Abstract:

Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) is a technique used in reconstructive dentistry to address small defects around dental implants and to facilitate bone regeneration in alveolar defects. It involves the use of bone grafts and barrier membranes to promote the selective growth of bone tissue while preventing soft tissue infiltration. Surface structural morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed notable differences between the fabricated membrane samples. A comparative assessment indicated an increase in both porosity and nanofiber size upon the addition of strontium nanoparticles. This alteration was further corroborated by the observed decrease in hydrophilicity, as evidenced by an increase in the contact angle from the typical 30 degrees to 58.7 degrees. Our study offers a promising avenue for advancing guided bone regeneration through the development of PVA-TCP membranes tailored with quercetin and strontium.

References:

Abstract:

Rare is the obturator hernia. It happens when the content of the pelvic cavity herniates through the obturator foramen. In the emergency room, it might be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms and signs are vague. It frequently affects old, malnourished, and sickly women. Intestinal obstruction accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort is the clinical presentation. Surgery is the gold standard of management. The high morbidity and mortality associated with this condition is due to its relatively late presentation because of its non-specific symptomatology. We report the case of an 82-year-old woman with a strangulated left obturator hernia with intestinal obstruction and septic shock. The hernia was diagnosed by an ultrasound of the abdomen which revealed evidence of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity with dilated fluid filled small bowel loops & left pelvic area showed small bowel loops located deep to the obturator muscles. Emergency laparotomy was performed by lower midline approach. We emphasize on the rule of ultrasound to establish a prompt preoperative diagnosis of a strangulated left obturator hernia, appropriate planning of surgical intervention and thus optimizing the outcome. This study aimed to present a case of strangulated left obturator hernia with intestinal obstruction and septic shock.

References:

Abstract:

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is a head and neck cancer that has a detrimental impact on patients' quality of life. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are standard treatment procedures that often have adverse effects and are limited in effectiveness, necessitating the quest for other therapeutic techniques.Galium aparine, a phytochemical, is currently acknowledged as a potentially effective treatment for OSCC. According to the literature, Galium aparine has a wide range of chemical elements, including flavonoids like quercetin and rutin, iridoids like asperuloside and aucubin, and phenolic acids like chlorogenic and caffeic acids. These chemicals have antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties, which make Galium aparine a potential natural treatment for OSCC.Preliminary investigations demonstrate its ability to inhibit cancer cell development in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis and/or regulating immune responses. Furthermore, G.aparine extracts have been employed as hepatoprotective agents in a variety of malignancies, including breast carcinoma and melanoma.As a result of Galium aparineextracts’s proven antioxidant and anti-cancer properties in cancerous tissues elsewhere in the body, we have finally concluded that it might possess similar properties in OSCC. To fully understand its modes of action and possible impact on improving outcomes for patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma, more investigation and clinical trials are needed.This paper provides an overview of Galium aparine's biological activities, composition, and role as a powerful anti-cancer agent, as well as potential future research directions.

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Abstract:

Oral cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of death globally, being more prevalent in developing countries. Radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, hormone-based therapies, and surgery are common treatment plans for oral cancer that lead to a range of short- and long-term side effects resulting in an urgent need to develop treatment options with minimal or no adverse effects. Recently, numerous bioactive compounds derived from various plants have garnered attention as potential therapeutic options for cancer treatment.Thuja occidentalis, also known as Eastern White Cedar, has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties. The components of this plant like thujone, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, have demonstrated significant pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. These compounds work through various mechanisms, such as promoting apoptosis, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing the immune response. There is no literature available assessing the role of T.occidentalis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and the current article will be a novel overview discussing its pharmacological properties and its potential role in the treatment of OSCC. However, further research is needed to understand the precise molecular mechanisms, optimal dosage, and evaluate the synergistic effects with conventional cancer therapies.

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[40] Manchery, N., John, J., Nagappan, N., Subbiah, G.K. and Premnath, P., 2019. Remineralization potential of dentifrice containing nanohydroxyapatite on artificial carious lesions of enamel: A comparative: in vitro: study. Dental research journal, 16(5), pp.310-317.

Abstract:

Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a flavonoid is present in berries and has anti-obesity properties. Understanding the mechanisms underlying its effects on metabolic pathways linked to obesity is vital to its therapeutic use. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of C3G with key metabolic proteins, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1), and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), using in-silico methods. This in-silico study investigated C3G's binding affinities to AMPK, AdipoR1, and PGC1α using molecular docking simulations. Protein structures were created with Discovery Studio Visualizer 2020 and acquired from the Protein Data Bank. Using AutoDock 1.5.7, C3G was extracted from PubChem, its energy was reduced, and it was docked to the protein targets. Analysis was done on the root mean square deviation (RMSD) values, interaction types, and binding affinities. C3G had docking scores of -7.3, -7.3, and -7.8 kcal/mol for AMPK, AdipoR1, and PGC1α, respectively, indicating strong binding affinities. Pi-anion, pi-alkyl, and hydrogen bonding were all engaged in the interactions. Stable binding conformations were indicated by low RMSD values, indicating that C3G may influence energy management and lipid metabolism. The potential of C3G as an anti-obesity drug was suggested by its remarkable binding affinities with important metabolic proteins. Additional in vitro and in vivo investigations are required to confirm these results and investigate the potential therapeutic uses of C3G.

References:

Abstract:

Lichen Planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by T-cell-mediated immune responses, primarily affecting the skin and oral mucosa. The inflammatory marker CD64, which is expressed on neutrophils in response to inflammation, has demonstrated promise as a biomarker in several inflammatory disorders; however, its function in LP and its applicability for diagnosis and prognosis remain unknown. This study aims to evaluate systemic inflammation of LP patients using neutrophil CD64 as a potential biomarker. A total of five patients with LP diagnoses and five healthy controls were included in this study. nCD64 expression was measured by flow cytometric analysis from the peripheral blood samples of patients and healthy controls. The mean fluorescence intensity of nCD64 was noted and the data of patients and healthy controls were compared. A robust systemic inflammatory response was seen in LP patients, as evidenced by a substantially higher average nCD64 mean fluorescence intensity of 208.4 in comparison to 45.6 in healthy controls (p=0.05). Patients with LP exhibited a range of clinical features, including gingival desquamation, erosive lesions, and white striae. The clinical severity of LP lesions was correlated with the nCD64 mean fluorescence intensity whereas the severity of the disease was not correlated with the existing marker, erythrocyte sedimentation rate values. Thus nCD64 may be a useful biomarker for identifying systemic inflammation in patients with Lichen Planus and this may lead to better diagnosis and treatment in such patients. A large cohort study is warranted to confirm these preliminary findings.

References:

Abstract:

Over. 25% of the South Indian population is partial denture wearers. OHRQoL is crucial as it reflects the impact of oral health on daily functioning and overall well-being. This study investigates the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in removable partial denture (RPD) wearers in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14). 200 RPD wearers completed questionnaires on demographic characteristics and denture-related factors, alongside the OHIP-14 questionnaire through patient interviews. OHIP-14 was interpreted using both sum and prevalence measures. The mean OHIP-14 sum was 13.80 (SD 10.08), and OHIP-14 prevalence was 44.5%. The most problematic aspects identified were physical disability and physical pain, with 27% reporting meal interruptions and 24% experiencing eating discomfort. Significant associations were found between OHRQoL and factors such as self-reported oral health, frequency of denture cleaning, and denture usage patterns (hours worn during the day, while eating, and sleeping). The study concludes that the OHRQoL of the participants was generally suboptimal and closely linked to their oral health and denture maintenance habits. This underscores the importance of improving denture care and patient education to enhance OHRQoL in RPD wearers.

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Abstract:

The surface features of dental implants are critical to their effectiveness because they affect the osseointegration process and biological interactions. This paper examines the many approaches to surface characterization of dental implants with a focus on additive and subtractive methods. The efficiency of subtractive techniques, such as laser microtexturing, sandblasting, acid etching, and anodization, in enhancing surface roughness and biocompatibility is examined. By using these methods, microstructural characteristics that promote cell adhesion and quicken osseointegration can be produced. The potential of additive techniques, including coatings made of zirconia and hydroxyapatite or calcium phosphate, to improve bone integration and production, is investigated. The evaluation also emphasizes how various implant manufacturers apply surface changes and cutting-edge technologies, which are critical for maximizing implant longevity and performance. The use of nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, and zinc oxide in recent developments in implant surface coatings is highlighted because of their potential to improve bioactivity and address issues such peri-implantitis. Enhancing antibacterial qualities and bone healing with the addition of chitosan and copper and silver nanoparticles is a potential strategy. In summary, this research highlights the significance of accurate surface characterization and continuous technological progress in improving the longevity and efficacy of dental implants. Subsequent investigations ought to concentrate on enhancing these techniques and converting discoveries into better medical results.

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[64].  Manchery, N., John, J., Nagappan, N., Subbiah, G.K. and Premnath, P., 2019. Remineralization potential of dentifrice containing nanohydroxyapatite on artificial carious lesions of enamel: A comparative: in vitro: study. Dental research journal, 16(5), pp.310-317.

Abstract:

White spot lesions (WSL), most commonly associated with Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus are the routinely encountered, drawback in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy due to poor oral hygiene, plaque and biofilm adhesion and retention. Many approaches have been reported against WSL lesions, amid a surge in reports on their antimicrobial resistance. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate two such novel formulations, cysteine-rich crusting antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) and plant-derived nanoparticles (SA_NPs) for the inhibitory activity of dental microbes. CAMP and SA_NP were isolated and characterized, according to the protocol adopted from our previous work. Followingly, the antimicrobial activity was assessed by a well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In situ light microscopy analysis was used to evaluate their respective biofilm inhibition concentration (BIC). The results indicated a dose-dependent relation of CAMP and SA_NP. MIC of CAMP against S. mutans at 75 µg/ml was 17±0.4 mm and against L. acidophilus was 18±0.1mm, where MIC = 75 µg/ml for SA_NP, where in 17±0.1 mm zone of inhibition against S. mutans and 17±0.3 mm against L. acidophilus was noted. Maximum arrest/inhibition of biofilm growth for both S. mutans and L. acidophilus was observed at BIC= 75 μg for both CAMP and SA_NP. Therefore, newer approaches like the incorporation of green synthesized nanoparticles and curated peptide antimicrobials offer a new approach to treating microbial pathogens that are resistant to current treatment practices and for the treatment of pathogenic biofilms.

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Abstract:

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontal tissue caused by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Periodontitis eventually also leads to bone resorption. To treat it, biocompatible and wear resistant films/membranes have been introduced to enhance and boost the process of regeneration. Synthetic polymers are commonly used in tissue engineering as they have better mechanical characteristics. In this study, PVA nanofibers were incorporated with flavonoid doped silver oxide nanoparticles to facilitate bone regeneration and control infection and inflammation. The results indicated the successful formation of a membrane with nanofiber size of 100-150mm and pore size of 1-2 microns. The FTIR and XRD analysis proved the purity of the material. The contact angle test indicated the hydrophilicity of the membrane and the biocompatibility was found and confirmed by mtt assay and the osteoconductive ability of the membrane was observed. Hence this membrane proves to be successful in causing bone formation to a certain extent.

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Abstract:

This study investigates antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains in the salivary microbiome of patients with White Spot Lesions (WSL) using a metagenomic approach. The aim is to better understand microbial-host interactions in dental caries and bacterial diseases in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Saliva samples from three WSL patients were collected and analyzed for bacterial diversity, AMR, and metabolic profiling. Metagenomic sequencing identified Acetobacter and Lactobacillus species as predominant in the saliva of WSL patients, with variations in microbial diversity between samples. WSLMic3 had lower Acetobacter and higher Lactobacillus compared to WSLMic1 and WSLMic2. Additionally, ammonia-oxidizing (89.8%) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (85.4%) were the most prevalent. AMR was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, revealing the challenge of antibiotic resistance in managing oral conditions. DNA extraction was performed with the ZR Microbe DNA MiniPrep™ kit, followed by metagenomic analysis using the GAIA 2.0 workflow and GLE module for genus-level identification. Alpha and Beta diversity indices (Chao1, Shannon, Simpson) were calculated, and pathway-level metabolic profiling was predicted using Gene Ontology (GO) terms. This study highlights the importance of profiling pathogenic strains linked to WSL and the role of AMR in oral microbiota. Identifying these strains could aid in developing targeted therapies to manage WSL more effectively and address AMR challenges in orthodontic patients.

References:

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[32] Kavarthapu, A. and Malaiappan, S., 2019. Comparative evaluation of demineralized bone matrix and type II collagen membrane versus eggshell powder as a graft material and membrane in rat model. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 30(6), pp.877-880.

[33] Manchery, N., John, J., Nagappan, N., Subbiah, G.K. and Premnath, P., 2019. Remineralization potential of dentifrice containing nanohydroxyapatite on artificial carious lesions of enamel: A comparative: in vitro: study. Dental research journal, 16(5), pp. 310-317.

Abstract:

Bacterial biofilms and host immune responses combine intricately to cause periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that gradually destroys periodontal tissues. Here, notable changes in the subsets of lymphocytes were observed. The patient had increased counts of central memory T-helper cells and different B cell subsets, but significantly lower levels of both total T and B lymphocytes, with a drop in CD4+ T cells. This pattern points to a potential immunodeficiency that may worsen periodontitis by compromising the control of inflammation. A dysregulated immune response is additionally indicated by elevated pre- and post-germinal center B cell counts and naïve cytotoxic T cell counts, which may offset decreased T cell-mediated immunity. This study uses immunophenotyping by flow cytometry to obtain the patient's immunological profile and tried to find out any possible underlying immune dysfunctions in the context of severe recurrent periodontitis. The results underscore the plausible contribution of immunological dysfunction to the endurance and intensity of periodontitis and stress the necessity of tailored immunotherapies for enhanced management of persistent cases. The study's shortcomings, despite the thorough immunophenotyping, are that it only focused on one patient, who might not be a representative sample of the broader population, and it lacked longitudinal data to evaluate changes over time. The comprehensive immunological analysis that flows cytometry offers is where the strengths are. More extensive cohorts should be used in future studies to examine the effectiveness of immunomodulatory treatments in improving treatment outcomes for patients with severe periodontitis.

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Abstract:

This study aims to develop and characterize a hyaluronic acid/Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)/quercetin-doped magnesium membrane for Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR), targeting applications in periodontal and other biomedical fields. The goal is to create a biocompatible, hydrophilic membrane with enhanced properties suitable for promoting bone regeneration. A polymeric solution containing TCP, PVA, hyaluronic acid, and quercetin-doped magnesium nanoparticles was electrospun to create nanofibrous membranes. These membranes were analyzed using FTIR for chemical interactions, XRD for nanoparticle distribution, SEM for morphology, and water contact angle measurements for hydrophilicity. Cell viability was assessed with an MTT assay using Dental Pulp Stem Cells, and bone formation potential was evaluated using MG63 and osteoclast cells with Alizarin Red staining. The fabricated membranes demonstrated significant hydrophilicity, which is critical for GBR applications. SEM analysis revealed a nanofibrous structure with appropriate pore size, facilitating cell attachment and growth. The FTIR confirmed the expected chemical bonding, while XRD verified the incorporation of magnesium-doped nanoparticles. MTT assays showed high cell viability, indicating good biocompatibility. Furthermore, the bone formation assay confirmed the membrane’s potential to support osteogenesis. These findings suggest that the hyaluronic acid/TCP/quercetin-doped magnesium membranes developed in this study exhibit favorable properties for use in guided bone regeneration, offering promising potential for addressing the limitations of current periodontal treatments and improving patient outcomes.

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[24].  Kavarthapu, A. and Malaiappan, S., 2019. Comparative evaluation of demineralized bone matrix and type II collagen membrane versus eggshell powder as a graft material and membrane in rat model. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 30(6), pp.877-880.

[25].  Manchery, N., John, J., Nagappan, N., Subbiah, G.K. and Premnath, P., 2019. Remineralization potential of dentifrice containing nanohydroxyapatite on artificial carious lesions of enamel: A comparative: in vitro: study. Dental research journal, 16(5), pp.310-317.

Abstract:

Mirabegron, a β3-adrenoceptor agonist first developed for treating overactive bladder, has shown unexpected impacts on cancer and metabolic processes. Initially targeting the bladder's detrusor muscle, new research has revealed its potential in cancer therapy and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation. This work employs silico approaches to evaluate how Mirabegron impacts critical cellular pathways such as AMPK, mTOR, and UCP, which are important for cancer and metabolic regulation. Docking studies show that Mirabegron binds effectively to several targets, with high affinities indicating a meaningful interaction. Specifically, it binds to AMPK at -7.0 kcal/mol, mTOR at -5.4 kcal/mol, and UCP at -7.4 kcal/mol. These interactions contain key residues, indicating that Mirabegron's influence extends beyond its original usage, potentially affecting cancer progression and metabolism.

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[34].  Manchery, N., John, J., Nagappan, N., Subbiah, G.K. and Premnath, P., 2019. Remineralization potential of dentifrice containing nanohydroxyapatite on artificial carious lesions of enamel: A comparative: in vitro: study. Dental research journal, 16(5), pp.310-317.

Abstract:

Recent studies showed the role of adipokines, osteokines, and the pancreas plays in the development of diabetes. Numerous studies have conclusively demonstrated the importance of adiponectin, leptin, insulin, and osteocalcin in the regulation and metabolism of glucose. Along with other contributing variables, pro-inflammatory and/or oxidative stress mediators like TNF-alpha and IL-6 are one of several that significantly affect the pathogenesis of type II DM and the development of insulin resistance. For many years, it was believed that there was one pathway connecting the pancreas, adipose tissue, and bone. According to recent research that highlighted the importance of the connections between these organs, insulin resistance in adipose tissues is also thought to have a role in beta cell failure. However, there are still few conclusive studies demonstrating the relationship between adipose tissue, pancreas, bone and T2DM. Further research is required to evaluate the link between these organs and developing type 2 DM patients.

References: