Modern Movement and the Debates of Tradition and Modernity in Iran
Abstract:
This article considers and analyses the
historical events of 200 years (i.e., 1779–1978) and two dynasties: the Qajar and
the Pahlavi in Iran. Arguments proceed chronologically. The main intentions of the
leaders of the modern movement, social modifications and related criticisms are
analysed.
From a historical point of view, this
article explores the history of the modern movement and the debates around modernity
in Iran. From an analytical point of view, this article considers the background
of Iranian criticism against Westernisation and analysed the situation that led
to raising the debate on modernity.
Criticisms against modernity are considered
in this essay. In addition to eco-social changes, it explores criticisms about modernity
in different fields such as philosophy and literature. This essay also highlights
that from a philosophical point of view Gnosticism became important as an alternative
to Westernism. In this respect, the perspective of Nasr, an avant-garde scholar,
is outlined.
References:
[1].
Abrahamian, Ervand. A
History of Modern Iran. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2008.
[2].
Adamiyat, Freydon. Amir Kabir Va Iran (Amir Kabir and Iran).
Tehran: Amirkabir, 1975.
[3].
Ahmad, Jalal Al. Gharbzadegi (Westernisation). Tehran: Jamedaran,
1986.
[4]. Amin,
Banani. The Modernization of Iran,1921-1941. Standford: Standford University Press,
1961.
[5].
Anisi, Alireza. “Early Islamic Architecture in Iran (637-1059).”
PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007.
[6].
Arjmandi, Mahmod. “Akhbar.” Art and Architecture, 10–11 (1971):
104–09.
[7]. “Talashhaye Omrani Bank Rahni Iran.” Art and Architecture
10–11 (1971): 109–125.
[8]. Asfour,
Khaled. “Cultural Crisis.” The Architectural Review 203, no. 1213 (1998): 52-60.
[9].
Avanessian, Vartan. “Masael Marbot Be Memari Dar Iran.” (Issues
About Architecture in Iran) Architect, 1 (1961): 4–9.
[10]. “Memari Iran Dar Dorahi Sabk Meli Va Jadid.” Art and Architecture,
1 (1969): 30–39.
[12].
Azghadi, Seyyed Alireza. Tarikh Tahavolat Siasi Va Ejtemaei
Iran (The History of Political and Social Modifications in Iran). Tehran: Samt,
2004.
[13].
Bavar, Cyrus. “Darmored Memari.” Art and Architecture, 2 (1969):
31–32.
[15].
Borujerdi, Mehrzad. Roshanfekran Irani Va Gharb (Iranian and
Western Intellectuals). Translated by Jamshid Shirazi. Tehran: Farzan Rooz, 2005.
[16].
Daftari, Freshteh, and Layla S. Diba. Iran Modern. New York:
Asia Society Museum, 2013
[17].
Dehkhoda, Aliakbar. Dictionary, vol. 31, Tehran: Tehran University
1970.
[18].
Derakhshani, Farrokh. “Iran in the Regional Context.” AD: Iran:
Past, Present and Future (April 2012).
[19].
Diba, Kamran. Building and Projects. Hatje: Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt,
1981.
[20]. ———. ‘shushtar
New Town, Iran.” Mimar: Architecture in Development no. 17 (1985): 49-53.
[21].
Eshragh, Abdolhamid. “Tarh Jame Shahr Tehra.” (Tehran Master
Plan) Art and Architecture 5 (1970): 6–90.
[22].
Etesam, Iraj, and Hassanali Poormand. Memari Moaser Iran, 75
Sal Tajrobe Banahaye Omomi (Contemporary Architecture; 75 Years Experience in Public
Buildings). Tehran: Payam Sima, 2010.
[23].
Falamaki, Mansour. Sheklgiri Memari Dar Tajarat Iran Va Gharb
(Creating Architecture in Iran and West Trading). Tehran: Paykan, 1992.
[24].
Farahi, Farshad. “World of Similitude: The Metamorphosis of
Iranian Architecture 52.” AD: Iran: Past, Present and Future (April 2012): 52-61.
[25].
Feysi, Mohsen, and Mahdi Khak Zand. Tajziye va Tahlil Dah Asar
az Memari Moaser Iran (Iranian Contemporary Architecture: Analysing 10 Projects).
Tehran: Matin, 2010.
[26].
Ghahi Bolkhari, Hassan. “sheikh Akbar and Sheikh Ahmad.” Andishe
Dini 17 2005.
[27].
Ghobadian, Vahid. Sabk Shenasi Va Memari Nazari Dar Memari
Moaser Iran (Styles and Concepts in Iranian Contemporary Architecture). Tehran:
Elmememar, 2013.
[28].
Habibi, Sayyed Mohsen. Sharh Jaryanhaye Fekri Memari Va Shahrsazi
Dar Iran Moaser (Intellectual Trends in the Contemporary Iranian Architecture and
Urbanism). Tehran: Cultural Research Bureau, 2010.
[29].
Issawi, Charles. “The Iranian Economy 1925-1975: Fifty Years
of Economic Development.” In Iran under the Pahlavis, edited by george Lenczowski,
130-66. standford, CA: Hoover Institution Publication 1978.
[30].
Ivanove, Mikhaeil. New History of Iran. Translated by Hoshang
Tizabi. Tehran: Eslouj, 1977.
[32].
Katozian, Mohammadali. “Dolat Va Jame Dar Doran Reza Shah.”
(Society and Government in Reza Shah Period) In Dictated Modernity edited by Toraj
Atabaki, 23–64. Tehran: Ghoghnous, 2006.
[33]. Eghtesad
Siasei Iran (Political Economy of Iran). Tehran: Papirous, 2006.
[34]. Khosravi, Hamed,
“Politics of DeMonst(e)ration,” Tehran Projects 6 (2013): 1-10.
[35].
Kianei, Mostafa. Memari Dore Aval Pahlavi (Architecture of
Fisrt Pahlavi Era). Tehran: Institute of Study for Contemporary History of Iran,
2004.
[36].
Laylaz, Said. Moje Dovom: Tajadodsazie Amerane (Second Wave:
Dictated Modernity). Tehran: Nilofar, 2013.
[37].
Masud, Amir Bani. Iranian Contemporary Architecture. Tehran:
Honare Memari, 2009.
[38].
Memari Moaser Iran, Takapoei Beyn Sonat Va Modernite (Iranian
Contemporary Architecture: An Inquiry into Tradition and Modernity). Tehran: Honare
Memari, 2009.
[39].
Mokhtari, Eskandar. Miras Memari Modern Iran (the Heritage
of Modern Architecture of Iran). Tehran Daftar Pajoheshhaye Farhangi, 2011.
[40].
Mozaffari, Ali. “Inscribing a Homeland: Iranian Identity and
The Pre-Islamic and Islamic Collective Imaginations of Place.” PhD thesis, University
of Western Australia, 2010.
[41].
Nadoshan, “Mohammadali Islami. Bar Iran Chegozasht? Edare Iran
Ba Farhang Gheyre Irani.” (What Did Happen for Iran?) Etelaat, 29 Januarary, 1978.
[42].
Naghsh, Moshaver. Naghd Ashari Az Memari Moaser Iran (Criticizing
Iranian Contemporary Architecture). Tehran: Vezarat Maskan va Shahrsazi, 2007.
[43].
Naraghi, Ehsan. Anche Khod Dasht (What He Had). Tehran: Amirkabir,
1976.
[44].
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological
Doctrines: Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for its Study by the Ikhwān al-Ṣafā”,
al-Bīrūni, and Ibn Sīnā. London: Thames and Hudson, 1978.
[45].
Introduction to Islamic Patterns: An Analytical and Cosmological
Approach, by Keith Critchlow. New York: Schocken Books, 1976).
[46].
Introduction to The Sense of Unity: The Sufi Tradition
in Persian Architecture, by Nader Ardalan and Laleh Bakhtiar. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1973.
[47].
Islam and the Plight of Modern Man. Kazi Publications,
2001.
[48]. Islam in the Modern World : Challenged by the West, Threatened
by Fundamentalism, Keeping Faith with Tradition. New York HarperOne, 2010.
[49]. “Islam, Muslims, and Modern Technology.” Islam & Science,
no. 12 (2005): 109-18.
[50]. Man and Nature: The Spiritual Crisis of Modern Man. Unwin
Paperbacks, 1968.
[51].
Science and Civilization
in Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.
[52]. Sufi Essays.London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1972.
[53].Three Muslim Sages: Avicenna, Suhrawardī, Ibn ʻArabī.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964.
[54]. Traditional Islam in the Modern World. New York: Chapman
and Hall, 1990.
[55]. "The Principles of Islamic Architecture and Contemporary
Urban Problems." Arts & the Islamic World (1985): 33-6.
[56]. “Who Is Man? The Perennial Aswer of Islam.” In The Sword
of Gnosis edited by J Needleman, 203-17: Penguin Books Inc, 1974.
[57].
Navai, Kambiz. “An Architectural Analysis: The Museum of Contemporary
Art, Tehran, Iran.” International Journal of Architectural Research 4(1) (March
2010): 194–207.
[58].
Orcad, Bernnand. ‘Shahrsazi Va Bohran Shahri Da Ahd Mohammadreza
Pahlavi.” (Urbanisation and Urban Crisis in Mohamadreza’s Period) In Tehran Paytakht
Devist Sale, edited by Shahriar Adl and Bernnad Orcad, 231–248. Tehran: Sazman Moshaver
Fani va Mohandesi Shahr Tehran, 1996.
[59].
Pakdaman, Behroz. “Negahi Kotah Bar Shiveha Va Gerayeshhaye
Memari Dar Tehran.” (Review of Architecture Styles in Tehran) In Ketab Tehran, 52–80.
Tehran: Roshangaran, 1994.
[60]. Pope,
Arthur. A Survey of Persian Art. London: Oxford University Press, 1930.
[61].
Rajaee, Farhang. Islamism and Modernism, the Changing Discourse
in Iran. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007.
[62].
Safardost, Ahmad. Dar Jostejoye Hoviyat Shahri Rasht (Searching
for Identity of Rasht). Tehran: Sazaman Omran va Nosazi Shahr Tehran, 2005.
[63].
Sani, Rafooneh Mokhtarshahi. “A Conceptual Undrestanding for
Teaching the History of Islamic Architecture: An Iranian (Persian) Perspective.”
Archnet IJAR 3, no. 1 (2009): 233-44.
[64].
Satari, Jalal. Derbi Dolat Farhangi, Negahi Be Barkhi Takhavolat
Farhangi Va Honari Dar Bazpasin Salhaye Nezampishin. Tehran: Markaz, 2000.
[65].
Sedigh, Isa. Cultural History of Iran: From Beginning until
Present. Tehran: Tehran University, 1975.
[66].
Seyhoun, Houshang. “Mosahebe Ba Seyhoun.” (Interview with Sayhon)
Bank Sakhtemani, no. 1 (1961): 10–13.
[68]. Shakur,
Tasleem. “East Goes West.” Mimar, no. 40 (1990): 30.
[69]. Shaygan,
Daryoush. Asia Dar Barabar Gharb (Asia against West). Tehran: Amirkabir, 1999.
[70]. Smith,
Wilfred Cantwell. Islam in Modern History. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1957.
[71].
Soroush, Abdolkarim. Bigger Than Ideology. Tehran: Serat, 1996.
[72].
Ghomar Asheghane. Tehran: Serat, 1989.
[73].
Willer, Ponald N. Iran, Past and Present. Princeton, Nj: Princeton
University Press, 1981.
