Abstract:

Every 75 seconds, there’s a child below 5 years of age who is dying from malaria throughout the world. Burkina Faso, which also suffers from the ravages of malaria, has developed several strategies to respond to the disease including seasonal malaria chemoprophylaxis (SMC). To generate basic data available for the study of the efficacy of a supervised distribution of the 3 doses of SMC, we conducted this study outside of SMC campaigns to determine the prevalence of malaria among children between 3 and 59 months old in two healthcare districts. A transversal descriptive study was conducted on children in the healthcare districts of Boromo and Gaoua. Data were collected on sociodemographic, and clinical features as well as on knowledge and practices on prevention outside of SMC from December 10 to 24, 2020. The prevalence of malaria was calculated, globally, and in each district and compared to each other using a chi-square test. Among the 2440 children, those from 2 to 5 years were the most represented with 64.22% (p < 0.0001). A total of 83.93% of families had long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) (p<0.0001) and 68.57% had used them (p =0.04). The overall prevalence of malaria was 4.75%; the ones in Boromo and Gaoua were respectively 3.63% and 6.60% p=0,034). This study showed a high prevalence of malaria among children between 3 and 59 months, especially in Gaoua. Interventions should target parents of children in this age group and focus on promoting the use of LLINs.

References:

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[4].   WHO. (2021) Rapport 2021 sur le paludisme dans le monde, Principaux messages. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/malaria/world-malaria-reports/world-malaria-report-2021-global-briefing-kit-fre.pdf.

[5].   Chilot, D., Mondelaers, A., Alem, A.Z., Asres, M.S., Yimer, M.A., Toni, A.T. et al. (2023) Pooled prevalence and risk factors of malaria among children aged 6-59 months in 13 sub-Saharan African countries: A multilevel analysis using recent malaria indicator surveys. PloS One, 18, e0285265. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285265.

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[18].  Musuyi, C.N., Djourdebbe, F.B. et Ekambi, E. (2021) Déterminants Individuels Et Contextuels Du Paludisme Chez Les Enfants De 6-59 Mois En République Démocratique Du Congo. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 17, 94‑94. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2021.v17n7p94.

Abstract:

The eruption of the primary dentition, their exfoliation due to root resorption, and then the eruption of the permanent dentition follow in an orderly sequence. After the apices close, initial resorption starts between one and three years later, and exfoliation happens about three years later.Radiographs of primary lower molar teeth among children in the age group 5 to 12 years were taken. Age Groups were divided into less than 8 years, 8 to 9 years, 10 to 11 years and 12 years or more from 2020 to 2023 around 250 patients data were collected. Digital radiographs (RVG) of the primary mandibular molar were used to measure the resorption in EZ DentI software. In the actual extracted tooth, the root resorption was measured with a scale from CEJ of the tooth to the resorbed apex for the mesial root & distal root respectively. Based on results obtained in the radiograph, the number of 79 teeth had  < ¼ resorption, 86 teeth had ¼ - ¾ resorption and 85 teeth had > ¾ resorption. In actual teeth, the number of 75 had < ¼ resorption, 85 had ¼ - ¾ resorption and 90 had > ¾ resorption. The resorption was symmetrical in 115 teeth, maximum in the mesial root was seen in 75 and the maximum in the distal root was seen in 60. When comparing root resorption in IOPA to actual root resorption, there was not much of a difference in the degree of resorption.

References:

Abstract:

Over 1.2 million newborns are exposed to HIV annually, with Zambia contributing significantly due to its 21% HIV prevalence among pregnant women. Testing exposed infants is crucial for early diagnosis. This study utilized a case-control design study to evaluate the effectiveness of the Electronic Health Exposed Infant Monitoring tool in improving Early Infant Diagnosis services in the Kabwe and Chibombo districts of Zambia. Our study was conducted across 16 health facilities involving 248 infant-mother pairs aged 0 to 2 months. Of these, 163 pairs were enrolled into the EHEI_Mt system, while 85 pairs continued being tracked by the existing standard system. Both groups were monitored for 12 months using the electronic tool and Ministry of health standard systems. Descriptive analysis with Pearson Chi2-test was done to determine associations between the use of a tracking system for HIV Exposed infants and other explanatory variables. A stepwise, backward logistic regression model was fitted to predict factors associated with early infant diagnosis uptake. All analyses were done using STATA version 25 (Stata Corp, US Texas. No mother-related factors were significantly associated, but babies in the EHEI_Mt Tool group were more likely to keep appointments (p < 0.001), with 73% having a known HIV outcome compared to 22% in the Standard group. We recommend standalone electronic systems as a reminder for healthcare workers for better infant tracking and adherence. Further research on HIV-positive mothers ' perceptions of current early infant diagnosis health systems is needed to address gaps in the PMTCT program for improved outcomes.

References:

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Abstract:

Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-COV-2). The SARS-COV-2 is a β-coronavirus , which is non-segmented positive-sense RNA virus. The symptoms of COVID-19 may vary. The study was carried out to; examine the individual determinants and socioeconomic determinants and to describe the Health-system determinants of COVID-19 vaccination among Residents of Katanga Slum. The individual determinants were; age between 26 to 35 years (AOR=4.502, CI=1.706-11.886, P=0.002), sex; being of male gender (AOR=2.267, CI=1.316-5.443, P=0.007), marital status; being single (AOR=0.334, CI=0.136-0.820, P=0.017), Being with primary level of education (AOR=17.707, CI=2.393-130.99, P=0.005), occupation; being a peasant (AOR=4.857, CI=1.232-19.14, p=0.024), religion; being a catholic (COR=0.411, CI=0.200-0.846, P-0.016), utilization of health facility for health care (COR=0.047, CI=0.014-0.162, P=0.000) and having a negative attitude towards COVID 19 vaccination (AOR=42.637, CI=320.65, P=0.000). The socio-economic factors were; income (x2=18.861, p=0.000), cost of transport (x2=19.492, p=0.000), cost of vaccination (x2=124.34, p=0.000) and the type of social class of respondents (x2=23.73, p=0.000). In multivariate analysis; only work effect was a determinant of COVID-19 vaccination (AOR=0.327, CI=0.127-0.847 and p=0.021). The health facility determinants were; sensitization (AOR=1.889, CI=1.040-3.431, P=0.037), availability of health workers at facility (AOR=0.211, CI=0.04-0.006, P=0.012), attitudes of health workers (AOR=79.97, CI=11.49-556.3, P=0.000), and Availability of COVID 19 vaccines at the health facility (AOR=0.054, CI=0.006-0.514, P=0.011). The study recommended Increased and continued sensitization for awareness promotion towards the benefits of uptake of COVID-19 vaccination as well as the associated dangers of non-compliance.

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[39].  Wang, H., et al., The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web-based survey. PloS one, 2020. 15(5): p. e0233410.

[40].  Bitar, A.N., et al., Misinformation, perceptions towards COVID-19 and willingness to be vaccinated: a population-based survey in Yemen. PLoS One, 2021. 16(10): p. e0248325.

[41].  De Figueiredo, A., et al., Mapping global trends in vaccine confidence and investigating barriers to vaccine uptake: a large-scale retrospective temporal modelling study. The Lancet, 2020. 396(10255): p. 898-908.

[42].  Jegede, A.S., What led to the Nigerian boycott of the polio vaccination campaign? PLoS medicine, 2007. 4(3): p. e73.

[43].  Machida, M., et al., Acceptance of a COVID-19 Vaccine in Japan during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Vaccines, 2021. 9(3): p. 210.

[44].  Jain, J., et al., COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students in India. Epidemiology & Infection, 2021. 149: p. e132.

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[49].  Ohemeng-Tinyase, N.A., Factors Associated with Hepatitis B Vaccination Among Asian Adults (≥ 18 Years) in the United States. 2020, Walden University.

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[51].  Schmidt, C.W., Lack of Handwashing Access: A Widespread Deficiency in the Age of COVID-19. Environ Health Perspect, 2020. 128(6): p. 64002.

[52].  Malande, O.O., et al., Barriers to effective uptake and provision of immunization in a rural district in Uganda. PloS one, 2019. 14(2): p. e0212270.

[53]. Azodo, C., et al., Hepatitis-B vaccination status among dental surgeons in benin city, Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res, 2012. 2(1): p. 24-8.

Abstract:

To evaluate and measure the frequency of multi-drug resistance bacterial isolates in various healthcare environments. This study employed the disc diffusion susceptibility test to assess the antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter, E. coli, Klebsiella sp., and Pseudomonas sp. to carbapenem, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), and colistin. In the present study, Acinetobacter was generally found resistant to carbapenem at 72% and 71% at 75 µg/ml and minimum for Carbapenem + Colistin at 11% at 150 µg/ml. E. coli counts of the antibiotic-resistant carbapenem samples were 85% and 71% at 150 µg/ml and the lowest in colistin 12% at 225 µg/ml. The Klebsiella isolates obtained were highly sensitive to carbapenem (98%) at 150 µg/ml, followed by 75 µg/ml (96%) and 225 µg/ml (92%). Low colistin resistance was also observed (7%). The evaluation presented in Pseudomonas sp. of the antibiotic-resistant carbapenem samples was high at 47 at 225 µg/ml, and minimum in ESBL + Colistin at 5% at 150 µg/ml. Klebsiella (92%), Acinetobacter (71%), E. coli (64%), and Pseudomonas sp. (47%) were highly sensitive to 75 µg/ml carbapenem. The MICs of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter were shown in the 6.45 (OD values) at 75 µg/mL. Carbapenem and ESBL antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella were found at OD values of 9.14, 9.74, 9.61, and 3.45, 3.21 3.67, (OD values) at 75, 150, and 225 µg/mL, respectively, and the highest susceptibility was observed with Carbapenem 9.74 at 150 µg/mL. The ternary colour frequency of the graph indicates that Klebsiella sp. showed good susceptibility to carbapenem, carbapenem + ESBL, carbapenem, and colistin. Carbapenem is a highly effective therapy against infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella sp.

References:

Abstract:

Orthodontic therapy plays a pivotal role in correcting malocclusions and enhancing dental aesthetics. However, the impact of orthodontic treatment on periodontal health remains a subject of debate among dental professionals. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of orthodontic therapy on periodontal health, highlighting both positive and negative outcomes. The periodontal changes induced by orthodontic forces, including gingival inflammation, attachment loss, and root resorption, are explored in detail. Additionally, the role of microbial shifts in the oral microbiome during orthodontic treatment and their implications for periodontal health are discussed. Furthermore, the review examines the importance of proper oral hygiene practices and the use of adjunctive therapies in mitigating potential adverse effects on periodontal tissues during orthodontic therapy. The impact of different types of orthodontic appliances, such as removable and fixed appliances, on periodontal health is also evaluated. Finally, the review outlines recommendations for clinicians to optimize periodontal health outcomes in orthodontic patients, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration and personalized treatment approaches. By elucidating the complex interplay between orthodontic therapy and periodontal health, this review aims to provide valuable insights for dental practitioners and researchers, ultimately contributing to improved patient care and outcomes in orthodontics.

References:

Abstract:

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer cases and is often detected at advanced stages, limiting treatment options and adversely affecting patient outcomes. Recognized by the WHO as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, NSCLC necessitates improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Aloe-emodin (AE), a natural compound with known anticancer properties, has demonstrated efficacy in inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation in various cancer types. This study investigates AE's potential in treating NSCLC by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway, crucial for cancer cell survival and proliferation. A549 lung cancer cells were treated with varying concentrations of AE, and cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Molecular docking studies were conducted to explore AE's interactions with PI3K, Akt1, and mTOR. Gene expression levels of these proteins were analysed using RT-PCR. Results showed a concentration-dependent decrease in NSCLC cell viability, with significant reductions observed at 72 hours. RT-PCR analysis indicated the downregulation of PI3K, Akt1, and mTOR in AE-treated cells. Docking studies revealed strong binding affinities of AE to PI3K, suggesting its inhibitory potential. These findings highlight AE's promise as a therapeutic agent against NSCLC, warranting further investigation into its mechanisms and clinical applicability.

References:

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[2].   Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F.2021, Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 1(3):209-49, https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21660.

[3].   Jovanoski N, Abogunrin S, Di Maio D, Belleli R, Hudson P, Bhadti S, et al.2023, Systematic Literature Review to Identify Cost and Resource Use Data in Patients with Early-Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Pharmacoeconomics, 1(11):1437–52, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37389802/.

[4].   Korytowsky B, Radtchenko J, Nwokeji ED, Tuell KW, Kish JK, Feinberg BA.2018,Understanding total cost of care in advanced non-small cell lung cancer pre-and post approval of immuno-oncology therapies. American Journal of Managed Care, 24(20Suppl):S439-47, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30362811/.

[5].   Thimmegowda NR, Park C, Shwetha B, Sakchaisri K, Liu K, Hwang J, et al.2015, Synthesis and antitumor activity of natural compound aloe emodin derivatives. Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 85(5):638–44, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25323822/.

[6].   Jiang D, Ding S, Mao Z, You L, Ruan Y. 2021, Integrated analysis of potential pathways by which aloe-emodin induces the apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Cancer Cell International,21(1):1–12, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8077783/.

[7].   Pecere T, Sarinella F, Salata C, Gatto B, Bet A, Dalla Vecchia F, et al. 2003, Involvement of p53 in specific anti-neuroectodermal tumor activity of aloe-emodin. International Journal of Cancer, 106(6):836–47, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12918060/.

[8].   Li SW, Yang TC, Lai CC, Huang SH, Liao JM, Wan L, et al. 2014, Antiviral activity of aloe-emodin against influenza A virus via galectin-3 up-regulation. European Journal of Pharmacology, 738:125–32, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24877694/.

[9].   Li T, Lu Y, Zhang H, Wang L, Beier RC, Jin Y, et al. 2021, Antibacterial Activity and Membrane-Targeting Mechanism of Aloe-Emodin Against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12:621866, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.621866/full.

[10].  Xiao-li PAN, Xue-bo LI, Bing WU.2021, Study on the Antioxidant Activity of Aloe-Emodin Metal Complex. Journal of Sichuan University (Medical sciences). 52(2):241–7, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33829698/.

[11].  Park MY, Kwon HJ, Sung MK. 2009, Evaluation of aloin and aloe-emodin as anti-inflammatory agents in aloe by using murine macrophages. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry.73(4):828–32, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19352036/.

[12].  Shen F, Ge C, Yuan P.2020, Aloe-emodin induces autophagy and apoptotic cell death in non-small cell lung cancer cells via Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling. European Journal of Pharmacology. 886:173550, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32926915/.

[13].  Şeker Karatoprak G, Küpeli Akkol E, Yücel Ç, Bahadır Acıkara Ö, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. 2022, Advances in Understanding the Role of Aloe Emodin and Targeted Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longetivity. 2022:7928200, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8789423/.

[14].  Wang H, Guo M, Wei H, Chen Y. 2023, Targeting p53 pathways: mechanisms, structures, and advances in therapy. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 8(1):92, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36859359/.

[15].  Peng Y, Wang Y, Zhou C, Mei W, Zeng C. 2022, PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway and Its Role in Cancer Therapeutics: Are We Making Headway? Frontiers in Oncology. 12:819128, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35402264/.

[16].  Szwed A, Kim E, Jacinto E. 2021,Regulation and metabolic functions of mTORC1 and mTORC2. Physiological Reviews. 101(3):1371–426, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33599151/.

[17].  Wiese W, Barczuk J, Racinska O, Siwecka N, Rozpedek-Kaminska W, Slupianek A, et al. 2023,PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Blood Malignancies—New Therapeutic Possibilities. Cancers. 15(21):5297, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10648005/.

[18].  Zhu M, He Q, Wang Y, Duan L, Rong K, Wu Y, et al. 2023, Exploring the mechanism of aloe-emodin in the treatment of liver cancer through network pharmacology and cell experiments. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 14:1238841, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2023.1238841/full.

[19].  Li T, Shi L, Liu W, Hu X, Hui Y, Di M, et al. 2022, Aloe-Emodin Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Pyroptosis by Activation of the Caspase-9/3/Gasdermin E Axis in HeLa Cells. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 13:854526, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9157280/.

[20].  Tseng Hsin Shun TH, Wang YuFen WY, Tzeng YewMin TY, Chen DarRen CD, Liao YaFan LY, et al. 2017, Aloe-emodin enhances tamoxifen cytotoxicity by suppressing Ras/ERK and PI3K/mTOR in breast cancer cells. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 45(02):337-50, https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0192415X17500215.

[21].  Sharma D, Kumar N, Mehrotra T, Pervaiz N, Agrawal L, Tripathi S, et al. 2021, In vitro and in silico molecular docking studies of Rheum emodi-derived diamagnetic SnO2 nanoparticles and their cytotoxic effects against breast cancer. New Journal of Chemistry. 45:1695–711, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2021/nj/d0nj04670a

Abstract:

Mental retardation a developmental disability marked by lower-than-normal intelligence and limited daily living skills, affects 1-3% of children and is typically present at birth. This study employed a pre-experimental design with a quantitative research approach to assess the impact of forward chaining techniques on dressing skills in mentally retarded children. The sample consisted of 30 children aged 6-12 years from a nursing home in Chennai, selected through purposive sampling. The children were divided into three age groups: 6-8 years (33.3%), 8-10 years (30%), and 10-12 years (36.6%). The sample included 66.6% male and 33.3% female children. A majority (90%) had no family history of retardation. Post-intervention, the children required minimal assistance with eating, bathing, upper body dressing, and toileting, while supervision was needed for grooming and lower body dressing. The forward chaining technique significantly improved dressing skills, enhancing the children's self-esteem and quality of life. The findings of this study reveal promising outcomes, suggesting that forward chaining is an effective method for promoting independence in daily living skills among mentally retarded children.

References:

[1].          Rusli, R., Istiqomah, I., & Safitri, J. 2022, Teknik Perantaian Untuk Keterampilan Berpakaian Pada Anak Tunagrahita Sedang. JIP (Jurnal Intervensi Psikologi), 14(2). https://doi.org/10.20885/intervensipsikologi.vol14.iss2.art6.

[2].          Lee, Supawadee & Muccio, Brianne & Osborne, Nina, 2009, The Effect of Chaining Techniques on Dressing Skills of Children with Moderate Mental Retardation: A Single-Subject Design Study. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention. 2. 178-192. 10.1080/19411240903392590.

[3].          Wibowo, Sarah & Tedjasaputra, Mayke, 2019, The Effectiveness of Backward Chaining in Improving Buttoning Skills in a Child with Moderate Intellectual Disability and Poor Vision: Single-Case Design. 10.2991/iciap-18.2019.11.

[4].          Muharib, Reem & Alzrayer, Nouf & Wood, Charles & Voggt, Ashley, 2019, Backward chaining and speech-output technologies to enhance functional communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder and developmental disabilities. Augmentative and Alternative Communication. 35. 1-12. 10.1080/07434618.2019.1704433.

[5].          Sadlier, J., Dixon, R.S., & Moore, D.W., 1992, Use of a changing criterion procedure incorporating backward chaining to teach an autistic youth to tie shoe laces. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 15, 14-16.  doi:10.1017/S1030011200022508.

[6].          BATRA, DR & Batra, Vijay., 2005, Effectiveness of forward chaining over Backward chaining technique in children with Mental Retardation. Indian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 38.

[7].          Gaur, Nupur & Dhenwa, Sunita., 2024, Delineating Gender Disparities in Cognitive Abilities and Social Functioning Among Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Educational Administration Theory and Practices. 30. 10.53555/kuey.v30i4.2801.

[8].          McGrath, J. J., Wray, N. R., Pedersen, C. B., Mortensen, P. B., Greve, A. N., & Petersen, L., 2014, The association between family history of mental disorders and general cognitive ability. Translational psychiatry, 4(7), e412. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2014.60.

[9].          Kumar, I., Singh, A. R., & Akhtar, S., 2009, Social development of children with mental retardation. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18(1), 56–59. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.57862.

[10].       Sheha, Eman & Abdelhamed Soultan, Asmaa & Malk, Rasha & El-sherbeny, Eman., 2020, Effect of a Planned Health Teaching on Improving Knowledge and Competence of Home Care Practice of Post Stroke Patient Among Caregivers' Achievement. International Journal of Studies in Nursing. 5. 51. 10.20849/ijsn.v5i2.761.

[11].       Muhrodji, P., Wicaksono, H. D. A., Satiti, S., Trisnantoro, L., Setyopranoto, I., & Vidyanti, A. N., 2021, Roles and Problems of Stroke Caregivers: A Qualitative Study in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. F1000Research, 10, 380. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.52135.2.

[12].       Jimenez, D. E., Bartels, S. J., Cardenas, V., Dhaliwal, S. S., & Alegría, M., 2012, Cultural beliefs and mental health treatment preferences of ethnically diverse older adult consumers in primary care. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry: official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(6), 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e318227f876.

[13].       Udonwa, Rose & Ekaete, & Iyam, Mary & Arikpo, & Chukwudi, Nelson & Ofem, Obono & John, John & Agbu, Michael & Ikong, Michael., 2024, Mentally Retarded Children and Deficits in Daily Living Skills: Case Study of Calabar Municipality Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. 10.9790/7388-05232126.

[14].       Ugur, H. G., & Erci, B., 2019, The Effect of Home Care for Stroke Patients and Education of Caregivers on the Caregiver Burden and Quality of Life. Acta clinica Croatica, 58(2), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.20471/acc.2019.58.02.16.

[15].       Heward, W. L., & Orlansky, M. D., 2019, Teaching Self-Care Skills to Children with Severe Disabilities. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23(4), 477-489.

[16].       McConnell, S. R., & Llewellyn, G. C., 2018, Teaching Dressing Skills to Children with Severe Disabilities: Forward Chaining versus Total Task Presentation. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 11(2), 129-144.

[17].       Miller, R., & Buehler, K., 2016, Using Forward Chaining to Teach Adaptive Behaviors to Children with Autism. Behavior Modification, 19(3), 377-393.

[18].       Schreibman, L., & Stahmer, A. C., 2002, Effective Behavioral Interventions for Children with Autism." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(4), 289-308.

[19].       Wilder, D. A., & Carr, J. E., 2018, The Use of Forward Chaining to Teach Dressing Skills to Children with Developmental Disabilities. Behavior Modification, 22(3), 278-295.

[20].       Baker, B. L., & Brightman, A., 2016, Training Parents to Use Forward Chaining to Teach Dressing Skills to Their Children with Intellectual Disabilities. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2(2), 123-134.

[21]. Gagnon, J. C., & O'Connor, J., 2017, Comparative Analysis of Chaining Techniques in Skill Acquisition for Children with Special Needs. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 38(4), 434-447

Abstract:

Ormocarpum cochinchinense (OC), traditionally used for bone healing, is emerging as a plant of interest for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This herb, from the Fabaceae family and native to Southeast Asia, India’s Coromandel region, tropical Africa, and Pacific islands, shows promise in addressing oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. In the context of rising health concerns linked to these conditions, OC’s bioactive compounds are being studied for their potential to scavenge free radicals and mitigate disease progression. Its effects on oxidative stress and inflammation are relevant for chronic diseases such as cardiovascular conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, and periodontitis. Despite its traditional uses and regional significance, detailed scientific research on OC’s pharmacological benefits is limited. This study investigates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of OC through in vitro analyses. The goal is to enhance understanding of OC’s therapeutic potential as a natural remedy for chronic inflammatory diseases.

References:

[1].   Parvathi, K., Krishnan, A. G., Anitha, A., Jayakumar, R., & Nair, M. B., 2018, Poly(L-lactic acid) nanofibers containing  Cissus quadrangularis  induced osteogenic differentiation in vitro, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 110, 514–521.

[2].   Somashekar, G., Sudhakar, U., Prakash, S. G., Suresh, S., Srividya, S., & Rao, S. H., 2022, In-vitro antioxidant and in-vitro anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic leaves extract of Ormocarpum cochinchinense. Journal of Orofacial Sciences, 14(2), 134.

[3].   Kumar, M. D., John, K. M., & Karthik, S., 2013, The bone fracture–healing potential of Ormocarpum cochinchinense, methanolic extract on albino Wistar rats, Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 19(1), 1–10.

[4].   4. Pazhanisamy, M., & Ebenezer, G. A., 2013, Phytochemical screening of Ormocarpum cochinchinense leaf extracts, Journal of Academia and Industrial Research, 2, 275–278.

[5].   5. Narayanan, A., Marimuthu, M., Mani, A., Vasu, G., & Subhadra, R., 2023, Studies on the antimicrobial activity of  Ormocarpum cochinchinense leaf extract/PVA‐PVP blended polymer, ChemistrySelect, 8(10), e202203512.

[6].   Srividya, S., & Sridevi, G., 2016, Anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic leaf extract of  Ormocarpum sennoides, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8, 117–121.

[7].   Mohapatra, S., Leelavathi, L., Rajeshkumar, S., Sakthi, D. S., & Jayashri, P., 2020, Assessment of cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using clove and cinnamon formulation—An in vitro study, Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 9(25), 1859–1865.

[8].   Nyamboki, D. K., & Wanga, L. A., 2022, Review of the phytochemical and pharmacological studies of the genus Ormocarpum, Pharmacognosy Reviews, 16(32), 95.

[9].   Rajeshkumar, S., Parameswari, R. P., Jayapriya, J., Tharani, M., Ali, H., Aljarba, N. H., et al., 2022, Apoptotic and antioxidant activity of gold nanoparticles synthesized using marine brown seaweed: An in vitro study, Biomedical Research International, 2022, 5746761.

[10].  Rifaath, M., Rajeshkumar, S., Anandan, J., Munuswamy, T., & Govindharaj, S., 2023, Preparation of herbal nano-formulation-assisted mouth paint using titanium dioxide nanoparticles and its biomedical applications, Cureus, 15(11), e48332.

[11].  Aarthi, N., Muthuraj, M., Archana, M., Gopal, V., Balasubramanian, N., & Rajeswari, S., 2024, Wound healing activities of PVA–urea composites from Ormocarpum cochinchinense, Natural Product Research, 38(5), 813–818.

[12].  Nagarajan, D., & Pandian, R., 2018, Anti-cancer potentials of endophytic fungi isolated from Enicostemma axillare and Ormocarpum cochinchinense, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(3), 3186–3191.

[13].  Narayanan, A., Das, D., Marimuthu, M., Vasu, G., Mani, A., & Subhadra, R., 2024, In vitro cytotoxicity and wound healing activities of quaternary blended carboxymethyl cellulose-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose composite film, Cellulose, 31(4), 2295–2308.

[14].  Nunes CD, Barreto Arantes M, Menezes de Faria Pereira S, Leandro da Cruz L, de Souza Passos M, Pereira de Moraes L, Vieira IJ, Barros de Oliveira D., 2020, Plants as sources of anti-inflammatory agents, Molecules, 15;25(16):3726.

[15].  Singh S, Singh TG, Mahajan K, Dhiman S. Medicinal plants used against various inflammatory biomarkers for the management of rheumatoid arthritis., 2020, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 72(10):1306-27.

[16].  Salmerón-Manzano E, Garrido-Cardenas JA, Manzano-Agugliaro F., 2020, Worldwide research trends on medicinal plants, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10):3376.

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[18].  Wang X, Cao Y, Chen S, Lin J, Bian J, Huang D., 2021, Anti-inflammation activity of flavones and their structure–activity relationship, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2021 , 23;69(26):7285-302.

[19].  Jongrungraungchok S, Madaka F, Wunnakup T, Sudsai T, Pongphaew C, Songsak T, Pradubyat N.,2023, In vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities of mixture Thai medicinal plants, BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 10;23(1):43.

Abstract:

Background: The Expanded Programme on Immunization is an initiative that was introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1974 to ensure there is equitable access to life-saving vaccines for every child, regardless of their geographic location or socioeconomic status. Availability of cold chain equipment such as vaccine fridges, deep freezers and cold-boxes etc are indispensable. Transportation is and human resource equally important to ensure that vaccines reach their destination. The main aim of the study was to assess the cold chain adequacy for childhood immunization coverage in the Bolgatanga Municipality of Ghana. This cross-sectional study employed quantitative methods. A total population sampling method was used to include all the 56 facilities in the Municipality in the study. Some selected health staff were interviewed. The results show that only 28.6% of health facilities had adequate cold chain arrangements in the study area. The study results showed that the majority (87.5%) of facilities had means of transport to support immunization activities however, 53.6% of facilities covered more than 5 kilometres to reach their nearest cold chain site. Again, 57.1% of facilities had only one staff to manage cold chain and immunization activities which was statistically significant (p-value =0.005). The study concluded that cold chain equipment for the maintenance of vaccine potency and to influence immunization uptake in the Bolgatanga Municipality was inadequate. However, means of transport which aided in the collection and distribution of vaccines were not a challenge. Low staffing to manage cold chain and immunization activities was a predictor of low immunization. The study recommends Ministry of Health/Ghana Health Services (MOH/GHS) and partners to procure and distribute vaccine storage equipment to all health facilities in the Municipality. More staffs should be trained in cold chain and immunization activities.

References:

Abstract:

Although there have been several recent advances in genomic technology over the past two decades, little to no change has occurred in the incorporation of genetics in dental school curricula. Also, there are only a limited number of studies that have reported the knowledge and awareness of genetics in dental professionals. With the available information, the present study was conducted to analyze the knowledge of DNA among dental students. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 302 dental students from various Dental Colleges across Chennai to assess the knowledge of DNA among dental students. It was done using a questionnaire survey from May 2021 to June 2021comprising of 14 questions that were validated owing to the pandemic situation, the survey was conducted online using Google Forms Student T-test was planned to statistically analyze the result. The mean percentage of correct responses from students of various academic years was calculated and it was observed that interns had better knowledge and interest in genetics (81.39%), followed by final-year students (80.9%), first-year students 75%, third-year students (74.76%) and second-year students (73.07%). Considering gender, females (77.21%) had better knowledge of genetics than males (75.2%). The results were not statistically significant. The basic concepts of genetics and applications of genetics have to be incorporated into the dental curriculum. This can also be accomplished by conducting educational programs during the study and continuing dental educational programs after they complete their course.

References:

Abstract:

Marginal adaptation plays an important role in the clinical success of any prostheses. Ideal marginal adaptation can produce less gingival irritation and cement dissolution. The presence of marginal discrepancies increases plaque accumulation, secondary caries, pulpal lesions, postoperative sensitivity, periodontal disease and marginal discoloration leading to abutment failure and in turn failure of the prosthesis. A maxillary first molar typhodont tooth was prepared with an aerator handpiece. To make the monolithic zirconia crowns, the prepared tooth was scanned and the STL file was used to design a crown using CAD/CAM software. To fabricate the indirect composite crowns, a clear acrylic mould was created, in which the indirect composite was filled and the tooth was placed. The samples were then placed in a curing unit. The samples were then examined under a stereomicroscope.  With the aid of imaging software, marked calibrations were calculated at four marked regions- buccal, distal, lingual and mesial margins. Monolithic zirconia adaptation showed statistically significant results when compared to that of indirect composite crowns (p<0.05). According to the site, results varied with zirconia crowns adapting better in buccal and mesial sites whereas indirect composite crowns adapted better in the distal and lingual sites. Overall, monolithic zirconia adapted statistically significantly better to the prepared typhodont tooth than the indirect composite crowns and should be used as a material of choice for crowns.

References:

[1].   Akmal, N. L. H. B. I., & Duraisamy, R., 2020, Evaluation of the marginal fit of implant-supported crowns. Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants, 30(3), 165-172.

[2].   Vaishali S, Duraisamy R., 2022, Esthetics using monolithic zirconia and hand-layered zirconia fixed partial denture, Bioinformation.;18(7):651.

[3].   Kanat-Ertürk, B., Çömlekoğlu, E. M., Dündar-Çömlekoğlu, M., Özcan, M., & Güngör, M. A., 2015, Effect of veneering methods on zirconia framework-veneer ceramic adhesion and fracture resistance of single crowns. Journal of Prosthodontics, 24(8), 620-628.

[4].   Urapepon, S., & Taenguthai, P., 2015, The effect of zirconia framework design on the failure of all-ceramic crowns under static loading. Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics, 7(2), 146-150.

[5].   Hassan, L. A., & Goo, C. L., 2021, Effect of cement space on marginal discrepancy and retention of CAD/CAM crowns. Dental Materials Journal, 40(5), 1189-1195.

[6].   Papadiochou, S., & Pissiotis, A. L., 2018, Marginal adaptation and CAD-CAM technology: A systematic review of restorative material and fabrication techniques. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 119(4), 545-551.

[7].   Heintze, S. D., 2007, Systematic reviews: I. The correlation between laboratory tests on marginal quality and bond strength. II. The correlation between marginal quality and clinical outcome. Journal of Adhesive Dentistry, 9(Suppl 1), 77-106.

[8].   Chaturvedi, S., Alqahtani, N. M., Addas, M. K., & Alfarsi, M. A., 2020, Marginal and internal fit of provisional crowns fabricated using 3D printing technology. Technology and Health Care, 28(6), 635-642.

[9].   McLean, J. W., & von Fraunhofer, J. A., 1971, The estimation of cement film thickness by an in vivo technique. British Dental Journal, 131(3), 107-111.

[10].  Rekow, D., & Thompson, V. P., 2005, Near-surface damage—a persistent problem in crowns obtained by computer-aided design and manufacturing. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 219(4), 233-243.

[11].  Jalalian, E., Younesi, F., Golalipour, S., Khorshidi, S., Mahdavisaedabadi, S. H., & Sayyari, M., 2023, Assessment of marginal and internal adaptation in provisional crowns utilizing three distinct materials. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 24(11), 853-858.

[12].  Ellakwa, A., & Goh, D., 2023, The marginal accuracy of lithium disilicate single crowns is comparable when made from conventional or digital (direct or indirect) workflows. Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice, 23(4), 101914.

[13].  Miyazaki, T., Hotta, Y., Kunii, J., Kuriyama, S., & Tamaki, Y., 2009, A review of dental CAD/CAM: current status and future perspectives from 20 years of experience. Dental Materials Journal, 28(1), 44-56.

[14].  Baroudi, K., & Ibraheem, S. N., 2015, Assessment of chair-side computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing restorations: A review of the literature. Journal of International Oral Health, 7(4), 96-104.

[15].  Euán, R., Figueras-Álvarez, O., Cabratosa-Termes, J., & Oliver-Parra, R., 2014, Marginal adaptation of zirconium dioxide copings: Influence of the CAD/CAM system and the finish line design. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 112(2), 155-162.

[16].  Contrepois, M., Soenen, A., Bartala, M., & Laviole, O., 2013, Marginal adaptation of ceramic crowns: A systematic review. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 110(6), 447-454.e10.

[17].  Pelekanos, S., Koumanou, M., Koutayas, S. O., Zinelis, S., & Eliades, G., 2009, Micro-CT evaluation of the marginal fit of different In-Ceram alumina copings. European Journal of Esthetic Dentistry, 4(3), 278-292.

[18].  Shah, S., Nallaswamy, D., & Ganapathy, D., 2020, Marginal accuracy of milled versus cast cobalt chromium alloys in long-span implant-supported frameworks: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Oral Research, 11(2), 120-127.

[19].  Nejatidanesh, F., Shakibamehr, A. H., & Savabi, O., 2016, Comparison of marginal and internal adaptation of CAD/CAM and conventional cement retained implant-supported single crowns. Implant Dentistry, 25(1), 103-108.

[20].  Reddy, M. S., Ahmed, N., & Shasanka, K. (2020). A retrospective marginal fit evaluation of a fixed dental prosthesis framework fabricated by various dental students. International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Science, 7(11), 1094–1098. Available from November 25, 2020.

[21].  Merchant, A., Nallaswamy, D., Velayudhan, A., & Gada, S., 2020, Radiographic evaluation of marginal accuracy of metal coping in sectioned and unsectioned 3D printed models and gypsum models. World Journal of Dentistry, 11(5), 386-391.

[22].  Rayyan, M. R., 2019, Marginal adaptation of monolithic high-translucency versus porcelain-veneered zirconia crowns. International Journal of Prosthodontics, 32(4), 364-366.

[23].  Paul, N., Raghavendra Swamy, K. N., Dhakshaini, M. R., Sowmya, S., & Meravini, M., 2020, Marginal and internal fit evaluation of conventional metal-ceramic versus zirconia CAD/CAM crowns. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, e31-37.

[24].  Neppelenbroek, K. H., 2015, The clinical challenge of achieving marginal adaptation in direct and indirect restorations. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 23(5), 448-449.

[25].  Torabi, K., Vojdani, M., Giti, R., & Taghva, M., 2015, The effect of various veneering techniques on the marginal fit of zirconia copings. Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics, 7(3), 233-239.

Abstract:

Globally, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading causes of preventable death in adults and children. Significantly, several studies revealed that Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) of TB among Health Care Workers (HCWs) and patients occurs in high, middle and low-income countries. However, with the effective practice of TB risk reduction measures (TB Infection Prevention and Control Practices – TB-IPC) among HCWs, the risk of TB transmission should be prevented and controlled. The study aimed to identify perceived barriers against the practice of TB risk reduction measures among HCWs in Asokoro District Hospital (ADH) Abuja FCT Nigeria. A qualitative study design with a purposive sampling technique was adopted and eight informants were interviewed using Key Informant Interviews with unstructured interview guides the following findings were revealed: limited supply of surgical and N95 masks, lack of space, nonexistence of isolation ward and shortage of manpower, insufficient periodic training of HCWs on TB risk reduction measures, increased workload, need for TB policy and TB designated professional, ineffective triage, lack of incentives, feeling of discomfort using N95 mask and stigmatization. The findings pointed to the need for making budgetary allocations towards TB–IPC activities along with having a plan for constant periodic training of all HCWs on TB risk reduction measures. Moreover, healthcare facilities must have TB – -IPC policy/guidelines with a designated professional who monitors and evaluates the practice of TB risk reduction measures among HCWs within the facility.

References:

Abstract:

Burnout describes an occupational psychosocial syndrome that results from the poor management of elevated levels of emotional and social stress in the workplace for prolonged periods. The study aims to determine the methods for preventing burnout syndrome in nurses and to talk about the outcomes for potential future interventions aimed at reducing burnout in these workers. To assess the effect of safety attitude on factors related to burnout among Nurses to find out the association of the effect of safety attitude on factors related to burnout among nurses with selected demographic variables. The research design selected for the study was descriptive research design The samples of the study were nurses working at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai. The sample size of the study was 30. nurses working at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai. Sampling Technique. The investigator applied a non-probability convenient sampling technique to the sample selection.  Data was collected through a structured questionnaire after obtaining permission from the hospital's medical superintendent. Statistically significant correlation between the demographic variable ward (χ2=13.195, p=0.040) and the amount of influence of safety attitude on parameters associated with burnout among nurses at the p<0.05 level. The degree of safety attitude's influence on characteristics linked to nursing burnout was not statistically significantly correlated with any of the other demographic variables. According to the results, 4(13.3%) had mild to high anxiety, 7(23.3%) had severe anxiety, and 19 (63.4%)had moderate anxiety. Anxiety measured a mean of 21.43±3.57. With a minimum score of 15.0 and a maximum score of 28.0, the median was 21.50. The demographic variable, ward showed a statistically significant correlation with the degree of safety attitude influence on variables associated with nurse burnout at the p<0.05 level.

References:

Abstract:

In this article, some of the common types of granulomatous cervical lymphadenopathy are described. They can be classified as infective and non-infective. Non-infectious include sarcoidosis and sarcoid-like reactions. Their etiology is unknown but they have a better prognosis. Infectious include various organisms and some of the common organisms include Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Tularemia, Cat Scratch Disease, Brucellosis and fungal infections. So an accurate diagnosis is needed with pathological and histological evidence for prompt treatment. Here, we histopathologically describe the three representative types of granulomatous cervical lymphadenopathy namely Tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis and Kikuchi Disease.

References:

Abstract:

Menstrual irregularities such as irregular cycles including length of cycle, heavy or scanty menstruation blood loss are more common among adolescents during the initial year of menarche. When menstrual irregularities affect their day-to-day activities and quality of life it is to be addressed. A survey was taken with a questionnaire from 250 willing adolescent girls from 12-17 years of age. Data was collected regarding age, height, weight, age of menarche, duration of menstrual cycle, menstrual flow, pain, History of Anaemia, PCOS, Thyroid disorders, and necessary family history. Data collected were analysed through tables using proportions and percentages. In our study mean BMI is 22+4.8. Girls with high BMI had more hypomenorrhoea oligomenorrhoea and cycle irregularities when compared to normal and low BMI girls while menorrhagia is seen more among underweight girls and the mean age of menarche is 13+1.4. Menstrual health, menstrual hygiene awareness and early detection and treatment of any irregularities along with lifestyle modification play a key role in well well-being of their community and that of their county for decades.

References:

[1]. World Health Organisation. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1996, Programming for Adolescent Health and Development, WHO Technical Report Series No. 886. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241208864

[2]. Jain K, Garg SK, Singh JV, Bhatnagar M, Chopra H, Bajpai SK, 2009, Reproductive health of adolescent girls in an urban population of Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. Health and population: Perspectives and issues. 2009; 32:204–9. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73178282 

[3]. Kulkarni M, Durge PM, 2011, Reproductive health morbidities among adolescent girls: Breaking the silence. Ethno Med. 2011; 5:165-8. 

[4]. [4] Teri Pearlstein, Meir Steiner, 2008, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Burden of illness and treatment update. Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience. 2008 July;33(4):291-301. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440788/ 

[5]. Anitha Nath, Suneela Garg, 2008, Adolescent friendly health services in India: A need of the hour. Indian J Med Sci; 2008 Nov; 62(11):465-72. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19265240/ 

[6]. Narayan K A, Srinivasa D K, Pelto P J, Veerammal S, 2001, Puberty rituals, reproductive knowledge, and health of adolescent school girls in South India. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Volume 16, Issue 2, Mar 2001, p. 225-238. https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/15644278/16/2/27 

[7]. Mary Ann Campbell, Patrick J. McGrath, 1997, Use of medication by the adolescents for the management of menstrual discomfort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med; 1997; 151(9):905-913. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9308868/ 

[8]. Rajsinh V. Mohite, Vaishali R. Mohite, 2013, Correlates of the menstrual problems among rural college students of Satara district. Al Ameen J Med Sci 2013; 6(3):213-218. http://ajms.alameenmedical.org/ArticlePDFs/6%20AJMS%20V6.N3.2013%20p%20213-218.pdf 

[9]. Lambert-Messerlian G, Roberts M B, Urlacher S S, Ah-Ching J, Viali S, Urbanek M, McGarvey S T, 2011, First assessment of menstrual cycle function and reproductive endocrine status in Samoan women. Hum Reprod, 2011 Sep; 26(9):2518-24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21677061/ 

[10]. Lourdes Ibáñez, Abel López-Bermejo, Marta Díaz, Maria Victoria Marcos, Francis de Zegher, 2011, Early metformin therapy (age 8-12 years) in girls with precocious pubarche to reduce hirsutism, androgen excess, and oligomenorrhea in adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011 Aug;96(8): E1262-7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21632811/ 

[11]. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION, Geneva 1995, Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry. WHO technical report series 1995:854(9):1-452. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/37003 

[12]. WHO Expert Consultation, 2004, Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. The Lancet 2004 Jan; Volume 363: Issue 9403, 157-163. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)15268-3/abstract 

[13]. Zxyyann Jane Lu, 2001, The relationship between menstrual attitudes and menstrual symptoms among Taiwanese women. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2001; 33:621-628. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11298198/ 

[14]. Kural M, Noor NN, Pandit D, Joshi T, Patil A, 2015, Menstrual characteristics and prevalence of dysmenorrhea in college going girls. J Fam Med Prim Care; 2015 Jul-Sep 4(3):426-31. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4535108/ 

[15]. Manjula S. Patil, Angadi M M, 2013, Menstrual pattern among adolescent girls in a rural area of Bijapur. Al Ameen J Med Sci 2013; 6(1):17-20. http://ajms.alameenmedical.org/ArticlePDFs%5CAJMS%20V6.N1.2013%20p%2017-20.pdf 

[16]. Prasad BG, Sharma P, 1972, A study on menstruation of medical college girls at Lucknow. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India 1972; 22:690-4. https://jogi.co.in/storage/articles/files/filebase/Archives/1972/dec/1972_690_694_Dec.pdf 

[17]. Omidvar S, Amiri FN, Bakhtiari A, Begum K, 2018, A study on menstruation of Indian adolescent girls in an urban area of South India. J Family Med Prim Care 2018 Jul-Aug; 7(4) :698-702. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6132001/

[18]. Chauhan P, Shaik RA, Anusha DVB, Sotala M, 2019, A study to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices related to menstrual cycle and management of menstrual hygiene among school-going adolescent girls in a rural area of South India. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2019; 8(2):114-9. https://www.bibliomed.org/?mno=15452 

[19]. Rupa Vani K, Veena KS, Subitha L, Hemanth Kumar VR, Bupathy A, 2013, Menstrual Abnormalities in School Going Girls – Are They Related to Dietary and Exercise Pattern? Journal of clinical and diagnostic research 2013 Nov; 7(11): 2537-2540. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3879880/ 

[20]. Karout N, Hawai SM, Altuwaijri S, 2012, Prevalence and pattern of menstrual disorders among Lebanese nursing students. East Mediterr Health J 2012 Apr; 18(4):346-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22768696/

Abstract:

Obstetric hemorrhage is a significant and potentially life-threatening complication associated with both vaginal and cesarean deliveries. One common etiology is placenta accreta, a condition characterized by the abnormal adherence of the placenta to the myometrium. The primary modality for diagnosing placenta accreta is ultrasonography, although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often employed to assess the extent of placental invasion. Managing placenta accreta requires a multidisciplinary healthcare team due to its complexity and associated risks. While hysterectomy is frequently the treatment of choice, conservative management approaches may be considered in carefully selected cases.

References:

Abstract:

Intubation is a crucial medical procedure that involves the insertion of a tube into the airway to ensure proper breathing and save lives. This technique, which is fundamental in the field of anaesthesia, requires skill and precision. Anaesthesiologists play a key role in mastering, teaching, and performing intubations, making it a cornerstone of their practice for many years. Traditionally, machine learning has been utilized as a reliable method for tracheal cannulation, establishing itself as the gold standard over the past seven decades. In recent times, there has been a notable development in intubation technology with the introduction of alternative devices such as the King Vision Video Laryngoscope (KVVL). Unlike the conventional method that relies on direct visualization, the KVVL utilizes an indirect magnified image for enhanced accuracy during the procedure. A comparative study was conducted between the King Vision Video Laryngoscope and the traditional Macintosh Laryngoscope on two groups of patients, with Group A consisting of 70% male and 30% female, and Group B with 60% male and 40% female participants. The results of the study revealed that while BMI, thyromental distance, and MPC showed no significant differences between the two devices, the King Vision Video Laryngoscope outperformed the Macintosh Laryngoscope in terms of intubation difficulty score and Cormack Lehane grading. Moreover, the former demonstrated superior outcomes in terms of airway trauma, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and saturation levels, ensuring a smoother and safer intubation process overall. Based on these findings, the study concluded that the King Vision Video Laryngoscope offers distinct advantages over the traditional Macintosh Laryngoscope, highlighting its potential as a superior tool for efficient and effective airway management in clinical settings.

References:

[1] Mort, T. C. 2004. Emergency tracheal intubation: complications associated with repeated laryngoscopic attempts. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 99(2), 607-613.

[2] Mort, T. C. 2005. Esophageal intubation with indirect clinical tests during emergency tracheal intubation: a report on patient morbidity. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, 17(4), 255-262.

[3] Tse, J. C., Rimm, E. B., & Hussain, A. 1997. Predicting difficult endotracheal intubation in surgical patients schedules for general anesthesia: a prospective blind study. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2(15), 266.

[4] Cheney, F. W. 1999. The American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project: what have we learned, how has it affected practice, and how will it affect practice in the future?. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 91(2), 552-556.

[5] Peterson, G. N., Domino, K. B., Caplan, R. A., Posner, K. L., Lee, L. A., & Cheney, F. W. 2005. Management of the difficult airway: a closed claims analysis. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 103(1), 33-39.

[6] Cook, T., Woodall, N., Harper, J., Benger, J., & Fourth National Audit Project. 2011. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 2: intensive care and emergency departments. British journal of anaesthesia, 106(5), 632-642.

[7] Woodall, N. M., Benger, J. R., Harper, J. S., & Cook, T. M. 2012. Airway management complications during anaesthesia, in intensive care units and in emergency departments in the UK. Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care, 2(2), 58-64.

[8] Metzner, J., Posner, K. L., & Domino, K. B. 2009. The risk and safety of anesthesia at remote locations: the US closed claims analysis. Current Opinion in Anesthesiology, 22(4), 502-508.

[9] Aziz, M. F., Dillman, D., Fu, R., & Brambrink, A. M. 2012. Comparative effectiveness of the C-MAC video laryngoscope versus direct laryngoscopy in the setting of the predicted difficult airway. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 116(3), 629-636.

[10] Gaszynska, E., & Gaszynski, T. 2014. The King Vision™ video laryngoscope for awake intubation: series of cases and literature review. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 475-478.

[11] Akihisa, Y., Maruyama, K., Koyama, Y., Yamada, R., Ogura, A., & Andoh, T. 2014. Comparison of intubation performance between the King Vision and Macintosh laryngoscopes in novice personnel: a randomized, crossover manikin study. Journal of anesthesia, 28, 51-57.

[12] Murphy, L. D., Kovacs, G. J., Reardon, P. M., & Law, J. A. 2014. Comparison of the king vision video laryngoscope with the macintosh laryngoscope. The Journal of emergency medicine, 47(2), 239-246.

[13] Yun, B. J., Brown, C. A., Grazioso, C. J., Pozner, C. N., & Raja, A. S. 2014. Comparison of video, optical, and direct laryngoscopy by experienced tactical paramedics. Prehospital Emergency Care, 18(3), 442-445.

[14] Asai, T. 2012. Videolaryngoscopes: do they truly have roles in difficult airways?. The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, 116(3), 515-517.

[15] Miceli, L., Cecconi, M., Tripi, G., Zauli, M., & Della Rocca, G. 2008. Evaluation of new laryngoscope blade for tracheal intubation, Truview EVO2©: a manikin study. European journal of anaesthesiology, 25(6), 446-449.

[16] Ezri, T., Warters, R. D., Szmuk, P., Saad-Eddin, H., Geva, D., Katz, J., & Hagberg, C. 2001. The incidence of class “zero” airway and the impact of Mallampati score, age, sex, and body mass index on prediction of laryngoscopy grade. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 93(4), 1073-1075.

[17] Jarvis, J. L., McClure, S. F., & Johns, D. 2015. EMS intubation improves with King Vision video laryngoscopy. Prehospital Emergency Care, 19(4), 482-489.

[18] Apfelbaum, J. L., Hagberg, C. A., Caplan, R. A., Blitt, C. D., Connis, R. T., ... & Ovassapian, A. 2013. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Anesthesiology, 118(2), 251-270.

[19] Schoettker, P., & Corniche, J. 2015. The AirView Study: Comparison of Intubation Conditions and Ease between the Airtraq‐Air View and the King Vision. BioMed research international, 2015(1), 284142.

[20] Cortellazzi, P., Caldiroli, D., Byrne, A., Sommariva, A., Orena, E. F., & Tramacere, I. 2015. Defining and developing expertise in tracheal intubation using a GlideScope® for anaesthetists with expertise in Macintosh direct laryngoscopy: an in‐vivo longitudinal study. Anaesthesia, 70(3), 290-295.

[21] Cierniak, M., Timler, D., Wieczorek, A., Sekalski, P., Borkowska, N., & Gaszynski, T. 2016. The comparison of the technical parameters in endotracheal intubation devices: the Cmac, the Vividtrac, the McGrath Mac and the Kingvision. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing, 30, 379-387.

[22] Alvis, B. D., Hester, D., Watson, D., Higgins, M., & St Jacques, P. 2015. Randomized controlled trial comparing the McGrath MAC video laryngoscope with the King Vision video laryngoscope in adult patients. Minerva anestesiologica, 82(1), 30-35.

[23] Erdivanli, B., Sen, A., Batcik, S., Koyuncu, T., & Kazdal, H. 2018. Comparison of King Vision video laryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia, 68(5), 499-506

Abstract:

Depression, diabetes mellitus, and anxiety are metabolic diseases causing chronic hyperglycemia and mood disorders and triggered by the body's fight or flight response to danger, respectively. Recognizing the pervasiveness of the factors mentioned above among the patients who suffer from Type 2 diabetes mellitus, determining how these conditions impair those people's quality of life, and evaluating the impact on patients' glucose levels is the main aim of this study. Over six months, a study was conducted among 150 patients at Vijaya Marie Hospital, Khairtabad, Hyderabad. The individuals having a history of Type 2 diabetes, as well as other comorbid illnesses, were included. Patients with prior clinical depression, anxiety, or stress were excluded. Data from all patients was gathered and analyzed using the Graph Pad Prism software. Among the 150 diabetic patients, age groups between 41 and 50 are more prevalent, 63 of whom were men and 87 of whom were women. According to their HbA1c levels, Type 2 diabetes mellitus is typically treated with lifestyle changes, pharmacological alterations, or both. In our study, people change their lifestyles in addition to taking different oral medications. The study also found that highly severe anxiety (27.3%), moderate depression (932%), and stress levels within normal limits (36%) were prevalent among the patients. The study found a significant association between a patient's Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) blood glucose levels and their mental state, with severe anxiety being an essential factor. Mental stress alters glycaemic levels, negatively impacting patients' quality of life and triggering diabetic distress, indicating that depression, anxiety, and stress can predict Type 2 DM risk.

References:

Abstract:

During pregnancy, women undergo specific physiological changes in their bodies which may lead to stress and a rise in blood pressure which may be due to different etiological contributions. One way of reducing their blood pressure as well as stress is by encouraging those women to perform diaphragmatic deep breathing exercises. The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of relaxation therapy among antenatal mothers. True experimental pretest-posttest control group research design was conducted in the antenatal clinic of the host institution. The 60 antenatal mothers were recruited as study participants using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. All 60 antenatal mothers were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (Relaxation therapy) or the placebo group by using the lottery method,30 in the interventional group and 30 in the placebo group. For the interventional group, On Day 1, demographic and clinical data were collected from the study participants, followed by a Diaphragmatic deep breathing exercise initiated for 20 minutes daily in the morning for about 28 days. For the placebo group, demographic and clinical data were collected from the study participants, followed by routine hospital care initiated for about 28 days. On Day 29, the study participants were re-assessed for the level of stress, blood pressure and proteinuria in both interventional and placebo groups. The study results concluded that diaphragmatic deep breathing exercise reduced the levels of stress (mean difference score on the level of stress was 37.10  and the calculated paired ‘t’ test value of t = 10.460 was statistically significant at p<0.001 level), blood pressure (statistically significant difference at p<0.001 level between the post-test level of systolic BP between the two groups, there was a statistically significant difference at p<0.01 level between the post-test level of diastolic BP between the two groups), proteinuria (there was a statistically significant difference in the post-test level of proteinuria between the groups), there was no statistically significant difference at p<0.05 level between the post-test level of BMI between the two groups. Performing diaphragmatic deep breathing exercises enhanced, the reduction in the level of blood pressure, stress, BMI and proteinuria among our study participants.

References:

Abstract:

Reconstructing the heel's soft tissue is challenging due to its weight-bearing role and the unique properties of the skin on the sole. The medial plantar artery perforator (MPAP) flap is a well-established option for these defects, providing tissue similar in structure to the plantar foot. This report describes a case of successful reconstruction of a heel defect in a diabetic woman using an MPAP flap. This case highlights the effectiveness of the MPAP flap for medium to large-sized plantar defects with weight bearing, offering benefits such as excellent tissue match, minimal donor site complications, and consistent vascular anatomy.

References:

Abstract:

Internally displaced persons (IDP) are increasing in Nigeria. Women of reproductive age are vulnerable to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges. Little is known about the utilized SRH services, and their associated factors in North-central, Nigeria. Quantitative data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed and descriptive analysis and Logistic regression were performed at p-value < 0.05 to identify significant factors associated with SRH utilization. The finding revealed that the utilized SRH services at the IDP camps were family planning, antenatal care, and HIV testing/voluntary counseling, and 82.40% of the displaced women have used at least one SRH service, while antenatal care was the most utilized (74.60%). At the individual level, the age, marital status, and education of respondents are significantly associated with the utilization of SRH services. At the household level, spousal employment status, age, and education determine the utilization of SRH services. In conclusion, the overall utilization of SRH services among displaced women in the IDP camps is high. Individual and household factors are associated with SRH uptake. Community awareness and addressing the issue of empowerment among women in the IDP camps can help augment the issue of financial incapacity, hence encouraging utilization.

References:

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

Acrylic resin is the most common material used for the fabrication of bases for prostheses including overdentures. A smooth surface is ideal for the maintenance of dentures and the prevention of bacterial colonization. Polishing materials used and the method of moulding are the few factors that affect surface roughness. Hence the present in vitro study was done to compare the effect of polishing materials and moulding methods on the surface roughness of dentures. 120 specimens (50mm × 3mm) were divided into two equal groups and fabricated by compression and injection moulding techniques. Each group was subdivided into 3 groups based on the polishing method viz: control (pumice), pumice with universal polishing paste and pumice with rouge based on the polishing protocols advocated. Determination of surface roughness was done with a profilometer. Statistical analysis was done with one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD. The surface roughness ranged between 0.372 ± 1.340 and 0.046 ± 0.027. In both the moulding methods control group with pumice exhibited the greatest surface roughness in comparison with the other two groups and universal polishing paste produced the least. On comparing the two moulding methods the injection moulding method exhibited the least surface roughness. (p=0.0001). From the results of the study, it can be inferred that irrespective of the moulding method polishing using pumice and universal polishing paste would produce a smooth surface with the least roughness and could be implemented by all clinicians to bacterial colonisation and plaque formation in dentures.

References:

Abstract:

Angiomyofibroblastoma is a benign soft tissue tumour arising from the mesenchymal cells. It is seen in young females most commonly arising in the vulval region. This tumour mimics other benign tumours of the vulva and is pathologically differentiated from Angiofibroma and AMM (Angiomyomyxoma) which follow a different treatment protocol. This tumour is rare in occurrence and is unusual in older females. Here we report a rare case of AFMB in an older woman who presented with a very slow-growing asymptomatic vulval mass involving the left labia majora.

References:

Abstract:

Atypical lipomatous tumour / well-differentiated liposarcoma (ALT/WDLPS) is a locally aggressive mesenchymal neoplasm composed either entirely or partly of an adipocytic proliferation showing at least focal nuclear atypia in both adipocytes and stromal cells. This case report details a case of a 45-year-old female who presented to OPD with swelling over the medial aspect of the thigh for 3 years. Clinically she was diagnosed with lipoma followed by an excision and histopathological examination. Histopathology revealed features suggestive of Atypical lipomatous tumour / well-differentiated liposarcoma (ALT/WDLPS) which showed the presence of striking variation in adipocyte cell size. This study is done to emphasise the importance of histopathological examination as an important diagnostic tool in differentiating lipoma from liposarcoma.

References:

Abstract:

Gangrenous intestinal obstruction during pregnancy is a rare and life-threatening non-obstetric surgical emergency that may result in maternal and fetal mortality.  These patients were often confronted with a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge since the condition is rare and overlapping of symptoms occurs. It also raises concerns over radiological evaluation and the risk involved with surgery and anaesthesia. The diagnosis is delayed due to common and overlapping symptoms and also inhibition to carry out ionising radiological investigations in pregnancy which could be harmful to the fetus. Antenatal women, 29 years old at 28 weeks of gestation presented with abdominal pain and fever. Ultrasound done immediately showed adherence of small bowel loops suggestive of intestinal obstruction. She was taken up for emergency laparotomy and proceeded with resection of the gangrenous segment completed with anastomosis. The postoperative period was uneventful. The patient was stable on discharge. Prompt diagnosis should be made and the appropriate treatment should be taken as soon as possible. Surgical intervention should be taken if necessary as earlier diagnosis and management decreases morbidity and mortality.

References:

Abstract:

The National Medical Commission (NMC) in India introduced the Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) curriculum to enhance medical education quality and align with global standards. This curriculum emphasizes developing specific competencies, and ensuring medical students possess essential skills, knowledge, and attitudes. A survey among 500 final-year students and CRMIs at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital assessed their views on the CBME curriculum using a Google Forms questionnaire. Key findings include the majority finding the Foundation Course necessary for their medical training, most students rating Basic Life Support (BLS) training as very useful, and field visits generally seen as beneficial, while opinions on IT skills sessions were mixed. Early clinical exposure significantly enhanced the learning experience, with high preferences for small group teaching, self-directed learning, reflective learning, and AETCOM training in Phase I MBBS. Elective postings were considered beneficial by most respondents. Students had a mixed understanding of the new assessment schemes under CBME, and subject integration was found to be very beneficial, with preferences for both horizontal and vertical integration. Many students found Phase I MBBS to be academically stressful and strongly suggested more time for sports and physical activities. Overall, the CBME curriculum was positively received, particularly in early clinical exposure, skill development, and subject integration. However, areas such as IT skills training, the duration of the Foundation Course, and better synchronization of vertical integration require improvement. Addressing these concerns can lead to better-prepared medical graduates, capable of meeting the healthcare needs of the population with a strong emphasis on practical skills, ethical practice, and continuous learning.

References:

Abstract:

In India, cervical cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in women. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set ambitious goals known as the 90-70-90 targets to eliminate cervical cancer: achieving 90% HPV vaccination coverage, ensuring 70% of eligible women undergo screening twice their lifetime, and providing treatment for 90% of women diagnosed with invasive and pre-invasive cancer. This study aims to assess awareness levels, evaluate knowledge, and explore current practices regarding HPV vaccination. This cross-sectional study employed an exploratory questionnaire-based survey among 200 healthcare workers at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital. There is a significant association (p = 0.002) between the type of healthcare worker [clinical (90%) vs. non-clinical (70%)] and their awareness of HPV vaccination. Clinical workers (85%) exhibit a significantly higher positive attitude(p<0.01) compared to non-clinical workers (60%). The chi-square analysis indicates a significant difference (p<0.001) in the practice of regularly recommending or administering HPV vaccination between clinical (70%) and non-clinical (30%) healthcare workers. There is a significant association (p < 0.001) between Clinical workers who are likely to possess high knowledge (70%) about HPV and its vaccination compared to non-clinical workers, who predominantly fall into the moderate (52%) or low knowledge (48%) categories. The findings underscore significant knowledge gaps, emphasizing the need for improved counselling on HPV vaccination targets.

References:

Abstract:

Intussusception in an adult is an uncommon, challenging situation to any surgeon. The causes for intussusception in adults are different from that of in children. Since malignancy could be one of the causes, surgery should be preferred over conservative treatment. Here we present a rare case of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) in an adult causing Intussusception. The patient was admitted to our hospital complaining of long-standing, unresolved abdominal pain. After USG abdomen and CT abdomen, intussusception was diagnosed. The patient underwent emergency surgery. Right sided hemicolectomy was performed and HPE diagnosis was malignant B-cell lymphoma that involved the ileocecal valve. This case explains the need for surgeons to consider malignant conditions for potential causes of intussusception in adults, to give the correct surgical treatment.

References:

Abstract:

Adolescents have been labelled the "digital natives of the technology age", yet evaluating adolescents' understanding, attitudes, and behaviour with respect to technology addiction (TA) Internet use, instant messaging, online gaming, social networking, and computer use are all examples of problematic technological applications, particularly among high school kids. The present study aims to assess the impact of technology addiction among school going adolescents. A quantitative approach with non-experimental descriptive research design was adopted for the present study. A 50 school going adolescents were recruited as study participants by using Convenient Sampling Technique. A self-structured questionnaire was administered to collect the demographic information and “Technology Addiction Scale “was used in the research. The present study suggests that the level of technology addiction among school going adolescents, majority of them 27(54%) has mild addiction, 13(26%) has moderate addiction and 10(20%) has severe addiction. Technology addiction has emerged as a major public health issue among Indian youth. To promote healthy technological behaviours, an integrated socio-ecological framework with a multilevel approach that targets risk factors at various levels is required.

References:

Abstract:

Zimbabwe's regulation of medical devices and in vitro diagnostics (IVDs) lags behind that of medicines and vaccines despite the country's goal of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by 2030. This study, conducted from June to December 2022, rigorously evaluated Zimbabwe's regulatory framework for medical devices and IVDs using a comprehensive policy analysis framework. The study's methodology, which included document review and comparative analysis, was designed to align the regulatory framework with the UHC goal. The READ (Ready, Extract, Analyze, and Distill) approach systematically assessed the relationship between medical device regulations and national health strategic goals. Fourteen documents were analysed, revealing that current regulations under the Medicines and Allied Substances Control Act are insufficient for ensuring quality-assured medical devices and IVDs due to a lack of explicit definitions and standards, leading to inconsistent regulatory practices. The study found fragmented regulatory approaches, overlapping institutional responsibilities, and a lack of effective incorporation of medical device and IVD regulations in national health strategy and related policies, hindering UHC achievement. The study recommends comprehensive policy changes to harmonise regulations, clarify institutional roles, and integrate medical device and IVD regulations into the national health strategy. This ensures access to safe, effective, quality medical devices and IVDs, promoting Zimbabwe's UHC goals by 2030.

References:

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[5].  World Health Organization, 2018, Health products policy and standards, Good Manufacturing Practices https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/assistive-and-medical-technology/medical-devices/regulations

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[22]. Kuchenmüller, T., Chapman, E., Takahashi, R., Lester, L., Reinap, M., Ellen, Haby, M. M., 2022, A comprehensive monitoring and evaluation framework for evidence to policy networks, Evaluation and Program Planning, 91(102053), 1–23, doi: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102053.A.

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Abstract:

Orthodontic therapy plays a crucial role in the correction of malocclusions and the improvement of dental aesthetics. However, emerging evidence suggests that orthodontic appliances can significantly alter the composition and balance of the oral microbiota, leading to potential implications for oral health. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the changes in oral flora observed during orthodontic therapy and their impact on oral health outcomes. The oral microbiota is a complex ecosystem comprising various microbial species that interact in dynamic equilibrium with the host. Orthodontic appliances create an environment conducive to microbial colonization and proliferation, leading to shifts in microbial diversity and abundance. It can promote the overgrowth of cariogenic bacteria leading to an increased risk of dental caries and enamel demineralization. Additionally, changes in the oral microbiota composition can cause gingival inflammation, periodontal disease, and other oral complications during orthodontic treatment. Understanding the dynamics of oral flora changes during orthodontic therapy is essential for implementing effective preventive strategies and personalized oral care regimens. Incorporating measures to mitigate dysbiosis, such as improved oral hygiene practices, antimicrobial therapy, and dietary modifications, may help minimize the adverse effects of orthodontic treatment on oral health.

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[12]. Kouvelis, G., Papadimitriou, A., Merakou, K., Doulis, I., Karapsias, S., Kloukos, D., 2021, A prospective cohort study assessing the impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on saliva properties and oral microbial flora. Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry, 19(1), 67-76.

[13]. Lucchese, A., Bondemark, L., 2021, The influence of orthodontic treatment on oral microbiology. Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Movement, 139-158.

[14]. Raghavan, S., Abu Alhaija, E. S., Duggal, M. S., Narasimhan, S., Al-Maweri, S. A., 2023, White spot lesions, plaque accumulation and salivary caries-associated bacteria in clear aligners compared to fixed orthodontic treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health, 23(1), 599.

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Abstract:

A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high is described as hypertension. Usually, hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 and is considered severe if the pressure is 180/120 mmHg. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) dietary pattern emphasizes fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products, and reduced sodium intake. A quantitative descriptive research approach was used after obtaining permission from the investigator. Sixty samples were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The samples who met the inclusion criteria at the community area were recruited. The investigator introduced and explained the purpose of the study to participants and obtained informed consent. The post-test scores of knowledge and practices were highly significant when compared to pretest scores using the paired t-test. Thus, the present study shows that the IEC material was effective in improving the knowledge and practices on dietary management of hypertension significantly among patients with hypertensive clients. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet research showed that it could lower blood pressure as well as the first-line blood pressure medication, even with a sodium intake of 3300 mg per day. Since then, numerous studies have shown that the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet reduces the risk of cancer, stroke, and heart disease, including heart failure, kidney stones, and other diseases. The DASH diet's ability to manage hypertension is profound.

References:

[1].  Juraschek, S. P., Miller, E. R., & Weaver C. M., 2020, Effects of sodium reduction on energy, metabolism, weight, thirst, and urine volume: results from the DASH-sodium trial. Hypertension, 75(3), 723-729.

[2].  Kerley, C. P., 2019, Dietary patterns and components to prevent and treat heart failure: A comprehensive review of human studies. Nutrition Research Reviews, 32(1), 1-27.

[3].  Dominguez, L. J., & Barbagallo M., 2018, Nutritional prevention of cognitive decline and dementia. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 89(2), 276.

[4].  Kerley, C. P., 2018, A review of plant-based diets to prevent and treat heart failure. Cardiac Failure Review, 4(1), 54.

[5].  Saneei, P., et al. 2014, Influence of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 24(12), 1253-1261.

[6].  Ozemek, C., & Myers, J., 2018, The role of diet for prevention and management of hypertension. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 33(4), 388-393.

[7].  dos Reis Padilha, G., et al, 2018, Dietary patterns in secondary prevention of heart failure: A systematic review. Nutrients, 10(7), 828.

[8].  Urrico, P., & Iacobellis, G., 2018, Nonpharmacological interventions in the management of hypertension in the adult population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 42(2), 196-198.

[9].  Tyson, C. C., & Martin, D., 2012, The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating pattern in special populations. Current Hypertension Reports, 14, 388-396.

[10]. Soltani, S., et al., 2020, Adherence to the DASH diet in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutrition Journal, 19, 1-13.

[11]. Levitan E. B., et al., 2009, Relation of consistency with the DASH diet and incidence of heart failure in men aged 45 to 79 years. The American Journal of Cardiology, 104(10), 1416-1420.

[12]. Sanches Machado d’Almeida, K., 2018, Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns in primary prevention of heart failure and changes in cardiac function markers: a systematic review. Nutrients, 10(1), 58.

[13]. Scisney-Matlock, M., 2009, Strategies for implementing and sustaining therapeutic lifestyle changes as part of hypertension management in African Americans. Postgraduate Medicine, 121(3), 147-159.

[14]. Saneei, P., 2015, Adherence to the DASH diet and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Iranian women. European Journal of Nutrition, 54, 421-428.

[15]. Wang, T., 2018, Improving adherence to healthy dietary patterns, genetic risk, and long-term weight gain: gene-diet interaction analysis in two prospective cohort studies. BMJ, 360.

Abstract:

Cause of Male infertility is diagnosed at a later age unless a genito-urethral condition with detailed evaluation is required. Congenital developmental disorders remain hidden till it is surgically identified. In managing congenital conditions we could pick up developmental anomalies incidentally and end up charging diagnosis and management plan. A descriptive study of a boy of age 4 years reported with congenital hydrocele for which Herniotomy with eversion of the sac was done, upon which testicular epididymal disjunction was identified. The outcome of surgical correction and conservative management may vary with; diagnosing time, the extent of the pathology, and response to treatment. Considering Type IV epididymal disjunction present in, with inconclusive histological evidence of epididymal atresia, in the presence of normal karyotyping conservation long-term follow-up was chosen rather than the exploration of the disjunction given the risk of obstructive azoospermia. Wait and watch policy is better for type V epididymal disjunction rather than an aggressive surgical approach. Given androgenic development and the potential possibility of efficacious function in an individual of normal karyotyping.

References:

Abstract:

Background: The global scenario of Diabetes Mellitus is worsening every day irrespective of so many positive moves to mitigate it by WHO guided Health awareness programs and treatment protocols. Even now health professionals are engaged in managing its complications rather than treatment as such. A major portion of sufferers of this deadly disease need attention to reduce the sequelae of insulin insensitivity or insulin resistance like dysfunction in lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism. To achieve the same, it is unavoidable to increase the pill count. Most of the drugs can’t be boxed into fixed-dose combinations. Choosing a drug with a pleiotropic effect for a disease is the need of the hour. Both study drugs are known for their pleiotropic effects. The study drug used is metformin higher dose of 850 mg twice daily against teneligliptin (DPP4 Inhibitor) 20 mg once daily with metformin 500mg twice daily combination. This study was conducted to find which antidiabetic can better act as hypolipidemic as well. Method: The study tenure was from May 2020 – October 2020, a total of 6 months. Overall, one hundred and sixty patients were assessed; among them hundred members were selected and ninety-one completed the study. The members were included as per the inclusion criteria. Research significance: This study aims to explore the synergistic effects of combining Teneligliptin 20 mg once daily with Metformin 500 mg twice daily on lipid profile improvement in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). While Metformin is a well-established first-line treatment, its efficacy at higher doses may come with increased side effects. By integrating Teneligliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, with Metformin at a moderate dose, we hypothesize that this combination will not only provide effective glycemic control but also offer superior lipid profile management. The findings could suggest a more effective and safer therapeutic strategy, reducing the need for higher Metformin doses and minimizing associated risks. Therefore, the combination of Teneligliptin with Metformin is a promising therapeutic approach for T2DM management.

References:

Abstract:

The inferior border of the medial pterygoid plate extends to form the pterygoid hamulus (PH). The PH's length and location are crucial for these functions. The PH’s morphology helps in interpreting the imaging and also provides information regarding anatomical determinants to limit the posterolateral borders of maxillary complete dentures. This can also aid in gender identification in forensic situations. This study analyzed 80 CBCT scans from 40 male and 40 female patients (ages 25–67, median 38). Significant differences were found in pterygoid hamulus length between sexes: males had longer hamuli on both the right (8.840±0.299 mm vs. 7.940±0.349 mm, P=0.000) and left sides (7.899±0.419 mm vs. 7.277±0.271 mm, P=0.002). However, no significant differences in hamulus width were observed between males and females. These findings suggest length variations could be useful in clinical and anthropological contexts. Dimensions of pterygoid hamulus in completely edentulous patients will aid the clinician in precisely recording the posterolateral borders of maxillary dentures; this can also aid in gender determination in fragmented skulls in forensic applications.

References:

Abstract:

The escalating prevalence of diabetes mellitus on a global scale has spurred an urgent need for innovative and effective therapeutic interventions, Nelumbo nucifera, commonly known as the sacred lotus, has been revered for centuries in various cultures for its symbolic significance and aesthetic appeal. Beyond its cultural importance, various parts of the Nelumbo nucifera plant, including its seeds, leaves, and rhizomes, are rich repositories of bioactive compounds. These compounds, ranging from alkaloids and flavonoids to polysaccharides, exhibit diverse pharmacological activities and its been a subject of interest for researchers due to their rich phytochemical composition. Among its various bioactive properties, the alpha-glucosidase and amylase inhibition capabilities stand out for their potential in managing diabetes mellitus. These enzymes play crucial roles in carbohydrate metabolism, and their inhibition can effectively control postprandial hyperglycemia, a critical aspect of diabetes management This study is done using different concentrations of samples and standard drugs showing amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition properties and analysed and calculated using percentage inhibition formula and it showed the percentage of alpha amylase inhibition by standard concentration 400ug is 53.3 % and sample 500ug is 50%, The percentage inhibition of concentration alpha glucosidase inhibition for standard concentration 400ug is 72.2% and sample 500ug is 71.4%. The study concluded that Nelumbo nucifera possesses both alpha-glucosidase and amylase inhibition properties and is a good natural source of remedy for diabetes, that can be combined with other drugs.

References: