Vulule, J. (2007). Perception of mosquito nets and malaria prevention before and after a randomized western Kenya: American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene Vol. 68(5), 142-148.

[7] Alaii, V. Van Den Borne, H. Kuchur, P. Shelley, K. Mwenesi, H. & Vulule, J. (2007). Community reactions to the introduction of permethrin-treated mosquito nets for malaria control during a randomized controlled trial in northern Kenya: American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, Vol. 68(4), 128-136.

[8] Amoran, O. E., Senbanjo, I. O. & Asagwara, C. E. (2011). Determinants of insecticide treated net use among youth corps members in Edo State, Nigeria: BMC public health, Vol. 11(1), 28-30.

[9] Astatkie, A. & Feleke, A. (2009). Utilization of insecticide treated nets in Arbaminch Town and the Malaria villages of Arbminch Zuria District Southern Ethiopia. Ethiopia: Journal of health development, Vol. 24(1), 15-24.

[10] Baume, C. A. & Maria, M. C. (2007). Intra-household mosquito net use in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal and Zambia: are nets being used? Who in the household uses them? American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, Vol. 77(7), 963-971.

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[13] Edelu, B. O., Ikefuna, A. N., Emodi, J. I. Adimora, G. N. (2010). Awareness and use of insecticide treated bed nets among children attending clinic of UNTH Enugu-the need for an effective mobilization process. African health sciences, 10(2),1-2.

[14] Federal Ministry of Health (2006). National malaria control programme, Abuja: A 5-year strategic plan-2006-2010. available on _HYPERLINK "http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/../nigeria.pdf"_ www.rollbackmalaria.org/../nigeria.pdf_.

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[26] Okrah, J. Traore, C. Pale, A. Summerfield, J. Muller, O. (2007). Community factors associated with malaria prevention by mosquito nets an exploratory study in rural Burkina Faso: Tropical medicine and international health, 7(3)240-48.

[27] Rhee, M. Sissok, M., Perr, S. MeFarlard, W. Parsonnet, J. & Doumbo, O. (2005). Use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) following a malaria education intervention in Piron, Mali: a control trial with systematic allocation of households. Malaria journal, 4(35), 15-29.

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Abstract:

Objective: This review is aimed to evaluate the effect of implementing the septic bundle on critically ill patients’ outcomes.

Methodology: Cochrane Collaboration, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed were searched, covering the period 2008 to 2019. Only cohort, case-control and randomized controlled trial studies with full text in English were eligible. Studies that discussed the effect of implementing the septic bundle on critically ill patients' outcomes were only included.

Results: Out of 1,551 articles searched, and after screening inclusion and exclusion criteria; ten articles only were met the inclusion criteria which have considered the effect of implementing a septic bundle on critically ill patients’ outcomes. All of these ten studies revealed a significant effect of the septic bundle on the clinical outcomes of critically ill patients especially mortality.

Conclusion: This review confirmed that implementing septic bundle for critically ill patients has been significantly reduced outcomes which are length of hospital stay, length of stay at emergency department, mortality probability, admission to the intensive care unit and mechanical ventilation.

References:

[1] Alvaro-Meca, A., Jiménez-Sousa, M. A., Micheloud, D., Sánchez-Lopez, A., Heredia-Rodríguez, M., Tamayo, E., Resino, S., Group of Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic) (2018). Epidemiological trends of sepsis in the twenty-first century (2000-2013): an analysis of incidence, mortality, and associated costs in Spain. Population health metrics, 16(1), 4.

[2] Amland, R. C., & Sutariya, B. B. (2018). Quick Sequential [Sepsis-Related] Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) and St. John Sepsis Surveillance Agent to detect patients at risk of sepsis: an observational cohort study. American Journal of Medical Quality, 33(1), 50-57.

[3] Andaluz, D., & Ferrer, R. (2017). SIRS, qSOFA, and organ failure for assessing sepsis at the emergency department. Journal of thoracic disease, 9(6), 1459.‏

[4] Carvas, J. M., Canelas, C., Montanha, G., Silva, C., & Esteves, F. (2016). Impact of Compliance with a Sepsis Resuscitation Bundle in a Portuguese Emergency Department. Acta medica portuguesa, 29(2), 88-94.‏

[5] Dellinger, R. P., & Hussain, S. (2017). From Barcelona to New York: 15 years of transition of sepsis performance improvement. Journal of thoracic disease, 9(10), 3453.‏

[6] Dellinger, R. P., & Hussain, S. (2017). From Barcelona to New York: 15 years of transition of sepsis performance improvement. Journal of thoracic disease, 9(10), 3453.‏

[7] Farrell, C., & Casserly, B. (2018). Sepsis, the earlier the better, 3-to 1-hour bundle. Journal of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, 2.‏

[8] Garnacho‑Montero J, Gutiérrez‑Pizarraya A, Escoresca‑Ortega A et al (2013) De‑escalation of empirical therapy is associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 40(1):32‑40. doi:10.1007/s00134‑013‑3077‑7

[9] Gasim, G. I., Musa, I. R., Yassin, T., Al Shobaili, H. A., & Adam, I. (2016). Sepsis in Buraidah Central Hospital, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International journal of health sciences, 10(2), 175-81.

[10] Gotts, J.E., & Matthay, M.A. (2016). Sepsis: Pathophysiology and clinical management. British Medical Journal, 353. https//doi: 10.1136/bmj. i1585

[11] Gül, F., Arslantaş, M. K., Cinel, İ., & Kumar, A. (2017). Changing definitions of sepsis. Turkish journal of anaesthesiology and reanimation, 45(3), 129.‏

[12] Gyawali, B., Ramakrishna, K., & Dhamoon, A. S. (2019). Sepsis: The evolution in definition, pathophysiology, and management. SAGE open medicine, 7, 2050312119835043.‏

[13] Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2017). Timing of antibiotics. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Measures/TimingofAntibiotics.aspx

[14] Kaplan, L. J. (2015). Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome. Retrieved from emedicine.medscape.com/article/168943-overview

[15] Kim, M., Watase, T., Jablonowski, K. D., Gatewood, M. O., & Henning, D. J. (2017). A Sepsis-related Diagnosis Impacts Interventions and Predicts Outcomes for Emergency Patients with Severe Sepsis. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18(6), 1098.‏

[16] Kleinpell, R. (2017). Promoting early identification of sepsis in hospitalized patients with nurse-led protocols.‏

[17] Kleinpell, R. M., Schorr, C. A., & Balk, R. A. (2016). The new sepsis definitions: implications for critical care practitioners. American Journal of Critical Care, 25(5), 457-464.‏

[18] Kleinpell, R., Blot, S., Boulanger, C., Fulbrook, P., & Blackwood, B. (2019). International critical care nursing considerations and quality indicators for the 2017 surviving sepsis campaign guidelines. Intensive care medicine, 45(11), 1663-1666.‏

[19] Kumar A (2016) Systematic bias in meta-analyses of time to antimicrobial in sepsis studies. Crit Care Med 44: e234–e235.

[20]    Le Conte, P., Thibergien, S., Obellianne, J. B., Montassier, E., Potel, G., Roy, P. M., & Batard, E. (2017). Recognition and treatment of severe sepsis in the emergency department: retrospective study in two French teaching hospitals. BMC emergency medicine, 17(1), 27.‏

[21]    Lester, D., Hartjes, T., & Bennett, A. (2018). CE: A Review of the Revised Sepsis Care Bundles. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 118(8), 40-49.‏

[22]    Levy, M. M., Evans, L. E., & Rhodes, A. (2018). The surviving sepsis campaign bundle: 2018 update. Intensive care medicine, 44(6), 925-928.‏

[23]    Lindo, M. M. (2017). Evaluation of Automated Reminders to Reduce Sepsis Mortality Rates.‏

[24]    Machado, F. R., Ferreira, E. M., Schippers, P., de Paula, I. C., Saes, L., de Oliveira, F. I., Tuma, P., Nogueira Filho, W., Piza, F., Guare, S., Mangini, C., Guth, G. Z., Azevedo, L., Freitas, F., do Amaral, J., Mansur, N. S., Salomão, R., SPDM against sepsis project (2017). Implementation of sepsis bundles in public hospitals in Brazil: a prospective study with heterogeneous results. Critical care (London, England), 21(1), 268. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1858-z.

[25]    Maclay, T., & Rephann, A. (2017). The impact of early identification and a critical care–based sepsis response team on sepsis outcomes. Critical care nurse, 37(6), 88-91.‏

[26]    Mayr, F. B., Yende, S., & Angus, D. C. (2014). Epidemiology of severe sepsis. Virulence, 5(1), 4-11.‏

[27]    McColl, T., Gatien, M., Calder, L., Yadav, K., et al. (2016). Implementation of an Emergency Department Sepsis Bundle and System Redesign: A Process Improvement Initiative. JCMU, 0(0), 1-10.

[28]    Meade, C. (2018). Intensive Care Unit Nurse Education to Reduce Sepsis Mortality Rates.‏

[29]    Memon, J. I., Rehmani, R. S., Alaithan, A. M., El Gammal, A., Lone, T. M., Ghorab, K., & Abdulbasir, A. (2012). Impact of 6-hour sepsis resuscitation bundle compliance on hospital mortality in a Saudi hospital. Critical care research and practice, 2012.‏

[30]    Milano, P. K., Desai, S. A., Eiting, E. A., Hofmann, E. F., Lam, C. N., Menchine, M. (2018). Sepsis Bundle Adherence Is Associated with Improved Survival in Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 19(5), 774.‏

[31]    Neviere, R., Parsons, P. E., & Finlay, G. (2017). Sepsis syndromes in adults: Epidemiology, definitions, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prognosis. Monografía en Internet]. Wolters Kluwer: UpToDate.‏

[32]    Postelnicu, R., & Evans, L. (2017). Monitoring of the physical exam in sepsis. Current Opinion in Critical Care,23(3), 232-236. doi:10.1097/mcc.0000000000000403

[33]    Prasad, P. A., Shea, E. R., Shiboski, S., Sullivan, M. C., Gonzales, R., & Shimabukuro, D. (2017). Relationship between a sepsis intervention bundle and in-hospital mortality among hospitalized patients: a retrospective analysis of real-world data. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 125(2), 507-513.‏

[34]    Rhodes, A., Evans, L. E., Alhazzani, W., Levy, M. M., Antonelli, M., Ferrer, R., ... & Rochwerg, B. (2017). Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive care medicine, 43(3), 304-377.‏

[35]    Rhodes, A., Phillips, G., Beale, R., Cecconi, M., Chiche, J. D., De Backer, D., Girardis, M. (2015). The surviving sepsis campaign bundles and outcome: Results from the International Multicenter Prevalence Study on Sepsis (the IMPreSS study). Intensive Care Medicine, 41(9), 1620-1628.

[36]    Singer, M., Deutschman, C. S., Seymour, C. W., Shankar-Hari, M., Annane, D., Bauer, M., ... & Hotchkiss, R. S. (2016). The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). Jama, 315(8), 801-810.‏

[37]    Tulli, G. (2019). Diagnosis and Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: An Evidence-Based Review. In Practical Trends in Anesthesia and Intensive Care 2018 (pp. 137-178). Springer, Cham.‏

[38]    van Vught LA, Klein Klouwenberg PM, Spitoni C, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and attributable mortality of secondary infections in the intensive care unit after admission for sepsis. JAMA. 2016;315(14):1469-1479.

[39] Walsh, J. (2017)

Abstract:

Inadequate knowledge of Diabetes mellitus (DM) in Pregnancy among diabetic pregnant women could lead to poor skill about self-care, failure to seek timely medical attention and failure to follow medical prescriptions, which could lead to complications and sometimes death of mother and/or fetus/baby. This study seeks to assess the effect of nursing intervention on Knowledge of DM among diabetic pregnant women attending two general hospitals in Lagos Island, Lagos State, Nigeria.

This study utilizes one group pretest- posttest experimental research design. The purposive sampling technique and total enumeration sampling size method that included seventy-five participants were used for the study. Instrument for data collection consisted of seven demographic data and forty- two (42) test questions. The study was carried out in three sessions: pre-intervention, intervention and the evaluation sessions over a period of six weeks. Paired t test was used to determine significance level between pre and post-intervention knowledge. Ethical approval and consent were obtained from Babcock University Health Research Ethical committee and Lagos State Heath Service Commission respectively.

The results revealed that most of the participants were between the ages of 21 and 45 (88%); most of them had tertiary education (70.7%); most of them (57.3%) had family history of DM.  Results also revealed that pre-intervention knowledge among diabetic women was poor (0.28) and the post intervention knowledge was good (0.83). Paired t test results (t= 36.20, p = 0.000) revealed a significant difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention knowledge. This shows that nursing intervention was effective.

References:

Abstract:

The nursing process remains one of the unique pillars that confer nursing autonomy as a profession. However, implementation of the nursing process in the Regional Hospital Bamenda remains a challenge. This study set to assess barriers to the application of the nursing process at the Regional Hospital Bamenda-Cameroon. The specific objectives were to determine the demographic factors of nurses; identify the institutional factors and to find out the socio-cultural factors that hinder the implementation of the nursing process. A cross sectional study was carried out using a convenient sample of 65 nursing staff. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires with Pearson reliability coefficient of 0.87. The data were analysed using SPSS. The study revealed that 68% of the participants did not know the steps of the nursing process. Advancing age and longevity of nurses; rejection and lack of support of nursing process, non- recognition of those who make an effort, inadequate monitoring; inadequate resources; and nursing peers, family, religion and culture hindered implementation of the nursing process. The nursing process was viewed by all participants as time-consuming and others, 92% as tedious. Implementation of the nursing process was found to be negatively affected by demographic institutional and sociocultural factors. Within the perspectives of this study, the nursing care plan needs to be vulgarized as a professional tool in the hospital, client satisfaction with nursing services evaluated and an observational study carried out using patients’ records to improve on the objectivity of this study.

References:

[1]    Afolayan, Donald, Baldwin, Olayinka and Babafemi (2013). Evaluation of the utilization of the nursing process and patient outcome in psychiatric nursing: case of psychiatric hospital Port Harcourt. Advances in applied science research pp34-43.

[2]    Alfaro-LeFevre, R. (2016). Applying nursing process: a step-by-step guide (6th edition) Lippincott, Philadelphia.

[3]    Alfaro-LeFevre, R. (2016). Applying nursing process: a tool for critical thinking (7th edition) Lippincott, Philadelphia, Williams and Wilkens.

[4]    American Nurses Association (2009). The nursing process: a common thread among all Nurses, retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org.

[5]    Berman A & synder S.J. (2012). Kozier & Erb’s foundamentals of nursing: concepts, process and practices (9th edition).

[6]    Brandalize, DL & Kalinowski (2015) Nursing process: experience in the implementation of the diagnostic phase. Cogitare enferm, 10(3), 53.

[7]    Carlson s. (2010). A practical approach to the nursing process. The American journal of nursing. 72, 1589-91.

[8]    Coverston, C.R.., Harmon, K.R., & Malner, A.A (2014). A comparison of Guatemalan and USA nurses’ attitudes towards nursing. International nursing review, 51(2), 94-103.

[9]    Dalsasso, G.T.M., Barra, D.C.C., Pease, F., Debetio, Rios and Marinho (2013). Computerized nursing process: methodology to the establish associations between clinical assessment, diagnosis, intervention and outcomes. Rev.ed.enferm USP, 47(1), 238-45.

[10] Department of nursing (2009) nursing sub-sector strategic plan of 2001-2015: nurses can make a difference in reversing the trends in Cameroon ministry of public health.

[11] Fisseha, H., Fessehaye, A, Fikadu, Semarya and Alemseged (2014). Application of the nursing process and its affecting factors among nurses.

[12] Granero-Mollina, J., Fernabdez-sola, Peredo de Gonzales, M.H., Aguilera-Manrique, MollinedoMallea and Hasson (2012). The impact of an educational intervention on nursing staff ratings of quality of older people care: a perspective, controlled intervention study. International journal of nursing studies, 46(4), 470-78.

[13] Hagos, Alemseged, Barhe, and Aregay (2014). Application of the nursing process and its affecting factors among nurses working in menkelle zone hospital, northern Ethiopia. Nursing research and practice, 8. http://dx.doi.org/0.1155/2014/675212.

[14] Lukes E, (2010). The nursing process and program planning. AAOHN; 58:5-7.

[15] Mahmoud, M.H & Bayoumy, M.H (2014). Barriers and facilities for execution of nursing process from nurses’ perspective ISSN 2320-5407. International journal of advanced research, 2(2), 300-315.

[16] Mamseri, R.A. (2012). The nursing process as a means of improving patients care (master thesis) university of South Africa.

[17] Manal, H.M., & Hala (2014). Barriers and facilities for execution of nursing process from nurses’ perspective international journal of Advance research, 2(2), 300-315.

[18] Momoh, M.A and Chuku (2010). Factors that militate against the use of the nursing process: a hospital-based study. Continental J. pharmaceutical sciences, 4, 6-9.

[19] Nyatichi M.L. (2012). Factors influencing use of the nursing process in Naivasha District Hospital. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8259

[20] Pokorski, Moraes, M.A, chiarelli, constanzi and Rabelo, E.R. (2009). Nursing process: from literature to practice. What are we actually doing? Rev latino-am Enfermagem, maio-junho, 17(3). 302-307.

[21] Potter, P.A., & Perry (2017). Basic nursing (6th edition). St. Louis: Mosby.

Abstract:

Background: Provision of quality Antenatal care requires holistic screening and timely treatment to prevent neonatal and maternal mortalities.

Methods: A facility based cross- sectional study evaluated antenatal screening services offered in Lundazi District, Zambia. The study was conducted between October 2019 and June2020. Study units comprised 5 health facilities, 60 ANC mothers and 75 ANC providers. The study used facility audit, observation and self-administered questionnaires.

Results: The study found that ANC mothers could not be weighed in all the health facilities due to dysfunctional weighing scales. Facilities lacked Multistix for urine testing. Facilities could not test for blood grouping or screen blood for Rhesus factor. One facility could not screen for HIV and Malaria as reagents were out of stock. Another facility could not screen Haemoglobin levels for anaemia as the Hamacue machine was dysfunctional. Routine ultrasound was not done in all the five facilities.

Conclusion: Lack of functional equipment and essential supplies used for screening ANC mothers for any abnormality is a significant missed opportunity for early diagnosis and timely treatment of medical conditions. Reinforcing this component improves provision of quality antenatal care. Therefore, increased Antenatal care coverage requires a simultaneous scale-up of ANC equipment, supplies and drugs.

References:

Abstract:

Nursing education is responsible for the production of competent nursing staff with the collaborative skills required by the workforce. Nursing recruitment and retention requirements have made nursing education more challenging. Consequently, alternative teaching methods are being explored in nursing education to narrow the gap between workforce requirements and training. This article contains literature review conducted to examine the advantages of cooperative learning. The purpose of this study is to survey the advantages of cooperative learning using articles outlining the advantages of cooperative learning. A literature search with focus on studies published between 2009 and 2018 was undertaken from four electronic databases. Identified articles were pruned with the help of the Prisma (2009) Flow Diagram. Forty-five articles were identified, 15 reviewed and 11 considered eligible for this study. Significant differences were found in favour of cooperative learning, between the various teaching methods in almost all the studies. Additionally, cooperative learning was noted to markedly enhance human development. The studies reviewed concluded that cooperative learning was better than traditional teaching methods like lecture as cooperative learners were noted to display higher achievements and positive social interdependence than their peers from traditional methods. These results are important for both nursing administrators/managers and faculty in planning lessons; hiring and assigning faculty respectively. The implications of this study are that nursing curricula should be designed to incorporate cooperative learning as a means to enhance learning and hiring of nursing faculty should be based on the appropriate display of cooperative learning skills.

References:

[1] Cloud T, (2014) Cooperative learning in the classroom, Journal on Best Teaching Practices pp7-8 http://teachingonpurpose.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Cloud-T.-2014.-Cooperative-Learning-in-the-Cla

[2] Cornelius-Ukpepi, BU, Aglazor, GN & Odey, CO (2016): Cooperative Learning Strategy as Tool for Classroom Management. Advances in Multidisciplinary Research Journal. Vol 2, No.2 Pp 67-76.

[3] Dembilio-Villar T, González-Chordá VM, Cervera-Gascch A, & Mena-Tudela D. (2018) Cooperative Learning and Hand Disinfection in Nursing Students. Invest. Educ. Enferm.; 36(2): e09. DOI: 10.17533/udea.iee.v36n2e09.

[4] Goyak, AM (2009). The Effects of Cooperative Learning Techniques on Perceived Classroom Environment and Critical Thinking Skills of Preservice Teachers. A PhD Dissertation, from https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/ on 05/01/2020.

[5] Johnson DW, Johnson RT. (2018). Cooperative Learning: The Foundation for Active learning Chapter 5. accessed from http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81086.

[6] Laal M, & Ghodsi SM (2012) Benefits of collaborative learning. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 31 (2012) 486–490. From https://www.researchgate.net/publication/22476654. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.091.

[7] Li, M. P. & Lam, B. H. (2013) The active classroom. The Hong Kong Institute of Education. Retrieved from https://www.eduhk.hk/.../cooperativelearningcoursewriting_LBH%. (Coop learning (EDUHK) 07/20/2019.

[8] Molla E. & Muche M. (2018). Impact of Cooperative Learning Approaches on Students’ Academic Achievement and Laboratory Proficiency in Biology Subject in Selected Rural Schools, Ethiopia. Hindawi Education Research International Volume 2018, Article ID 6202484, accessed from https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6202484 Accessed from https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2016.1259389.

[9] Penn State University, USA (2017). IT Learning & development Centre of Penn State University: Benefits of cooperative learning. How can cooperative learning benefit you and your group? Accessed on 10/01/2020 from www.tutorials.istudy.psu.edu/cooperativelearning/cooperativelearning6.html.

[10]    Sijali, KK (2017) Effectiveness of cooperative learning for improving learners’ proficiency level of English language in secondary level education in Nepal. Journal of NELTA, Vol 22 No. 1-2.

[11]    Slavin. RE (2010). The nature of learning. Chapter Seven: Co-operative learning: what makes group work work? Doi: 10.1787/1789264086487-9-en accessed 05/01/2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299820851_Cooperative_learning_what_makes_group-work_work.