Abstract:

The phase of adolescence holds significant importance as it marks a critical period for initiating habits that can have enduring effects. This is crucial in preventing avoidable illnesses and fatalities resulting from unfavorable health-related actions, like the use of substances. This current research was conducted to assess the understanding, perspectives, and actions of secondary school educators regarding the prevention of substance use among adolescents. This initiative seeks to identify factors that might impede the efficacy of substance use prevention programs within secondary educational institutions. Descriptive research design was carried out in three select secondary schools: Uwani Secondary School, Maryland Secondary School, and Federal Government College Enugu, in Enugu state. Ninety-two (92) participants were sampled using a multi-stage sampling technique. The self-administering questionnaire was used as a tool for data gathering. The filled questionnaires that met the criteria for analysis were coded into the computer using SPSS software and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in frequency and percentage. Knowledge of the attributes that increase the risk of adolescent substance use is poor at 88% of the respondents, while attitude and practice were fair. The knowledge of attitudes and practices of secondary school teachers in Enugu state on the preventive measures for substance use among adolescents is inadequate. Therefore, for effective intervention on substance use preventive strategies in adolescents, teachers and other workers in secondary schools should be equipped with adequate knowledge concerning substance use preventive practice.

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

This study investigated the awareness, willingness, and practice of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among female sex workers (FSWs) in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Conducted between June and August 2020, the cross-sectional research engaged 344 HIV-negative FSWs attending services at Uyo's One-Stop Shop for key populations services. Through a semi-structured questionnaire, data were collected on awareness, willingness, and practice of PrEP, and subsequently analyzed using statistical methods. The study's participants had a mean age of 29.06±5.20 years, with 68.6% falling between 25-34 years old. Notably, 76.5% were adequately aware of PrEP, while 8.1% expressed willingness to use it, and 42.4% had practiced PrEP. Factors like age, marital status, and years engaged in sex work were found to significantly influence awareness of PrEP. Participants aged 25-34 years, those previously married, and those with fewer years in sex work exhibited greater PrEP awareness. The frequency of first-time and boyfriend clients per week impacted willingness and practice of PrEP, with the former positively influencing willingness and the latter negatively affecting practice. Engaging in unprotected sex was also found to negatively correlate with PrEP practice. These findings highlight that while awareness of PrEP is relatively high among FSWs, willingness to use and actual practice of PrEP remain low. The study underscores the importance of tailored health education programs targeting FSWs, to enhance awareness and encourage adoption of effective HIV preventive measures. By addressing factors like age, marital status, and specific aspects of sex work, interventions could be designed to increase PrEP utilization, thereby contributing to the reduction of HIV transmission in this population.

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Abstract:

Malaria infection accounts for over 60% of outpatient visits to healthcare facilities, 30% of child fatalities, 25% of infant deaths, and 11% of maternal mortality in Nigeria. Notably, in Nigeria, children under five years of age and pregnant women are especially vulnerable to malaria-related illnesses and death. The study, therefore, seeks to assess the knowledge of malaria disease, transmission, and use of home-based prevention strategies amongst women of reproductive age group. A cross-sectional study design was employed to assess the knowledge of malaria transmission and home-based preventive practices amongst a multistage sample of 379 women of reproductive age seeking healthcare services at the public PHC facilities in South-South, Nigeria. Data was collected using an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential analyses of data collected were carried out using the IBM SPSS version 20 software. The mean age of the respondents surveyed in this study was 32.2 (SD ± 6.9) years. Most respondents [88.4% (n = 335)] had good knowledge of malaria transmission and prevention; however, the majority were not knowledgeable about the period mosquitoes commonly enter the house (71.5%) and the peak mosquito biting period (63.1%). There were varied degrees of practice of the various malaria home-based prevention strategies. In conclusion, a significant proportion of the surveyed reproductive-age women had some grasp on the fundamental issues of malaria transmission and prevention with some identified gaps, and they used different home-based malaria prevention measures at varied degrees.

References:

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

Drug and Therapeutics Committees (DTCs) have been identified and promoted as a fundamental model in advancing the rational management and use of essential medicines and health supplies in hospitals since the 1970s. However, there is still a scarcity of comprehensive literature on their current structure and actual roles performed in various countries. We conducted a scoping review using the Pubmed and ResearchGate databases and included eligible articles published between 2010 and 2023, to assess the structure and roles performed by hospital DTCs. The database search yielded 47 potential records, but only seven of these were eligible for inclusion. Studies included were from both high-income and low- and middle-income countries. The structure of DTCs is generally similar across these countries, with minor contextual variations. All DTCs are heterogeneous in composition and contain both medical and non-medical staff. The DTC leadership comprises a chairperson who is usually a senior clinician, and a secretary who is usually a pharmacist. The majority of the DTCs have at least one sub-committee, and antimicrobial stewardship is the most common. The DTCs still perform their customary roles, although their role scope is expanding. In some countries, the DTCs have taken on additional roles due to the evolving medicines management and use problems, and technologies. There is however still a dearth of recent primary data on the structure and roles of DTCs in many countries. We recommend more primary research to understand the status of DTCs in various countries and to provide more insights into the existence and functionality of the DTC sub-committees.

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Abstract:

The rise in the prevalence of substance use among adolescents has triggered researchers for more studies on substance use and intervention strategies. The aim of the review is to provide a synthesis of effective preventive strategies in the face of multiple and variant literature on adolescent substance use data. A Google Scholar, and PUBMED academic literature published in English from 2012 to 2022 were included. A Google search of Keywords for the search were adolescent, substance use and preventive strategies. The described principles of prevention science provide examples of efficacious preventive interventions. It describes challenges and potential solutions necessary to take efficacious prevention policies and programs. It tends to scale and conclude with recommendations on how to reduce the burden of adolescent substance use mortality and morbidity worldwide through preventive interventions. Effective strategies share common goals with strengthening ‘protective factors,’ such as well-developed social skills, strong family bonds, attachment, active involvement, community, and religious organizations, while reducing ‘risk factors’ that increase vulnerability to substance use. In conclusion, several strategies are positive and effective, while some lack acceptable evidence for interventions. These attributes can help resource-constrained nations mount effective control measures against substance use.

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Abstract:

Diarrhea is a major cause of illness and death for children under 5 in sub-Saharan Africa, with around 500k deaths annually. COVID-19 affected hospitalization rates for diarrhea. This study was done in four hospitals in Fako Division on diarrhea hospitalization records of children under 5 from 2013 to 2022. Stratified sampling was used, and data was summarized using means, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages. Differences were evaluated using chi square with a significance level of P<0.05. Diarrhea hospitalization rate was high at 30.9%, with more cases reported during Covid-19 than before. Peak hospitalization occurred in 2019 and 2020. However, there was a significant decrease in hospitalization rates in 2021 and 2022. Children aged 0-5 months had the highest rates of diarrhea hospitalization at 29.4%. High diarrhea rates in the study area were due to conflict-related population influx. COVID-19 season saw higher hospitalization rates due to virus-induced diarrhea and population influx. Infants under 5 are most vulnerable to diarrhea. More diarrhea hospitalizations in COVID-19 season due to influx of displaced families and COVID-19 - induced diarrhea caused unusual data.

References:

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[2] Dairo MD, Ibrahim TF, Salawu AT. Prevalence and determinants of diarrhoea among infants in selected primary health centres in Kaduna north local government area, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J [Internet]. 2017;28. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.28.109.8152.

[3] Gidudu J, Sack DA, Pina M, Hudson MJ, Kohl KS, Bishop P, et al. Diarrhea: Case definition and guidelines for collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine [Internet]. 2011;29 (5):1053–71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.065.

[4] Pires SM, Fischer-Walker CL, Lanata CF, Devleesschauwer B, Hall AJ, Kirk MD, et al. Aetiology-specific estimates of the global and regional incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases commonly transmitted through food. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015;10(12):e0142927. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142927.

[5] Who.int. [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease.

[6] Saeed A, Abd H, Sandstrom G. Microbial aetiology of acute diarrhoea in children under five years of age in Khartoum, Sudan. J Med Microbiol [Internet]. 2015;64(4):432–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000043.

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[8] Riera R, Bagattini ÂM, Pacheco RL, Pachito DV, Roitberg F, Ilbawi A. Delays and disruptions in cancer health care due to COVID-19 pandemic: Systematic review. JCO Glob Oncol [Internet]. 2021;(7):311–23. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00639.

[9] Toczylowski K, Jackowska K, Lewandowski D, Kurylonek S, Waszkiewicz-Stojda M, Sulik A. Rotavirus gastroenteritis in children hospitalized in northeastern Poland in 2006–2020: Severity, seasonal trends, and impact of immunization. Int J Infect Dis [Internet]. 2021;108:550–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.070.

[10] Cohen AL, Platts-Mills JA, Nakamura T, Operario DJ, Antoni S, Mwenda JM, et al. Aetiology and incidence of diarrhoea requiring hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age in 28 low-income and middle-income countries: findings from the Global Pediatric Diarrhea Surveillance network. BMJ Glob Health [Internet]. 2022;7(9):e009548. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009548.

[11] Terzian, M. As Khartoum’s health systems collapse, MSF teams at the Turkish Hospital have been able to keep up operations, despite the challenges and risks [Internet]. ReliefWeb. 2023; [cited 2023 Sep 13]. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/khartoums-health-systems-collapse-msf-teams-turkish-hospital-have-been-able-keep-operations-despite-challenges-and-risks.

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[13] Ndze, V. N., Akum, A. E., Kamga, G. H., Enjema, L. E., Esona, M. D., Banyai, K., & Marie Therese, O. A. Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in children under 5 years in Northern Cameroon. PAMJ [Internet]. 2012; 11(73). Available from: https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/11/73/fullhttps://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2012.11.73.1548.

[14] Hugho EA, Kumburu HH, Amani NB, Mseche B, Maro A, Ngowi LE, et al. Enteric pathogens detected in children under five years old admitted with diarrhea in Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Pathogens [Internet]. 2023;12(4):618. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040618.

[15] Vlasova AN, Takanashi S, Miyazaki A, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. How the gut microbiome regulates host immune responses to viral vaccines. Curr Opin Virol [Internet]. 2019;37:16–25. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2019.05.001.

[16] Manjate F, Quintó L, Chirinda P, Acácio S, Garrine M, Vubil D, et al. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on diarrheal hospitalizations in children younger than 5 years of age in a rural southern Mozambique. Vaccine [Internet]. 2022;40(44):6422–30. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.050.

[17] Fukuda Y, Tsugawa T, Nagaoka Y, Ishii A, Nawa T, Togashi A, et al. Surveillance in hospitalized children with infectious diseases in Japan: Pre- and post-coronavirus disease 2019. J Infect Chemother [Internet]. 2021;27(11):1639–47. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2021.07.024.

[18] Negsso A, Arega B, Abdissa F, Zewdu B, Teshome A, Minda A, et al. Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of acute diarrheal disease and pneumonia among under 5 children in Ethiopia- A database study. PLOS Glob Public Health [Internet]. 2023;3(6):e0000304. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000304.

[19] Azene ZN, Merid MW, Muluneh AG, Geberu DM, Kassa GM, Yenit MK, et al. Adherence towards COVID-19 mitigation measures and its associated factors among Gondar City residents: A community-based cross-sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020;15(12):e0244265. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244265.

[20] Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. First case of 2019 novel Coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2020;382(10):929–36. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2001191.

[21] Wang F, Zheng S, Zheng C, Sun X. Attaching clinical significance to COVID-19-associated diarrhea. Life Sci [Internet]. 2020;260(118312):118312. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118312.

Abstract:

The World Health Organisation recommends telehealth as an alternative to help reach remote or underserved areas. Telehealth adoption is therefore key to ending the HIV pandemic. Successful implementation and scale-up of telehealth heavily rely on stakeholders’ involvement. This study explored key stakeholders’ perspectives on the implementation and scale-up of telehealth in HIV care in Harare. In-depth interviews were conducted with professionals within the Ministry of Health and Childcare and its partners, between May and August 2023. Fourteen purposively selected stakeholders were interviewed. Thematic approach to analysis with a coding framework guided by Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was adopted. Key stakeholders perceived telehealth as a potentially effective intervention, which can improve health delivery. Key stakeholders cited the following challenges for implementation and scale-up of telehealth in HIV care: poor internet and mobile network; financial challenges; and unavailability of policies. Key stakeholders suggested the following strategies to the successful implementation and scale-up: multi-sectoral collaboration for reliable and affordable mobile and internet connectivity; policy formulation, donors’ engagement; and recruitment of competent staff. The study findings showed the confidence of key stakeholders in Harare to effectively sustain telehealth in HIV intervention. Despite its promising potential, significant hurdles to telehealth implementation exist and should be addressed to realise the full potential. Further research incorporating telehealth end-users is recommended, to fully understand challenges and hence inform policy.

References:

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[2] Oleribe, O. E., Momoh, J., Uzochukwu, B. S., Mbofana, F., Adebiyi, A., Barbera, T., Williams, R., & Taylor Robinson, S. D. (2019). Identifying Key Challenges Facing Healthcare Systems in Africa and Potential Solutions. International Journal of General Medicine, Volume 12, 395–403. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S223882.

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[9] Phan, J. M., Kim, S., Linh, Đ. T. T., Cosimi, L. A., & Pollack, T. M. (2022). Telehealth Interventions for HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 19(6), 600–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-022-00630-0.

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Abstract:

Malaria infection is one of the most significant public health problems and the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Pregnant women and under-five (U5) children are particularly at risk in areas where malaria is endemic. The U5 children account for about 80% of all malaria-related deaths. This study aims to assess the adherence to the national guidelines for administering seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) in U5 children by healthcare workers (HCWs) working in public Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in Edo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study design was employed to assess the sociodemographic characteristics, awareness, and prescription of chemo-preventive therapy for the U5 by 200 HCWs in public PHC facilities in Edo State, with the aid of the researcher-designed pretested, self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential data analyses were carried out using the IBM SPSS version 20 software. All p-values had two tails and were deemed statistically significant if < 0.05. The majority of HCWs (71.5%) did not adhere to the national guideline for using chemo-preventive treatment for malaria in children, and there was a statistically significant relationship between many sociodemographic factors and compliance. The length of the HCW’s work (in years) was a critical indicator of compliance with the recommendation. In conclusion, the use of malaria chemo-preventive treatment in accordance with the Nigerian malaria diagnosis and treatment guidelines is being practiced ineffectively by HCWs in public PHCs in Edo State. A longer period of employment (in years) predicts a better practice.

References:

[1] CDC, “Malaria’s Impact Worldwide,” Washington D. C., Feb. 2021.

[2] World Health Organization, “Malaria,” Malaria. WHO, Geneva, pp. 1–4, 2022. Accessed: Mar. 14, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/malaria.

[3] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “About Malaria,” U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Dec. 12, 2021.

[4] P. Jagannathan and A. Kakuru, “Malaria in 2022: Increasing challenges, cautious optimism,” Nature Communications, vol. 13, no. 1. Nature Research, Dec. 01, 2022. Doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30133-w.

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[8] Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria, “National Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria.,” Abuja, May 2020. Accessed: Feb. 15, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://mcp.gov.ng.

[9] C. Paul, R. Kramer, A. Lesser, C. Mutero, M. L. Miranda, and K. Dickinson, “Identifying barriers in the malaria control policymaking process in East Africa: insights from stakeholders and a structured literature review,” BMC Public Health, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 862, Dec. 2015, Doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2183-6.

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[11] Edo State Ministry of Health, “Edo State Government: State strategic health development plan (2010-2015),” Benin City, Nigeria., 2010.

[12] Edo State Ministry of Health, “2011 survey of health facilities in Edo State (Unpublished).,” Benin, 2011.

[13] Edo State Government, “Edo State Primary Healthcare Development Agency (EDPHCDA-PHCUOR) Implementation Committee Final Report,” Benin City, Nov. 2021.

[14] Edo State Government of Nigeria, “Primary Healthcare Under One Roof (PHCUOR) Implementation Committee’s Final Report,” Benin City, Nov. 2021.

[15] G. Cochran, Sampling Techniques, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1963.

[16] A. Mpimbaza et al., “Adherence to malaria management guidelines by health care workers in the Busoga sub-region, eastern Uganda,” Malar J, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 25, Jan. 2022, Doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04048-2.

[17] R. Saadeh et al., “Osteoporosis among Postmenopausal Women in Jordan: A National Cross-Sectional Study,” Int J Environ Res Public Health, vol. 19, no. 14, p. 8803, Jul. 2022, Doi: 10.3390/ijerph19148803.

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[20] S. Chatio, N. A. Ansah, D. A. Awuni, A. Oduro, and P. O. Ansah, “Community acceptability of
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Abstract:

Social media is currently among the most popular web activities among dental professionals. The study aimed to assess social media usage, knowledge about misinformation, infodemic and fact-checking among dental professionals on dental information. The current study design was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among dental professionals from Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire comprised demographic data of study participants and knowledge about misinformation, infodemic and fact-checking about social media use for their dental profession. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. A total of 1192 dental practitioners responded to the questionnaire. In our study, most participating dentists were young and had 1-5 years of experience (51%). Most participants responded that sometimes (49%), they fact-check social media content about dental information. The google is the most used to check the fact content. About 90% of dentists never received notification about factual errors. The knowledge about misinformation and fact-checking is moderate among dental practitioners.

References:

[1] M. Muhlen and L. Ohno-Machado, “Reviewing social media use by clinicians,” J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., vol. 19, no. 5, p. 777, Sep. 2012, doi: 10.1136/AMIAJNL-2012-000990.

[2]  “Saudi Arabia: social network penetration 2017 | Statista.” https://www.statista.com/statistics/284451/saudi-arabia-social-network-penetration/ (accessed Dec. 27, 2022).

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[4] S. A. Moorhead, D. E. Hazlett, L. Harrison, J. K. Carroll, A. Irwin, and C. Hoving, “A new dimension of health care: Systematic review of the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health communication,” J. Med. Internet Res., vol. 15, no. 4, 2013, doi: 10.2196/JMIR.1933.

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[8] C. Snijders, R. Conijn, E. de Fouw, and K. van Berlo, “Humans and Algorithms Detecting Fake News: Effects of Individual and Contextual Confidence on Trust in Algorithmic Advice,” Int. J. Human–Computer Interact., vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 1483–1494, 2023, doi: 10.1080/10447318.2022.2097601.

[9] R. W. Law, S. Kanagasingam, and K. A. Choong, “Sensationalist social media usage by doctors and dentists during Covid-19:” Digit. Heal., vol. 7, pp. 1–2, 2021, doi: 10.1177/20552076211028034.

[10] A. A. AlBaker, Y. S. H. Al-Ruthia, M. AlShehri, and S. Alshuwairikh, “The characteristics and distribution of dentist workforce in Saudi Arabia: A descriptive cross-sectional study,” Saudi Pharm. J., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1208–1216, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.09.005.

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[14] P. M. Waszak, W. Kasprzycka-Waszak, and A. Kubanek, “The spread of medical fake news in social media – The pilot quantitative study,” Heal. Policy Technol., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 115–118, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2018.03.002.

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[18] M. A. Dias da Silva and A. D. Walmsley, “Fake news and dental education,” Br. Dent. J. 2019 2266, vol. 226, no. 6, pp. 397–399, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41415-019-0079-z.

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Abstract:

Maternal mortality is relatively higher in the northern part of Nigeria. The level of caesarean section (CS) performed in a facility in a locality is an important indicator of access to, and quality of maternal health services in that locality. The Robson classification has been recommended by the World Health Organization as a gold standard for assessing, monitoring, and comparing CS rates at all levels. This was a cross-sectional study across six primary health facilities (General hospitals (GHs) spread across six local government areas in Sokoto state, Northwest Nigeria. Data were collected from medical charts of all women who attended antenatal care/delivered from August - November 2022. The overall CS was calculated, and the women categorized into one of the ten Robson groups. The data showed that the women with the highest frequency of delivery were aged less than 20 (44.98%) followed by those aged 20-34. The CS rate in Sokoto State GHs was 13.56%, a rate relatively higher than the average in sub-Saharan Africa. The data showed that the commonest forms of CS were those in Robson’s Group 1-4, which are categorized as low risk forms of CS, where Group 4 had the highest CS cases (26.62%). Our findings can guide the State Ministry of Health in policy formulation and implementation to improve the maternal and child health in the State.

References:

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[6] National Bureau of Statistics Nigeria Launches Its Most Extensive National Measure of Multidimentaional Poverty Available online: https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/news/78 (accessed on 22 January 2023).

[7] DailyTimes 40,000 Women Die from Pregnancy-Related Complications Yearly in Nigeria - Official Available online: https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/516133-40000-women-die-from-pregnancy-related-complications-yearly-in-nigeria-official.html (accessed on 22 January 2023).

[8] Adewuyi, E.O.; Auta, A.; Khanal, V.; Tapshak, S.J.; Zhao, Y. Cesarean Delivery in Nigeria: Prevalence and Associated Factors―a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. BMJ Open 2019, 9, doi:10.1136/BMJOPEN-2018-027273.

[9] Ngongo, C.J.; Raassen, T.J.I.P.; Mahendeka, M.; Lombard, L.; van Roosmalen, J. Iatrogenic Genito-Urinary Fistula Following Cesarean Birth in Nine Sub-Saharan African Countries: A Retrospective Review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022, 22, doi:10.1186/S12884-022-04774-0.

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[11] Amutah-Onukagha, N.; Rodriguez, M.; Opara, MPH, I.; Gardner, M.; Assan, M.A.; Hammond, R.; Plata, J.; Pierre, K.; Farag, E. Progresses and Challenges of Utilizing Traditional Birth Attendants in Maternal and Child Health in Nigeria. Int. J. MCH AIDS 2017, 6, 130, doi:10.21106/IJMA.216.

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[13] Iwu, C.A.; Uwakwe, K.; Oluoha, U.; Duru, C.; Nwaigbo, E. Empowering Traditional Birth Attendants as Agents of Maternal and Neonatal Immunization Uptake in Nigeria: A Repeated Measures Design. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1–8, doi:10.1186/S12889-021-10311-Z/FIGURES/3.

[14] Abubeker, F.A.; Gashawbeza, B.; Gebre, T.M.; Wondafrash, M.; Teklu, A.M.; Degu, D.; Bekele, D. Analysis of Cesarean Section Rates Using Robson Ten Group Classification System in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020, 20, 1–7, doi:10.1186/S12884-020-03474-X/TABLES/3.

[15] WHO; UNFPA; UNICEF; AMDD Monitoring Emergency Obstetric Care: A Handbook Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44121 (accessed on 20 January 2023).

[16] Robson, M.; Hartigan, L.; Murphy, M. Methods of Achieving and Maintaining an Appropriate Caesarean Section Rate. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2013, 27, 297–308, doi: 10.1016/J.BPOBGYN.2012.09.004.

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[18] Betran, A.P.; Ye, J.; Moller, A.B.; Souza, J.P.; Zhang, J. Trends and Projections of Caesarean Section Rates: Global and Regional Estimates. BMJ Glob. Heal. 2021, 6, doi:10.1136/BMJGH-2021-005671.

[19] Okoli, U.; Morris, L.; Oshin, A.; Pate, M.A.; Aigbe, C.; Muhammad, A. Conditional Cash Transfer Schemes in Nigeria: Potential Gains for Maternal and Child Health Service Uptake in a National Pilot Programme. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014, 14, 1–13, doi:10.1186/S12884-014-0408-9/TABLES/4.

[20] Alsulami, S.M.; Ashmawi, M.T.; Jarwan, R.O.; Malli, I.A.; Albar, S.K.; Al-Jifree, H.M. The Rates of Cesarean Section Deliveries According to Robson Classification System During the Year of 2018 Among Patients in King Abdul-Aziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2020, 12, doi:10.7759/CUREUS.11529.

[21] Bayrampour, H.; Heaman, M. Comparison of Demographic and Obstetric Characteristics of Canadian Primiparous Women of Advanced Maternal Age and Younger Age. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. 2011, 33, 820–829, doi:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34985-4.

[22] Olowolafe, T.A.; Adebowale, A.S.; Fagbamigbe, A.F.; Bolarinwa, O.A.; Akinyemi, J.O. Shifts in Age Pattern, Timing of Childbearing and Trend in Fertility Level across Six Regions of Nigeria: Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys from 2003–2018. Plos One 2023, 18, doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0279365.

[23] Bolarinwa, O.A.; Tessema, Z.T.; Frimpong, J.B.; Babalola, T.O.; Ahinkorah, B.O.; Seidu, A.A. Spatial Distribution and Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy in Nigeria: A Multi-Level Analysis. Arch. Public Heal. 2022, 80, 1–13, doi:10.1186/S13690-022-00789-3/TABLES/2.

[24] Sah, S.; Goel, R.; Goel, J.K. Analysis of Caesarean Section Rate According to Robson’s Criteria in Tertiary Care Centre. Int. J. Reprod. Contraception, Obstet. Gynecol. 2018, 7, 3060–3064, doi:10.18203/2320-1770.IJRCOG20182947.

[25] Triunfo, S.; Ferrazzani, S.; Lanzone, A.; Scambia, G. Identification of Obstetric Targets for Reducing Cesarean Section Rate Using the Robson Ten Group Classification in a Tertiary Level Hospital. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2015, 189, 91–95, doi: 10.1016/J.EJOGRB.2015.03.030.

[26] Costa, M.L.; Cecatti, J.G.; Souza, J.P.; Milanez, H.M.; Gülmezoglu, M.A. Using a Caesarean Section Classification System Based on Characteristics of the Population as a Way of Monitoring Obstetric Practice. Reprod. Health 2010, 7, 13, doi:10.1186/1742-4755-7-13.

[27] Litorp, H.; Kidanto, H.L.; Nystrom, L.; Darj, E.; Essén, B. Increasing Caesarean Section Rates among Low-Risk Groups: A Panel Study Classifying Deliveries According to Robson at a University Hospital in Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013, 13, 1–10, doi:10.1186/1471-2393-13-107/TABLES/4.

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Abstract:

This study in Kaduna State, Nigeria, examined the prevalence, and factors as associated with COVID-19 infection and mortality among frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) in a descriptive, cross- sectional study, where data of HCWs from secondary source, Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System (SORMAS), was exported to Microsoft excel and evaluated using SPSS version 26 to provide a snapshot of the vaccine uptake among HCWs in Kaduna state. The study population were all healthcare workers in Kaduna State, Nigeria that were tested for COVID-19 from the onset of the pandemic in Kaduna to 29th August 2022. The consents of all persons were obtained prior to testing data upload to the electronic platform of SORMAS. Prevalence of COVID-19 infection was notably higher pre-vaccination (12%) but dropped to 5.9% post-vaccination, showcasing the vaccine’s effectiveness in reducing HCW infections. However, COVID-19-related mortality rates remained relatively consistent, irrespective of vaccination status. Demographics played a role in infection risk. Female HCWs, urban dwellers, and those with higher education levels faced elevated infection risks. Additionally, close contacts with probable COVID-19 cases increased infection likelihood. Concerning mortality, males experienced more COVID-19-related deaths, but no significant links were found with age, residential area, or contact history. Symptoms significantly associated with COVID-19 infection included fever, abdominal pain, cough, sore throat, loss of taste, and loss of smell. The prevalence of COVID-19 infection among the HCWs was higher before the COVID-19 vaccination was introduced (12%) compared to after the vaccine was introduced in Kaduna State. These findings offer valuable insights into the pandemic’s impact on frontline workers in Nigeria’s Kaduna State.

References:

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[2] Tong X, Ning M, Huang R, Jia B, Yan X, Xiong Y, et al. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection among frontline health care workers in Wuhan during COVID-19 outbreak. Immunity, Inflamm Dis. 2020;8(4):840–3.

[3] Abdel Wahed WY, Hefzy EM, Ahmed MI, Hamed NS. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perception of Health Care Workers Regarding COVID-19, A Cross-Sectional Study from Egypt. J Community Health [Internet]. 2020;45(6):1242–51. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00882-0.

[4] Htay MNN, Marzo RR, Bahari R, AlRifai A, Kamberi F, El-Abasiri RA, et al. How healthcare workers are coping with mental health challenges during COVID-19 pandemic? -A cross-sectional multi-countries study. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal. 2021;11:100759.

[5] World Health Organization. The impact of COVID-19 on health and care workers: a closer look at deaths. Health Workforce Department - Working Paper 1. Geneva; 2021.

[6] Organization WH. Joint WHO/ILO policy guidelines on improving health worker access to prevention, treatment and care services for HIV and TB. 2010.

[7] Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;323(13):1239–42.

[8] Peckham H, de Gruijter NM, Raine C, Radziszewska A, Ciurtin C, Wedderburn LR, et al. Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1–10.

[9] Mariam Saleh. • Africa: COVID-19 vaccination rate by country [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Jul 2]. p. 1–2. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1221298/covid-19-vaccination-rate-in-african-countries/.

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[12] Stephen RI, Olumoh J, Tyndall J, Adegboye O. Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection among Healthcare Workers in North-East Nigeria. Healthc. 2022;10(10).

[13] Alasia DD, Maduka O. Prevalence and Pattern of COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers in Rivers State Nigeria. Occup Dis Environ Med. 2021;09(01):20–32.

[14] Alajmi J, Jeremijenko AM, Abraham JC, Alishaq M, Concepcion EG, Butt AA, et al. COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers in a national healthcare system: The Qatar experience. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;100:386–9.

[15] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Characteristics of Health Care Personnel with COVID-19 —. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(15):477–81.

[16] Dzinamarira T, Nkambule SJ, Hlongwa M, Mhango M, Iradukunda PG, Chitungo I, et al. Risk Factors for COVID-19 Infection Among Healthcare Workers. A First Report from a Living Systematic Review and meta-Analysis. Saf Health Work. 2022;13(3):263–8.

[17] Soegiarto G, Purnomosari D, Wulandari L, Mahdi BA, Fahmita KD, Hadmoko ST, et al. Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospital workers before and after vaccination programme in East Java, Indonesia–A retrospective cohort study. Lancet Reg Heal - Southeast Asia. 2023;10(December 2022):100130.

[18] Elsayed MEG, El-Abasiri RA, Marzo RR, Dardeer KT, Kamal MA, Abdelaziz H, et al. Mental health, risk perception, and coping strategies among healthcare workers in Egypt during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One. 2023;18(2):e0282264.

[19] Marzo RR, ElSherif M, Abdullah MSAM Bin, Thew HZ, Chong C, Soh SY, et al. Demographic and work-related factors associated with burnout, resilience, and quality of life among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross sectional study from Malaysia. Front Public Heal. 2022;10:1021495.

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Abstract:

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and projected to be the 3rd in the World by 2050. Despite measures to control the country’s population over the years, the total fertility rate has remained high. Fertility rate is associated with various factors but there is limited evidence on the role of early marriage as a predictor or barrier to fertility outcome. This study determined the association between early marriage and fertility outcome in Nigeria. This study is based on secondary data analysis of the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). It is a descriptive cross-sectional study with sample that comprised of married women aged 20-24 years old. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. The multivariate regression analysis revealed higher likely of women in early marriage to have childbirth in the first year of marriage (OR=2.26, 95%CI=1.96-2.61); and number of children ever born (OR=4.24, 95% CI=3.40-5.27) but lower odd of repeated childbirth in less than twenty-four months (OR=0.66, 95%CI=0.52-0.83) and ever use of contraceptive (OR=0.52, 95%CI=0.45-0.61). However, the adjusted odd ratio only showed significant association between early marriage and number of children ever born (AOR=10.28, 95%CI=2.57-41.13). The nuanced analysis indicates that marriage at any age below 18 had higher effect on fertility than marriage at 18 and above. Early marriage predisposes married women to higher fertility and women with lower age of marriage have likelihood of higher fertility. Improving access of girls to education and contraceptives will delay the timing of pregnancy and childbirth.

Keywords: Child marriage, Childbirth, Contraceptive, Early marriage, Fertility, Nigeria.

References:

[1] World Bank (2022). Health Nutrition and Population Statistics: Population estimates and projections. Data Bank. https://databank.worldbank.org/Population/id/fdaa1724.

[2] World Population Review (2023). Total Fertility Rate 2023. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/total-fertility-rate.

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[4] World Health Organization (2019). Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. Geneva: Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

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[8] Nasrullah, M., Muazzam, S., Bhutta, Z. A., & Raj, A. (2014). Girl child marriage and its effect on fertility in Pakistan: findings from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2006-2007. Maternal and child health journal, 18(3), 534–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1269-y.

[9]  Yaya, S., Odusina, E.K. & Bishwajit, G. (2019). Prevalence of child marriage and its impact on fertility outcomes in 34 sub-Saharan African countries. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 19, 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-019-0219-1.

[10] Uche C. Isiugo-Abanihe , Kola A. Oyediran, Olufunke A. Fayehun (2022). Differentials in girl-child marriage and high fertility in Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health; 26 (9):103 DOI:10.29063/ajrh2022/v26i9.11.

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Abstract:

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a public health crisis that can be devastating to individuals with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). This study examined the prevalence and association between ACEs and self-reported STIs among adolescents and young adults in Zimbabwe. Data for this study was derived from the 2017 Zimbabwe Violence Against Children Survey (ZVACS) from the participants aged 13 to 24 (n=504). The self-reported prevalence estimates of STIs were calculated using weighted frequencies and percentages. Two logistic regression models were employed to assess an association between eight ACE types and self-reported STIs. The findings revealed that STIs were higher among orphans (52.2%), followed by participants with a history of lifetime suicide ideation or attempts (49.8%), were exposed to any ACE (42.5%), and had moderate/severe mental distress in the past 30 days (44.8%). Additionally, self-reported STI rates were higher for participants who experienced any form of physical violence (30.8%), witnessed physical violence (22.4%), experienced sexual violence (16.1%) and emotional violence (11.7%). In unadjusted regression models, all ACEs, except participants who experienced emotional violence, were significantly associated with self-reported STIs. However, after adjusting for covariates in the model, none of the ACEs maintained a significant association with self-reported STIs. Despite this, it is evident that interventions remain crucial for effectively preventing STIs for individuals with ACEs. There is a pressing need to implement and expand STI prevention programs nationally, including identifying and addressing ACEs and early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of STIs among adolescents and young adults in Zimbabwe.

Keywords: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), Adolescents, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), Violence, Young adults, Zimbabwe.

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Abstract:

Social media is a powerful tool most used among dental professionals. The present study assessed the prevalence of SM usage for dental information among dental professionals. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among dental professionals Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire consisted of demographic data of study participants and questions to assess the prevalence and type of SM use. Study results showed Twitter (24%), Instagram (19%), and YouTube (18%) are the three most popular SM platforms utilized by dental professionals, respectively. Prevalence of SM use among dental professionals for dental information.

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Abstract:

HIV remains a significant global public health challenge, having caused the loss of 40.1 million lives to date, with ongoing transmission in all countries worldwide (World Health Organization, 2023). By the end of 2021, there were approximately 38.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS (World Health Organization, 2023). HIV/AIDS education targeted at young individuals plays a crucial role in ending the AIDS epidemic on a global scale. In Malaysia, by the end of 2021, an estimated 81,942 people were living with HIV (PLHIV) (Ministry of Health, 2022). 600 Penang students between the ages of 15 and 17 participated in the study, which had three sessions total—a pre-test, an intervention, and a post-test. The findings were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 software. The results revealed a positive change in the respondents' knowledge following the implementation of the intervention process. This study demonstrates that early health education can effectively reduce the risk behaviors associated with HIV/AIDS among young adolescents. The aim is to ensure that they lead a better quality of life and maintain their overall well-being.

Keywords: Health Belief Model, HIV/AIDS Education, Public Health Education, Quality of life, Social Work in School.

References:

[1] Boler T., Ibrahim A., Adoss R., & Shaw M. (2013) The sound of silence. Difficulties in communicating on HIV / AIDS in schools. Experiences from India and Kenya. London, England, ActionAid, 2013. 53 p.

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[16] Griffin, M.J. (2012). Health belief model, social support, and intention to screen for colorectal cancer in older African American men. Health Promotion & Education. 2012;51(1):12– 22.

[17] Ministry of Health Malaysia (2010). Garis panduan pemasaran sosial promosi kesihatan. Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia 2010 dalam Program Promosi Kesihatan.

[18] Khadijeh S. & Sadigheh S.T., (2016). Using the health belief model regarding HIV/ AIDS prevention among female high school students, J Research & Health 2016;6(1):161-166.

[19] Oladepo, O., & Fayemi, M.M. (2011). Perceptions about sexual abstinence and knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention among in school adolescents in a Western Nigerian city. BMC Public Health 2011. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-304.

[20] Kelly, M. & Stone, S. (2009). An analysis of factors shaping interventions used by school social workers. Children & Schools 31(3): 163-176.

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Abstract:

The healthcare inequities in hard-to-reach (HTR) areas of developing countries, such as Nigeria, have significant implications for disease prevention and control, particularly in maternal and child health. The aim of this study is to look at how well mobile outreach and health facility outreach programs work to improve health outcomes in rural, underserved, and hard-to-reach (HTR) areas in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The focus is on key indicators of maternal, newborn, and child health. The key interventions include antenatal care (ANC), family planning, routine immunization, vitamin A supplementation, deworming of children under 5 years, and Diarrhea treatment. The study applied a cross-sectional design using before-and-after assessments to assess the outcome of the mobile outreach interventions using quantitative health facility-level data from the District Health Information System (DHIS 2.0) on the intervention. Following a successful intervention, the coverage of these indicators prior to and following the intervention was compared using the data. The study shows a cumulative improvement in ANC (21%), institutional delivery (18%), and Penta 3 coverage (28%). Mobile and hard-to-reach strategies utilizing community health workers and volunteers from the LGA, and health facilities can be effective in improving coverage of MNCH services and hold promise for better maternal and child survival in rural, HTR, and under-resourced parts of Adamawa State, Nigeria, and Sub-Saharan Africa at large. In addition, the mobile outreach interventions have contributed to improving MNCH services in hard-to-reach communities, so scaling up the strategy is highly recommended.

References:

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Abstract:

Hypertension is among the non-communicable diseases that complicate pregnancies in women. Diagnosis and control of this condition are important in reducing the risk of maternal and foetal mortality. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and control of hypertension among pregnant women visiting secondary health care facilities in four Local Government Areas in Lagos (2) and Abuja (Federal Capital Territory) (2), Nigeria. Our findings showed that there was a high prevalence of hypertension in these facilities (50%). Our finding also revealed that the overall level of control was 30.45%, which decreased with time in the course of the management. The control was highest in the first quarter and lowest in the third (last) quarter. The consistent and appropriate use of antihypertensives is important to prevent the complications associated with non-communicable diseases like hypertension during pregnancy. Healthcare providers should therefore advocate early diagnosis and management of hypertension during pregnancy.

References:

[1] WHO Hypertension Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension (accessed on 19 October 2023).

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[21] Taibanguay, N.; Chaiamnuay, S.; Asavatanabodee, P.; Narongroeknawin, P. Effect of Patient Education on Medication Adherence of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Patient Prefer. Adherence 2019, 13, 119, doi:10.2147/PPA.S192008.

Abstract:

Training enhances efficiency and develops a systematic way of performing duties. Community pharmacists are well-positioned as safety nets and can be trained to play a significant role in halting the progression of Tuberculosis (TB) disease. The study aimed at developing and evaluating the appropriateness of TB case detection and management training for community pharmacists in Lagos State, Nigeria. A one-day training to identify and refer individuals with TB symptoms to diagnostic facilities, was developed, conducted, and evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale, a semi-structured questionnaire, that was administered to 285 randomly sampled respondents. Participants’ opinion was rated on the training content, resource persons, and sufficiency of the training. The results of pre and post-tests were manually analyzed. Quantitative data were coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 17. Descriptive statistics: percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation were also used to analyze the data. Open-ended responses were analyzed thematically. The response rate was 67.02%. Respondents strongly agreed (47.37%) and agreed (46.05%) that the training was sufficient to enable community pharmacies to provide TB services in their pharmacy. Respondents expressed themselves on what they valued most about the training and made recommendations to improve and ensure the progress of the intervention. Exposure of community pharmacists to appropriate training significantly increased their knowledge in TB case detection and management. The training was fit for the purpose it was designed for. Community pharmacists could be a valuable asset in the prevention and control of TB in Nigeria.

References:

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Abstract:

Medical male circumcision (MMC) and HIV testing have been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as part of a comprehensive approach to HIV prevention. Zambia has integrated MMC with HIV testing interventions. This study examined the syndemic relationship between MMC and HIV testing, as well as sociodemographic characteristics influencing both MMC and HIV testing in Zambia. Data were derived from the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted among 12,123 men aged 15 to 59 years. Descriptive characteristics were summarized using frequencies and proportions. Two multivariate logistic regression models examined the relationship between independent and dependent variables (HIV testing and MMC alternatively). The results showed that 76.8% of men reported having ever tested for HIV, and 26% performed MMC. The logistic regression results showed that MMC was significantly associated with ever being tested for HIV and vice versa. Sociodemographic characteristics, including province, resident type, age, marital status, education, wealth status, and religion, were also significantly associated with MMC and having tested for HIV among men in Zambia. By and large, this study has identified that both MMC and HIV have an intricate relationship with health benefits to reduce the risk of HIV infections for men in Zambia. There is a need for continuous scaling up the perceived benefits of MMC and HIV testing uptake. In addition, more robust awareness is needed in specific provinces, rural areas, and other sociodemographic variables with lower incidences of MMC and HIV testing practices among men in Zambia.

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Abstract:

This study aims to explore the awareness of teachers at SMKA Al-Mashoor Perempuan, Penang Island, regarding the issue of depression. Additionally, it investigates the coping strategies practiced by teachers to address depression. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 3.8% of the population is estimated to grapple with depression, encompassing 5% of adults (with a breakdown of 4% among men and 6% among women). Moreover, 5.7% of adults aged over 60 years are affected by depression. Depression is also said to have an impact on other health problems, whether chronic diseases or the increasing suicide rate in a country. Out of 22,000 depression patients treated at the psychiatric clinic in Universiti Malaya Medical Centre, 10% of them are reported to be teachers.Previous studies have indicated a lack of public knowledge about depression. Therefore, this study focuses on the knowledge of teachers regarding depression. To address the research objectives, an in-depth interview method was employed. The findings of this study were analyzed thematically. The results show that teachers are aware of the issue of depression. The coping strategies applied by teachers to address depression include social support and religious aspects. The study also suggests intervention methods to address depression, such as seeking treatment from experts and the importance of counseling sessions. The findings highlight the need for social workers in schools to address the increasing prevalence of depression among teachers, in addition to raising awareness about depression among educators.

Keywords: Coping Strategies, Depression, Mental Health, School Teacher, Social Work in School.

References:

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[5] Desouky, D., & Allam, H. (2017). Occupational Stress , Anxiety And Depression Among Egyptian Teachers. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 7(3), 191–198, https://www.atlantis-press.com/journals/jegh/125905823.

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Abstract:

This study adopted a cross-sectional study design and deployed a quantitative methodology to assess the factors affecting dietary intake and physical activities in Nasarawa state. The questionnaire was adapted as an instrument for data collection. 400 respondents were sampled through a multistage sampling technique and 300 were interviewed with the aid of the epi-info mobile data collection tool. Data from the field survey were presented in frequency and simple percentages informed by tables and charts. The study reveals that Location and Level of income are some of the basic factors affecting dietary intake and physical exercise among Primary Health Care workers in Nasarawa state however, it was also observed that income and location do not necessarily affect dietary intake and physical exercise all the time, but motivation could also play a role most especially in maintaining good physical activity. The study also reveals that PHC staff in Nasarawa state may be aware of their daily exercise and diet needs theoretically but in practice, they don’t “practice what they preach”. It was concluded that Primary health care workers in Nasarawa state maintain a poor level of diet and physical activities, dietary intake and physical activities affect the performance of PHC staff, and PHC workers don’t practice and maintain good diet and physical activity habits, there is a need for promotion of health education activities related to diet and physical activities at PHC level across the state to inspire and motivate PHC staff to take up healthy diet and exercise habit.

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Abstract:

Background: Optimal breastfeeding practices have been undermined by unregulated marketing of breastmilk substitutes worldwide, resulting in about 820, 000 preventable deaths per year among children under five years globally. The International Code (thereafter called the Code) of Marketing breastmilk substitutes was developed by the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Emergency Fund, and stakeholders to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. Member states are expected to domesticate the Code. Zambia enacted Statutory Instrument No. 48 of 2006, Regulations on marketing of breastmilk substitutes. Successful implementation calls for a good level of knowledge among health workers. However, we found no study, in Zambia on marketing of breastmilk substitutes Regulations. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge of health workers on Zambia’s Regulations on marketing breastmilk substitutes. Study design and methods: A mixed-method cross-sectional study. Data was collected online and in person. Probability proportional to size calculation yielded an estimated sample size of 384. A sample size of 410 after adjusting upwards assumed non-response rate, 401 participants responded. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Social Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Knowledge results were described by frequencies and percentages. Tests were conducted using univariable linear and multivariable regression analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Thematic analysis was used for qualitative data analysis. Results: The mean overall level of good knowledge of health workers was 0.339 or 34% [SE: 0.0221; 95%CI: (0.2959, 0.3828)]. Conclusion: The level of knowledge among health workers in hospitals of Southern Province, Zambia was poor.

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