Knowledge Attitude and Practices of Commercial Drivers towards HIV/AIDS and Prevention in OSE Local Government area ONDO State Nigeria

Download Article

DOI: 10.21522/TIJPH.2013.04.02.Art024

Authors : Ebenezer Obi Daniel

Abstract:

This descriptive survey study, which was carried out in Ose local government area of Ondo State, investigated the knowledge, attitude and practices of road transport workers towards the prevention of HIV/AIDS in Ose, Ondo state, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used as instrument. Summated scores was used to access respondents’ knowledge about HIV/AIDS, attitude towards HIV/AIDS prevention, practices towards HIV/AIDS prevention and knowledge about HIV/AIDS protective measures. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 17. Descriptive statistics of frequencies, tables, pie and bar charts were used to present the results. Chi square was used to determine the significant association between various socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of HIV/AIDS, practice towards prevention of HIV/AIDS and knowledge of HIV/AIDS protective measures among commercial drivers.

The results of the 150 participants study revealed that many of the commercial drivers are above 30 years old (52.4%). A considerable percentage of respondents have girlfriends (27.9%), engage in extramarital sex (54.1%), and visit sex workers more than twice per week (21.4%).This study equally revealed that considerable high percentage (40%) of the respondents have poor knowledge about HIV/AIDS, while the level of education, ethnic group and number of visits to sex workers have statistically significant association with their knowledge about HIV/AIDS. It was also revealed that 100% of commercial drivers have varying degrees of poor attitude towards HIV/AIDS prevention, coupled with 93% of varying degrees of poor practice of HIV/AIDS prevention and 77% of their varying degrees of poor knowledge of HIV/AIDS protective measures. Marital status, levels of education, ethnic group and extramarital sex were found to be significantly associated with the practice of commercial drivers towards HIV/AIDS prevention. Finally, this study also discovered that level of education and occasional extramarital sex has statistically significant association with the knowledge of commercial drivers about HIV/AIDS protective measures in Ose metropolis. Helpful recommendations on how to improve the situation were made and suggestions for further research were also given.

References:

[1.] Agha S. (2000): Potential for HIV Transmission among Truck Drivers in Pakistan. AIDS 20; 14 (15); 2404-6.

[2.] Berlier W, Bourlet T, Lawrence P, Hamzeh H, Lambert C, Genin C, Verrier B, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Pozzetto B, Delezay O. (2005). “Selective sequestration of X4 isolates by human genital epithelial cells: Implication for virus tropism selection process during sexual transmission of HIV”.J Med Virol 77: 465-474

[3.] Bwayo J, Plummer F, Omari M, Mutere A, Moses S, Ndinya-Achola J,Velentgas P, Kreis J. (1994) Human immunodeficiency virus infection in long-distance truck drivers in east Africa. Arch Intern Med 27; 154 (12); 1391-6.

[4.] Bygbjerg IC. (1983). AIDS in a Danish surgeon (Zaire, 1976). Lancet; 1:925

[5.] Carvel J. W. Injection abscess. Ugandan Medical Jounal 1983, 5, 16-20

[6.] Celentano D, Bond K, Lyles C, (2000) ncvPreventive intervention to reduce sexually transmitted infections: a field trial in the Royal Army. Arch Intern Med 160: 535-540.

[7.] Centre for Disease Control uptake. (1988). Serologic testing for anti-body to HIV. MMWR; 36:883-40

[8.] Chan, D. Kim, P. (1998). HIV entry and its inhibition. Cell 93: 681-684.

[9.] Chan, DC., Fass, D., Berger, JM., Kim, PS. (1997). Core Structure of gp41 from the HIV Envelope Glycoprotein (pdf). Cell 89: 263-273.

[10.] Chaudhary S. S., Nagargoje M. M, Kubde S. S, B hardway A. K and Singh R. (2002). Article on knowledge and attitude of autorichaw drivers about HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases by Lumenis Agra India utter Pradesh 282002.

[11.] Chaudhry M. A, Naeemm, Iqbal R, Shabbir (2005). Level of Awareness about HIV/AIDS among truck drivers and their attitude towards persons with AIDS. Gomal J. Medical Science. 3: 19-23.

[12.] Clavel F, Guetard, Brun-Vezinet F. (1986). Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West Africa patients with AIDS. Science; 233:343-6

[13.] Clevestig P, Maljkovic I, Casper C, Carlenor E, Lindgren S, Naver L, Bohlin AB, Fenyo EM, Leithner T, Ehrnst A. (2005). The X4 phenotype of HIV type 1 evolves from R5 in two children of mothers, carrying X4, and is not linked to transmission. AIDS Res Human Retroviruses 5: 371-378

[14.] Coakley, E., Petropoulos, C. J. and Whitcomb, J. M. (2005). Assessing chemokine Co-Receptor Usage in HIV. Current opinion infections disease 18: 9-15.

[15.] Cohen, D. (2001): The HIV epidemic and sustainable human development. November 26] [19 screens] Available from: URL: http://www.undp.org/hiv/publications/issues/english/issue29e.html)

[16.] Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Litman DR, Landau NR. (1996). Identification of a Major Co-Receptor for primary Isolates of HIV-1. Nature 381 : 661-666.

[17.] Desrosiers R.C. (1986). Origin of Human AIDS virus. Letter Nature, 319: 728.

[18.] Federal Republic of Nigeria (2012) 'Global AIDS Response Country Progress Report, Nigeria'

[19.] Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, Berger EA. (1996). HIV-1 entry Cofactor: Functional Cdna Clonning of a seven-Transmembrane, G Protein-coupled Receptor. Science 272: 872-877.

[20.] Froland S. S., Jenum P, Lindboe C. F., Wefring K. W., Linestad P. J and Bohmer T. (1988). HIV-1 infection in Norwegian family before 1970. The Lancet 1344-1345.

[21.] Gallo R (1987). The AIDS virus. Sci Am; 256:46-56.

[22.] Gawande AV, Vasudeo ND, Zodpey SP, Khandait DW (2000) Sexually transmitted infections in long distance truck drivers. J Commun dis 32(3); 212-5.

[23.] Health International: 1997.

[24.] Hubley J. (1995). The AIDS handbook. Second Edition, London. Macmillan

[25.] Hudson, C. P. (1996). AIDS in rural Africa: a paradigm for HIV-1 prevention. International Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS 7(4):236-43.

[26.] Ibe Sally N. O1, Nwoke, E. A1, Emerole, C. O1, Onyeocha, F.A1, Nwawume, I.C2, Nwaokoro, Joakin Chidozie1 (2014): Knowledge, attitude and perception of road transport workers to HIV/AIDS, STIs and condom use in southeast, Nigeria. American Journal of Science and Technology 2014; 1(2): 50-54

[27.] Interventions in developing countries.(2000) AIDS 14 (suppl 2): S68-S84.

[28.] Karen Mupemba (1999): The Zimbabwe HIV prevention program for truck drivers and commercial sex workers: a behaviour change intervention. Resistances to Behavioural Change to Reduce HIV/AIDS Infection, 1999, 133-137

[29.] Karlsson A., Parsmyr K, Aperia K, Sandstrom E, Fenyo EM, Albert J. (1994). MT-2 cell tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates as a marker for response to treatment and development of drug resistance. Journal of infections disease 170: 1367-1375.

[30.] Koenig R.E, Gautier T, Levy J. A. (1986). Unusual introfamilial transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus. Lancet 2: 627.

[31.] KOLATA, Gina (28 October 1987) Boy’

[32.] Lacerda R, Gravato N, McFarland W, Rutherford G, Iskrant K, Stall R, Hearst N. (1997) Truck drivers in Brazil: prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, risk behavior and potential for spread of infection. AIDS 11 Suppl 1:S15-9.

[33.] Lievefranses, Johannes VanDam and Peter Piot (1991), Health Policies for controlling AIDS and STIs in developing countries. Health Policy and planning 6(2) 148-156.

[34.] Maradzika, J., S. Rusakaniko and S. Siziya. (1995): A report on the AIDS KABP baseline surveycarried out among the transport workers and the commercial sex workers in Zimbabwe. University of Zimbabwe Department of Community Medicine, Harare (unpublished report).

[35.] Merson MH, Dayton JM, O'Reilly K. (2000): Effectiveness of HIV prevention

[36.] Moore JP. (1997). Coreceptors: implications for HIV pathogenesis and therapy. Science276: 51-52.

[37.] Morisky, DE, Ang, A, Sneed, CD (2002) Validating the Effects of Social Desirability on Self-Reported Condom Use Behavior among Commercial Sex Workers. AIDS Education and Prevention, 14:351-360.

[38.] Morisky, DE, Pena, M, Tiglao, TV, Liu, KY (2002): The Impact of the Work Establishment on Condom Use among Female Bar Workers in the Philippines.Health Education and Behavior, 29, 461-472.

[39.] Morisky, Donald E (2008): HIV/AIDS Prevention among The Male Population: Results of a Peer-Education Program For Taxicab and Tricycle Drivers in the Philippines. UCLA

[40.] Muciaccia B, Padula F, Vicini E, Gandini L, Lenzi A, Stefanini M. (2005). Beta-chemokine Receptors 5 and 3 are expressed on the head region of human spermatozoon. FASEB Journal 19: 2048-2050.

[41.] Mukodzani, L., K. Mupemba and J. Marck. (1999): All roads lead to Harare: the response of the Zimbabwe transport industry to HIV/AIDS. Pp. 131-138 in The Continuing African HIV/AIDS Epidemic, ed. I.O. Orubuloye, J. C. Caldwell and J.P.M. Ntozi. Canberra: Australian National University

[42.] Nahmias AJ, Weiss J, Yao X, (1959). Evidence for Human infection with HTLV-III/LAV-like virus in central Africa. Lancet; 1:1279-80

[43.] National Agency for the Control of AIDS (2010). National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan 2010-15. 1-45.

[44.] National Institute of Health. Crystal Structure of Key HIV Protein Reveals New Prevention, Treatment Targets, June 17, 1998. Retrieved on 2014-11-10

[45.] New Era, Family Health International. An Evaluation of International Interventions Targeted to Commerical Sex Workers and Sex Clients on the Land Transportation Routes from Janapur and Birgunj to Naubise. Kathmandu: Family

[46.] Niraula S. R., JhaN, Mishra RN and Singh S. P (2003). Awareness and risk taking behaviours regarding sexually transmitted diseases among long distance drivers in a township of Dhran. Nepal Indian 34: 129-138.

[47.] Park, K. (2007). Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine (19th Ed.). M/s Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers. Jabalpur India. 278-296.

[48.] Peter R.L. (2002). Reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV in poor countries, (Clinical review). Br. Med. J; 324:207-213.

[49.] Podhisita, C., M. J. Wawer, A. Pramualratana, U. Kanungsukkasem and R. McNamara. (1996): Multiple sexual partners and condom use among long-distance truck drivers in Thailand. Aids Education and Prevention 8, 6:490-498.

[50.] Rao KS, Pilli RD, Rao AD, Chalam PS. Sexual lifestyle of long distance lorry drivers in India: questionnaire survey. BMJ 16: 318(7177); 162-3, 1999.

[51.] Saxinger WC, Levine PHY, Dean A. (1985). Evidence for exposure to HTLV-III in Uganda before 1973. Science; 227:1036-8

[52.] Sibanda, A., J. Murombedzi and M. Tawanda. (1997). Sexual behaviour among transport workers: a study of National Employment Council for the Transport Operating Industry (NECTOI) drivers and assistants, and commercial sex workers. Tropang Consultancy Services (Pvt) Ltd, Harare (unpublished report).

[53.] Society for Family Health and Action Aid International, Nigeria, (2006). Peer Education Plus: Introduction Module for Transport Workers HIV Intervention; Heinemann Educational Books Nigeria Plc, Ibadan.

[54.] Spradley, B.W. and Allender, J.A. (1996). Community Health Nursing: Concepts and Practice (4th Ed.) Lippincott Philadelphia New York. 510-516.

[55.] Stratford D, Ellerbrock TV, Akins JK, Hall HL (2000) “Highway cowboys, old hands, and Christian truckers; risk behavior for human immunodeficiency virus infection among long-haul truckers in Florida,” Social Science and Medicine 50(5); 737-749.

[56.] Tang, J. and Kaslow, R. A. (2003). The Impact of Host Genetics on HIV Infection and Disease Progression in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDs 17: S51-S60.

[57.] UNDP (2006) 'Human Development Report: Beyond scarcity- Power, poverty and the global water crises.

[58.] UNDP (2013) 'Human Development Report 2013:The Rise of the South-Human Progress in a Diverse World'

[59.] United Nation AIDS (2012). ‘Global Report: Annexes'

[60.] United Nations General Assembly Session (UNGAS) on HIV/AIDS (2001): DECLARATION ON COMMITMENT ON HIV/AIDS “Global Crisis- Global Action

[61.] Wilson, D., A. Sibanda, B. Nyathi, N. Lamson and T. Sibanda. 1994. Ethnographic and quantitative research to design a community intervention among long-distance truck drivers in Zimbabwe. Pp. 99-108 in Focusing Interventions among Vulnerable Groups for HIV Infection:

[62.] Wong, K.H., Lee, S.S., Lo, Y.C. & Lo, K.K. Condom use among female commercial sex workers and male clients in Hong Kong. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 5, 287-289, 1994.

[63.] World Bank, (2009). Transport against HIV/AIDS:Synthesis of Experience and Best Practice Guidelines.

[64.] Wyatt R, Sodroski J. (1998). The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens. Science 280: 1884-1888.

[65.] Zheng, Y. H., Lovsin, N. and Peter Lin, B. M. (2005). Newly Identified host factors modulate HIV replication. Immunol. Letter 97: 225-234.

[66.] Zhu T, Wang N., Carr A, Nam DS, Moor-Jankowski R, Cooper DA, Ho DD. (1996). Genetic Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in blood and genital secretions: evidence for viral compartmentalization and selection during sexual transmission. Journal of Virol 70: 3098-3107.

[67.] Zhu, Tuofu and Nahinias (1998). An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implication for the origin of the Epidemic Nature: 391: 594-597.