Abstract:

Inaccessibility or delay in presentation to a health facility during pregnancy and labour contribute to maternal and neonatal complications and deaths in sub-Sahara Africa. Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) is a strategy to reduce obstetric delays. The study sought to determine the level and factors associated with BPCR among antenatal clinic attendees in Primary Health Centers (PHCs) in Ido/Osi Local Government Area (LGA) of Ekiti State in the southwestern part of Nigeria. It was a facility-based cross-sectional study involving 345 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics of twelve PHCs in Ido/Osi LGA. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analyzed with IBM SPSS version 24, and binary logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of BPCR. The study reveals that 135 (39.0%) of the respondents had adequate knowledge of obstetric danger signs while 128 (37.0%) were well prepared for birth and its complications. The major predictors of BPCR as revealed by the study are educational status (p = 0.004), age group 36-40 years (p = 0.040), and knowledge of danger signs in pregnancy (p < 0.001). This study revealed a low level of BPCR among the pregnant women with majority of them not making adequate plans in anticipation of normal delivery, or obstetric complications that may arise. Improving level of education, creating awareness on danger signs of pregnancy among women of reproductive age group are recommended strategies to promote BPCR practices and contribute to improved pregnancy outcomes among women

References:

[1]. JHPIEGO, Monitoring birth preparedness and complication readiness: tools and indicators for maternal and newborn health. Roxana DB, editor. Baltimore: JHPIEGO; 2004. 1-338 p. Available from: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADA619.pdf

[2]. Iliyasu, Z., Abubakar, I. S., Galadanci, H. S., Aliyu, M. H., 2010, Birth Preparedness, Complication Readiness and Fathers’ Participation in Maternity Care in a Northern Nigerian Community. Afr J Reprod Health, 14(1), 21–32.

[3]. Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2020: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNDESA/Population Division. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023, Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

[4]. World Health Organization, Trends in Maternal Mortality:1990-2015. Geneva, Switzerland; 2015. [Date of access: 7/11/2019. Available from: www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/maternal-mortality-2015/en/

[5]. Manyeh, A. K., Akpakli, D. E., Kukula, V., Ekey, R. A., Bana, S. N., Adjei, A., et al., 2017, Socio ‑ demographic determinants of skilled birth attendant at delivery in rural southern Ghana. BMC Res Notes, 10, 1–7.

[6]. National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF. 2019, Ngeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF.

[7]. Maternal and Neonatal Health Program, Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness: A Matrix of Shared Responsibilities. Original BP/CR Matrix. 2001 [Date of access: 7/7/2019]. p. 1–7. Available from: www.commonhealth.in/neonate-pdf/145.pdf

[8]. Ogu, R. N., Ephraim-Emmanuel, B. C., 2018, Prevention of Maternal Mortality in Nigeria: Public Health to the Rescue. J Gynecol Women’s Health, 10(1), 555780. DOI: 10.19080/JGWH.2018.10.555780

[9]. UNICEF, Maternal and newborn health in low-and-middle income countries: A brief assessment of mortality, coverage and policies. [Date of access: 7/11/2023]. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/….PDF file

[10]. Ijang, Y. P., Cumber, S. N. N., Nkfusai, C. N., Venyuy, M. A., Bede, F., Tebeu, P. M., 2019, Awareness and practice of birth preparedness and complication readiness among pregnant women in the Bamenda Health District, Cameroon. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19, 371. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2511-4

[11]. Federal Republic of Nigeria. Federal Republic of Nigeria official Gazette of the 2006. National population and housing census.

[12]. The Federal Government Printer Lagos, Nigeria. Ekiti State Government. Ido/Osi Local Government Area. Available from: https://ekitistate.gov.ng/administration/local-govt/ido-osi-lga/ Date of access: 20/4/2020.

[13]. Mbonu, E. O., 2018, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness amongst Pregnant Women in Eti-osa L.G.A, Lagos. Universal Journal of Public Health, 6(4): 220-230. doi:10.13189/ujph.2018.060408

[14]. Katz, D. L., Elmore, J. G., Wild, D. M. G., Lucan, S. C., 2014, Jekel's Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 153-162.

[15]. Orwa, J., Gatimu, S. M., Mantel, M., Luchters, S., Mugerwa, M. A., Brownie, S., et al., 2021, Birth preparedness and complication readiness among women of reproductive age in Kenya and Tanzania: a community-based cross-sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 20(1), 636. doi: 10.1186/s12884-020-03329-5.

[16]. Saaka, M., Alhassan, L., 2021, Prevalence and predictors of birth preparedness and complication readiness in the Kassena-Nankana district of Ghana: an analytical crosssectional study. BMJ Open, 1-9. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042906

[17]. Pervin, J., Nu, U. T., Rahman, A. M. Q., Rahman, M., Uddin, B., Razzaque, A., et al, 2018, Level and determinants of birth preparedness and complication readiness among pregnant women: A cross-sectional study in a rural area in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE, 13(12), e0209076. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209076

[18]. Agba, M., Awareness, practice and factors influencing birth preparedness and complication readiness among women attending antenatal clinic at University of Calabar Teaching hospital (UCTH), Calabar, Cross River state, Nigeria. Int. J. Collab. Res. Intern. Med. Public Health, 14 (06), 001-004

[19]. Zepre, K, Kaba, M., 2017, Birth preparedness and complication readiness among rural women of reproductive age in Abeshige district, Guraghe zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Int J Womens Health, 9:11-21. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S111769

[20]. Nimavat, K. A., Mangal, A. D., Unadkat, S. V., Yadav, S. B., 2016, A study of birth preparedness of women in Jamnagar district. Int J Community Med Public Heal, 3(9), 2403– 2408.

[21]. Kuteyi, E. A., Kuku, J., Lateef, I., Ogundipe, J., Mogbeyteren, T., Banjo, M., 2013, Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness of Pregnant Women Attending the Three Levels of Health Facilities in Ife Central Local Government, Nigeria. J Community Med Prim Heal Care., 23(1–2), 41–54.

[22]. Klobodu, C., Milliron, B. J., Agyabeng, K., Akweongo, P., Adomah-Afari, A., 2020, Maternal birth preparedness and complication readiness in the Greater Accra region of Ghana: a cross-sectional study of two urban health facilities. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20, 566. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03263-6

[23]. Bintabara, D., Mohamed, M. A., Mghamba, J., Wasswa, P., Mpembeni, R. N. M., 2015, Birth preparedness and complication readiness among recently delivered women in Chamwino district, central Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health, 12(1), 1-8.

[24]. Kamineni, V., Murki, A. D., Kota, V. L., 2017, Birth preparedness and complication readiness in pregnant women attending urban tertiary care hospital. J Family Med Prim Care, 6, 297-300.

[25]. Noor, R., Shahid, F., Hydrie, M. Z. I, Imran, M., Shah, S. H. B. U., 2022, Factors influencing birth preparedness and complication readiness among childbearing age women in Thatta district, Sindh. PLoS ONE. 17(9), e0275243. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275243

[26]. Edmonds, J. K., Paul, M., Sibley, L. M., 2011, Type, content, and source of social support perceived by women during pregnancy: Evidence from Matlab, Bangladesh. J Heal Popul Nutr, 29(2), 163–173.

[27]. Ndeto, J. K., Barasa, S. O., Murigi, M. W., Keraka, M. N., Osero, J. O., 2017, Utilization of individual birth plan during pregnancy and its determinants in Makueni County, Kenya. International Journal Of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5(1), 30-37.

[28]. Ghosh, A., Dasgupta, A., Paul, B., Bandyopadhyay, L., Sembiah, S., Mallik, N., 2017, Status of birth preparedness and complication readiness among recently delivered women: a community based study in a slum of Kolkata, West Bengal. Int J Community Med Public Heal, 4(9), 3256–3260.

[29]. Yousuf, J., Ayalew, M., Seid, F., 2011, Maternal health beliefs, attitudes and practices among Ethiopian Afar. Exch HIV, AIDS, STD Gend, 1, 12–14. Available from: http://www.exchange-magazine.info/. Date of access: 2/7/ 2018.

[30]. Ganle, J. K., Dery, I., 2015, “What men don’t know can hurt women’s health”: a qualitative study of the barriers to and opportunities for men’s involvement in maternal healthcare in Ghana. Reprod Health, 12(1), 1–12.

[31]. Wilunda, C., Quaglio, G., Putoto, G., Lochoro, P., Dall’Oglio, G., Manenti, F., et al, 2014, A qualitative study on barriers to utilisation of institutional delivery services in Moroto and Napak districts, Uganda: Implications for programming. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 14(1), 1–12.