Abstract:

Asymptomatic malaria is prevalent in highly endemic areas of Africa, with only a small percentage of individuals exhibiting clinical symptoms. The clinical consequence of asymptomatic malaria is not fully understood. Some researchers believe that asymptomatic parasitaemia is involved in developing partial immunity and may protect against clinical disease from new infections. This study therefore determined the prevalence of asymptomatic reservoir of plasmodium falciparum and the level of knowledge of malaria among the populace in Nasarawa state. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among selected local government areas of the state. The local government areas were observed to have reported the highest positivity rate of malaria between 2017 to 2022. The study was conducted from August 2022 to April 2023. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed to collect socio-demographic data and other associated risk factors by trained health professionals. Body temperature and different clinical manifestations were examined to identify the asymptomatic individuals. This examination was carried out after the selection of individuals from households before mRDT was conducted. Data entry and analysis were carried out using (SPSS, 20). The study indicates that the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia among adults in Nasarawa state is 23.8%. It is evidenced that malaria is endemic in Nasarawa state. This study, therefore, recommends continuous awareness of malaria, control measures, and environmental sanitation to control further transmission of malaria in the state.

References:

Abstract:

Healthcare associated infections (HCAI) remain a global` problem, affecting millions of people worldwide and accounting for prolonged hospitalization and increased financial burden. Establishing infection prevention and control (IPC) programs is effective in reducing the incidence of HCAI, but the status of IPC programs is not well documented in Cameroon. We assessed the core components of IPC programs with a focus on HCAI surveillance in some health facilities using the WHO assessment framework (IPCAF). We carried out a cross-sectional study from October 2019 to January 2021. Health facilities were chosen purposefully. Trained data collectors traveled to health facilities and administered the IPCAF questionnaire to authorities of health facilities. All eight components of an IPC program were assessed. Data collected was analyzed using Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 27.0) software. Altogether 65 health facilities were assessed, 81.5% of which were public facilities. The median IPCAF score from the health facilities was 275 (Range: 112.5- 595) on a scale of 800, with most (86%) of them having either an inadequate (29%) or a basic (57%) IPC status. None of the health facilities attained the advanced IPC status. HCAI surveillance was the weakest of the eight IPC core components. Most (89.2%) of the health facilities did not include HCAI surveillance in their IPC programs. There is therefore need to strengthen IPC programs in health facilities in Cameroon, with a focus on the surveillance of HCAIs, which was the weakest core component.

References:

Abstract:

This study explored the integration of nutrition care services into the Health Care System in Ntungamo District. The study also described the knowledge and attitude of staff on the integration of Nutrition care services in Public Health facilities, to identify the systems and structures in place for promoting the integration of nutrition care services into Health Care system in Public Health Facilities and to examine the available policies and guidelines on integration of Nutrition care services in Public Health facilities in Uganda, and their utilization in Ntungamo District. It was a cross-sectional descriptive study involving 196 respondents and carried out in one hospital and three HCIVs. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 while qualitative data was analyzed using thematic and content analysis. Most of the respondents, 151, (77%), said that some facilities don’t conduct nutrition care community mobilization and sensitization while 45 (23%) of the respondents mentioned that they conduct nutrition care community mobilization and sensitization. It can be concluded that there was minimal integration of Nutrition care services in Public Health facilities in Ntungamo District. It is recommended that the district should increase funding to nutrition activities in the district budget and work plan as well as conduct training to improve on capacity building of all health workers including Doctors and clinical officers.

References:

[1] GAIN. (2012). Global health for improved nutrition. Health Science Journal, 127-136. https://www.google.com/url

[2] WHO. (2017). Integrating Nutrition into Food Security and Livelihoods Interventions for Emergencies. Retrieved April 17, 2018, from http://fscluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/guidelinesintegrating_nutrition_into_food_security.pdf

[3] PATH (2011). Nutrition Care Process and Model Update: Toward Realizing People-Centered Care and Outcomes Management. Journal of academy of nutrition and dietetics, 2003-2014.

[4] National Health Survey (2014). Malnutrition prevalence in south western uganda. Retrieved April 25, 2018, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02476.x

[5] Shaw RH, Tanner R, Djeddour D & Cortat G (2011). Classical biological control of Fallopia japonica in the United Kingdom – lessons for Europe. Weed Research51, 552–558 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00880.x

[6] Aisha K Yuosafizai, F. A. (2013). Review of implementation process for integrated nutrition and psychosocial stimulation interventions. New york: New york academy of science.

[7] Maleta and Amadi (2017) Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case Studies from Ghana, Malawi, and Zambia

[8] Guyon et al (2014). Urban Agriculture Impacts: Social, Health, and Economic: . Retrieved April 14, 2019, from http://asi.ucdavis.edu/programs/sarep/publications/food-and-society/ualitreview-2018.pdf

[9] FANTA. (2017). Multisectoral nutrition programming. Retrieved April 13, 2019, from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/aug_2017-fanta_achievements_lessons_learned.pdf

[10]    USAID. (2011). Multisectoral nutrition strategy. Retrieved April 13, 2018, from https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1867/USAID_Nutrition_Strategy_5-09_508.pdf

[11]    MOH. (2010). Uganda nutrition action plan-National planning authority. Retrieved April 25, 2018, from http://npa.ug/wp-content/themes/npatheme/documents/nutrition_action_plan.pdf

[12]    Uganda nutrition action plan (UNAP,2011) Scaling Up Multi-Sectoral Efforts to Establish a Strong Nutrition Foundation for Uganda’s Development https://www.google.com/url?

[13]    MOH (2014), HEALTH SECTOR STRATEGIC PLAN III 2010/11-2014/15

[14]    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDTSTRS/default.aspx

[15]    MAAIF. (2016). Scaling up multi-sectoral efforts to establish strong nutrition foundation for Uganda. Retrieved April 13, 2018, from https://scalingupnutrition.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Uganda_NutritionActionPlan_Nov 2011.pdf

[16]    Kish, L. (1965) Survey sampling. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. https://www.worldcat.org/title/survey-sampling/oclc/256017

[17]    Patton. M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

[18]    Esther Suter, M. S. (2017). Indicators and Measurement Tools for Health Systems Integration: A Knowledge Synthesis. International juornal of integrated care, 52-72.

[19]    Evans Janna, A. G. (2014). Organisational context and capabilities for integrating care: A flame work for improvement. International journal of integrated care, 120-134.

Izudi Jonathan, C. (2017). Quality Improvement Interventions for Nutritional Assessment among Pregnant Mothers in Northeastern Uganda. US national library of medicine, 125-145

Abstract:

Viral hepatitis encompasses liver inflammation caused by hepatotropic viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The global prevalence of hepatitis B infection surpasses 300 million people. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to this infection, which significantly impacts maternal and child health. Limited knowledge and inadequate surveillance programs in Nigeria contribute to underestimating the prevalence rate. This study aims to assess the prevalence and knowledge of hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti in Ekiti State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed, utilizing a multi-stage sampling technique. Data collection involved self-administered semi-structured questionnaires, and analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 27.0. Findings revealed that approximately 69.9% of the study respondents possessed good knowledge regarding hepatitis B infection. The prevalence of hepatitis B infection among respondents was 9.6%. Notable associations were observed between occupation, religion, parity, history of multiple sexual partners, knowledge, and the prevalence of hepatitis B infection. While most respondents exhibited commendable knowledge and surprisingly low prevalence rates within the facility, the government must enhance knowledge dissemination and increase accessibility to vaccinations. The occurrence of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma are most time linked to Hepatitis B infection, however, most individuals are not aware of this. This study will help increase awareness of the causes and benefits of early diagnosis and treatment of the infection in other to prevent the life-threatening complications associated with it. It will help reduce the infection through policy and implementation of preventive strategies.

References:

[1] Osler, W., 1921, The evolution of modern medicine. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press, 20–26.

[2] Noble, N.C., Leonard, B.S., 2019, Immunization Action Coalition. International Journal of Medicine, 76, 71-76

[3] McManus, L.M., Mitchell, R.N., 2014, Pathophysiology of Human Diseases; A Dynamic Encyclopedia of Disease Mechanisms. Elsevier Inc. Academic Press, 1-40

[4] Sukumaran, T. T., Joseph, S., Ramakrishnan, S., & Mathew, A. J., 2022, Anatomical variations of the hepatic artery in it’s extra hepatic journey: A cadaveric study with its clinical implications. Anatomy & Cell Biology, 55(3), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.22.043

[5] Wasley, A., Gallagher, K.M., Grytdal, S., 2008, Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis, United State, 2006. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 50(2), 1-24

[6] Shackel, N.A., Patel, K., McHutchison, J., 2013, Viral Hepatitis. Chapter - Genomic and Personalized Medicine (Second Edition). Academic Press, 1173-1190.

[7] Akhtar, S., Younus, M., Adil, S., Hassan, F., Jafri, S.H., Epidemiological study of chronic hepatitis B infection in male volunteer blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Gastroenterol, 2005, 8, 5-26.

[8] Cox, A.L., El-Sayed, M.H., Kao, J.H., et al, 2020, Progress towards elimination goals for viral hepatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 17, 533-542.

[9] Eke, A.C., Eke, U.A., Okafor, .CI., Ezebialu, I.U., Ogbuagu, C., 2011, Prevalence, Correlates and pattern of Hepatitis B surface antigen in a low resource setting. Virol J, 8, 12-21

[10] World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, 2015, Hepatitis: Interim Guidance. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from htttps://www.who.int/publications-detail/hepatitis

[11] World Health Organization, 2013, Global policy report on Prevention and Control of Viral hepatitis in WHO Member States, WHO, Geneva.

[12] Chiang, C.J., Yang, Y.W., Yon, S.L., Lai, M.S., Chen, C.J., 2013, Thirty-Year outcomes of the national hepatitis B immunization program in Taiwan. JAMA, 4;310(9), 974-976.

[13] World Health Organization, 2014, Atlas of African Health Statistics, WHO Regional Office for Africa, Geneva.

[14] Otha, J.F., Ritchie, M.J., Dusheiko, G.M., Mouton, H.W., Kew, M.C., 1984, Hepatitis B virus carrier state in black children in Ovamboland: role of perinatal and horizontal infection. Lancet, 2;1(8388):1210-2. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91694-5. PMID: 6144925”.

[15] Federal Ministry of Health, 2019, Orientation Package for Health Care Providers.

[16] MCNellan, C.R., Dansereau, E., Wallance, M.C.G, et al, 2019, Antenatal care as a means to increase participation in the continuum of maternal and child healthcare: an analysis of the poorest region of four Mesoamerican countries. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19, 66-72.

[17] Pham, T.T.H., Le, T.X.L., Nguyen D.T., et al, 2019, Knowledge, attitude and medical practice regarding hepatitis B prevention management among healthcare workers in Northern Vietnam. PloS one 14(10), e0223733.

[18] Hong, Z., Xiaying, Z., Yo Hua, Z., 2020, Hepatitis B vaccine development and implementation. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 1533-1544, Doi 10.1080/21645515.2020.1732166

[19] Sypsa, V., Hadjipaschali, E., Hatzakis, A., 2001, Prevalence, Risk Factors and Evaluation of a Screening Strategy for Chronic Hepatitis C and B Virus Infections in Healthy Company Employees, European Journal of Epidemiology, 17(8), 721-728.

[20] Eni, A.O., Soluade, M.G., Oshamika, O.O., Efekemo, O.P., Igwe, T.T., Onile-Ere, O.A., 2019, Knowledge and Awareness of Hepatiis B Virus Infection in Nigeria. Ann Glob Health, 11;85(1):56, doi: 10.5334/aogh.33. PMID: 30977623; PMCID: PMC6634363.

[21] Olorukooba, A.A., Earnest, E.C., Yahaya, S.S., Onoja-Alexander, M., Hamzat, K.L., Lawal, B. et al, 2018, Awareness and knowledge of HBV among students in tertiary institution in North western Nigeria. Int. Journal of Infectious Disease, 73(364): 1-9

[22] Rajamoorthy, Y., Taib, N.M.. Munusamy, S., et al. 2019, Knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B among households in Malaysia: a community-based cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 19, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6375-8

[23] World Health Organization, 2018, Hepatitis B. Available from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b.

[24] Kheir, O.O., Freeland, C., Abdo, A.E., Muhamed Yousif, M.E., Altayeb, E.O., Mekonnem, H.D., et al. 2022, Assessment of hepatitis B knowledge and awareness among the Sudanese population in Khartoum State. PAMJ, 41(217): 1-8

[25] Ajuwon, B.I., Yujuico, I., Roper, K. et al, 2021, Hepatitis B virus infection in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data published between 2010 and 2019. BMC Infect Dis 21, 1120-35, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06800-6

[26] Mac, P.A., Suleiman, A.C., Airiohuodion, P.E., 2019, High Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among pregnant women attending Antenatal care in Central Nigeria. J Infect Dis Epidemiol, 5:068. doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510068

[27] Awoleke, J., 2012, Hepatitis B surface antigenaemia among pregnant women in a tertiary health institution in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Tropical journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 29, 34-39.

[28] Anaedobe, C., Nwadike Ugochukwu, V., Fowotade, A., et al, 2016, Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Pregnant Women in Ibadan, Nigeria: Prevalence, correlates and co-infection with HIV, International Journal of Tropical Disease and Health, 14,(1), 3-8.

[29] Kafeero, H.M., Ndagire, D., Ocama, P., Kudamba, A., Walusansa, A., Sendagire, H., 2021, Prevalence and predictors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in east Africa: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies published from 2005 to 2020. Arch Public Health. 18;79(1):167. doi: 10.1186/s13690-021-00686-1. PMID: 34537079; PMCID: PMC8449462.

[30] Yohanes, T., Zerdo, Z., Chufamo, N., 2016, Seroprevalence and Predictors of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Pregnant Women Attending Routine Antenatal Care in Arba Minch Hospital, South Ethiopia. Hepat Res Treat. 1-10, doi: 10.1155/2016/9290163.

[31] Weldebrhan, D., Berhe, H., Tesfay, Y., 2023, Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in North Ethiopia: A Case–Control Study. Hepat Med, 15, 79-91
https://doi.org/10.2147/HMER.S407069

[32] Zhao, X., Shi, X., Lv, M., Yuan, B., Wu, J., 2021, Prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection among household members: A cross-sectional study in Beijing. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(6), 1818-1824. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1847951

Abstract:

Gestational diabetes (GDM) can result in short-term and lasting health problems for the pregnant mother and the developing foetus. Instead of a sudden inflammatory response, GDM might trigger a chronic, low-level inflammation called "meta-inflammation." This persistent inflammation could play a role in the future development of diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular issues for both the mother and child. Given this, the present study is an attempt to investigate the association between GDM and inflammation by evaluating the levels of interleukins. The study involved a total of 50 individuals, 25 pregnant women in gestational age 24 to 28 weeks as calculated by LMP and dating scan with gestational diabetes and 25 healthy pregnant women. Interleukin-10 and interleukin-6 levels were estimated by ELISA analysis. The plasma level of the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 was significantly lower in the GDM group than in the healthy subjects group. Concomitantly the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were found to be markedly increased in the GDM subjects in comparison to that of healthy subjects. Enhanced inflammatory response has been observed in GDM, suggesting that inflammatory markers could serve as predictive indicators for GDM. Delayed diagnosis could result in significant consequences for both the mother and the child, both in the short and long term. Hence, there is a pressing requirement for early markers of GDM to facilitate timely intervention and treatment. Exploring these inflammatory signals in greater detail presents an opportunity to enhance maternal health outcomes by creating focused and efficient therapeutic approaches.

References:

[1].   Chorell, E., Hall, U. A., Gustavsson, C., Berntorp, K., Puhkala, J., Luoto, R., Olsson, T., and Holmäng, A., 2017, Pregnancy to Postpartum Transition of Serum Metabolites in Women with Gestational Diabetes. Metabolism, 72, pp.27-36.

[2].   Kim, S. Y., Sappenfield, W., Sharma, A. J., Wilson, H. G., Bish, C. L., Salihu, H. M., and England, L. J., 2013, Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Maternal Overweight and Obesity by Nativity Florida, 2004‐2007, Obesity, 21(1), pp.E33-E40.

[3].   Kim, C., Newton, K. M., and Knopp, R. H., 2002, Gestational Diabetes and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review, Diabetes Care, 25(10), pp.1862-1868.

[4].   Hotamisligil, G. S., 200, Inflammation and Metabolic Disorders, Nature, 444(7121), pp. 860-867.

[5].   Shoelson, S. E., Herrero, L. and Naaz, A., 2007, Obesity, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance. Gastroenterology, 132(6), pp.2169-2180.

[6].   Donath, M. Y. and Shoelson, S. E., 2011, Type 2 Diabetes as an Inflammatory Disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 11(2), pp.98-107.

[7].   Ehses, J. A., Perren, A., Eppler, E., Ribaux, P., Pospisilik, J. A., Maor-Cahn, R., Gueripel, X., Ellingsgaard, H., Schneider, M. K., Biollaz, G. and Fontana, A., 2007, Increased Number of Islet-Associated Macrophages in Type 2 Diabetes, Diabetes, 56(9), pp. 2356-2370.

[8].   Sobrevia, L., Salsoso, R., Fuenzalida, B., Barros, E., Toledo, L., Silva, L., Pizarro, C., Subiabre, M., Villalobos, R., Araos, J., and Toledo, F., 2016, Insulin is a Key Modulator of Fetoplacental Endothelium Metabolic Disturbances in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Frontiers in Physiology, 7, p.119.

[9].   Hajam, Y. A., Rai, S., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Brown, G. M., Reiter, R. J. and Cardinali, D. P., 2022, Coadministration of Melatonin and Insulin Improves Diabetes-Induced Impairment of Rat Kidney Function. Neuroendocrinology, 112(8), pp.807-822.

[10].  Varadaiah, Y. G. C., Sivanesan, S., Nayak, S. B. and Thirumalarao, K. R., 2022, Purine Metabolites can Indicate Diabetes Progression, Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 128(1), pp.87-91.

[11].  Christian, L. M., and Porter, K., 2014, Longitudinal Changes in Serum Proinflammatory Markers Across Pregnancy and Postpartum: Effects of Maternal Body Mass Index, Cytokine, 70(2), pp.134-140.

[12].  Gomes, C. P., Torloni, M. R., Gueuvoghlanian‐Silva, B. Y., Alexandre, S. M., Mattar, R., and Daher, S., 2013, Cytokine Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review of the Literature, American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 69(6), pp.545-557.

[13].  Thorand, B., Kolb, H., Baumert, J., Koenig, W., Chambless, L., Meisinger, C., Illig, T., Martin, S. and Herder, C., 2005, Elevated Levels of Interleukin-18 Predict the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the Monica/Kora Augsburg Study, 1984–2002, Diabetes, 54(10), pp.2932-2938.

[14].  Brauner, H., Lüthje, P., Grünler, J., Ekberg, N. R., Dallner, G., Brismar, K., and Brauner, A., 2014, Markers of Innate Immune Activity in Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Effect of the Anti-Oxidant Coenzyme Q10 On Inflammatory Activity, Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 177(2), pp.478-482.

[15].  Kang, J., Lee, C. N., Li, H. Y., Hsu, K. H., Wang, S. H. and Lin, S. Y., 2018, Association of Interleukin-10 Methylation Levels with Gestational Diabetes in a Taiwanese Population, Frontiers in genetics, 9, p. 222.

[16].  Elenkov, I. J., Wilder, R. L., Bakalov, V. K., Link, A. A., Dimitrov, M. A., Fisher, S., Crane, M., Kanik, K. S. and Chrousos, G. P., 2001, IL-12, TNF-α, and Hormonal Changes During Late Pregnancy and Early Postpartum: Implications for Autoimmune Disease Activity During these times, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 86(10), pp.4933-4938.

[17].  Ni, J., Wang, Y., Zhu, J., Zheng, T., Yu, J. and Xiong, Y., 2022, Interleukin-10 Levels and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 35(25), pp.7609-7616.

[18].  Van Exel, E., Gussekloo, J., de Craen, A. J., Frolich, M., Bootsma-Van Der Wiel, A. and Westendorp, R. G., 2002, Low Production Capacity of Interleukin-10 Associates with the Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes: The Leiden 85-Plus Study, Diabetes, 51(4), pp. 1088-1092.

[19].  Atègbo, J. M., Grissa, O., Yessoufou, A., Hichami, A., Dramane, K. L., Moutairou, K., Miled, A., Grissa, A., Jerbi, M., Tabka, Z. and Khan, N. A., 2006, Modulation of Adipokines and Cytokines in Gestational Diabetes And Macrosomia, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 91(10), pp.4137-4143.

[20].  Al-Shukaili, A., Al-Ghafri, S., Al-Marhoobi, S., Al-Abri, S., Al-Lawati, J. and Al-Maskari, M., 2013, Analysis of Inflammatory Mediators in Type 2 Diabetes Patients, International Journal of Endocrinology, 2013.

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[24].  Wolf, M., Sauk, J., Shah, A., Smirnakis, K. V., Jimenez-Kimble, R., Ecker, J. L. and Thadhani, R., 2004, Inflammation and Glucose Intolerance. A Prospective Study of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Clinical Diabetology, 5(2), pp.85-94.

[25]. Xuan Nguyen, K., Bui Minh, T., Dinh, H. T., Viet Tran, T., Dinh Le, T., Phi Thi Nguyen, N., Tran, T. T. H., Hien Vu, T., Ho Thi Nguyen, L., Trung Nguyen, K., and Huy Thong, N., 2023, Low-Grade Inflammation in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and its Correlation with Maternal Insulin Resistance and Fetal Growth Indices, International Journal of General Medicine, pp.1429-1436.

Abstract:

This study assessed knowledge, attitude, and practices of COVID-19 vaccination and other factors about vaccine uptake among residents of Abakaliki metropolis in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from four hundred (400) residents who formed the sample for the study. The majority of the respondents showed good knowledge of the non-legality of the COVID-19 vaccine. A few had adequate information and knowledge on the benefits of COVID-19 vaccine. Also, knowledge gaps exist among the respondents on vaccine eligibility and when protective immunity against COVID-19 will be achieved. The findings showed that news from TV/Radio, Government agencies, social media and discussions amongst friends, family and healthcare providers play important roles in influencing the respondents’ opinions regarding vaccination. It revealed that the general public’s intention to accept the COVID-19 vaccine is influenced by availability, storage and quality issues as well as the capacity of healthcare workers. It further suggests that attitude towards the COVID-19 vaccine has an important influence on the intention to take it. The findings showed that protection against COVID-19 infection; vaccines being available at no cost and eradicating COVID-19 infection were the main perceived benefits. Nigeria needs to employ different approaches to ensure that citizens exhibit positive attitudes towards the vaccine including using community meetings to pass information to the masses; training and using community members to increase access to correct information; conducting community engagement activities to improve acceptance; and using social media to provide correct information on personal risk and susceptibility to COVID-19 disease

References:

[1].   World Health Organization (WHO), (2020). COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker and Landscape. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines

[2].   World Health Organisation (2022). Weekly Epidemiological Update on COVID-19. Available via: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---14-september-2022

[3].   National Centre for Disease Control (2022). COVID-19 Nigeria. Available via: https://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/covid19update

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[5].   Geoghegan, S., O'Callaghan, K. P. and Offit, P. A. (2020). Vaccine Safety: Myths and Misinformation. Frontier Microbiology, Vol. 11, pp. 372-389.

[6].   Afia, U. U; Obot, V. O; Johnson, N. I. (2022). Knowledge, Attitude and Acceptability of COVID-19 Vaccination among Lecturers in Universities in Akwa Ibom State, International Journal of Ebola, AIDS, HIV and Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 38-50

[7].   Aliyu, Murtala and Gora, Abbas Adamu Lamido, “Acceptance and Attitude toward Vaccination against COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study of Academic Librarians in Nigeria.” (2023). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 7488. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/7488

[8].   Afolabi, M. O., Wariri, O., Saidu, Y., Otu, A., Omoleke, S. A., Ebenso, B., Adebiyi, A., Ooko, M., Ahinkorah, B. O. & Ameyaw, E. K. et al., (2021). Tracking the Uptake and Trajectory of COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage in 15 West African Countries: An Interim Analysis. BMJ Global Health, 6, e007518.

[9].   National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) (2021). COVID-19 Vaccination Update. Available via: https://nphcda.gov.ng/2021/10/20/covid-19/

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[18].  Danso D. (2021). Assessing Efficient Cold Chain Management Practices in the Health Sector and its Impact on Service Delivery in Ghana: A Study of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, KUMASI. Master’s Thesis, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

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[22].  Ferrer R, Klein W M, William M K. (2015). Risk Perceptions and Health Behavior. Curr Opin Psychol 5:85–9. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.03.012.

[23].  Elhadi, M., Alsoufi, A., Alhadi, A. et al., (2021). Knowledge, Attitude, and Acceptance of Healthcare Workers and the Public Regarding the COVID-19 Vaccine: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Public Health 21, 955. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10987-3

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to explore the perception regarding cold chain service delivery about the service delivery of COVID-19 vaccine among healthcare workers in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. An exploratory survey approach was used and entailed the collection of quantitative data from forty-five (45) healthcare workers selected from forty-five health centres in fifteen (15) study districts. The findings reveal that a greater number of the respondents have a good knowledge of the usefulness of cold chain practices in managing the logistics system and cold chain supply from the beginning to the end of the process. The respondents perceived efficient cold chain delivery practices to have a significant impact on COVID-19 service delivery hence if strengthened will in turn lead to the availability of high-quality vaccines. A greater number of the respondents perceived inadequate storage facilities or cold chain capacity; transportation delays; absence of other sources of power and lack of dependable transportation as the greatest challenges that affect the cold chain provision of COVID-19 vaccines. Nigeria should sustain its vaccination efforts as an effective way to eliminate the burden of COVID-19 infection by strengthening its supply chain system using evidence-based interventions aimed at revamping and upgrading the cold stores’ infrastructures; ensuring regular power supply/providing backup power supply to maintain the quality of vaccines during storage; strengthening inventory management system at the state and local government areas and training/retraining of key officers on supply chain management of COVID-19 vaccine.

References:

[1].   Liu, Y., Gayle, A. A., Wilder-Smith, A., & Rocklöv, J., 2020, The Reproductive Number of Covid-19 is Higher Compared to Sars Coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2), taaa021. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa021.

[2].   Fahrni, M. L., Ismail, I. A N., Refi, D. M. et al., 2022, Management of COVID-19 Vaccines Cold Chain Logistics: a Scoping Review. J of Pharm Policy and Pract., 15, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-022-00411-5

[3].   Ivanov, D., 2020, Predicting the Impacts of Epidemic Outbreaks On Global Supply Chains: A Simulation-Based Analysis on the Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2) case. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 136, 101922.

[4].   Peter, L. L., Schroeder, L., Oliveira, F. N., & Leiras, A, 2023, Logistics of Covid-19 Vaccines: Main Challenges in Theory and Practice. Production, 33, e20220036. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.20220036.

[5].   Flaxman S, Mishra S, Gandy A, et al., 2020, Estimating the Effects of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on COVID-19 in Europe. Nature; 7820:257–61.

[6].   Vijayaraghavan P, Sriramkumar S. R., 2021, Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions are Measures to Control Coronavirus Disease-2019 COVID-19) Transmission in India. Coronaviruses, 3:278–83.

[7].   Lai S, Ruktanonchai N. W, Zhou L. et al., 2020, Effect of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Contain COVID-19 in China. Nature;7825:410–3.

[8].   WHO (2020). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Herd Immunity, Lockdowns and COVID-19. World Health Organization (WHO). Published 2020. Accessed May 17, 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/questionsand-answers/item/herd-immunity-lockdowns-and-covid-19

[9].   Adebisi Y. A, Alaran A. J, Bolarinwa O. A, et al., 2021. When it is Available, will we take it? Social Media Users’ Perception of Hypothetical COVID-19 Vaccine in Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J, 38:230.

[10].  Jiang, P., Klemeš, J. J., Van Fan, Y., Fu, X., Tan, R. R., You, S., & Foley, A. M. (2021). Energy, Environmental, Economic And Social Equity (4E) Pressures of COVID-19 Vaccination Mismanagement: A Global Perspective, Energy, 235, 121315.

[11].  Andoh, E. A., Yu, H., 2023). A two-Stage Decision-Support Approach for Improving Sustainable Last-Mile Cold Chain Logistics Operations of COVID-19 Vaccines. Ann Oper Res., 328, 75–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-04906-x

[12].  Ogunniyi, Tolulope Joseph B.MLS^a; Rufai, Basirat Oluwadamilola B.Pharm^b; Uketeh, Sunday Nguher Pharm. D^c; Turzin, Justice Kwadwo BSc^h; Oyinloye, Emmanuel Abiodun BSc^d; Effiong, Fortune Benjamin B.MLS^e,f,g, (2023). Two years of COVID-19 Vaccination in Nigeria: A Review of the Current Situation of the Pandemic: A Literature Review. Annals of Medicine & Surgery 85(11):p 5528-5532, DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000001310.

[13].  Gevaers, R., Van de Voorde, E., & Vanelslander, T., 2011, Characteristics and Typology of Last-Mile Logistics from an Innovation Perspective in an Urban context. In C. Macharis & S. Melo (Eds.), City Distribution and Urban Freight Transport. Cheltenham, Reino Unido: Edward Elgar Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9780857932754.00009.

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[15].  Chukwu O. A, Chukwu U, Lemoha C., 2018). Poor Performance of Medicines Logistics and Supply Chain Systems in a Developing Country Context: Lessons from Nigeria. J Pharm Heal Serv Res.;9:289–91.

[16].  Aigbavboa S, Mbohwa C. (2020). The Headache of Medicines’ Supply in Nigeria: An Exploratory Study on the Most Critical Challenges of Pharmaceutical Outbound Value Chains. In: Procedia Manufacturing. Elsevier B. V. 336–43. 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.170.

[17].  Olutuase V. O, Iwu-Jaja C. J, Akuoko C. P, Adewuyi E. O, Khanal V., 2022, Medicines and Vaccines Supply Chains Challenges in Nigeria: A Scoping Review. BMC Public Health. Jan 5; 22(1):11. Doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-12361-9. PMID: 34986820; PMCID: PMC8727467.

[18].  Gupta, S. S., Nair, G. B., Arora, N. K. and Ganguly, N. K., 2013, “Vaccine Development and Deployment: Opportunities and Challenges in India”, Vaccine, Elsevier, Vol. 31, No. SUPPL2, pp. B43-B53.

[19].  Subhodeep Mukherjee et al., 2023, Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management. 13/2 199–215 Emerald Publishing Limited [ISSN 2042-6747] [DOI 10.1108/JHLSCM-08-2021-0079]

[20].  https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/essential-programme-on-immunization/supply-chain

[21].  https://www.unicef.org/supply/what-cold-chain (UNICEF Supply chain division).

[22].  Danso D., 2021, Assessing Efficient Cold Chain Management Practices in the Health Sector and its Impact On Service Delivery in Ghana: A Study of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, KUMASI. Master’s Thesis (unpublished), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana.

Abstract:

Tuberculosis (TB) has afflicted humans for millennia and continues to pose a significant threat to public health worldwide. The World Health Organization classified TB as one of the top 10 causes of death globally, with approximately 10 million new cases and 1.4 million TB associated deaths in 2019 alone. Tuberculosis has high prevalence rates in certain regions, including Nigeria. Traditional diagnostic methods for TB and drug resistance diagnosis have limitations in accuracy and speed, highlighting the need for continuous studies on advanced molecular techniques. The study assessed the prevalence of tuberculosis and drug resistance among patients attending the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Training Centre (NTBLTC), Saye Zaria using molecular techniques, with the aim of contributing to the improvement of diagnosis, treatment, and control strategies for tuberculosis. The cross-sectional study involved 342 suspected TB patients. Samples collected were analysed by microscopy, GeneXpert MTB/RIF and Line probe Assays. The results of this study showed an overall prevalence rate of 39.5% (p<0.05) of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis determined from GeneXPert MTB/RIF positive confirmed cases. further assay using Line Probe Assay (LPA) revealed an MDR-TB prevalence rate of 18(5.3%). Poly-resistance was also detected in 2 (0.58%). However, no Pre-Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (Pre-XDR-TB) and Extensively Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis (XDR-TB) were found. The overall results showed a slight but comparable rise in the prevalence of MTB against reviewed studies while the MDR-TB prevalence was lower. The study underscores the need for early diagnosis and treatment of TB to stall the occurrence of MDR-TB and other forms of severe TB infections.

References:

[1].   The World Health Organization (Global Tuberculosis Control: WHO Report 2010), Date of Access: 1/1/2011, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241564069.

[2].   Aliyu G., El-Kamary, S. S., Abimiku, A., Ezati, N., Mosunmola, I., Hungerford, L., Brown, C., Tracy, K. J., Obasanya, J., Blattner, W., 2013, Mycobacterial Etiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Association with HIV Infection and Multidrug Resistance in Northern Nigeria. Tuberculosis Research Treatment, Doi: 10.1155/2013/650561.

[3].   Bassey, E. B., Momoh, M. A., Imadiyi, S. O., Udofia, E. B., Miri, F. S., Anukam, K. C., Epoke, J., Benka-Coker, M. O., Aluyi, H. S., 2005, The Trend of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Patients Seen at DOTS Clinics in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Public Health, 119(5):405-8. Doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2004.05.012.

[4].   Iliyasu, Z, Babashani, M., 2009, Prevalence and Predictors of Tuberculosis Coinfection Among HIV-Seropositive Patients Attending the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Northern Nigeria, J Epidemiol. 19(2):81-7. Doi: 10.2188/jea.je20080026.

[5].   World Health Organisation (Global Tuberculosis Control: A Short Update to the 2009 report), Date of Access:1/1/2009, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241598866.

[6].   World Health Organisation (Global Tuberculosis Report 2020), Date of Access: 15/10/2020, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240013131.

[7].   World Health Organisation, (Global Tuberculosis Report 2023), Date of Access: 7/11/2023, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-tuberculosis-report-2023

[8].   Mac-Fiberesima, G., Ayodele, M. B. O., and Aaron, U. U., Baseline Evaluation of the Shorter Regimen for Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis in South-South, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Medical Laboratory Science, 4(3):54-61, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Martins-Ayodele-2/publication/336775153.

[9].   Natasha N., and Manormoney P., 2017, Bacterial pili, with Emphasis on Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Curli Pili: Potential Biomarkers for Point – of care Tests And Therapeutics. Biomarkers; 22(2):93 – 105. DOI: 10.1080/1354750X.2016.1252960

[10].  World Health Organization, (Global Tuberculosis Report 2016). Date of Access: 7/11/2023, https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports.

[11].  World Health Organization (Implementing Tuberculosis Diagnostics: A Policy Framework), Date of Access: 24/04/2015, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241508612.

[12].  Boehme, C. C., Nabeta, P, Hillemann, D., Nicol, M.P., Shenai, S., Krapp, F., Allen, J., Tahirli R., Blakemore, R., Rustomjee, R., Milovic, A., Jones M., O'Brien S. M., Persing, D. H., Ruesch-Gerdes, S., Gotuzzo, E., Rodrigues, C., Alland, D., Perkins, M. D.,2010, Rapid Molecular Detection of Tuberculosis and Rifampin Resistance. N Engl J Med., 363(11):1005-15. Doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907847.

[13].  Oladimeji, O., Atiba, B. P., Anyiam, F. E., Odugbemi, B. A., Afolaranmi, T., Zoakah, A. I., Horsburgh, C. R., 2023, Gender and Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Nigeria. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8020104.

[14].  Bai, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Hao, Y., and Jin, Y., 2016, GenoType MTBDRplus assay for Rapid Detection of Multidrug Resistance in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 11:e015032. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150321.

[15].  Javed, H., Bakuła, Z., Plen, M., ´Hashmi, H. J., Tahir, Z., Jamil, N., and Jagielski, T., 2018, Evaluation of Genotype MTBDRplus and MTBDRsl Assays for Rapid Detection of Drug Resistance in Extensively Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolates in Pakistan. Front. Microbiol. 9:2265. Doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02265.

[16].  Hain Lifescience (GenoType MTBDRplus VER 2.0.) 2019, Identification of the M. Tuberculosis Complex and its Resistance to Rifampicin and/or Isoniazid from Pulmonary Clinical Specimens or Cultivated Samples. https://www.hain-lifescience.de/en/products/microbiology/mycobacteria/tuberculosis/genotype mtbdrplus.html.

[17].  Pius, O., John, A., Sunday, O., Mumini, A., 2020, Occurrence of Rifampicin Resistant and HIV Co-Infection Tuberculosis in Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria. Mal J Med Health Sci 16(1): 168-172.

[18].  Onaiwu T. O., Judith O., Philomena E., Adeyemi T. K., Taofeek S. A., Isaac O. K., 2023, Gene Mutation Patterns of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex and Associated Factors among Suspected Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients in Osun State, South-West, Nigeria, Scientific African 22 (2023) e01968 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01968.

[19].  Lawson, L., Habib, A. G., Okobi, M. I., Idiong, D., Olajide, I., Emenyonu, N., Onuoha, N., Cuevas, L. E. & Ogiri, S. O., 2010, Pilot Study on Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis in Nigeria, Annals of African Medicine, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 184-187.

[20].  Lawson, L., Yassin, M. A., Abdurrahman, S. T., Parry, C. M., Dacombe, R., Sogaolu, O. M., Ebisike, J. N., Uzoewulu, G. N., Lawson, L. O., Emenyonu, N., Ouoha, J. O., David, J. S., Davies, P. D. O. and Cuevas, L. E. 2011, Resistance to First-Line Tuberculosis Drugs in Three Cities of Nigeria. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 16: 974-980. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02792.x.

[21].  Daniel O., and Osman E., 2011, Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Drug Resistant TB in South West, Nigeria, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, Vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 148–151. Doi:10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60057-6.

[22].  Aminu, A. I. and Tukur, A. D., 2016, Detection of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (mdr-tb) among Rifampicin-Resistant tb Patients Using Line Probe Assay (lpa) in Kano, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 9(2): 1 – 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v9i2.1.

[23].  Akwaowo, C. D, Ekpin, V ., Umoh, V., Jiman, O., Bassey, A., Antia, E., Usoroh, E., 2021, Prevalence and Outcomes of Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Akwa Ibom STATE NIGERIA: A Retrospective Study, World Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 13(1), 10 – 18. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wojast/issue/view/20826.

[24].  Lin, Y. H., Tai , C. H., Li, C. R., Lin, C. F., Shi, Z. Y., 2012, Resistance Profiles and rpoB Gene Mutations of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolates in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 46(4):266-70. Doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.06.008.

[25].  Rufai, S. B., Kumar, P., Singh, A., Prajapati, S., Balooni, V., Singh, S., 2014, Comparison of Xpert MTB/RIF with Line Probe Assay For Detection Of Rifampin-Monoresistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol. 52(6):1846-52. Doi: 10.1128/JCM.03005-13.

Abstract:

Medication usage during pregnancy is increasing twofold, and it should be considered a public health issue due to increasing complications associated with medication. Data on prescribed and self-prescribed medication among Sudani females is limited. Hence, this study aims to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of drug usage among Sudanese females, including prescribed medication and self-prescribed medication, who are registered in tertiary care facilities. A cross-sectional descriptive study was planned in the hospital setting at Omdurman Maternity Center, Sudan. Data were collected between January 2023 and February 2023 through semi-structured interviews. The sample comprised 878 pregnant females and was divided into two groups: 453 females on medication and 425 females not on medication. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, and statistical significance was set at 0.05. The result of this study shows that 51.1% of females were on medication, of which 14.1% were on self-medication. The maximum drugs taken were antibiotics, followed by diabetic and hypertensive medication. Data showed a statistically significant relationship between medicine usage and chronic medical conditions (p<0.001). However, no significant association was reported between medicine usage, body mass index, gravidity, maternal age, and education. The prevalence of medicine usage among Sudani women is high. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing the initiatives undertaken by healthcare professionals, particularly in the prenatal setting, to ensure the appropriate management of medication usage during pregnancy, thereby reducing the risk of potential complications for both the mother and the fetus.

References:

[1].   KHOa, J. V, CHUAab S. S., DALLUMAL, R. M., OMAR,  S. Z., 2017, Medications used by Pregnant Women: any Safety Concerns? Malay. 318:63.6.

[2].   Lupattelli A, Spigset O, Twigg M. J., et al., 2014, Medication Use in Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional, Multinational Web-Based Study. BMJ Open. Feb 17 4(2):e004365. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004365

[3].   Mitchell, A. A., Gilboa, S. M., Werler, M. M., Kelley, K. E., Louik, C., Hernández-Díaz, S., 1976-2008, Medication Use During Pregnancy, with Particular Focus on Prescription Drugs:. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Jul 2011; 205(1):51.e1-8. Doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.02.029

[4].   Mohammed, M. A., Ahmed, J. H., Bushra, A. W., Aljadhey, H. S., 2013, Medications use among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science.; 3(4):116-123.

[5].   Obadeji, S. T., Obadeji, A., Bamidele, J. O., Ajayi, F. T., 2020, Medication use Among Pregnant Women at A Secondary Health Institution: Utilisation Patterns and Predictors of Quantity. Afr Health Sci. Sep 20(3):1206-1216. Doi:10.4314/ahs.v20i3.24

[6].   Haque, M. U., Khatun, M. S., Amin, N. T., et al. 2016, Prevalence and Nature of Selfmedication of Drugs Among Pregnant Women in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh. European Journal of Preventive Medicine. 4(6):125-131.

[7].   Mulder, B., Bijlsma, M. J., Schuiling-Veninga, C. C., et al. 2018, Risks Versus Benefits of Medication use During Pregnancy: What Do Women Perceive? Patient Prefer Adherence. 12:1-8. Doi:10.2147/ppa.S146091.

[8].   Pereira, G., Surita, F. G., Ferracini, A. C., Madeira, C. S, Oliveira, L. S, Mazzola, P. G., 2021, Self-Medication Among Pregnant Women: Prevalence and Associated Factors. Front Pharmacol. 12:659503. Doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.659503.

[9].   Sachdeva, P., Patel, B. G., Patel, B. K. 2009, Drug use in Pregnancy; A Point to Ponder! Indian J Pharm Sci. Jan 71(1):1-7. Doi:10.4103/0250-474x.51941

[10].  Devkota, R, Khan, G. M, Alam, K, Sapkota, B, Devkota, D. 2017, Impacts of Counseling on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Medication Use During Pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Apr 27 17(1):131. Doi:10.1186/s12884-017-1316-6.

[11].  Trønnes, J. N, Lupattelli, A., Nordeng, H., 2017, Safety Profile of Medication Used During Pregnancy: Results of a Multinational European Study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. Jul 26(7):802-811. Doi:10.1002/pds.4213

[12].  Cleary, B. J, Butt, H., Strawbridge, J. D, Gallagher, P. J., Fahey, T., Murphy, D. J. 2010, Medication Use in Early Pregnancy-Prevalence and Determinants of Use in A Prospective Cohort of Women. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. Apr 19(4):408-17. Doi:10.1002/pds.1906.

[13].  Suthar, J, Patel, R., 2020, Morbidity Pattern and Drug Prescribing Study in Pregnant Women of Rural Part of Charotar Region. Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 13(4)

[14].  Alsammani, M. A., 2021, Incidence and Causes of Stillbirth in Omdurman Maternity Hospital, Sudan: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. Jun 13(6):e15453. Doi:10.7759/cureus.15453.

[15].  Bader, E, Alhaj, A. M, Hussan, A. A, Adam, I. 2010, Malaria and Stillbirth in Omdurman Maternity Hospital, Sudan. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 109(2):144-146. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.11.022.

[16].  Sullivan, K. M, Dean, A, Soe, M. M. 2009, OpenEpi: A Web-Based Epidemiologic and Statistical Calculator For Public Health. Public Health Rep. May-Jun 124(3):471-4. Doi:10.1177/003335490912400320.

[17].  Beyene, K. G, Beza, S. W., 2018, Self-Medication Practice and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Trop Med Health. 46:10. Doi:10.1186/s41182-018-0091-z.

[18].  Hanafy, S. A, Sallam, S. A, Kharboush, I. F., Wahdan, I. H., 2016, Drug Utilization Pattern During Pregnancy in Alexandria, Egypt. Eur J Pharm Med Res. 3(2):19-29.

[19].  Dathe, K, Schaefer, C. 2019, The Use of Medication in Pregnancy. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 116(46):783-790. Doi:10.3238/arztebl.2019.0783

[20].  Araújo, D. D., Leal, M. M., Santos, E. J. V., Leal, L. B., 2013, Consumption of Medicines in High-Risk Pregnancy: Evaluation of Determinants Related to the use of Prescription Drugs and Self-Medication. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 49:491-499.

[21].  Iranpour, A, Kazemian, E, Karamoozian, A, Nakhaee, N, Sharifi, H, Fadakar, M. M., 2023, Prevalence of Substance Use During Pregnancy and the Related Factors: A Study from Southeast Iran. Journal of. 30(5):261-266.

[22].  Tabatabaei, S. M., Behmanesh-Pour, F., Salimi-Khorashad, A., Zaboli, M., Sargazi-Moakhar, Z., Shaare-Mollashahi, S., 2018, Substance Abuse and its Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Southeast of Iran. Addiction & health. 10(3):162.

[23].  Admasie, C, Wasie, B, Abeje, G., 2014, Determinants of Prescribed Drug Use Among Pregnant Women in Bahir Dar City Administration, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 14:325. Doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-325.

[24].  Tamiru, D., Misgana, T., Tariku, M, et al. 2022, Prevalence and Associated Factors of Common Mental Disorders Among Pregnant Mothers in Rural Eastern Ethiopia. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13:843984.

[25].  Ayele, Y., Mekuria, A. N., Tola, A., Mishore, K. M., Geleto, F. B., 2020, Prescription Drugs Use During Pregnancy In Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SAGE Open Med. 8:2050312120935471. Doi:10.1177/2050312120935471.

[26].  Atmadani, R. N., Nkoka, O., Yunita, S. L., Chen, Y. H., 2020, Self-Medication and Knowledge Among Pregnant Women Attending Primary Healthcare Services in Malang, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Jan 16 20(1):42. Doi:10.1186/s12884-020-2736-2.

[27].  Baraka, M., Steurbaut, S., Coomans, D, Dupont, A. G., 2014, Determinants of Medication Use in A Multi-Ethnic Population of Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 19(2):108-20. doi:10.3109/13625187.2013.879568

Abstract:

This significant study aimed to determine Ghanaian nurses' knowledge, perception, and preparedness for a pandemic or another wave of COVID-19. This comprehensive, cross-sectional study was conducted between May and July 2023. The questionnaire, a crucial tool, was distributed through Facebook, WhatsApp, and other social media links. A total of 1347 responses from the nurses, a substantial number, were collected from all 16 regions of Ghana. The inclusion criteria, a key aspect, are based on the in-service nurses directly linked with hospitals and medical facilities who had direct contact with patients. About twice the number of female nurses (906, 67.3%) responded to the survey compared to 441, 32.7% (males). As the study reveals, Ghanaian nurses were knowledgeable, had a good perception, and were prepared for a pandemic or another wave of Covid-19. There was a strong correlation, a significant finding, between the nurse's years of practice and the risk of perception. Also, female nurses (67.3%) know more about the virus spread and treatment than their male counterparts (32.7%). Unfortunately, the level of preparedness for a pandemic or another wave of COVID-19 was low.

References:

[1] Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., & Lu, R. (220). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine, 382(8), 727-733.

[2] WHO (2020). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020. Geneva, Switzerland, 3-5.

[3] Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O'neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., & Agha, R. (2020). World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International journal of surgery, 76, 71-76.

[4] WHO (2007). Infection prevention and control of epidemic-and pandemic-prone acute respiratory diseases in health care: WHO interim guidelines.

[5] Chang, D., Xu, H., Rebaza, A., Sharma, L., & Cruz, C. S. D. (2020). Protecting health-care workers from subclinical coronavirus infection. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(3), e13.

[6] Nagesh, S., & Chakraborty, S. (2020). Saving the frontline health workforce amidst the COVID-19 crisis: Challenges and recommendations. Journal of Global Health, 10(1).

[7] Kyei-Arthur, F., Agyekum, M. W., Afrifa-Anane, G. F., Larbi, R. T., & Kisaakye, P. (2023). Perceptions about COVID-19 preventive measures among Ghanaian women. Plos one, 18(4), e0284362.

[8] Ussif, A. M., Egbenya, D. L., Kusi, J. D., Nyarko, E., Quartey, P., Boateng, I., Ulanja, M. B., Affram, K. O., Tsegah, K. M., & Djankpa, F. T. (2023). We assess knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 among traders and sanitary workers in the Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana—Journal of Global Health Reports, 7, e2023029. Saba, C. K. S. (2020). COVID-19: implications for food, water, hygiene, sanitation, and environmental safety in Africa: a case study in Ghana.

[9] Barnett, D. J., Thompson, C. B., Errett, N. A., Semon, N. L., Anderson, M. K., Ferrell, J. L., Freiheit, J. M., Hudson, R., Koch, M. M., & McKee, M. (2012). Determinants of emergency response willingness in the local public health workforce by jurisdictional and scenario patterns: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 12, 1-11.

[10] Ives, J., Greenfield, S., Parry, J. M., Draper, H., Gratus, C., Petts, J. I., Sorell, T., & Wilson, S. (2009). Healthcare workers' attitudes to working during pandemic influenza: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 9, 1-13.

[11] Houghton, C., Meskell, P., Delaney, H., Smalle, M., Glenton, C., & Booth, A. (2020). Barriers 664 and Facilitators to Healthcare Workers' Adherence with Infection Prevention and Control 665 (Ipc) Guidelines for Respiratory Infectious Diseases: A Rapid Qualitative Evidence 666 Synthesis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4(4).

[12] Zhang, M., Zhou, M., Tang, F., Wang, Y., Nie, H., Zhang, L., & You, G. (2020). Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Henan, China. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(2), 183-187.

[13] Edeghere, O., Fowler, T., Wilson, F., Caspa, R., Raichand, S., Kara, E., Janmohamed Rampling, S., & Olowokure, B. (2015). Knowledge, attitudes, experience and behaviour of frontline health care workers during the early phase of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, Birmingham, UK. Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 20(1), 26-30.14.

[14] Kollie, E. S., Winslow, B. J., Pothier, P., & Gaede, D. (2017). Deciding to work during the Ebola outbreak: the voices and experiences of nurses and midwives in Liberia. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 7, 75-81.

[15] Ashinyo, M. E., Dubik, S. D., Duti, V., Amegah, K. E., Ashinyo, A., Asare, B. A., Ackon, A. A., Akoriyea, S. K., & Kuma-Aboagye, P. (2021). Infection prevention and control compliance among exposed healthcare workers in COVID-19 treatment centers in Ghana: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Plos one, 16(3), e0248282.

[16] D’amico, F., Baumgart, D. C., Danese, S., & Peyrin-Biroulet, L. (2020). Diarrhoea during COVID-19 infection: pathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention, and management. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 18(8), 1663-1672.

[17] Dadras, O., Afsahi, A. M., Pashaei, Z., Mojdeganlou, H., Karimi, A., Habibi, P., Barzegary, A., Fakhfouri, A., Mirzapour, P., & Janfaza, N. (2022). The relationship between COVID‐19 viral load and disease severity: a systematic review. Immunity, inflammation and disease, 10(3), e580.

[18] Hu, Y., Sun, J., Dai, Z., Deng, H., Li, X., Huang, Q., Wu, Y., Sun, L., & Xu, Y. (2020). Prevalence and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Virology, 127, 104371.

[19] Karia, R., Gupta, I., Khandait, H., Yadav, A., & Yadav, A. (2020). COVID-19 and its modes of transmission. SN comprehensive clinical medicine, 2(10), 1798-1801.

[20] Kavanagh, K. (2024). COVID-19 vs Seasonal Influenza: A Comparative Analysis Reveals Alarming Trends. Infection Control Today, NA-NA.

[21] Agarwal, A., Ranjan, P., Saraswat, A., Kasi, K., Bharadiya, V., Vikram, N., Singh, A., Upadhyay, A. D., Baitha, U., & Klanidhi, K. B. (2021). Are health care workers following preventive practices in the COVID-19 pandemic properly?-A cross-sectional survey from India. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 15(1), 69-75.

[22] Kassie, B. A., Adane, A., Abebe Kassahun, E., Ayele, A. S., & Kassahun Belew, A. (2020). Poor COVID-19 preventive practice among healthcare workers in Northwest Ethiopia, 2020. Advances in Public Health, 2020, 1-7.

[23] Raveendran, A., & Jayadevan, R. (2020). Reverse quarantine and COVID-19. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(5), 1323-1325.

[24] Tenforde, M. W., Patel, M. M., Ginde, A. A., Douin, D. J., Talbot, H. K., Casey, J. D., Mohr, N. M., Zepeski, A., Gaglani, M., & McNeal, T. (2022). Effectiveness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus two messenger RNA vaccines for preventing coronavirus disease 2019 hospitalizations in the United States. Clinical infectious diseases, 74(9), 1515-1524.12

Abstract:

The development process among adolescents is now increasingly changing in parallel with the development changes in the exposure of technology to that group. This causes changes to the adaptation process among adolescents including moral rehabilitation programs. Cases of drug abuse among adolescents, which are increasing day by day, require an effective moral rehabilitation program for the group to recover from the problem. Addressing drug use among adolescents is a significant concern, as it can have detrimental effects on their physical and mental health, academic performance, and overall well-being. Adolescents may experiment with drugs for various reasons, including curiosity, peer pressure, coping with stress, or seeking a sense of belonging. This study was carried out to look at the effectiveness of the rehabilitation program with a religious and spiritual concept offered at Tunas Bakti School Teluk Air Tawar, Penang as an effort to rehabilitate adolescents involved in drug abuse and to see the acceptance of the youth towards the moral rehabilitation program with a religious and spiritual concept. Data for this study has been collected using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data obtained from the questionnaire was analysed using the SPSS software. Based on this analysis, the effectiveness of the moral rehabilitation program is high and has a strong relationship with the youth's acceptance of the rehabilitation program carried out. The results of this study can be used to improve and improve moral rehabilitation programs for adolescents’ moral rehabilitation institutions in this country.

References:

Abstract:

While multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a threat to the global fight for the elimination of Tuberculosis (TB), HIV coinfection with MDR-TB makes TB management even worse. Previous studies have reported poorer outcomes and staggering high mortality rates among persons coinfected with HIV and MDR-TB. This coinfection is said to be the leading cause of many MDR-TB-related outbreaks. However, there has been a great decline in the mortality rates reported due to the treatment of HIV with antiretroviral drugs and anti-TB drugs for MDR-TB. Coinfection of HIV and MDR-TB has high prevalence rates in certain regions of the world, including Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence of HIV among drug-resistant TB patients attending the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Training Centre (NTBLTC), Saye, to contribute to knowledge and data repository which is limited in this area. This cross-sectional study involved 135 GeneXpert MTB/RIF-screened patients. Blood samples for HIV testing were collected from patients who consented while sputum samples collected were analysed by GeneXpert MTB/RIF and Molecular Line Probe Assay. The results of this study showed an overall HIV prevalence rate of 35.6% (p<0.05) among GeneXPert MTB/RIF-positive confirmed TB subjects.HIV incidence rates among different drug-resistant groups were as follows; mono-resistant TB 19(14.1%), MDR-TB 16(11.9%) and Poly-resistance was determined to be 2 (1.5%) respectively.

References:

[1] World Health Organization, 2015, (Guidelines on the management of latent tuberculosis infection), Date of access: 1 January 2015, Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548908.

[2] World Health Organization (Global Tuberculosis Report, 2014), Date of access: 23 October 2014, Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/.

[3] DeCock, K.M., Soro, B., Coulibaly, I.M., and Lucas, S.B., 1992, Tuberculosis and HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. JAMA, 268:1581–1587. DOI:10.1001/jama.268.12.1581.

[4] Alikor, D. E. and Erhabor, N. O. 2006, “Trend of HIV- seropositivity among children in tertiary health institution in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria,” Afr. J. Health Sci. 13(1-2), 80-85. DOI: 10.4314/ajhs.v13i1.30820.

[5] Muhammad, K. M., Sana, R., Muhammad, A., Rizwan, I., Saqib, S., 2015, Comparison of Ziehl Neelsen Microscopy with GeneXpert for Detection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences,14(11),56 -60.https//www.iosrjournals.org.

[6] Theron, G., Peter, J., van Zyl-Smit, R., Mishra, H., Streicher, E., Murray, S., Dheda, K., 2011. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting. American journal of Respiratory and Critical Care medicine 18(1).132-40. doi:10.1164/reem.201101-0056OC.

[7] Federal Ministry of Health, Federal Republic of Nigeria (Report: First National TB Prevalence Survey 2012, Nigeria), Date of access August; 2012. https://www.health.gov.ng/doc/First%20National%20TB%20Prevalence%20Survey%20Report.pdf

[8] World Health Organisation (Global Tuberculosis Report 2015), Date of access: 28 Oct 2015. www.who.Intltb/publications/global report.

[9] Boehme C.C., Nabeta P, Hillemann D., Nicol M.P., Shenai S., Krapp F., Allen J., Tahirli R., Blakemore R., Rustomjee R., Milovic A., Jones M., O'Brien S.M., Persing D.H., Ruesch-Gerdes S., Gotuzzo E., Rodrigues C., Alland D., Perkins MD., 2010, Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med.,363(11):1005-15. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907847.

[10] Hain Lifescience (GenoType MTBDRplus VER 2.0.) 2019, Identification of the M. tuberculosis complex and its resistance to Rifampicin and/or Isoniazid from pulmonary clinical specimens or cultivated samples.https://www.hain-lifescience.de/en/products/microbiology/mycobacteria/tuberculosis/genotype mtbdrplus.html.

[11] Federal Ministry of Health 2021, National AIDS and STDs Control Programme. National Guidelines for HIV prevention treatment and care. https://nascp.gov.ng.

[12] Singh A., Prasad R., Balasubramanian V., Gupta N., 2020, Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis and HIV Infection: Current Perspectives. HIV AIDS (Auckl),12:9-31. doi: 10.2147/HIV.S193059.

[13] Ugwu K.O., Agbo M. C., Ezeonu I. M., 2021, prevalence of tuberculosis, drug-resistant tuberculosis and hiv/tb co-infection in enugu, nigeria. Afr J Infect Dis. 15(2):24-30. doi: 10.21010/ajid.v15i2.5.

[14] Aminu A.I., Tukur A.D., 2016, Detection of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among rifampicin-resistant TB patients using line probe assay (LPA) in Kano, Nigeria, Bayero J. Pure Appl. Sci. 9 (2):1–8, https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v9i2.1.

[15] Kolade O. R., Atilola O.G., Babalola T.V., Komolafe O.I., 2016, Prevalence of HIV infection among tuberculosis patients in a teaching hospital in South-West Nigeria: A four-year retrospective study, science Direct HIV & AIDS Review, 15,(4),136 - 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hivar.2016.11.001.

[16] Oladeinde B.H., Olley M., Imade O.S., Onifade A.A., 2014. Prevalence of HIV infection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in a rural tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Niger J Exp Clin Biosci. 2:90-4. http://www.njecbonline.org.

[17] Adejumo O.A., Daniel O.J., Otesanya A.F., Adegbola A.A., Femi-Adebayo T., Bowale A., Adesola S., Kuku O.O., Otemuyiwa K.O., Oladega S.N., Johnson E.O., Falana A.A., Dawodu O., Owuna H., Osoba G., Dacosta A., 2017, Factors associated with tb/hiv co-infection among drug sensitive tuberculosis patients managed in a secondary health facility in lagos, nigeria. Afr J Infect Dis.11(2):75-82. doi: 10.21010/ajid.v11i2.10.

[18] Awoyemi O.B., Ige O.M., Onadeko B.O., 2002, Prevalence of active pulmonary tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive adult patients in University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci. 31(4):329-32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15027773/.

[19] Egbe K., Ike A. C., Aleruchi C., 2016. Prevalence of Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance Among Patients Seeking Medical Care in Nasarawa State, North Central Nigeria. Science Journal of Public Health, 4(3), 214-218. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20160403.18

[20] Daniel O. J., Alausa O. K., 2006. Treatment outcome of TB/HIV positive and TB/HIV negative patients on directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS) in Sagamu, Nigeria. Niger J Med.,15(3): 222-6.doi: 10.4314/njm.v15i3.37217.

[21] Deivanayagam C.N., Rajasekaran S., Venkatesan R., Mahilmaran A., Ahmed P.R., Annadurai S., Kumar S., Chandrasekar C., Ravichandran N., Pencillaiah R., 2002, Prevalence of acquired MDR-TB and HIV co-infection. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci. 44(4):237-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12437236/.

[22] United States Government agency for international development (The Twin epidemics: HIV and TB coinfection). https://2012-2017.usaid.gov/news-information/fact-sheets/twin-epidemics-hiv-and-tb-co-infection, Date accessed: June 2012 to September 2017.

[23] Gunda D.W., Maganga S.C., Nkandala I., Kilonzo S.B., Mpondo B.C., Shao E.R., Kalluvya S.E., 2018. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Active TB among Adult HIV Patients Receiving ART in Northwestern Tanzania: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 4;2018:1346104. doi: 10.1155/2018/1346104.

[24] Kapata N., Chanda-Kapata P., Michelo C., 2013, The social determinants of tuberculosis and their association with TB/HIV co-infection in Lusaka, Zambia. Medical Journal of Zambia, 40 (2). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/mjz/article/view/110518.

[25] World Health Organization (Global Tuberculosis Report 2019), Date of access: 17 Oct. 2019. https://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/.

[26] Selwyn, P. A., Hartel, D., Lewis, V. A., Schoenbaum, E. E., Vermund, S. H., Klein, R. S., Walker, A. T., & Friedland, G. H., 1989. A Prospective Study of the Risk of Tuberculosis among Intravenous Drug Users with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 320(9), 545-550. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198903023200901.

[27] Oshi, D.C., Oshi, S.N., Alobu, I., and Ukwaja, K.N., 2014, Profile, Outcomes, and Determinants of Unsuccessful Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes among HIV-Infected Tuberculosis Patients in a Nigerian State. Tuberc Res Treat, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/202983.

[28] Njoku, A.K., 2005, Tuberculosis: Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 8(2), 118-124.

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[30] Oladimeji, O., Atiba, B. P., Anyiam, F.E., Odugbemi, B. A., Afolaranmi, T., Zoakah, A. I., Horsburgh, C.R., 2023, Gender and Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Nigeria. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 8, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8020104.

Abstract:

Patient satisfaction is a useful measure in assessing the quality of health care service received by patients. Patient satisfaction may influence healthcare utilization and can be a predictor of subsequent health-related behaviour regarding patients’ willingness to recommend their healthcare provider(s). This study therefore evaluated patient satisfaction with the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) among accredited private hospitals in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti state, South West Nigeria, as many earlier studies focused primarily on clients attending government-owned hospitals. A descriptive cross-sectional study among enrollees of NHIS-accredited private hospitals in Ado-Ekiti between July and September 2023 with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select respondents for the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out and the level of significance was taken at P<0.05. A total of 316 were included in the study. The majority were married (85.2%), in secondary education (48.1%), and registered on government-organized care (67.1%), female respondents (52.2%) were more than male respondents (47.8%). About 89.9% of respondents were willing to re-use the facility and recommend the health-care scheme to a friend. About 70.6% of respondents scored high (>60%) on patient satisfaction with mean satisfaction score±(SD) of 71.3±16.4. Identified predictors of patient satisfaction include female sex, having tertiary education, and belonging to government-organized care as a type of health insurance. The study concluded that the majority of the registered patients were satisfied with the services at NHIS-accredited private hospitals and were willing to recommend the health facility.

References:

Abstract:

The Gambia Malaria Strategy Plan 2021 – 2025 places greater emphasis on strategies for malaria elimination. Hence, North Bank Regions (NBR) have been identified due to the relative low transmission to introduce case-based surveillance as a strategy for malaria elimination. Social Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) is a critical component of the malaria program. SBCC study in NBR would provide evidence essential for malaria elimination. A three-stage cluster sampling design was used, and the NBR were purposely targeted due to their relative low malaria transmission. In total, 167 household heads and 192 caregivers of children under five years were interviewed. The findings showed that over 90% in NBR valued the use of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN) in preventing malaria even if it differed in shape and texture from their taste. It is evident that use of health centre/hospital, radio and community health worker can engender wider coverage of messages on malaria in NBR. Malaria treatment was sought and received in a timely manner. Most respondents treated for malaria were tested for malaria prior to the treatment. Overall results are indicative of high levels of knowledge and practice in the prevention, control and treatment of malaria. Despite the existence of few misconceptions and resistance to change that limits the gains made through concerted efforts. The findings are indicative of room for improvement for the achievement of more effective malaria prevention and treatment. Additionally, affordability of LLINs featured prominently, whereas free net distribution could significantly increase access, the issue of sustainability remains pertinent.

References:

Abstract:

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to the education sector worldwide, particularly affecting students' access to learning. This study investigated the level of students' access to education during and after the pandemic at St. Martin Primary School, Mulago, Kampala, Uganda. Socio-economic and school-related factors influencing access to education are examined, along with the implications of these challenges on clinical practice. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among students at St. Martin Primary School, Mulago, Kampala, Uganda, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods using structured questionnaires and key informant interview guides respectively. Purposive, snowball and systematic random sampling techniques were utilized. Data was collected from 108 students in Primary seven on students' access to education, socio-economic challenges, and school-related factors. Chi-square tests were employed to analyze associations between variables. The study revealed that 88.0% of students reported having access to education during the pandemic, primarily through online classes (93.7%). Socio-economic challenges, including parental education level, household income sources, and loss of family income due to the pandemic, significantly impacted access to education. School-related challenges, such as dissatisfaction with communication from school, lack of clear instructions for online classes, and encountering technical issues, also hindered access. Significant associations between socio-economic factors, school-related challenges, and access to education were identified. There is need for Policy interventions to focus on bridging the digital divide, providing support for vulnerable households.

References:

[1].   Wang, C., et al., 2020, A novel Coronavirus Outbreak of Global Health Concern. The Lancet, 395(10223): p. 470-473.

[2].   Gong, F., et al., 2020, China’s Local Governments are Combating COVID-19 with Unprecedented Responses—From A Wenzhou Governance Perspective. Frontiers of Medicine, p. 1-5.

[3].   Coe, P. F., L. L. Graper, and C. M. Zangerle, 2020, Leading Through the Unknown: A Network Perspective of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 43(4): p. 451-467.

[4].   UNESCO Education: From COVID-19 School Closures To Recovery. 2020.

[5].   European Union Policy measures to Monitor And Mitigate The Negative Impacts of COVID-19 and COVID-19 Related Policy Measures On Education. 2021.

[6].   Fahle, E.M., et al., 2020, Racial Segregation and School Poverty in the United States, 1999–2016. Race and Social Problems, 12: p. 42-56.

[7].   Balakrishnan, P., 2020, Education in the Age of COVID-19: Educational Responses from Four Southeast Asian Countries. in ISEA.

[8].   Adarkwah, M., 2021, An Outbreak of Online Learning in the COVID-19 Outbreak in Sub- Saharan Africa: Prospects and Challenges. Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 21: p. 1-10.

[9].   UNICEF The Impacts of COVID-19 on Education Spending in Africa and Possible Recovery Pathways. 2022.

[10].  Gustafsson, M., 2021, Pandemic-Related Disruptions to Schooling and Impacts on Learning Proficiency Indicators: A Focus on the Early Grades. UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 14.

[11].  Zar, H. J., et al., 2020, Challenges of COVID-19 in Children in Low- And Middle-Income Countries. Paediatr Respir Rev, 35: p. 70-74.

[12].  Okaka, W., The Impact of COVID-19 on Education System in Uganda. 2020.

[13].  Etomes, S. E., Challenges Faced by Students During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Rethinking the Governance of Higher Education in Cameroon. Journal of Education and Learning, 2022. 11(6): p. 27-40.

[14].  Salakhova, V. B., et al., 2022, The Problems of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Higher Education. in Frontiers in Education. Frontiers.

[15].  Ministry of Education and Sports, Education and Sports Sector Digital Agenda Stakeholder Engagement Report. 2021.

[16].  Lordan, R., et al., 2021, Considerations for the Safe Operation of Schools During the Coronavirus Pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 9: p. 751451.

[17].  Krejcie, R. and D. Morgan, 1970, Determining Sample Size For Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3): p. 607-610.

[18].  Wabukala, B. M., et al., 2022, Unbundling Barriers to Electricity Security in Uganda: A Review. Energy Strategy Reviews, 44: p. 100984.

[19].  Parolin, Z., 2020, Unemployment and Child Health During COVID-19 in the USA. The Lancet Public Health, 5(10): p. e521-e522.

[20].  Santos, S., et al., 2021, Case Report: Parental Loss and Childhood Grief during COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12: p. 626940.

[21].  Ogundari, K., Student Access to Technology at Home and Learning Hours During COVID-19 in the U.S. 2023: p. 1-18.

[22].  Yoon, Y., et al., Stepwise School Opening and an Impact on The Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Children. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 2020. 35(46).

[23].  Browne, N. T., et al., 2021, When Pandemics Collide: The Impact of COVID-19 on Childhood Obesity. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 56: p. 90.

[24].  McKenzie, K., Murray, G. C., and Martin, R., 2021, ‘It's been Adapted Rather Than Impacted’: A Qualitative Evaluation of the Impact of Covid‐19 Restrictions on the Positive Behavioural Support of People with an Intellectual Disability and/or Autism. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 34(4): p. 1089-1097.

Abstract:

Pesticides are essential in agriculture and public health, but their use is associated with many adverse health outcomes. The objective of the current study was to review published case reports to elucidate the pattern and health impacts of exposure to various pesticide classes, including organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, organosulfur, botanicals, and biopesticides. We conducted a review of case reports focusing on the health effects of pesticide exposure across different chemical classes. Searches were performed in major scientific databases, and relevant articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria. Data extraction and synthesis were carried out to identify common health outcomes associated with each pesticide class. Organochlorines, despite being largely phased out, still pose risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation, with links to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Organophosphates, known for cholinergic overstimulation, can lead to respiratory distress and seizures. Carbamates, affecting cholinesterase activity, may cause respiratory paralysis and coma. Pyrethroids disrupt the nervous system and can induce convulsions and alter consciousness. Organosulfur can induce liver damage and renal dysfunction. Botanical pesticides and biopesticides, while generally considered safer, can also cause severe toxicity, including methemoglobinemia and multiorgan failure, as evidenced by rare cases of poisoning. This review highlights the diverse health impacts of pesticide exposure across different chemical classes. It exposes the need for systematic surveillance, longitudinal studies, and comparative assessments between conventional pesticides and biopesticides. Interdisciplinary collaborations are crucial for comprehensive risk assessment and the development of targeted interventions to mitigate these detrimental effects.

References:

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Abstract:

This paper is based on operational research conducted in Benghazi, eastern Libya. The study assessed the feasibility of a cross-sectoral integrated services delivery strategy for vulnerable children, primarily migrants, refugees, and internally displaced families. These groups are often deprived of their basic rights to health, education, and protection services. Future Makers, a civil society organization in East Libya, implemented the project with support from UNICEF, international NGOs, and technical experts from UNICEF. Libya’s political, geographic, and economic context has made it a hub for those escaping conflict and poverty. However, the country faces numerous challenges, including political instability, human rights violations, and inadequate support for migrants and refugees. The Baity Center, meaning “My Home” in Arabic, is a strategic approach to providing services to these vulnerable children under one roof. This approach was implemented for the first time in East Libya. The Future Makers team completed the first year of the project, delivering services to more than 700 children who needed any of these services. They extended their mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) services to families in cases of gender-based violence and mental health issues for parents, particularly mothers, and young siblings. The paper discusses the challenges faced by young migrant children and the restrictive policies in Libya that hinder their access to basic rights and effectiveness of Baity Center to address this. The acceptance of the Baity Center and the high demand for its services were reflected by high levels of utilization and requests for its continuity met by extended donor support.

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Abstract:

This study explored healthcare providers' perceptions of the National Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria (NGDTM) in Benue State, Nigeria, focusing on adherence barriers and facilitators. Employing a cross-sectional design, data was collected through a structured survey from a diverse sample of healthcare professionals. Findings revealed a nuanced landscape of attitudes towards NGDTM, with high awareness and positive attitudes but practical challenges hindering consistent adherence. Healthcare workers expressed uncertainty regarding guideline utilization and adherence, citing time constraints, inadequate training, and organizational culture as significant barriers. Despite these challenges, recommendations emerged to enhance guideline implementation and improve patient outcomes. These included prioritizing continuous training and education programs, addressing medication stockouts, and creating supportive work environments. Moving forward, interventions should focus on fostering positive attitudes towards guidelines, addressing systemic barriers, and promoting collaboration between public and private sectors to standardize practices across healthcare facilities. By addressing these challenges, stakeholders can optimize malaria management practices and ultimately improve health outcomes in Benue State.

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Abstract:

The demand for oxygen during the COVID-19 has no equivalent in the past and caused a lot of strain on the hospital infrastructure as well as raised concerns about the ability of oxygen systems to meet the escalating needs of patients. This is a literature review on the demand for oxygen therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to conduct an in-depth evaluation of previous studies on the demand for oxygen therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study assesses the current understanding of the topic because of its relevance and influence on the health of different populations around the world. Pub Med, Science Direct, Google Scholar, the Lancet and EBSCO were searched using a series of combinations of the following keywords: oxygen demand during the COVID-19 pandemic, oxygen therapy, COVID-19 pandemic, access to oxygen therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic, challenges of oxygen services delivery and medical oxygen. The findings revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic led to a substantial increase in the demand for oxygen therapy around the world due to the respiratory complications associated with the disease. The average monthly utilization of oxygen has increased due to the persistent increase in demand. Many health systems struggled to deliver oxygen therapy however, their efforts were futile due to the sudden increase in the number of patients that require oxygen therapy; problems related to the medical oxygen supply chain; lack of capacity to deliver oxygen therapy due to limits in infrastructure as well as other challenges.

References:

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[3].   Hidalgo, J., Rodrı´guez-Vega, G. and Perez-Ferna´ndez, J. (2021) “The Sudden Appearance of SARS-CoV-2,” in, COVID-19 Pandemic [Online]. Elsevier. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-82860-4.00004-5 (Accessed 21/06/2021).

[4].   Bashier, H., Ikram, A., Ali Khan, M., Baig, M., Al Gunaid, M., Al Nsour, M. & Khader, Y. (2021) “The Anticipated Future of Public Health Services Post COVID-19: Viewpoint,” JMIR Public Health Surveill, 7(6):e26267), Available from: https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/6/e26267, DOI:10.2196/26267 (Accessed: 20/06/2021)

[5].   Lidoriki, I., Frountzas, M., Schizas, D., (2020) “Could Nutritional and Functional Status Serve as Prognostic Factors for COVID-19 in the Elderly?” Med Hypotheses,1 44:109946. Available from: www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed 26/08/2020).

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Abstract:

The risk of depression among Malaysian adolescents has been on the rise in recent years. Families, as the key to preventing depression in adolescents, should pay attention to the mental health of adolescents, improve family functioning, and strengthen emotional and other aspects of support. This research explored the relationship between family emotional support and adolescent depression, focusing on strategies to enhance family emotional support, and the impact of family emotional support. This is a qualitative study where depressed adolescents from the Tzu Chi Life Care Group in Penang were selected and semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve respondents finally the interviews were coded and summarized using thematic analysis. According to research findings, enhancing family emotional support can help increase the resilience of depressed adolescents and families, thereby alleviating adolescent depression and improving mental health. The intervention of social workers through professional methods has helped families respond to the emotional needs of depressed adolescents, respect their personalities, optimize parenting styles, and increase family interactions, which has helped to increase family emotional support for depressed adolescents. Social workers served as a bridge to intervene in family services for depressed adolescents. In the future field of adolescent mental health services in Malaysia, the emphasis on the introduction of social workers and family support may be more conducive to the alleviation of adolescent depression.

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Abstract:

COVID-19 vaccines play a crucial role in reducing illness and death caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite their availability, disparities in vaccine uptake persist among low-income earners in Nigeria. Community organizations are vital in spreading essential vaccine information, understanding reasons for vaccine hesitancy, and promoting vaccine acceptance among the communities they serve. This study aimed to assess perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines among low-income communities in Oshodi/Isolo Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria. Using a descriptive cross-sectional study design, data were collected from consenting adults via structured questionnaires with closed-ended questions. A total of 651 respondents participated, with the majority from Ejigbo (36.1%), followed by Isolo (33.9%), and Oshodi (30.0%). Most respondents were aged 18-45 years, and nearly equal numbers of males and females participated. Respondents' perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines were assessed through eight questions. Overall, perceptions were positive, with Ejigbo showing slightly higher perception scores compared to Isolo and Oshodi. Trust in the scientists who developed these vaccines likely contributed to this positive perception. While citizens were willing to receive COVID-19 vaccines, distrust in government programs and religious beliefs could hinder vaccination efforts. Targeted educational initiatives are necessary to address misconceptions, particularly in communities where religious beliefs strongly influence health decisions. Rebuilding trust between the government and citizens is crucial for achieving higher vaccination rates against COVID-19.

References:

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Abstract:

The pediatric HIV burden is significant, with 46% of 1.7 million affected children lacking treatment in 2020. In sub-Saharan Africa, up to 49% of HIV-infected children remain undiagnosed, contributing to high AIDS-related mortality. In Zambia, early infant diagnosis (EID)coverage for HIV-exposed infants (HEI) is suboptimal with  71%  receiving timely virologic testing, indicating gaps in case identification. We explored healthcare workers' perceptions of Early Infant Diagnosis, appointment systems and associated challenges. Respondents were selected in two stages: Firstly, facilities were purposively sampled based on high HIV-Exposed Infants volumes. Secondly, 19 respondents were purposively sampled within the province (1), district (2) and facilities(16)based on their roles within the PMTCT department. All Content and thematic analyses were done using NVivo 10 software. Healthcare providers reported using registers to identify and track HIV-exposed infants’ appointments, leveraging routine immunization visits for identification across the cascade up to 9 months old and utilizing an integrated electronic medical records system (SmartCare) for appointment and service tracking. However, health care providers highlighted challenges that include cumbersome paper-based registers, leading to incomplete documentation and difficulties in tracking HIV-exposed infants’ appointments, Loss to follow-up rises after 9 months, attributed to decreased attendance post-routine immunizations and SmartCare’s dual documentation add to workload, leading to incomplete records, hindering appointment tracking due to time-consuming data entry and lack of critical information. Our study, recommends streamlining appointment systems to cover the entire infancy period, enhancing register design, and providing additional training for electronic medical record systems to healthcare providers to improve efficiency.

References:

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[7] HIV/AIDS Zambia. UNICEF (2021). Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/zambia/hivaids.

[8] Mutanga, J. N., Mutembo, S., Ezeamama, A. E., et al. (2020). Tracking progress toward elimination of mother to child transmission of HIV in Zambia: findings from the early infant diagnosis of HIV Program (2009–2017). Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 66(1), 56–65. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmz030. pmid:31089687Top of Form

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[10]             Ahmed, S., Kim, M. H., Sugandhi, N., Phelps, B. R., Sabelli, R., Diallo, M. O. (2013). Beyond early infant diagnosis: Case finding strategies for identification of HIV-infected infants and children. AIDS, 27(0 2), S235–S245. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000099

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[14] Odekunle, F.F., Adekunle, R.O., & Shankar, S. (2017). Why sub-Saharan Africa lags in electronic health record adoption and possible strategies to increase its adoption in this region. International Journal of Health Sciences, 11, 59-64. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

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[16] Simbaya, J., Funjika, P., Moonga, A., Mwale, J., & Kankasa, C. (2021). Feasibility of using infant testing during immunization to estimate HIV mother-to-child transmission rates in Zambia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 1239. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06892-0. [PMID: 34886792; PMCID: PMC8655713]

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Abstract:

The emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases pose significant threats to public health, animal health, and global health security. In Cameroon (a country situated at the Central and West Africa intersection and known for its rich biodiversity and close interactions between humans and animals), priority zoonoses represent a major public health concern. This paper examines the diagnostic landscape for priority zoonoses in Cameroon, focusing on the challenges and opportunities for disease detection and control. This study assessed the current state of diagnostic capacity for key zoonotic diseases in the country through a comprehensive review of existing literature, national surveillance data, and expert interviews. The analysis highlights several challenges, including limited laboratory infrastructure, inadequate funding, gaps in surveillance systems, and a lack of trained personnel. However, the study also identified promising opportunities for strengthening the diagnostic landscape such as enhanced collaboration between human and animal health sectors, improved access to diagnostic tools, and increased investment in capacity building. By addressing these challenges and capitalizing on the available opportunities, Cameroon can better prepare for and respond to priority zoonotic disease outbreaks, ultimately safeguarding the health of both humans and animals in the country.

References:

[1].   Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (2024). Zoonotic Diseases. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/onehealth/basics/zoonotic-diseases.html#:~:text=Zoonotic%20diseases%20are%20caused%20by,serious%20illness%20and%20even%20death.

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Abstract:

This study aims to examine the knowledge, perception and preference of family planning methods among women of the Christian faith with a particular focus on women from 3 different congregations within the Christian faith. A cross-sectional Descriptive survey was deployed as a design. A structured questionnaire was the instrument used and a total of 315 respondents were all women and attended: The Redeemed Christian Church of God, Palace of Grace Parish, Iju, Lagos, The City of the Lord Church, Beautiful Gate Solution, Giwa, Oke Aro, Ogun State, and The Celestial Church of Christ, Oluwatosin Parish, Iju, Lagos, Nigeria filled and returned their questionnaires. Data collected was analyzed with the aid of descriptive statistics of frequency, tables and percentages. Findings from the study revealed that the majority of the women ((86.0%) have substantial knowledge about contraceptives and their perception was affirmative. Also, the study was able to establish that the commonly used method was hormonal contraception implants (63.3%). A major determinant of the choice of contraceptives was the health benefits and couples’ convenience. This study highly recommends the sustenance of the intensity of campaign, advocacy and awareness creation on the usefulness and health benefits of appropriate usage of family planning methods. It is also recommended that the involvement of men in the reproductive health of every woman, especially in family planning will further enhance women's involvement and improve their attitudes positively.

References:

Abstract:

The escalating ubiquity of heart abnormality extensively, coupled with a multistorey mortality rate, underscores the crucial need for instantaneous and efficacious characteristic measures. Recognizing the censorious nature of this health concern, there's an increasing ultimatum for procedure and machine techniques that can expeditiously and exactly associate these ailments. The reason is to plan a mechanized technique category irregular beat sound prompt to help the surgeon. To the leading of our information, often primary analysis about that employment a single neural organize show sort of 8 diverse sorts of pulse sound signal. In an electrocardiogram (ECG), the electrical action of the heart is recorded and usually spoken to graphically as an arrangement of waves. The ordinary frequency range for an ECG signal is within the run of 0.05 to 150 Hz. The low-frequency components of the ECG signal (0.05 to 1 Hz) constitute the pattern or the slow-changing components of the heart's electrical action. The high-frequency components (1 to 150 Hz) capture the fast changes related to the depolarization and repolarization of the heart's chambers. The recommended show is collated with CNN multilayer perceptron (MLP) in diverse execution assessment lattices. Besides, the results of machine learning (ML) models are moreover examined. Scheduled show accomplished increases classification acc. (multiple layers with dropout) acc. 99.35 (single layer with drop) acc. 98.69 (single layer with no drop) acc. 98.18 (multiple layers with no drop) acc. 99.04 dispute collection of data, which is reliably predominant to its contestant approaches. Representation distributes vital advice to the vascular specialist identifying heart spout ailment.

References:

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Abstract:

Globally, the most common cancer to be diagnosed in women is breast cancer, surpassing lung cancer. One of the treatments used is carboplatin, which is a platinum-based drug. These substances function by preventing the growth of cancerous cells. We conducted a study to evaluate the dosage dependency of carboplatin in light of the adverse effects that have been recorded in patients. After being cultivated, the MTT test was used to determine the vitality of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Afterwards, cDNA synthesis was carried out after RNA isolation using the TRIzol technique. Finally, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze gene expression. Every single result was statistically examined using SPSS. The results demonstrated that MCF-7 cell lines multiplied both before and following carboplatin therapy. Furthermore, they showed that the STAT3 gene was expressed in MCF-7 both before and during the carboplatin treatment. According to our research, if carboplatin is taken at the lowest risk dosage, it can be very beneficial in treating breast cancer. However, since this is just an early study, more investigation and pre-clinical approval are required.

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