Abstract:

References:

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Abstract:

This paper provides an empirical analysis of Financial fraud from NGOs in Uganda. Financial fraud was measured using assets misrepresentation, fraudulent statements and corruption. The study anchored on fraud triangle and fraud diamond theories. The population was 1,264 NGOs in central region with valid permits. The study used primary data collected from 302 NGOs out of 304. A cross sectional descriptive design was used in the study while data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The study finds that; the key enabler of financial fraud is opportunity, area most prone to financial fraud is corruption while financial fraud could be managed through prevention. The study recommends that; ethical values, statements and standards be developed and made available to NGOs stakeholders while policies on kickbacks should be developed. Pre-employment check should continue as a preventive measure. It is further recommended that this study be done for public organisations within the same area to have a full understanding of the nature of financial fraud in central Uganda. The same should be replicated in other regions of Uganda. While the prevention strategy of financial fraud is the most effective, there are other areas where opportunities to commit financial fraud exist and the attention of both development partners and NGOs should focus on them.

Keywords: Financial Fraud, Enablers, Management, Uganda.

References:

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Woods, D. (2011). Fraud in business - especially amongst senior management - is on the increase.

Abstract:

Despite the growing acceptance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) in the world, homosexuality in Ghana is illegal. LGBTs in Ghana are subjected to myriads of discrimination and abuses. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact discrimination and abuses faced by the LGBTs have on their mental and general health conditions. A total of 494 self-identified LGBTs, recruited via non-probability sampling technique of snow-ball participated in the study. The survey included four categories of survey items: demographic information, forms of discrimination and abuses, general health, and mental health. The findings of the study indicated that the major forms of discrimination and abuses faced by the LGBTs are of legal, social and employment forms. The findings of the study revealed that LGBT individuals in Ghana experience somatization, depression, and anxiety several days. On the contrary, a significant proportion 218(48.3%) of the LGBTs considered themselves to be in good general health condition. A simple linear regression analysis performed to examine the impact the discrimination and abuses faced by the LGBTs have on their mental and general health conditions revealed that the legal, employment, and family discrimination and abuses faced by the LGBTs have a detrimental effect on the psychological distress of anxiety, somatization, and depression of the LGBTs. It is recommended that policies and laws against LGBTs in Ghana be changed to allow for their acceptance, otherwise LGBTs in Ghana will continue to experience discriminations and abuses which will have negative effects on their mental and general health.

Keywords: Homosexuality, sexual orientation, discrimination, abuses, LGBTs, Ghana.

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Abstract:

Introduction: Knowledge about teaching mathematics remains a contentious issue in the preparation of pre-service teachers. This study assessed factors influencing pre-service teachers’ mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) mathematics in Ghanaian basic schools.

Methods: The cross-sectional survey design was adopted for this study. A total of 998 pre-service teachers from ten (10) public colleges of education were sampled via multi-stage sampling technique for the study. Structured questionnaire and unstructured observation schedule were used to conduct the survey. Secondary data was also collected in the form of mathematics test results. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 was used to analyse the data using descriptive statistics (frequency count, percentage) and inferential statistics (Pearson’s correlation, multiple regression, exploratory factor analysis).

Results: The study revealed that many pre-service teachers in Ghanaian public colleges of education had weak mathematics content knowledge. The following factors influenced MKT of the pre-service teachers: gender, ways of imparting mathematics knowledge, perception about mathematics as a subject, perception about mathematics teaching and learning and attitudes towards mathematics (p < .05).

Conclusions: This study exploring the factors that influence pre-service teachers’ MKT suggests that, to be able to build effective mathematics teacher base in any basic school, there must be effective training on factors like gender, perception, and attitude. There is therefore the need for the National Council for Tertiary Education to emphasis on factors that influence MKT besides the content of the college of education mathematics curriculum.

Keywords: Colleges of education, mathematical knowledge for teaching, pre-service teachers.

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Abstract:

The main focus of the study is to investigate the influence of students’ socio-economic background, parental involvement and teacher’s attitude on their achievement in English in the senior high schools in West Akim Municipality. The study also investigated the cumulative effect of the three factors on students’ achievement in the English language. Three research questions guided the study. Ex-post factor research design was adopted for the study. A total of 100 students were selected by means of simple random sampling technique while four schools in the municipal were selected via stratified sampling technique. Questionnaire was the major instrument data collection. Quantitative paradigm was employed for data analysis which involved the use of descriptive (percentages and frequencies) and inferential statistics of which tables were used to highlight the objectives of the study. Based on the investigative study conducted, it was discovered that Findings of the study revealed that socio-economic background, parental involvement and teachers’ attitude are very important factors in determining students’ achievement in core subjects such as the English language. Additionally, findings reveal that teachers’ attitude is one most important factor instrumental to students’ achievement in the English language. This means students’ academic issues are not the only factors predictive of students’ achievement in the English language.

Keywords: Socio-economic, achievement, background, municipality, influence.

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Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to analyze the causes of ocular defect in a teaching hospital in Ghana and ascertain patients’ satisfaction of its treatment. A retrospective cohort data of ocular defect cases which were reported and treated in the department over a 5-month period (January to May 2015) were purposively selected. From a sample of 248 participants findings from the study revealed a predominance of males being affected with ocular defects. It was also observed from the study that the right side was involved more when compared to the left- contralateral. In relation to age, patients between 21- and 40-years age group were involved the most whiles causes of ocular defect etiologically revealed a predominance of infection and trauma. The study also brings to the fore that most patients’ time lag between loss of eye and treatment was more than ten years. Although our study indicated a high satisfaction level with the quality and treatment services provided by care givers, there were inconsistencies in the satisfaction reported on treatment costs in this study. The study concludes that injuries and infections in young adults (mostly males) were the main reason behind ocular bulb loss, and the time lag between eye loss and rehabilitation with ocular prosthesis was found to be very high. Moreover, the study concludes that as health care is becoming progressively costly in Ghana and patients’ consciousness of rights evolving, a strong health system which focuses on patients’ access to affordable rehabilitation centres is advocated.

Keywords: Ghana, causes, Patients’ Satisfaction, Prosthesis, Ocular / Orbital disease

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Abstract:

Evidence has shown that socioeconomic inequalities are an important topic in politics, social sciences and public health research. The common trend is that individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds are often deprived of essential commodities, in the form of service, that are critical to their wellbeing. Nonetheless, little but surely, these deprivations result in affecting the psychological health of the victims and ultimately may end up causing mental dysfunction. It is against such hypothesis that many scholars have established the link of SES as being a powerful risk factor of mental illness. In light of the above, this study aimed at exploring the association of SES, home environment, HIV/AIDS and mental illness. A more specific approach was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and care practices of health workers on mental Health Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).

A mixed method approach was used to carry out this investigation, however, much embedded on the qualitative approached. The study collected primary data study participants through the use of a semi-structured interview guide. The study participants included Nurses and Clinical Officers in Health Centres in Lusaka urban and rural, as well as relatives of the mental health patients. Consent was sought from the ministry of health to conduct the study and all study participants were consented before participating in the study.

The study revealed that health workers had adequate knowledge on HIV/AIDS; however, there was evidence on negligence in provision of health care towards mental persons living with HIV/AIDS. Despite a lot of health care reporting to have had training on care for HIV/AID persons (90%), the findings revealed that some of them had a negative attitude towards caring for persons living with HIV/AIDS and this affects the quality of care. This study provides strong evidence that SES impacts the development of mental illness directly, as well as indirectly through its association with adverse economic stressful conditions among lower income groups.

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Abstract:

The purpose of the study was to investigate the most applied head teachers’ leadership styles in motivating teachers’ in secondary schools of Kitwe district, Zambia. The study was conducted using descriptive survey. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 22 head teachers and 210 teachers respectively to participate in the study. Questionnaire instruments with Likert scale questions were used as research tools in collecting data from teachers and head teachers. To test reliability of the instruments, data set on the questionnaires were subjected to chronbach`s alpha (α) test statistics using statistical package for social sciences version.20 (SPSS 20). Data collected from the participants were quantitatively analyzed and presented into tables using SPSS 20. The results for this study show that head teachers frequently apply democratic leadership style as they allow teachers to express their feelings about how things should be done and they put suggestions made by staff members into operation. It is recommended that head teachers in secondary schools of Kitwe district should equally apply all the three leadership styles (democratic, laissez-faire and autocratic) without favoring only one type of leadership style. (184 words).

Keywords: Head teachers’ leadership styles, Teachers’ motivation, Secondary education teachers, Kitwe district, Zambia.

References:

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Abstract:

This research work dealt on “Situational Analysis of ICT Applications in Colleges of Education libraries in Nigeria”. The purpose of the study is to find out the challenges of applying ICT in library functions and to examine the benefits of applying ICT in library functions. A survey research design was used for this study. The researcher made use of purposive sampling technique to select fifty respondents from (300) three hundred library staff of colleges of education in south eastern Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was adopted because the respondents are few and have the same features, for instance, the respondents work in college library. The instrument for data collection is the questionnaire which has thirty (30) items designed to obtain information on ICT application in colleges of education libraries. The mean statistics was used to analyze the data collected. The findings of the study showed that lack of ICT personnel, lack of standardization, lack of library software to mention but a few are some of the challenges of applying ICT in library functions. The paper also listed some of the benefits of applying ICT to library functions such as low cost of processing materials, speed and accuracy of information, better service at lower cost, influences accessibility of information acquisition of knowledge and skills etc. The paper concluded that Government should employ ICT personnel and experts in our libraries to handle the integration and at the same time provide in-service training and re-training for library staffs on a regular basis as measures to ICT application in Colleges of education libraries.

Keywords: Information and communication Technology (ICT), Libraries, ICT based library services.

References:

[1].   Akor, P. U., Joshua, O. A., & Idika-Mba, E. W. (2016). Imperatives of Modern Technology on Service Delivery in University Libraries in Nigeria. International Conference on Information and Communication Technology and Its Applications (ICTA) (pp. 168-172). Minna, Nigeria: Federal University of Technology.

[2].   Ameh, J., & Aluko, O. (2019). 2019 budget: Education gets N.620.5bn, against UNESCO's advice. Retrieved from PUNCH: punchng.com.

[3].   Madu, E.C. (2004). Automation and Service Provision in Libraries and Information center in developing countries, in Madu E.C (ed) technology for Information management and services. Ibadan: Eni coleman publication.

[4].   Nwachukwu, V.N. (2005). Information Technologies application to libraries in developing countries: The need for caution. A journal of Global review of Library and information Science. Vol 1(1) PP :94-100.

[5].   Naqvi, R H (1982) “Computer Based Reference services in Pakistan” Pakistan Library Bulletin. 13 (1). Pp. 17-22.

[6].   Oghenetega, L. U., Umeji, E. C., &Obue, C. N. (2014). Challenges Associated with the Use of ICT Facilites in Public Library of Nigeria. Developing Country Studies, vol 4 (22) 1-5.

[7].   Okon, M. E., & Ogbodo, C. I. (2014). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) AS A Necessity for Libraries and Librarians of Nigeria Universities in the 21st Century. Review of Information Engineering and Applications, 39-54.

[8].   Okore, M.I. (2005). The challenges of Information Communication Technologies for Nigrian Academic libraries. A journal of Global review of Library and information Science. 1(1)84-93.

[9].   The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (2014). The united nations universal declaration of human rights (Article19). Retrieved from

http://www.UN.org/en/documents.udhr.

[10].  Vijayakumar, D. A., &Vijayan, S. S. (2011). Application of Information Technology in Libraries: An Overview. International Journal of Digital Library Services, 144-152.

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to establish the contribution education has on Entrepreneurship management and its effect on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Chipata District of Zambia. Entrepreneurs remain key relevant partners in the economic development of any country globally, and Chipata district is no exception. Due to the lack of clear evidence as to how successful educated entrepreneurs are managing their businesses in Chipata district of Zambia, this study was aimed at assessing the contribution of education to SMEs in Chipata District. The study was limited to Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Chipata district, town centre. The study implored a descriptive cross-sectional study design to address the research questions. Questionnaires were used as means of collecting data from the business owners. The study sampled 60 business units in Chipata district. The sample was identified by means of specific purposive sampling. All ethical considerations were taken account. The findings showed that most of the entrepreneurs did not possess qualifications that were higher than a first degree, however some entrepreneurs made some efforts to study business courses at local universities. The findings also showed that the SMEs’ owners accepted and agreed that employees that had attained some business qualifications added value to the management of the business.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Education, Small and Medium Enterprises.

References:

[1].   Acs, Z. J., & Naudé, W. (2013). Entrepreneurship, Stages of Development, and Industrialization. doi:10.1093/acprof: oso/9780199667857.003.0014.

[2].   Acs, Zoltan. (2006). Acs, Z. (2006). How is entrepreneurship good for economic growth? Innovations: technology.

[3].   Auerbach, J., Galenson, J. and Sundararajan, M., 2008, August. An empirical analysis of return on investment maximization in sponsored search auctions. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Data Mining and Audience Intelligence for Advertising (pp. 1-9). ACM.

[4].   Autor, D.H., Katz, L.F. and Kearney, M.S., 2008. Trends in US wage inequality: Revising the revisionists. The Review of economics and statistics, 90(2), pp.300-323.

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[6].   Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., & Obloj, K. (2008). Entrepreneurship in emerging economies: Where are we today and where should the research go in the future. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 32(1), 1-14.

[7].   Chawala, F., 2019. Xi Jinping’s Anti-Corruption Campaign: Party Strategy or Way Forward to Corruption-free China.

[8].   Cieslik, E.C., Zilles, K., Caspers, S., Roski, C., Kellermann, T.S., Jakobs, O., Langner, R., Laird, A.R., Fox, P.T. and Eickhoff, S.B., 2012. Is there “one” DLPFC in cognitive action control? Evidence for heterogeneity from co-activation-based parcellation. Cerebral cortex, 23(11), pp.2677-2689.

[9].   Cieślik, J., Kaciak, E., & Welsh, D. H. (2012). The impact of geographic diversification on export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 70-93.

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[13].  Drucker, P.F., 1994. Řízení v turbulentní době. Management Press.

[14].  European Commission, (2013). Entrepreneurship 2020 action plan: Reigniting the entrepreneurial spirit in Europe, (COM)2012 795 final.

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[17].  Gries, T., & Naudé, W. (2011). Entrepreneurship and human development: A capability approach. Journal of Public Economics, 95(3-4), 216-224. Retrieved from

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[28].  Maltby, T., 2013. European Union energy policy integration: A case of European Commission policy entrepreneurship and increasing supranationalism. Energy policy, 55, pp.435-444.

[29].  Mwasalwiba, E., Dahles, H. and Wakkee, I.A.M., 2012. Graduate entrepreneurship in Tanzania: Contextual enablers and hindrances.

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http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/local_137897.pdf.

[32].  Qian, G. and Li, L., 2003. Profitability of small‐and medium‐sized enterprises in high‐tech industries: the case of the biotechnology industry. Strategic Management Journal, 24(9), pp.881-887.

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[34].  Shane, S.A., 2003. A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunity nexus. Edward Elgar Publishing.

[35].  Stam, E., & Wennberg, K. (2009). The roles of R&D in new firm growth. Small Business Economics, 33(1), 77-89. Retrieved from

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11187-009-9183-9.pdf.

[36].  Szirmai, A., Naudé, W., & Alcorta, L. (2013). Pathways to industrialization in the twenty-first century: new challenges and emerging paradigms: OUP Oxford.

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[39].  Timmons, H. N. J. A., Eisenman, E., & O’conno, A. (2015). Entrepreneurship education: A global consideration from practice to policy around the world. Executive summary of the 2015 WISE Research Report. Qatar Foundation.

[40].  Wennekers, S., Van Stel, A., Carree, M., & Thurik, R. (2010). The relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development: Is it U-shaped? Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 6(3), 167-237.

[41].  Yueh, L. (2009). China’s entrepreneurs. World Development, 37(4), 778-786. Retrieved from

https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1e71b54c-aa17-4fef-a000-87cd831267a9/download_file?file_format=application/pdf&safe_filename=Item.pdf&type_of_work=Working%20paper.

[42].  Zahra, S. A., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D. O., & Shulman, J. M. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of business venturing, 24(5), 519-532. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Donald_Neubaum/publication/257984214_JBV_-_Social_Entrepreneurship/links/0deec52684004df74e000000.pdf.

Abstract:

A cross sectional study was carried out to assess the epidemiology of leptospirosis in 282 participants, 150 were Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) positive patients and 132 non-HIV patients (controls) attending ant retro viral treatment (ART) and outpatient department in public hospitals and clinics in Kabwe, Zambia urban district respectively. Demographic, disease history, co-morbidities and concomitant medication history was captured using a structured 10-point close ended questionnaire. Plasma was tested for the presence of leptospirosis using the enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) as screening test and the dark field microscopy technique (DFM) as confirmatory test to determine disease distribution in the population. Plasma found positive with ELISA and leptospires detected by dark field microscopy were considered to have leptospirosis. Results revealed that 50 out of the 150 HIV positive participants were positive for leptospirosis (33%). This was significantly higher (P=0.002) than in the control group, where only 15 out of 132 participants were found to have leptospirosis (11%). 5 tests were discordant as they gave positive results with ELSA yet leptospires were not detected by the dark field microscopy. The leptospirosis confirmatory test was found to have sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 97%, PPV 98%, NPV 92% and efficiency of 95% which were significant parameters to warrant the adoption of the results and determine the epidemiology of leptospirosis in the areas under study. It was concluded that epidemiology of leptospirosis in Kabwe district is 21% after adjusting for false positives.

Keywords: leptospirosis, Human immune deficiency virus, dark field microscopy, enzyme linked immune sorbent assay.

References:

Abstract:

The main purpose of this study was to examine the challenges faced by human resource practitioners in implementing the Strategic human resource management in Jubek State, South Sudan National NGOs. The target population in this study was the Human Resource Practitioners. The research design employed was qualitative approaches. Interviews and focused group where conducted. In this paper primary data was collected by the use of interviews and focus group discussion., documentary and observation method. Content analysis of collecting data was used and results presented through narrative. The findings of the study shown that lack of employee’s benefits packages, rigidity of some employees to adopt organization policies and procedures, management interference on human resource role, and political instability are the contributing challenges that affected the human resources practitioners. Conclusion was drawn to improve the challenges faced by HRP which include, provision of refresher training on the policies and procedure, Human Resource unit should be independent, organizational culture need to be understood by the entire employees separated employees should be given their entitlement or separate organ to keep the pension for the employees.

Keyword: Implementing, strategic, human resource management, Challenges.

References:

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[2].  Atkinson, J. (1984). Manpower Strategies for flexible organisation, P. ersonnel Management, 28-31.

[3].   Avesso. (2009). Critical perspective on Strategic human resource management . ISBN: Routlege.

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[5].   Bottery, M. (1992). The Ethics of Educational management. London: Cassell.

[6].   Boxall, P. P. (2003). Strategic Human Resource Management. New, York: Palgrave.

[7].   Breidlid, A. (2015). Education,Indigenous Knowledges, and Development in the Global South. London: Routledge.

[8].   Cohen, L. M. (2018). Research Methods in Education. London: Routledge.

[9].   Early, C. &. (2005). Leadership and Management . NY: Work press.

[10].  Hendry, C. (1994). Human Resources Strategies for International growth. London: Routledge.

[11].  Huselid, M. (1995). The Impact of Human Resources management Practices and Productivity and corporate Finance Performance. Academy of Management Journal , 38,635,672.

[12].  J.Storey. (2018). New perspectives in Human resource management . London : Routledge.

[13].  Joppe. (2017). Qualitative Research . Research Process, 1.

[14].  Kvale, S. B. (2015). Interviews, Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing . Los Angele/London/New Delhi/Singapore/Washington DC: SAGE.

[15].  M, J. (2000). Qualitative Research. Research Process, 1.

[16].  Magazine, H. (2007). Organization Development. Strategic Human Resource tool, 59,1-10.

[17].  Maxwell. D, D. (2015). The Contemporary Humantarian Landscape; . London : Feinstein Inernational Center.

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[19].  Thompson, A. a. (2000). Strategic human resource management. Irwin, Georgetown , Onterio : Routlege .

[20].  Zhang, X. F. (2019). Application and challenges of big data in Human Resource Management. Human Resources and Development of Tencent, 7, 462-474.

Abstract:

This study analyses the acceptance and use of the e-pay slip system by public sector workers in Ghana. Examination of the literature showed that no research has been done to verify the process of adoption and use of the e-pay slip system in Ghana. The General Linear Model (GLM) procedure, specifically, the Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was employed to analyse and explain the adoption. The constructs used for the survey include; behavioural intention, attitude, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, systems accessibility and personal innovations, which were developed based on the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The results confirmed that the extended TAM was an excellent theoretical model to understand users’ acceptance of the e-pay slip system. The findings showed that the accessibility and subjective norm of the e-pay slip system were the most significant constructs that influenced the model.

References:

[1]    Athmay, A. A. A. A., Fantazy, K., & Kumar, V., 2016. E-government adoption and user’s satisfaction: an empirical investigation. EuroMed Journal of Business, 11 (1), 57-83, doi:

https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-05-2014-0016

[2]    Ayeh, J. K., Au, N., & Law, R. 2016. Investigating cross-national heterogeneity in the adoption of online hotel reviews. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 142–153.

[3]    Bayraktaroglu, S., Kahya, V., Atay, E., & Ilhan, H. 2019. Application of Expanded Technology Acceptance Model for Enhancing the HRIS Usage in SMEs. International Journal of Applied Management and Technology, 18 (1), 48-66. oi: DOI:10.5590/IJAMT.2019.18.1.04

[4]    Beck, E., Madon, S., & Sahay, S. 2004. On the margins of the ‘information society’: a comparative study of mediation. The Information Society, 20, 279-290.

[5]    CAGD. (2017). Payroll Report for June 2017. Controller and Accountant General's Department - Ghana.

[6]    Castells, M. (Ed.), 2001. The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on Internet, Business and Society. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

[7]    Controller and Accountant General’s Department, nd. Frequently asked questions about the E-Payslip. Retrieved from

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[8]    Córdoba-Pachón, J.-R., & Orr, K., 2009. "Three patterns to understand e-government: the case of Colombia". International Journal of Public Sector Management, 22(6), 532-554. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550910982887

[9]    Cowen, J. B., 2009. The Influence of Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and Subjective Norm on the Use of Computed Radiography Systems: A Pilot Study

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[11] Davis, F., 1989. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.

[12] DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (2004). Measuring e-commerce success: applying the DeLone & McLean information systems success model. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 9 (1), 31-47.

[13] Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (Eds.). 1975. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research Reading, (MA: Addison-Wesley).

[14] Gefen, D., Straub, D. W., & Boudreau, M. 2000. Structural Equation Modeling and regression: Guidelines for Research Practice. Communication of the Association for Information Systems, 4 (7), 1-70.

[15] Gilbert, D., Balestrini, P., & Littleboy, D. 2004. Barriers and benefits in the adoption of e-government International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17 (4), 286-301.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550410539794.

[16] Graham, J. M., 2008. The general linear model as structural equation modeling. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 33(4), 485-506.

[17] Howdle, D., 2018. Worldwide mobile data pricing: The cost of 1GB of mobile data in 230 countries. Retrieved from

https://www.cable.co.uk/mobiles/worldwide-data-pricing/

[18] Imran, A., & Grego, S., 2007. A comparative analysis of strategies for egovernment in developing countries. Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics, 2 (3), 89-99.

[19] Karahanna, E., Ahuja, M., Srite, M., & Galvin, J., 2002. Individual differences and relative advantage: the case of GSS. Decision Support Systems, 32 (4), 327–341.

[20] Karahanna, E., Straub, D. W., & Chervany, N. L., 1999. Information technology adoption across time: a cross-sectional comparison of pre-adoption and post-adoption beliefs. MIS Quarterly, 23 (2), 83-213.

[21] Legris, P., Ingham, J., & Collerette, P., 2003. Why do people use information technology? A critical review of the technology acceptance model. Information & Management, 40, 191–204.

[22] Lucas, H. C., & Spitler, V. K., 1999. Technology use and performance: a field study of broker workstations Decision Sciences, 30(2), 291-311.

[23] Mansell, R. (Ed.), 2002. Inside the Communication Revolution: Evolving Patterns of Social and Technical Interaction. (Oxford: Oxford University Press)

[24] Mithas, S., & Rust, R. T., 2016. How Information Technology Strategy and Investments Influence firm performance: Conjecture and Empirical Evidence. MIS Quarterly, 40, 223-245.

[25] N.n., n.d. Editorial Comment. In CAGD (Ed.), Treasury News (10th ed.). Ghana: CAGD.

[26] na. nd. Theory: General Linear Model. In. Retrieved on 03/06/19 from http://psych.colorado.edu/~carey/courses/psyc5741/handouts/glm%20theory.pdf.

[27] Park, S. Y., 2009. An Analysis of the Technology Acceptance Model in Understanding University Students’ Behavioral Intention to Use e-Learning Educational Technology & Society, 12(3), 150–162.

[28] Previtali, P., & Bof, F., 2009. E-government adoption in small Italian municipalities. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 22 (4), 338-348. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/09513550910961619

[29] Sang, S., Lee, J. D., & Lee, J. 2010. E-government adoption in Cambodia: a partial least squares approach. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 4(2), 138-157.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/17506161011047370

[30] Selim, H. M., 2003. An empirical investigation of student acceptance of course web sites. Computers & Education, 40, 343–360.

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Abstract:

The absence of a formidable structure for peacebuilding counselling and security development hampers the development of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria resulting to both economic, political as well as social challenges to the inhabitants of the nation as a whole and the Niger Delta region in particular. This study examined how education counselling can influence the promotion of peacebuilding specifically in Ughelli North Local Government of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria and its ability to reduce structural violence already being experienced in the region. The study adopted the quantitative descriptive survey method using primary sources of data collection such as the questionnaire and literature reviewed from secondary sources like journals, books, and online articles. For the primary data, a sample size of 1000 was adopted for the questionnaire from a population of 441,600 after using Cronbach Alpha to test the level of reliability of the instrument. The results from the test of correlation between peace education counselling and national peace building showed a significant relationship between the two variables with a mean score of above 164 in support of a significant relationship as against less than 25 against. This showed the level of appreciation and relevance of peace education counselling. It is recommended that peace education counselling be used by teachers and owners of schools and National Education Policy Makers incorporate this into the school curriculum to lay a proper foundation of peace for the younger generation in tandem with the idea of catching them young.

References:

[1].   Anugwon, E.E. (2009) Women, Education and work in Nigeria. Educational Research and Review, 4(4), 127-134.

[2].   Bjerstedt, A. (1990) Towards a Rational and a Didactics of Peace Education: Progress Noles (1990) on the Project “Preparedness for Peace” in Sweden I Bjerstedt. A (ed) Education for Peace in the Nineties. (A Conference Report) Malmo Sweden Lund Universities. (Education and Psychology Interactions: No.105).

[3].   Burns. R.J & Aspeslagh. R. (2016) Peace Education in the Comparative Study of Education in the Comparative Study of Education in the Comparative Study of Education in Burns. R.J & Aspeslagh. R. (eds) Three Decades of Peace Education around the World. New York: Garland Publisher.

[4].   Dill, K.E, Anderson. C.A, Anderson K. B & Deuser. W.E (1997) Effects of Aggressive Personality on Social Expectation and Social Perception Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 272-292.

[5].   Hicks. D. (2014) teaching for tomorrow: How Can Future Study Contribute to Peace Education? Journal of Peace Education, 1(2), 165-178.

[6].   Hicks. D. (1998a): Changing Paradigms’ in Hicks. D. (ed) Education for Peace. London Routledge.

[7].   Johnson, D & Johnson R. (2015) The Issue; Peace Education Theory into Practice. Vol. 44 issue 4, pp 275-279.

[8].   Institutes for Peace and Conflict Assessment of Nigeria Consolidated and Zonal Report Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution, Abuja.

[9].   Hazen. J. & Horner J. (2007) Small Arms, Armed Violence and Insecurity in Nigeria: Small arms survey Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva.

[10].  Ollman. B. (1976) alienation (2nd edition) Cambridge University Press.

[11].  Ritzier. G. (1996) Sociological Theory New York Mcgrow Hill.

[12].  Reardon, B. (2012) Militarism, Security and Peace Education a Guide for Concerned Citizens Valley. Forge PA: united Ministers in Education (This book urges opposition to Patriarchal Policies that lead to War and Destruction).

[13].  Salawu, B (2010). Ethno-religious Conflicts in Nigeria cause analysis and Proposal for new Management Strategies, European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(3) 345-353.

[14].  Smith, D. & Carson, T (1998) Education for ‘a’ peaceful future Torofo: Kagan & Woo. Pp 21-32.

[15].  Toh, Swee-Hin (2017) Pathways in the building of a culture of peace. Presented at the peace Education workshop in Uganda, 10-13 July 2007, organized by the Uganda, National Commission for UNESCO and Korean Nation Commission for UNESCO.

[16].  Pike, G (2010), A Tapestry in the making. The Strands of Global Education. Tara & Selby. David (Eds) Weaving connections Education for peace, social and Environmental Justice Toronto: Sumac, Pp. 218-241.

[17].  Zillimann, D (1979), Hostility and Aggression New-York Hillsdale L. Erlbaum Associate.

Abstract:

This article considers and analyses the historical events of 200 years (i.e., 1779–1978) and two dynasties: the Qajar and the Pahlavi in Iran. Arguments proceed chronologically. The main intentions of the leaders of the modern movement, social modifications and related criticisms are analysed.

From a historical point of view, this article explores the history of the modern movement and the debates around modernity in Iran. From an analytical point of view, this article considers the background of Iranian criticism against Westernisation and analysed the situation that led to raising the debate on modernity.

Criticisms against modernity are considered in this essay. In addition to eco-social changes, it explores criticisms about modernity in different fields such as philosophy and literature. This essay also highlights that from a philosophical point of view Gnosticism became important as an alternative to Westernism. In this respect, the perspective of Nasr, an avant-garde scholar, is outlined.

References:

[1].   Abrahamian, Ervand. A History of Modern Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

[2].   Adamiyat, Freydon. Amir Kabir Va Iran (Amir Kabir and Iran). Tehran: Amirkabir, 1975.

[3].   Ahmad, Jalal Al. Gharbzadegi (Westernisation). Tehran: Jamedaran, 1986.

[4].   Amin, Banani. The Modernization of Iran,1921-1941. Standford: Standford University Press, 1961.

[5].   Anisi, Alireza. “Early Islamic Architecture in Iran (637-1059).” PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007.

[6].   Arjmandi, Mahmod. “Akhbar.” Art and Architecture, 10–11 (1971): 104–09.

[7]. “Talashhaye Omrani Bank Rahni Iran.” Art and Architecture 10–11 (1971): 109–125.

[8].   Asfour, Khaled. “Cultural Crisis.” The Architectural Review 203, no. 1213 (1998): 52-60.

[9].   Avanessian, Vartan. “Masael Marbot Be Memari Dar Iran.” (Issues About Architecture in Iran) Architect, 1 (1961): 4–9.

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Abstract:

Introduction: A fundamental concern as one contemplates retirement is “will I have enough money on which to live?” This study, conducted in colleges of education in Ghana, investigated into gender influence on psychological planning and preparation towards retirement among tutors in Ghanaian Colleges of Education.

Methods: The study employed mixed-method sequential explanatory design. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 54 college tutors from two (2) colleges of education for the survey, while six (6) out of the 54 tutors were purposively sampled for interview. The data collected via self-developed questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.78) and semi-structured interview guide were analysed quantitatively using frequency count, percentage, and inferential statistics (independent samples test), and qualitatively through thematic analysis — responses from respondents were categorized into themes.

Results: The study found that most of the tutors were not psychologically ready for retirement. The study revealed a significant but marginal gender differences in psychological planning towards retirement among male and female tutors (p ≤ .05).

Conclusions: This study established the evidence of significant gender differences in psychological planning and preparation towards retirement among formal and informal sector workers, including college tutors. There is the need for teacher unions, employers and other stakeholders in Ghana to engage the services of professional financial services advisors and investment institutions to roll out financial investment schemes for tutors besides public pension schemes for a better secured post-retirement life.

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Abstract:

Small and Medium Scale Enterprises are pivotal instrument of economic growth and development, thus occupies a place of pride in any economy. Despite the recognition of HRM as a critical factor in the success of both small and large businesses, most of the researches in existing literature have concentrated mainly on large businesses. This study examined the impact of HRM practices on the performance of in SMEs in Kwara State. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire which was administered to 195 SMEs registered with National Association of Small and Medium Enterprises (NASMEs) in Kwara Central Senatorial District. Hypotheses were tested using Multiple Regression analysis and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients. Findings revealed that overall; HRM practices have significant impact on the performance of SMEs in Kwara State. This was indicated by the result of the multiple regression analysis which showed an overall p-value of 0.000 and R² of 0.615. Reward was found to have positive significant relationship (β=0.46; t = 11.01; p). Similarly, owner/manager communication style has a positive relationship (β=0.30; t = 7.05; p). Recruitment and selection (β= 0.32; t = 7.44; p) as well as training and development (β= 0.47; t = 4.66; p) was significant but very low. The study concluded that SMEs in Kwara State, Nigeria adopt HRM practices to a large extent. It was recommended that SMEs should pay more attention to the HRM practices identified in this study with a view to improving their implementation.

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Abstract:

Public Administration’s long history as a concept is as old as the very notion of government itself. Its foundations as a discipline can be traced back to the 20^th century writings of Max Weber, Woodrow Wilson and Frederick Taylor. Their ideas found overt expression in the administrations of European and American societies which had organised forms of governments. Most pre-colonial African societies were organised according to traditional structures governed by chiefs, councils of elders and kings. However, with the political decolonisation of most African states, post World-War II, the United Nations advised that there should be public administration and public service which should, in every real sense, belong to the society they serve. Public bureaucracies came to be viewed as the vehicles through which the struggle toward development and nation building could be achieved. This paper seeks to give an overview of how the classical approaches have been applied in post-colonial African states. It will also review how the new public management approaches were (un)successfully implemented in these very states. Using qualitative research and descriptive and exploratory methods, this paper will explore the nexus between African bureaucracy and public administration approaches.

References:

[1].   Basheka, B. C., 2015, Indigenous Africa’s Governance Architecture: A Need for African Public Administration Theory? Journal of Public Administration, Volume 50, Number 3. https://www.academia.edu/38751190/

[2].   Dia, M., 1996, Africa’s Management in the 1990s and Beyond Reconciling Indigenous and Transplanted Institutions. Washington DC: World Bank, 1996, P25-37.

https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-162X(199705)17:2<290: AID-PAD926>3.0.CO;2-R

[3].   Fry, Brian R., 1989. Mastering Public Administration: From Max Weber to Dwight Waldo, Chatham House Publishers, Inc., Chatham, New Jersey, P230-29. ISBN-10: 093454056X.

[4].   Hoos, J., G. Jenei and L. Vass. (2003). Public Administration and Public Management: Approaches and Reforms, In: Public Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: Theories, Methods, Practices, (eds.) M. Potucek, L.T. Leloup, G. Jenei, L. Varadi, NISPAcee, P 330-430.

[5].   Hughes, Owen E. (2003). Public Management and Administration: An Introduction, 3rd ed., Palgrave Macmillan, P101-147.

[6].   Itika, J. (2011). Theories and Stories in African, Public Administration, African Public Administration and Management series, vol. 1, African Studies Centre / University of Groningen / Mzumbe University,

https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/17784/ASC-075287668-2978-1.pdf?sequence=1

[7].   Katsamunska, P. (2012). "Classical and Modern Approaches to Public Administration," Economic Alternatives, University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria, issue 1, pages 74-81.

[8].   Mutenheri, F. Rational or Disjointed: Grappling

[9].   Economic Policy Planning and Development in Zimbabwe, Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa (Volume 10, No.4, 2009, Clarion University of Pennsylvania, Clarion, Pennsylvania, ISSN: 1520-5509.

[10].           Olaniyan, R. O., 2008, International Meeting Process for Debate and Proposals on Governance, The Southern African Perspectives - Polokwane (South Africa),

http://www.institut-ouvernance.org/en/ouvrage/fiche-ouvrage-26.html

[11].  Olaopa. T., 2009, Public Administration and Civil Service Reforms in Nigeria. Ibadan: University Press PLC.

[12]. Sharma, S., Bajracharya, R. & Sitaula, l., 2009, Indigenous knowledge and technology in Nepal. A review. Indian Journal of traditional knowledge, 567-576.

Abstract:

South Sudan gained independence from Sudan in 2011. Since 2013 the country then plunged into a civil war that has displaced thousands both internally and externally across borders to neighboring countries. This has created a large-scale humanitarian crisis that still continues to ravage the new nation. The United Nations and other Humanitarian organizations continue to play a leading role in responding to this humanitarian crisis with the goal of alleviating the suffering of the afflicted civilian population and bring an end to the conflict. Through the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), the United Nations (UN) has established several response mechanisms to ensure a comprehensive response. Information Technology is playing a crucial role through the extensive use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for information management, mapping and cartography and data modelling. The purpose of this study is to explore the challenges limiting the application and utilization of GIS for planning, decision support and response in the context of post-independence South Sudan.

The study applies qualitative methods to a purposively selected sample population of individuals working in the humanitarian, Relief and Rehabilitation areas in South Sudan from both the Governmental and Non-Governmental sectors. The findings of this study highlight the major challenges faced by GIS application and practice categorized into: Feature dataset issues, Training and Capacity issues, Technology and infrastructure, Political and Security, and Advocacy challenges.

References:

[1].   Pucha-Cofrep, F., Fries, A., & Cánovas-García, F., Oñate-Valdivieso, F., González-Jaramillo, V., Pucha-Cofrep, D., 2018, Fundamentals of GIS, p5.

[2].   DeMers, M. N., Demers, M. M., 1997, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, (John Wiley & sons Inc., New York).

[3].   ESRI Map Book, (Redlands, Calif.: Environmental Systems Research Institute), v. 16, 1540-4145.

[4].   Kemp, K.K., Goodchild, M.F., 1991, Developing a curriculum in Geographic Information Systems: The National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis Core Curriculum project., Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 15(2):121-132.

[5].   Kovach, R. L., 1995, Earth’s Fury: An introduction to Natural Hazards and Disasters, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice-Hall).

[6].   Smith, K., 1996, Environmental hazards: Assessing risk and reducing disaster, (London: Routledge).

[7].   Drabek, T., 1996, The Social Dimensions of Disaster (FEMA Emergency Management Higher Education Project College Course Instructor Guide)., September 1996. Available at:

http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/completeCourses.htm

[8].   Sai Global, 2003, Risk management, www.riskmanagement.com.au/.

[9].   Abdalla R. & Esmail M., 2018, WebGIS for Disaster Management and Emergency Response, (Switzerland AG: Springer Nature), ISBN: 978-3-030-03827-4, 978-3-030-03828-1

[10].  Federal Emergency Management Agency [FEMA], Department of Homeland Security, 2011a. The National Response framework.

[11].  UNISDR., 2016, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. UNISDR, Geneva.

[12].  Tomaszweski, B., Judex, M., Szarzynski, J., Radestock, C., Wirkus, L., 2015, Geographic Information Systems for Disaster Response: A Review. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management., Volume 12. 571-602. 10.1515/jhsem-2014-0082.

[13].  Becerra-Fernandez, I., Leidner, D., 2008, Knowledge Management: An evolutionary view, (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe), ISBN: 978-0-7656-1637-1.

[14].  Mansourian A., 2005. Development of an SDI Conceptual Model and Web-based System to Facilitate Disaster Management, PhD Thesis, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract:

In 8 March, 2020 COVID-19 was first confirmed in Bangladesh. We aimed to clarify the epidemiological distribution of first forty-eight confirmed COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh till 28 March, 2020. It was a retrospective descriptive study in Bangladesh from 8 March, 2020 to 28 March, 2020 on the basis of official press briefing of IEDCR on behalf of Ministry of Health in Bangladesh, different newspapers and online news portals. Among forty-eight cases, majorities (60%) were male and about 17% cases were unidentified. About 46 % cases were within 21-40 years of age. About 4% cases were from below 10 years of age and about 15% were from more than 60 years of age. About 12% cases age was unidentified. Mortality rate were also high in old age group. Total 11% cases were died from this COVID-19 and among them 40% were 70 years old. About 31% had travelling history from abroad. In case of 7% cases, their travelling countries were unidentified. Most of them (35%) were from Dhaka city. About 24% cases residence were not identified. About 33% of these 48 cases, they were exposed by their family members or community transmission. Only 10% cases were from health service and among them 60% were doctors/physicians and 40% were nurses. Majority of them (58%) were still remain in hospital or treatment purpose. About 11% were died and most of them were more than 65 years of age. COVID-19 is more dangerous in elderly male cases and mortality is also high in this group. Community gathering places like capital city of Bangladesh had high rate of COVID-19 occurrences. Direct transmission rate was higher rather than community/family transmission till to date.

References:

[1].   Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan China: the mystery and the miracle [published January 16, 2020]. J Med Virol. 2020.

doi:10.1002/jmv.25678 PubMed Google Scholar

[2].World Health Organization. 2020. Coronavirus. https://www.who.int/health topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1. Accessed on 27 March, 2020

[3].   Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet [Internet]. 2020;395(10223):507–13.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7 Dashboard of Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), The Government Republic of Bangladesh. 2020.

https://www.dghs.gov.bd/index.php/bd/. Accessed on 26 March, 2020

[4].   Coronavirus COVID-19. 2020. http://corona.gov.bd/. Accessed on 28 March, 2020

[5].   Coronavirus COVID-19 Dashboard. 2020. http://103.247.238.81/webportal/pages/covid19.php. Accessed on 28 March, 2020

[6].   Bangladesh confirms first three coronavirus cases. Somoy English Desk. 2020 March 16:20. Available at: https://en.somoynews.tv/5897/news/Bangladesh-confirms-first-three-coronavirus-cases

[7].   2 more coronavirus cases detected in Bangladesh: Health Minister. Somoy English Desk. 2020 March 22:17.

https://en.somoynews.tv/6115/news/2-more-coronavirus-cases-detected-in-Bangladesh-Health-Minister

[8].   2,314 in quarantine, 10 in isolation: IEDCR. Somoy English Desk. 2020 March 14:30.

[9].   https://en.somoynews.tv/6128/news/2314-in-quarantine-10-in-isolation-IEDCR

[10].  3 more Covid-19 patients detected in Bangladesh; all of same family: IEDCR. Somoy English Desk. 2020 March 13:00.

https://en.somoynews.tv/6161/news/3-more-Covid-19-patients-detected-in-Bangladesh-all-of-same-family-IEDCR

[11].  Two more Covid-19 patients detected in Bangladesh: IEDCR. Somoy English Desk. 2020 March 12:24. https://en.somoynews.tv/6202/news/Two-more-Covid-19-patients-detected-in-Bangladesh-IEDCR

[12].  Three more Covid-19 patients detected in Bangladesh: DGHS. Somoy English Desk. 2020 March 12:55.

https://en.somoynews.tv/6293/news/Three-more-Covid-19-patients-detected-in-Bangladesh-DGHS

[13].  Bangladesh reports another coronavirus death. Somoy English Desk. 2020 March 14:31. https://en.somoynews.tv/6364/news/Bangladesh-reports-another-coronavirus-death

[14].  4 including 2 physicians test positive for Covid-19. Dhaka Tribune. 2020 March 11:27. Available at: https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/03/27/coronavirus-4-more-tested-positive-in-bangladesh-total-infected-48

Bangladesh reports first coronavirus death. United News of Bangladesh. 2020 March 3:45. Available at: https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/bangladesh-reports-first-coronavirus-dea

Abstract:

This research is about the adoption of mushroom farming as a source of income generation by smallholder farmers in Zambia. Mushroom farming business specialize in growing mushrooms. These mushrooms are used by customers for either medicinal or culinary purposes, depending on the type of mushroom grown. Additionally, they may be sold wholesale to clients or at retail prices. A mushroom farm business’ ideal customer is a restaurant that focuses on using locally sourced ingredients. Restaurants and Hotels will have regular orders that provide stable income. Through the literature review and the study, it was found that the mushroom production is profitable because it has a huge market within Zambia and also that it is climate independent and it doesn’t require a large land for production. To accomplish the objective of the research the following research questions were formulated: What is the farmers’ knowledge on mushroom farming? What is the willingness of farmers to do mushroom farming? To answer these questions three focus groups and three interviews were undertaken. The focus groups consisted of producers, traders and established company doing mushroom production. Based on these results the research concluded that there are knowledge gaps among the Mushroom farmers especially on Marketing and Processing skills. It was also evident that there are very few established companies in Mushroom production and have monopolized the production of mushroom. There is a lot of potential yet for mushroom farming locally since there’s such a large amount of organic waste products to contend with.

References:

[1]. Beetz, A. & Kustudia, M. 2004. Mushroom cultivation and marketing, Horticulture Production Guide, ATTRA Publication IP 087.

[2].Chang, S. T. & Mshigeni, K.E.1997. Mushroom production in Africa: Prospects, Discovery and innovation, vol. 9, (3/4). 127-129.

[3]. Food and Agriculture Organisation. 2011. The state of food insecurity in the world. Rome. FAO publication.

[4]. Hafiz F, Begum M, Parveen S, Nessa Z, Azad AKM (2003). Study of edible Mushroom Grown on Eucalyptus camaldulensis Trunk and Under Soil of Albizzia procera. Pak. J. Nutr. 2(5): 279-282.

[5]. Marshall E. & Nair G. 2009. Making money by growing mushrooms. Rome. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.

[6]. Matila P, Salo-Vaananen P, Kanko Aro H, Jalava T .2002. Basis Composition and amino acid contents of Mushrooms cultivated in Finland. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50(22): 6419-22.

[7]. Ministry of Agriculture (Zambia), 2014.

[8]. Mshigeni, K.E. & Chang, S.T. (Eds). 2000. A guide to successful mushroom farming: with emphasis on technologies appropriate and accessible to Africa’s rural and peri-urban communities, UNDP/UNOPS regional project RAF/99/021, University of Namibia, Windhock.

[9] . Noble. N. 2005. Mushroom Growing – a practical guide, Technical Brief, Practical Action.

Sergeeva, M. 2000. Fungi, 250 species of edible, poisonous and medicinal fungi, Culture and Traditions, Moscow.

Abstract:

Sex work is a major public health problem worldwide. Although prostitution or sex work is a global and deeply rooted social phenomenon, substantial disparity exists in its perception, depending on different social and cultural factors. Women engaging in sex work may be exposed to serious health risks and exposure to highly stressful life events which may have long term implications on their mental health. This cross-sectional study was done in drop-in center ‘Swajan-33’ in Sylhet district within a period of one year among 105 respondents aged of 14 to 38 years of age to assess the association between their socio-demographic characteristics and mental stress. Data were collected by face to face interview through a pretested structured questionnaire. Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess the level of mental stress. Data collected from purposively selected respondents. The analysis of data reveals that, more than half 53.3% of the respondents were in age group between 14 to 23 years and their mean age was 23.98 years with SD±6.099 years, Muslim 65%, illiterate 49.5%, majority 59% had daily income of 600-1000 taka. The finding of this study showed that 85.7% were suffering from high perceived stress and 14.3% were suffering from moderate stress. Age, level of education, income was not associated with level of mental stress (p>0.05). Literacy rate among the female sex workers are still low and invariably they are suffering from high perceived mental stress. Policies for their financial independency such as technical education, allocation of isolated educational institution, increasing social support may help them to lead a prosperous life.

References:

[1].   Ullah, A.K.M., 2005. Prostitution in Bangladesh: An empirical profile of sex workers. Journal of International Women's Studies, 7(2), pp.111-122.

[2].   Poliah, V. and Paruk, S., 2017. Depression, anxiety symptoms and substance use amongst sex workers attending a non-governmental organisation in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South African Family Practice, 59(3), pp.116-122.

[3].   Tsutsumi, A., Izutsu, T., Poudyal, A.K., Kato, S. and Marui, E., 2008. Mental health of female survivors of human trafficking in Nepal. Social Science & Medicine, 66(8), pp.1841-1847.

[4].   Wahed, T., Alam, A., Sultana, S., Alam, N. and Somrongthong, R., 2017. Sexual and reproductive health behaviors of female sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PloS one, 12(4), p.e0174540.

[5].   Chudakov, B., Ilan, K., Belmaker, R.H. and Cwikel, J., 2002. The motivation and mental health of sex workers. Journal of Sex &Marital Therapy, 28(4), pp.305-315.

[6].   Harcourt, C. and Donovan, B., 2005. The many faces of sex work. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81(3), pp.201-206.

[7].  Hong, Y., Li, X., Fang, X. and Zhao, R., 2007. Depressive symptoms and condom use with clients among female sex workers in China. Sexual Health, 4(2), pp.99-1

Abstract:

This review study aims at discussing about the mental health condition during COVID-19 occurrence among health-care professionals, patients and mass population. The COVID-19 pandemic has been rapidly spread in China, USA, Italy, France, Spain and other Asian and European counterparts. This COVID-19 pandemic has aroused increasing attention nationwide. Patients, health-care professionals, and the mass population are under unmeasurable mental pressure which may lead to different types of mental health problems, such as anxiety, fear, depression, and insomnia. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health includes "subjective well-being, perceived self-efficacy, autonomy, competence, inter-generational dependence, and self-actualization of one's intellectual and emotional potential, among others”. The WHO further states that the well-being of an individual is encompassed in the realization of their abilities, coping with normal stresses of life, productive work, and contribution to their community. It was a systemic review study regarding mental health problems due to COVID-19. We gather total 29 articles related to COVID-19 and mental health using different search portal like PubMed, Google Scholar, Nature, Lancet. After proper literature review only 8 literatures which were related to this study were taken for this systemic review purpose. Public health and mental health specialist have reached a decision about the severe mental illness during the COVID-19 outbreak among health-care professionals, patients and mass population. But, the rapid spread of the COVID-19 has emerged a serious challenge to the mental health service in COVID-19 affected countries.

References:

[1].   Li W, Yang Y, Liu Z-H, Zhao Y-J, Zhang Q, Zhang L, et al. Progression of Mental Health Services during the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. Int J Biol Sci [Internet]. 2020;2020(10):1732–8. Available from: http://www.ijbs.com//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

[2].   World Health Organization. 2020. Coronavirus. Accessed on 27 March, 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/healthtopics/coronavirustab=tab_1.

[3].   Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet [Internet]. 2020;395(10223):507–13.

[4].   Available from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7

[5].   Yao H, Chen J-H, Xu Y-F. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. The lancet Psychiatry [Internet]. 2020;7(4):e21. Available from:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32199510

[6].  Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings. Briefing note on addressing mental health and psychosocial aspects of COVID-19 Outbreak. 2020;(Feb):1–20. Available from: https://app.mhpss.net/?get=354/mhpss-covid19-briefing-note-final_26-february-2020.pdf

[7].   SAVE. Preventing Suicide during and After The COVID-19 Pandemic. 2020;

[8].   Mcguire T, Rowe J, Cole K, Herr C, Team HS. Psychosocial Correlates of Outbreak Response Activities : A Supplemental Literature Report. 2020;1–10.ergency PH, Concern I, Health M, Use S. Emergency PH, Concern I, Health M, Use S. Mental Health and Psychosocial Considerations During COVID-19 Outbreak. 2020;(January):1–6.

Abstract:

In the last month of 2019, the world was confronted by an outbreak of a novel Corona virus originating from Wuhan, China – COVID-19. The virus resulted in the deaths of more than three thousand people worldwide by the end of January 2020. By the end of March, the virus had spread to all the continents, threatening to shut down the world economy as we know it today. There was no vaccine or medication to regulate its contagion except that people were mandated to act in a precautionary way to curb its spread. There is no doubt that the corona virus pandemic presented the single most, modern challenge to the global village and globalisation. The outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and subsequently, a pandemic. However, despite the decrees, there was no concerted world effort to decisively deal with the plague. Over a period of two months the virus had done extreme damage through the interaction of peoples around the world. Two strategies had become buzzwords for curbing the virus – Social distancing and Lockdown. This paper interrogates the effectiveness of Global administration to this contagion. The paper questions the ability of the global system of administration to deal with global catastrophes of this nature. Concepts of globalisation versus delinking are revisited to assess their applicability today. The paper cross-examines the role of the virus in the incessant trade and biological wars between the West and the East. Qualitative research methods, descriptive and exploratory techniques were used.

References:

[1].   Amin, S. (Winter 1987). A Note on the Concept of Delinking, Review, X, 3, Research Foundation of SUNY, P435-444. Extracted from https://our-global-u.org/oguorg/en/wpfb-file.

[2].   Chadwick, L, how best to prevent coronavirus: three burning questions answered, Euronews, 01 April 2020. Extracted from

https://www.euronews.com/2020/01/24/.

[3].   Elfein, J. (2020, March 22). Coronavirus (COVID-19) disease pandemic- Statistics & Facts, [Web Blog Post]. Retrieved from

https://www.statista.com/topics/5994/the-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-outbreak/.

[4].   Frischknecht F. (2003). The History of Biological Warfare. Human Experimentation, Modern Nightmares and Lone Madmen in the Twentieth Century. EMBO reports, 4 Spec No (Suppl 1), S47–S52. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.embor849.

[5].   Gladstone, R. (2, April, 2020). U.N. Security Council ‘Missing in Action’ in Coronavirus Fight, The New York Times. Extracted from

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02.

[6].   Global Challenges Foundation, 2020, Retrieved from,

https://globalchallenges.org/global-governance/.

[7].   https://time.com/5807075/senators-sold-stock-coronavirus/.

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[10].  https://www.businesstoday.in/current/world/.

[11].  https://www.lamborghini.com/en-en/news/covid-19-lamborghini-is-producing-surgical-masks-and-medical-shields.

[12].  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.

[13].  https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/nation-world/hand-sanitizer-sales-more-than-triples-as-purell-steps-up-production/507-e4593ffe-6dde-47bd-9db2-39707797d7c5.

[14].  Kaplan, J, Frias, L and McFall-Johnsen, M, (April 3, 2020). A third of the global population is on coronavirus lockdown, Business Insider. Extracted from https://www.businessinsider.com/.

[15].  Liang, Q. and Xiangsui, W. (1999). Unrestricted Warfare: China's Master Plan to Destroy America, Pan American Publishing Company, 0971680728 (ISBN13: 9780971680722).

[16].  Statista 2020, retrieved from 2020_corona_virus_ (COVID- 9) _cases_by_country_worldwide_Statista.html.

[17].  The Levin Institutte, 2017, What is Globalisation? Retrieved from, https://www.globalization101.org/.

[18].  United Nations, 1945, Article III.

[19].  United Nations, 2014, Global governance and global rules for development in the post-2015 era, Retrieved from,

https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/cdp_publications.

[20].  Wang, V &Wee, S, 24 March, 2020. China to Ease Coronavirus Lockdown on Hubei 2 Months After Imposing It, The New York Times. Extracted from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/asia.

[21].  Wionews Clip, 29 March, 2020. Extracted from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPVRwKpXJUU.

[22]. World Health Organisation, (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Advice for the Public. Extracted from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.