Abstract:

Ready-to-eat fruits are a vital component of a healthy diet but may pose significant health risks when contaminated. This study assessed the parasitic contamination of selected ready-to-eat fruits mangoes, oranges, bananas, watermelons, and apples sold at Madina Market in the La Nkwantanang Madina Municipality, Ghana. A total of 31 fruit samples from open market vendors and 30 control samples from grocery shops were examined using sedimentation and zinc sulfate concentration techniques. Microscopic examination revealed intestinal parasites such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Loa loa, and unidentified rind worm eggs in the market samples, while no parasitic organisms were detected in the grocery shop samples. Watermelon exhibited the highest contamination rate (75%), followed by banana (62.5%), apple (57.14%), and mango (40%). Oranges showed no detectable contamination. The presence of these parasites is likely attributed to unhygienic handling, washing with contaminated water, and poor storage practices. The findings highlight a substantial public health concern and emphasize the need for improved hygiene practices, proper fruit washing techniques, and public education. These measures are crucial to minimizing the risk of parasitic infections linked to fruit consumption in urban markets.

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[11].  Odamtten, G. T., et al. 2018, Resident microbial load, toxigenic potential and possible quality control measures of six imported seasoning powders on the Ghanaian market. Journal of Nutritional Health and Food Engineering, 8(1), 1–11.

[12].  Amoah, D., 2014, Microbial risk assessment of mixed vegetables salads from selected canteens in the Kumasi Metropolis. Kumasi.

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Obeagu, E. I., Obeagu, G. U., & Nwachukwu, C. C., 2021, Public health risks associated with fruits and vegetables at Owo markets. International Journal of Current Research in Medical Sciences, 8(1), 29–41.

Abstract:

This study investigates the underlying factors contributing to vaccine reluctance among parents in rural communities within South Sudan’s Greater Upper Nile Region, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 3, which emphasizes reducing child mortality through expanded immunization coverage. Despite global advancements, vaccine hesitancy persists in under-resourced settings. A cross-sectional study involving 375 parents or caregivers across Bor South, Malakal, and Rubkona counties employed a mixed-methods approach, combining structured surveys, desk reviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with 24 participants, and in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 12 healthcare providers. The research examined key determinants of hesitancy, including socio-economic status, cultural beliefs, knowledge gaps, and the influence of healthcare providers. Findings showed that 69.9% of children were fully vaccinated, while 30.1% were partially or entirely unvaccinated, with primary barriers being financial constraints (74.7%), transportation difficulties (51.7%), and long distances to health facilities (47.7%). Concerns about vaccine safety (86.4%) and lack of awareness (42.1%) also played a significant role. Encouragingly, 96.2% of respondents expressed openness to new vaccines, and 82.7% indicated that support or incentives would improve uptake. In conclusion, while vaccine acceptance is generally high, systemic and informational challenges hinder full coverage, underscoring the need for culturally sensitive, community-based interventions to enhance immunization rates among children in the region.

References:

[1].   Sankaranarayanan, S., Jayaraman, A., & Gopichandran, V., 2019, Assessment of vaccine hesitancy among parents of children between 1 and 5 years of age at a tertiary care hospital in Chennai. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 44(4), 394–396. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_220_18

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[6].   Udoh, K., 2022, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in South Sudan: What lessons can be learned from Angola’s success story? American Journal of Health Promotion, 36(3), 579–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171211070955

[7].   Lazarus, J. V., Wyka, K., White, T. M., Picchio, C. A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., Ratzan, S. C., Kamarulzaman, A., & El-Mohandes, A., 2023, A survey of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance across 23 countries in 2022. Nature Medicine, 29(2), 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02185-4

[8].   Gram, L., Soremekun, S., ten Asbroek, A., Manu, A., O'Leary, M., Hill, Z., Danso, S., Amenga-Etego, S., Owusu-Agyei, S., & Kirkwood, B. R., 2014, Socio-economic determinants and inequities in coverage and timeliness of early childhood immunization in rural Ghana. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 19(7), 802–811. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12324

[9].   The Economic Value of Vaccination: Why Prevention is Wealth. 2015. Journal of Market Access and Health Policy, 3. https://doi.org/10.3402/jmahp.v3.29414

[10].  Appell, M. W., 1985, The multihandicapped child with congenital rubella: Impact on family and community. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 7(Suppl 1), S17–S21. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/7.supplement_1.s17

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[12].  Shearer, J. C., Nava, O., Prosser, W., et al., 2023, Uncovering the drivers of childhood immunization inequality with caregivers, community members and health system stakeholders: Results from a human-centered design study in DRC, Mozambique and Nigeria. Vaccines (Basel), 11(3), 689. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030689

[13].  Sialubanje, C., Mukumbuta, N., Ng'andu, M., et al., 2022, Perspectives on the COVID-19 vaccine uptake: A qualitative study of community members and health workers in Zambia. BMJ Open, 12(11), e058028. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058028

[14].  Cooper, S., & Wiysonge, C. S., 2023, Towards a more critical public health understanding of vaccine hesitancy: Key insights from a decade of research. Vaccines (Basel), 11(7), 1155. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11071155

[15].  Li, A. J., Tabu, C., Shendale, S., et al., 2020, Qualitative insights into reasons for missed opportunities for vaccination in Kenyan health facilities. PLOS One, 15(3), e0230783. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230783

[16].  Mokaya, E. N., Atem, N. A., Awzenio, G., et al., 2024, Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic response implementation: A case study of South Sudan and Sierra Leone. Global Health: Science and Practice, 12(Suppl 1), e2300180. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-23-00180

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[18].  Smith, P. J., Humiston, S. G., Parnell, T., et al., 2010, The association between intentional delay of vaccine administration and timely childhood vaccination coverage. Public Health Reports, 125(4), 534–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491012500408

[19].  Bajwa, U., Gastaldo, D., Di Ruggiero, E., & Knorr, L., 2018, The health of workers in the global gig economy. Global Health, 14(1), 124. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0444-8

[20].  Khubchandani, J., et al., 2021, COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in the United States: A rapid national assessment. Journal of Community Health, 46(2), 270–277.

[21].  Gamble, V. N., 1997, Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care. American Journal of Public Health, 87(11), 1773–1778.

[22].  Deml, M. J., & Githaiga, J. N., 2022, Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptake in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. BMJ Open, 12(11), e066615. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066615

[23].  Choi, Y., & Fox, A. M., 2022, Mistrust in public health institutions is a stronger predictor of vaccine hesitancy and uptake than trust in Trump. Social Science & Medicine, 314, 115440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115440

[24].  Loftus, R., Sahm, L. J., & Fleming, A., 2021, A qualitative study of the views of healthcare professionals on providing vaccine information to patients. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 43(6), 1683–1692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-021-01299-y

[25].  Holford, D., Anderson, E. C., Biswas, A. et al., 2024, Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of challenges in vaccine communication and training needs: A qualitative study. BMC Primary Care, 25, 264. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-024-02509-y

[26].  Lin, C., Mullen, J., Smith, D., et al., 2021, Healthcare providers' vaccine perceptions, hesitancy, and recommendation to patients: A systematic review. Vaccines (Basel), 9(7), 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070713

[27].  Ahmad, M., Akande, A., & Majid, U., 2022, Health care provider trust in vaccination: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis. European Journal of Public Health, 32(2), 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab209

[28].  Gagneur, A., 2020, Motivational interviewing: A powerful tool to address vaccine hesitancy. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 46(4), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v46i04a06

[29].  Setia, M. S., 2016, Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 61(3), 261–264.

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[33].  Stewart, D. W., Shamdasani, P. N., & Rook, D. W., 2007, Focus Groups: Theory and Practice (2nd ed.).

[34].  Bangura, J. B., Xiao, S., Qiu, D., Ouyang, F., & Chen, L., 2020, Barriers to childhood immunization in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 20, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09169-4

[35].  Fenta, S. M., & Fenta, H. M., 2021, Individual and community-level determinants of childhood vaccination in Ethiopia. Archives of Public Health, 79, 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00581-9

[36].  Adamu, A. A., Essoh, T. A., Adeyanju, G. C., et al., 2021, Drivers of hesitancy towards recommended childhood vaccines in African settings: A scoping review of literature from Kenya, Malawi, and Ethiopia. Expert Review of Vaccines, 20(6), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2021.1899819

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[38].  Bauch, C. T., Bhattacharyya, S., & Meyers, L. A., 2020, Evaluating the impact of social influence on vaccination decisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(12), 6582–6590. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910835117

Khan, A. A., Mohiuddin, A. F., Abdullah, M., Aliani, R., & Sultan, F., 2023, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and attitudes in Pakistan: A cross-sectional phone survey of major urban cities. BMC Public Health, 23, 15905. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15905-3

Abstract:

Cervical cancer is notably the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, especially threatening Nigerian women aged 15-35. A cross-sectional study conducted in Jabi District, Abuja, Nigeria, surveyed 400 women of reproductive age to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding cervical cancer screening. The results showed that while 66% of respondents had heard of cervical cancer, only 35% had ever been screened, indicating a significant gap in comprehensive knowledge about the disease. Factors such as limited knowledge, low awareness campaigns, limited access to healthcare facilities, social barriers and cultural beliefs were identified as significant barriers to screening uptake. The study underscores the urgent need for increased awareness campaigns, targeted culturally sensitive educational interventions to dispel misconceptions about cervical cancer and its screening. Furthermore, strengthening healthcare infrastructure, more implementation of HPV vaccination programs, and addressing socio-economic barriers are crucial to improve cervical cancer screening practices and ultimately reduce the burden of this preventable disease in this vulnerable population.

References:

[1]. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2024, April 4. New report on global cancer burden in 2022 by world region and human development level. https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/new-report-on-global-cancer-burden-in-2022-by-world-region-and-human-development-level/

[2]. World Health Organization, 2024, March. Cervical cancer. World Health Organization; Accessed 25 April 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

[3]. Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Laversanne, M., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., & Bray, F., 2021, Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Cd: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209-249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660

[4]. Raychaudhuri, S., & Mandal, S., 2019, Elimination of cervical cancer: Challenges for developing countries. ecancermedicalscience, 13, 975. https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2019.975

[5]. American Cancer Society, 2024, July 29. Cervical cancer leads to cancer deaths for women in 37 countries. Retrieved April 25, 2025, from https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-research-news/cervical-cancer-leads-cancer-deaths-37-countries.html

[6]. Olubodun, T., Balogun, M. R., Odeyemi, A. K., et al., 2022, Barriers and recommendations for a cervical cancer screening program among women in low-resource settings in Lagos Nigeria: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 22, 1906. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14314-2

[7]. Okolie, E. A., Ogbonnaya, L. U., & Eze, J. N., 2022, Addressing missed opportunities for cervical cancer screening in Nigeria: A nursing workforce approach. ecancermedicalscience, 16, 1373. https://ecancer.org/en/journal/article/1373-addressing-missed-opportunities-for-cervical-cancer-screening-in-nigeria-a-nursing-workforce-approach

[8]. HPV Information Centre, 2023, Nigeria: Human Papillomavirus and related cancers, Fact Sheet 2023. Retrieved from https://hpvcentre.net/statistics/reports/NGA_FS.pdf

[9]. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2024, April 4. New report on global cancer burden in 2022 by world region and human development level. https://www.iarc.who.int/news-events/new-report-on-global-cancer-burden-in-2022-by-world-region-and-human-development-level/

[10]. Ogembo, R. K., Gona, P. N., Seymour, A. J., Park, H. S., Bain, P. A., Maranda, L., & Hu, L., 2015, Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes among African women with normal cervical cytology and neoplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 10(4), e0122488. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122488

[11]. Moodley, J., Constant, D., Mwaka, A. D., Scott, S. E., & Walter, F. M., 2021, Barriers to cervical cancer screening among black women in South Africa: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10537-x

[12]. Mwaka, A. D., Wabinga, H. R., & Mayanja-Kizza, H., 2021, Knowledge and attitudes about cervical cancer screening among women in Uganda: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Women's Health, 21(1), 110. DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01264-x

[13]. Jradi, H., & Bawazir, A., 2019, "Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Saudi women regarding cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) and corresponding vaccine." Vaccine, 37(3), 530-537. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.065

[14]. Maseko, F. C., et al., 2023, Barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer screening in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. BMC Women's Health, 23(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02197-3

[15]. Mboya, I. B., Mshana, G., & Kessy, A. T., 2020, Religious affiliation and cervical cancer screening in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 135. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8222-y

[16]. Owocyte, G. O., Nwaogwugwu, J. C., & Ehinze, E. S., 2022, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Cervical Cancer Screening among Female Teachers in an urban community in Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian Medical Journal: Journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 63(3), 236-247.

[17]. Eze, J. N., et al., 2020, Awareness of cervical cancer and uptake of Pap testing among women in Nigeria. BMC Women's Health, 20(1), 130. DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-00996-6

[18]. Ampofo, A. G., Adumatta, A. D., Owusu, E., & Awuviry-Newton, K., 2020, A cross-sectional study of barriers to cervical cancer screening uptake in Ghana: An application of the health belief model. PloS one, 15(4), e0231459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231459

[19]. Getachew, S., Getachew, E., Gizaw, M., Ayele, W., Addissie, A., & Kantelhardt, E. J., 2023, Cervical cancer screening knowledge and barriers among women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 712. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15622-x

[20]. Ogembo, R. K., Gona, P. N., Seymour, A. J., Park, H. S., Bain, P. A., Maranda, L., & Hu, L., 2015, Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes among African women with normal cervical cytology and neoplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 10(4), e0122488. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122488

[21]. Zahid, N., Khan, H., Haider, G., & Kasi, S. E., 2021. "Cultural barriers to cervical cancer screening among Pakistani women: A qualitative exploration." BMC Women's Health, 21(1), 191.DOI:10.2147/IJWH.S1391

Abstract:

Decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) use technology and knowledge advancements to conduct clinical trials or trials of specific activities when compared to the traditional trial location. During the pandemic and currently, the use of DCTs has been widely implemented globally. Despite the global momentum, their adoption in India remains restricted. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the awareness and understanding of the DCTS and to assess perceived benefits and barriers among clinical research professionals in India with respect to their adoption and implementation. A questionnaire with a cross-sectional approach has been developed using Google forms and was distributed to clinical research professionals across India; 112 clinical researcher’s responses were received. We evaluated the responses using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The result indicates a high level of awareness (70.5%), while 28.6% are ‘somewhat familiar’ with DCTs among clinical researchers in India. Most respondents, around 72%, have previously participated in the conduct of DCTs and possess hands-on experience in managing such trials. Hybrid trial design was more prevalent in most therapeutic areas compared to traditional and fully decentralized trials. Most respondents perceived that the key benefits of decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) included improved access to a diverse patient pool and faster data collection and analysis, which were noted by 77.7% of respondents, as well as enhanced compliance and satisfaction among patients, reported by 76.8%. Major barriers identified included lack of technological infrastructure (84.8%), data privacy concerns (84.8%), and regulatory uncertainty (76.8%). While DCTs have advantages, regulatory uncertainties and infrastructure challenges remain barriers for their widespread adoption and implementation in India. We need targeted strategies in digital infrastructure, regulatory reforms, capacity building, and stakeholder engagement to address these challenges and facilitate broader adoption.

References:

[1].   Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., & DeMets, D. L., 2010, Introduction to clinical trials. In: Fundamentals of Clinical Trials. Springer, New York, NY., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1586-3_1

[2].   Inan, O. T., Tenaerts, P., Prindiville, S. A. et al., 2020, Digitizing clinical trials. npj Digital Medicine, 3, 101, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-0302-y

[3].   Kadam, R. A., Borde, S. U., Madas, S. A. et al., 2016, Challenges in recruitment and retention of clinical trial subjects. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 7(3), 137–143, https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-3485.184820

[4].   Izmailova, E. S., Wagner, J. A., & Perakslis, E. D., 2020, Wearable devices in clinical trials: hype and hypothesis. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 108(3), 513-515, https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1853

[5].   U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2020, Conduct of clinical trials of medical products during the COVID-19 public health emergency: Guidance for industry, investigators, and institutional review boards, https://www.fda.gov/media/136238/download

[6].   U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2023, Decentralized clinical trials for drugs, biological products, and devices: Guidance for industry, investigators, and other stakeholders, Decentralized Clinical Trials for Drugs, Biological Products, and Devices

[7].   European Medicines Agency (EMA), 2023, Guideline on computerised systems and electronic data in clinical trials. https://www.ema.europa.eu

[8].   Thiers, F., Sinskey, A. & Berndt, E., 2008, Trends in the globalization of clinical trials. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 7, 13–14, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2441

[9].   Maiti, R., Raghavendra, R., 2007, Clinical trials in India. Pharmacological Research; Volume 56, Issue 1, July, Pages 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2007.02.004.

[10].  Horizon Grand View Research; India Virtual Clinical Trials Market Size & Outlook, Date of access: 21/05/2025. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/horizon/outlook/virtual-clinical-trials-market/india?

[11].  Bhattacharya, A., 2023, How decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) can revolutionize clinical trial in India? Pharma Mirror, Date of access:21/05/2025, https://www.pharmamirror.com

[12].  Devasenapathy, N., 2023, Decentralized clinical trials: Overcoming challenges, embracing opportunities. The George Institute for Global Health, https://www.georgeinstitute.org

[13].  Kuek, A., Hakkennes, S., 2019. Healthcare staff digital literacy levels and their attitudes towards information systems. Health Informatics Journal., 26(1):592-612, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30983476/

[14].  Navarro-Martínez, O., Igual-García, J., & Traver-Salcedo, V., 2023, Bridging the educational gap in terms of digital competences between healthcare institutions’ demands and professionals’ needs. BMC Nurs 22, 144, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01284-y

[15].  Ferreira, J. C., Elvas, L. B., Correia, R., et al., 2025, Empowering Health Professionals with Digital Skills to Improve Patient Care and Daily Workflows. Healthcare, 13(3), 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13030329

[16].  Kehoe, L., Calvert, S.B., Hallinan, Z., et al., 2024, Adoption of Decentralization: Are Our Perceptions Holding Us Back? Ther Innov Regul Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43441-024-00636-3

[17].  Narasimhan S., 2023, Decentralized Clinical Trials -Systematic Review of Methods, Awareness, and Inclusiveness in Clinical Research, Texila International Journal, https://www.texilajournal.com/academic-research/article/2382-decentralized-clinical-trials

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Abstract:

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed significant challenges in global health systems, necessitating the adoption of micro-planning strategies to enhance pandemic response, particularly at the county level. This study examines the role of micro-planning in strengthening the response capacity of county health officers, focusing on selected African and Asian case studies. The study synthesizes empirical evidence on micro-planning interventions in supply chain management, community engagement, testing efficiency, healthcare workforce optimization, and vaccine distribution. A structured literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Observatory, Web of Science, and African Journals Online, alongside grey literature from the African Centers for Disease Control and the World Bank. The inclusion criteria prioritized studies from 2019-2024. Key findings indicate that micro-planning significantly improved pandemic response across multiple domains. In Uganda, Pandemic Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) stockouts were reduced by 60%, while Kenya experienced a 60% improvement in testing efficiency. Nigeria leveraged community-based planning and digital health tools, enhancing healthcare worker efficiency by 50%. South Africa’s micro-planning efforts led to a 70% improvement in vaccine distribution, and India’s localized strategies enhanced community engagement rates (82.5% urban, 75% rural). These findings underscore the effectiveness of micro-planning in optimizing resource allocation, strengthening decentralized healthcare systems, and fostering community resilience. Despite these successes, research gaps persist in the long-term sustainability of micro-planning strategies, the role of digital innovations, and equity-focused outcomes. Addressing these gaps through comparative analyses may enhance the integration of micro-planning into routine healthcare systems, ensuring preparedness for future public health crises.

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Abstract:

The successful implementation of succession planning in public law enforcement agencies depends heavily on organizational culture and management support. This qualitative case study investigates the relationship between these two factors in the Guyana Police Force while identifying obstacles such as entrenched patronage and unclear promotion systems. The analysis of interview data from senior, middle, and supervisory staff, along with archival information, reveals that transparent and meritocratic cultures create strong leadership development systems. Strategic sponsorship, combined with resource allocation from management, remains vital; however, cultural transformations are necessary for sustaining lasting effects. The research introduces a combined framework that embeds succession planning throughout both cultural and operational aspects of an organization. The proposed approach will boost leadership resilience and talent retention while building public trust in modern policing practices to create agile, strategically modernized law enforcement agencies for the 21st century.

References:

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[2]. Al-Swidi., A., Al-Hosam, A., & Al-Hosani, A., 2020, The influence of leadership behavior on organizational culture and employee commitment. Management Decision, 60(2), 534-553.

[3]. Alam, S. S., & Omar, M. S., 2021, Developing resilient leadership with embedded succession planning: Towards a conceptual model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(8), 1203–1218.

[4]. Bourne, H., Jenkins, M., 2023, Developing leaders, developing organizations: Integrating succession processes with the rest of the business. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 30(2), 189–205.

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Abstract:

This study explores the effects of coercive parenting on children's behaviour within the inner-city community of Central Village, St. Catherine, Jamaica. Using a quantitative research design, 100 questionnaires were administered—60 to parents and 40 to children—to assess parenting practices and their psychological and behavioural impact. Analysis using descriptive statistics, reliability testing, factor analysis, and correlation revealed a high prevalence of coercive parenting, often associated with low income and limited educational attainment. Most participating parents earned between USD $1,000 and USD $3,000 annually, and 71.7% had not progressed beyond high school. Children exposed to coercive discipline demonstrated behavioural issues such as emotional instability, defiance, and antisocial tendencies. The findings highlight a concerning link between socioeconomic challenges, harsh disciplinary methods, and negative developmental outcomes in children. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions and parenting education programs in marginalized Jamaican communities.

References:

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Abstract:

Multinodular goiter with retrosternal extension are seen in the superior and anterior mediastinum, but in 10-15% they can be found in the posterior mediastinum too. A large goiter may induce compressive symptoms. Thus, surgeries for such conditions require high levels of experience to avoid devastating complications, especially when the gland weighs <500g. Here we report the case of a 55-year-old lady who came with a swelling in the front of the neck which was insidious in onset and gradually progressed in size. She had history of breathing difficulties that worsened in the past month. On examination, a 5x5 cm firm swelling with an irregular surface in the left thyroid region moved with deglutition with no warmth or tenderness that deviated the trachea to the right; the lower border was not seen or palpable. No signs or symptoms of thyroid toxicity were seen. CT neck and chest showed a left-sided multinodular goiter with retrosternal extension, pushing the main cervical vessels posteriorly along with contact to the trachea and the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. The thyroid function test was normal. After assessments, the patient underwent total thyroidectomy via transcervical and sternotomy approaches. The patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged later. Presented in this case report is a not-so-large multinodular goiter in an euthyroid patient with retrosternal extension that had compression over the trachea and the main vessels along with right recurrent laryngeal nerve. The outcomes for this patient were discussed in light of the treatment options.

References:

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[6]. Al-wageeh, S., et al.,, 2020, An Investigation of the Histopathological Pattern of Thyroid in Patients Undergoing Thyroid Operations: A Cross-Sectional Study, Open Access Surgery, 13:47-52, 10.2147/OAS.S253109, Article.

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[9]. Kermenli, T., et al., 2017, Complete excision of a posterior mediastinal goitre causing tracheal deviation, The Clinical Respiratory Journal, 11(6):1096-1097, 10.1111/crj.12460, PubMed, Article.

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Abstract:

The study investigated the prevalence of Mental Health Distresses Among Students at the Kenya Medical Training College, Nairobi Campus. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was used with 355 students from different departments. Proportion of student participants based on course of study showed that 61 (18.2%) were from nursing, 46 (13.7%) from health records, 61 (12.2%) from clinical medicine, 31 (9.3%) from medical laboratory technology, 30 (9.0%) for pharmacy and radiology respectively and 96 (28.7%) which constitute the majority falling into other medical courses in the university. For the religious affiliation, Christianity, 247 (73.7%), Islam, 43 (12.8%), and other religions, 45 (13.4%). Finally, males constituted 149 (44.5%) and females, 186 (55.5%). Of the 335 participants, 183 (54.6%) fell within the normal range of depression and others had either mild, 143 (42.7%) or moderate, 9(2.7%) depression. Majority of the participants had anxiety ranging from mild, 131 (39.1%, moderate, 93 (27.8%), severe, 4 (1.2%) and only 107 (31.9%) who had their anxiety within normal range. For stress, none of the participants had within normal range and severe range but those with mild stress level constitute 333 (99.4%) followed by moderate, 2 (.6%). The findings of the study corroborated other findings that showed the increasing mental health distress prevalence among medical students. Measures should be put in place to help medical students at the Kenya Medical Training College, Nairobi Campus to manage their mental health distresses which will help in improving the student mental health status and health care delivery initiatives in Kenya.

References:

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[7]. El-Gilany, A. H., Amro, M., Eladawi, N., and Khalil, M., 2019, “Mental Health Status of Medical Students: A Single Faculty Study in Egypt,” J Nerv Ment Dis., Doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000970.

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[15]. Ediz, B., Ozcakir, A., and Bilgel, N., 2017, “Depression and anxiety among medical students: Examining scores of the beck depression and anxiety inventory and the depression anxiety and stress scale with student characteristics,” Cogent Psychol, vol. 4, Doi: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1283829.

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[29]. Gupta, S., Choudhury, S., Das, M., Mondol, A., and Pradhan, R., 2015, “Factors causing stress among students of a Medical College in Kolkata, India,” Educ Health (Abingdon), vol. 28, pp. 92–95, Doi: 10.4103/1357-6283.161924.

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Abstract:

Climate change is posing growing threats to global public health and security of the vulnerable population. The adverse effects on human health are enormous and understanding factors associated with awareness and its health impacts is essential for effective public health communication and intervention. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess population perception of climate change and its effects on human health in the Biyem Assi Health District. Sociodemographic variables, environmental factors, and access to information and resources were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests, including chi-square and multivariate logistic regression. Majority of respondents (96.2%) were aware of climate change. Awareness was significantly higher among individuals under 40 years (p = 0.003), those with higher education levels, and those exposed to climate-related health or environmental effects. Awareness was also significantly associated with understanding of its consequences, such as heatwaves, flooding, water scarcity, and local weather variability (all p < 0.05). Perception that climate change affects health was significantly associated with gender (p = 0.000), with all male respondents affirming the link compared to 81% of females. Respondents who believed in the health impacts of climate change were significantly more likely to report issues such as respiratory diseases, vector-borne illnesses, and diarrhoea (all p = 0.000). Climate change awareness in the study population is high but shaped more by informed perception, trusted information sources than by demographic characteristics. Public health strategies should prioritize accessible, community-based education that links climate change to health outcomes.

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Abstract:

More and more, Community Engagement (CE) is recognized as an important component of malaria elimination efforts. Findings from 22 peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2015 and 2023, examining the role, impact, and challenges of CE in malaria programs worldwide are synthesized in this systematic review. The implementation of CE remains highly variable in both depth and effectiveness since it has been identified as indispensable for enhancing intervention uptake, program sustainability, and empowering affected communities. High-quality participatory CE which is characterized by collaboration, co-decision-making, cultural alignment, and capacity building, is consistently associated with improved health outcomes, including increased bed net usage, early malaria detection, and better treatment adherence. Still, many CE initiatives are undermined by short-term donor-driven agendas, restricted to superficial or tokenistic participation, lack of standardized evaluation frameworks, inadequate funding, and restricted community decision-making power. In other to achieve sustainable malaria elimination, the review pinpoints the urgent need for structural integration of CE into national strategies, emphasizing long-term partnerships, continuous funding, community leadership, and equity-focused frameworks.

References:

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[3]. Dunne, M., Diarra, A., & Traoré, F., 2021, Power dynamics in community engagement for malaria control in Mali: Lessons for inclusive governance. Health Policy and Planning, 36(2), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa151

[4]. Dysoley, L., et al., 2020, Village malaria workers’ impact on case detection in Cambodia. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 25(6), 681–689.

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[7]. Kamuliwo, M., Chanda, E., Haque, U., et al., 2019, Implementing a community-led malaria elimination program in southern Zambia. Malaria Journal, 18, 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2686-2

[8]. Lavery, J. V., Tinadana, P. O., Scott, T. W., Harrington, L. C., Ramsey, J. M., Ytuarte-Nuñez, C., & James, A. A., 2016, Towards a framework for community engagement in global health research. Trends in Parasitology, 26(6), 279–283.

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[11]. Mayxay, M., et al., 2022, Village malaria workers in Laos: A sustainable approach to elimination. Tropical Medicine & Health, 50(1), 45.

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[13]. Nindi, S., Mwakitalu, M., & Kabula, B., 2020, Enhancing malaria prevention through local leadership engagement: Evidence from Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 20, 1209. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09372-w

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Abstract:

It is noted globally over 95 countries and territories have on going malaria transmission with an estimated 3.2 billion people who are at risk of getting infected. The WHO indicates that 214 million people are infected with malaria worldwide and of these 438,000cases result in deaths. Children below five years are the most susceptible to malaria illness which accounts for estimated deaths of 303,000 before reaching age five globally and 292,000 occur in the African region. The purpose of the study was to determining the prevalence of malaria and the associated risk factors among children below 5 years in Munuki PHCC, Juba Capital City, South Sudan.  The study was a quantitative and cross section survey which involved a sample size of 243 care takers of 243 children below the age of five who attended Munuki PHCC. A convenient sampling method allowed data to be collected about malaria prevalence and the associated factors simultaneously in the months of August and September 2023. The prevalence of malaria was high 118(48.6%) and the factors that were significant with malaria prevalence included; house hold source of light (x2= 8.560, P=0.036), care taker knowledge of signs and symptoms (loss of appetite) x2=4.023, P=0.045) and environmental factor about presence of garbage heaps (x2=4.322, P=0.038).

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[20]. Romay Barja, M., Ncongo, P., Nseng Santana, Morales, M. A., Harractor, Z., Berzosa, P., 2016. Caregiver malaria knowledge, attitudes and related factors in Bata District, Equitorial Guinea, PLOs research article, https://doi.org/10.1371/0168668

Abstract:

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global business operations, placing private security agencies under significant operational strain. In Ontario, Canada, these agencies faced increased demand for services in healthcare and critical infrastructure, while also contending with workforce vulnerabilities, shifting regulatory requirements, and fluctuating public trust. This study uses a comparative case study of Securitas Canada, Paragon Security, and G4S Security Canada to evaluate their resiliency and survival strategies during the pandemic. Framed by Mitroff’s Five Phases of Crisis Management and the Social Vulnerability Framework, the research examines how these strategies affected marginalized communities, particularly low-income and immigrant populations. While technological innovation, distributed teams, and service diversification supported operational continuity, they also introduced ethical concerns around over-surveillance, limited inclusivity, and uneven service delivery. The findings reveal that agencies with equity-oriented operational frameworks were better positioned to maintain public trust and service quality. This study underscores the importance of integrating cultural competency, robust accountability mechanisms, and inclusive engagement into private security governance. It advocates for a model of private security that prioritize both resilience and equity in future crisis preparedness

References:

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[5]. G4S Canada. 2021, Community engagement and COVID-19 response. https://www.g4s.ca/en/media-centre/news/2021/01/12/community-engagement-covid19-response

[6]. G4S Security. 2021, Community impact during COVID-19: A case study of G4S operations in Ontario. https://www.g4s.com

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Abstract:

While previous research highlights the importance of good succession planning in public law enforcement agencies, this study proposes a more comprehensive approach that combines knowledge management (KM) and talent development (TD) into a single model for strong leadership. The article uses qualitative case study methods and evidence from senior law enforcement officials in Guyana to consider practical mechanisms for embedding corporate wisdom and developing leadership talent. It further demonstrates that changes in both system knowledge and talent development are crucial to developing leadership resilience and the organization's stability. The findings present practical implications for public sector organizations experiencing challenges in long-term leadership management

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Abstract:

The problem of low-level knowledge about medical tourism often makes medical practitioners and stakeholders ignorant of the eventual consequences of outbound medical tourism and the possible advantages of inbound medical tourism. This study assesses the awareness and knowledge of medical tourism among medical practitioners in tertiary hospitals in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out among 160 medical doctors who have made referrals for medical tourism in other countries. A multi-stage sampling technique was used and data was collected using an Interviewer-administered structured questionnaire.  The Mean years of experience among the doctors was = 17.6±9.5 years; 48 (30.00%) had a work experience of 11 – 20 years, 42 (26.25%) 21 – 30 years, while 20 (12.50%) had worked for more than 30 years. About 148 (92.50%) of the doctors were aware of medical tourism. Of the proportion that were aware (n = 160), 34(21.25%) reported their colleagues as their source of information, and 65 (40.63%) indicated their workplace as their source. Outbound and inbound medical tourism were the most popular categories of medical tourism among the doctors, 56 (35.00%) and 51 (31.88%), respectively. In summary, 83 (51.9%) of the doctors had fair knowledge of medical tourism, while 43 (26.9%) had poor knowledge, and 34 (21.3%) had good knowledge. High awareness of medical tourism among Nigerian doctors is crucial for safeguarding public health, improving local healthcare services, and reducing medical tourism-related risks. It also positions Nigeria to potentially benefit from inbound medical tourism in the future.

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Abstract:

Obstetric fistula affects women’s social lives, and some women still experience stigma and marital challenges even after successful repair. There is limited information on the experiences of reintegration after a successful fistula repair and a gap remains in the experiences of reintegration services, affecting implementation and policy implications for fistula repair programs. The data for the study was an in-depth interview guide and interviews were audio-taped with permission from participants, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Four (4) main themes, two (2) emerged themes, and thirteen (13) subthemes were generated from the data. All four major themes were derived from the constructs of the socio-ecological model which was used to develop the objectives which guided the study. The findings show that although there is support for treatment, there are no formal support structures for the reintegration of obstetric fistula survivors.

References:

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[9]. Bomboka, J. B., N-Mboowa, M. G., & Nakilembe, J., 2019. Post-effects of obstetric fistula in Uganda; a case study of fistula survivors in KITOVU mission hospital (MASAKA), Uganda. BMC public health, 19, 1-7.

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[39]. Khisa, A. M., & Nyamongo, I. K., 2012. Still living with fistula: an exploratory study of the experience of women with obstetric fistula following corrective surgery in West Pokot, Kenya. Reproductive Health Matters, 20(40), 59-66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(12)40661-9

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Abstract:

This theoretical literature review examines the pivotal role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) as a driving force in evidence-based decision-making within educational administration. It highlights ICT's transformative potential to enhance teaching methodologies, streamline administrative operations, and foster data-driven cultures. By analyzing scholarly sources, the paper underscores the significance of ICT competence among education administrators, which encompasses the technical and analytical skills needed to interpret complex data sets and implement effective strategies. Furthermore, it emphasizes how ICT facilitates access to real-time data, promotes transparency, and improves student outcomes through personalized instruction. The review identifies critical factors influencing ICT integration and its effectiveness, including infrastructure, user capacity, and organizational culture. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening ICT's role in enhancing Evidence-Based Decision-Making (EBDM) in education.

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Abstract:

In this study on the factors of unemployment among graduates in Butembo in the DRC, we wanted to identify the type of the first employment opportunities that graduates seek and educational factors of unemployment among graduates and to find skills and strategies to develop employability for graduates. We questioned 74 from secondary school and 48 from tertiary education. The results obtained with chi-square at the 1% or 5% threshold showed that they all have the same obstacles, the lack of necessary employability skills. We found that graduates apply for higher-paying professions such as humanitarian work and commercial companies without taking into account their study specialty. There are many factors contributing to unemployment. They are mainly educational, namely: a) Field of study which is not in demanded on the job market or is very popular or is still unclear for an employment perspective; b) Poor learning of employability skills, lack of computer skills, lack of local environment knowledge, lack langue mastery, lack of motivation to work; c) Outdated and truncated learning content; d) Poor learning conditions, lack of laboratory, insufficient teaching materials, and e) Theoretical and collective learning approach with an insufficient internships period. To solve these challenges, it is necessary to focus learning on computer skills practices, values, local environment concepts, local language, English and French, job search technique by updating and professionalizing learning with workplace learning and inverted classroom learning approaches and internships sufficient period.

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Abstract:

Lassa fever remains endemic in Sierra Leone, despite efforts to eradicate it. This study examines the socio-cultural determinants of Lassa fever transmission in Sierra Leone. A cross-sectional survey of 1,033 randomly selected participants was conducted in two endemic districts (Kailahun and Kenema) in Sierra Leone. Structured questionnaires were used to gather data from household heads. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 28. Findings indicate a high awareness of Lassa fever (90.9%), with health centers (48.9%) being the primary source of information. However, knowledge of specific symptoms such as muscle aches (23.2%) and bleeding (23.2%) remained low. Misconceptions about transmission were evident, with only 54.7% recognizing direct rodent contact as a risk factor, and 3.1% attributed it to mosquito bites. Knowledge of preventive practices were inadequate, with only 12.8% being mentioning proper food storage and 4.3% recognizing personal protective equipment use. A high percentage (91.4%) reported using traps or other rodent control methods; however, 4.9% engaged in hunting and consuming rats. Proper food storage remains a critical issue, with only 56.5% using sealed containers while 18.8% used open containers, exposing food to rodent contamination. These findings highlight a mixed landscape of behavioural change, while some protective measures have been embraced, while other risk-associated cultural practices remain embedded in community life. Analysis revealed that older age groups (AOR = 5.505, p=0.011) had significantly higher odds of experiencing Lassa fever symptoms. Poor hygiene (AOR = 1.555, p=0.008) and improper waste disposal (AOR = 2.968, p=0.046) were also key risk factors. These findings underscore the need for public health interventions to improve knowledge, dispel myths, and promote preventive behaviors to mitigate Lassa fever transmission

References:

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[2]. Bonwitt, J., Kelly, A. H., Ansumana, R., Agbla, S., Sahr, F., Saez, A. M., Borchert, M., Kock, R., & Fichet-Calvet, E., 2018, Rat-atouille: A mixed method study to characterize rodent hunting and consumption in the context of Lassa fever. EcoHealth, 15(4), 683–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-018-1368-8

[3]. Ogunleye, A., Adesina, O., Okeke, I., Adebayo, A., & Ogundele, O., 2019, Behavioral and environmental factors contributing to Lassa fever spread in endemic regions. Journal of Infectious Diseases in Africa, 8(3), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.11604/jida.2019.8.3.124

[4]. Fagbemi, A. W., Ajibola, O., Oladele, D., Abubakar, A., Umeokonkwo, C. D., & Oladimeji, A., 2018, Cultural practices and health-seeking behaviour among rural communities in Nigeria: Implications for Lassa fever control. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(2), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.15640/ijhs.v6n2a6

[5]. Ibrahim, M. K., Abdullahi, S. U., Umar, A. I., Mohammed, S. B., & Ogunsola, F. T., 2018, Understanding the transmission dynamics of Lassa fever in Nigeria: A review of the literature. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 18(7), 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2017.2229

[6]. Shehu, N. Y., Moses, P., Usman, D., Ogbonnaya, L. U., Ibrahim, S. M., & Dawurung, J. S., 2021, Lassa fever and cultural practices in Nigeria: A qualitative study of community perspectives. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(4), Article e0009256. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009256

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[13]. Uwishema, O., Alshareif, B. A. A., Yousif, M. Y. E., Omer, M. E. A., Sablay, A. L. R., & Tariq, R., 2021, Lassa fever amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: A rising concern, efforts, challenges, and future recommendations. Journal of Medical Virology, 93(12), 6433–6436.

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[15]. Wada, Y. H., Ogunyinka, I. A., Yusuff, K. B., Ochu, C. L., Yahaya, M., & Khalid, G. M., 2022, Knowledge of Lassa fever, its prevention and control practices and their predictors among healthcare workers during an outbreak in Northern Nigeria: A multi-centre cross-sectional assessment. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 16(3).

[16]. Douno, M., Asampong, E., Magassouba, N., Fichet-Calvet, E., & Sáez, A. M., 2023, Correction: Hunting and consumption of rodents by children in the Lassa fever endemic area of Faranah, Guinea. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17(1).

[17]. Bonwitt, J., Kelly, A. H., Ansumana, R., Agbla, S., Sahr, F., & Saez, A. M., 2016, Rat-atouille: A Mixed Method Study to Characterize Rodent Hunting and Consumption in the Context of Lassa Fever. EcoHealth, 13(2), 234–247.

[18]. Odigie, E. A., Ighedosa, S. U., Vincent Osaghae, G., Usifoh, S. F., Asemota, D. O., & Faboya, T. N. E., 2017, Risk perception of Lassa fever and rodent control practices in a University campus in South-South zone of Nigeria. Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology Journal, 17(1), 14–22. http://www.nisebjournal.org

[19]. Oshiokhayamhe, I., Onyemaechi, O., Ernest, A., Agumeile, K., McSionel, M., & Osilama, M., 2024, Epidemiology and Comprehensive Review on the Myth and Facts of Lassa Fever Transmission. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.7.20.729

[20]. Merson, L., Bourner, J., Jalloh, S., Erber, A., Salam, A. P., & Flahault, A., 2021, Clinical characterization of lassa fever: A systematic review of clinical reports and research to inform clinical trial design. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 15(9).

[21]. Nwafor, I. E., Ogah, O. E., Ojide, C. K., Odeh, E. C., Abu, A. M., & Chika-Igwenyi, N. M., 2020, Prevalence and outcome of Lassa fever among hospitalized patients in Ebonyi State, Nigeria, 2018–2019. Virus Research, 285.

[22]. Constant, N. L., Swanepoel, L. H., Williams, S. T., Soarimalala, V., Goodman, S. M., & Massawe, A. T., 2020, Comparative assessment on rodent impacts and cultural perceptions of ecologically based rodent management in 3 Afro-Malagasy farming regions. Integrative Zoology, 15(6), 578–594.

[23]. Aloke, S., & Okpara, P., 2024, A Mathematical Model of Lassa Fever Transmission and Control in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Mathematics, 12(2), 24–36.

[24]. Isere, E. E., Fatiregun, A. A., Adejugbagbe, A. M., Oluwole, M. T., Omorogbe, N. E., & Olajumoke, O. T., 2022, Attitudes Towards Lassa Fever Disease Transmission Among Household Members in Ondo State Southwest Nigeria. International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research, 6(1), 50–61.

[25]. Ilesanmi, A. O., Oton, E., & Afolabi, A., 2021, Community engagement in the prevention and control of lassa fever in africa: A systematic review. Infection Epidemiology and Microbiology, 7(2), 187–196.

Abstract:

The abuse of psychoactive substances significantly impacts individual behavior and perception, posing a substantial public health challenge, particularly in psychiatric hospitals, and negatively affecting treatment outcomes. This study employs a facility-based, cross-sectional design utilizing focus group discussions to gain insights into attitudes, beliefs, and practices. The study examined subjects' awareness of substance use, its consequences, and the relationship between psychoactive substance use and academic attainment. The results are as follows: N = 55; 76.4% (n = 44) are male and 23.6% (n = 23) are female. The mean age is 30.87 years with a standard deviation of 8.25. The modal age of onset for substance use is 17 years, with a mean of 18.18 and a standard deviation of 7.58. The presence of mental illness resulting from psychoactive substance use was observed in 58.2% (n = 32) of cases. The educational status of subjects was significantly lower than that of their parents, with Pearson X² = 49.8, df = 24, and p = 0.001 with a 95% confidence interval. The majority of participants indicated that they commenced substance use in schools, and the behavior continued despite awareness of the consequences, as evidenced by 94%. Consequently, educational institutions should implement extensive substance use preventive strategies, such as mandatory drug use screening prior to university admission, regular random drug testing within the university premises, and zero tolerance to substance-indulging behaviors.

References:

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[9]. Zubairu, I., 2017, Sexual and Reproductive Behavior of HIV-positive Men and the Response of the Health Care Service: A Mixed Methods Study in Kano, Northern Nigeria.

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[17]. Bhondoekhan, F., et al., 2023, The impact of polysubstance use patterns on engagement of substance use disorder treatment among emergency department patients at high risk of opioid overdose. Addict. Behavior. Rep. 18 p.100512. Doi: 10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100512.

[18]. Caron, R. M., et al., 2024, Health Promotion, Health Protection, and Disease Prevention: Challenges and Opportunities in a Dynamic Landscape. AJPM Focus. 3 (1) 100167. Doi: 10.1016/j.focus.2023.100167.

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Abstract:

This study researches strategic human resources management (SHRM) practices in Canada's private security industry. It examines the role SHRM plays in workforce retention and staff professional development programs at Securitas Canada. Furthermore, the study investigates how Securitas applied SHRM principles to reduce its high staff turnover rate, and enhance the skill development of its workforce in a labor-intensive and high-risk industry. Using a mixed method of semi-structured approach, which comprises interviews with stakeholders, surveys with 300 employees, and document analysis, the study provides a robust insight into the company’s HR strategies. The findings show that competitive compensation packages, targeted recognition programs, and sound professional development initiative have pushed its turnover rate far below the industry average. In addition, technology-driven training and leadership programs put in place by the company has strengthened the HR practices of the organization. The study expands SHRM literature by utilizing the High-Performance Work Systems (HPWS) and Ability Motivation Opportunity (AMO) frameworks to a largely under-researched sector. The study would guide private security firms in improving workforce stability and career growth in high-risk operational occupation and environments

References:

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Abstract:

The fast growth and demand for mobile broad band service has driven Telecom network operators to adopt an innovative approached to improve network capacity and enhance Quality of service in Mobile Telephony. The high demand of mobile broadband to pave way for Spectrum refarming which involves reallocating underutilized frequency bands (e.g., 2G/3G) to more advanced networks like 4G LTE. The research focus and objectives was to investigate the impact of spectrum refarming on 4G capacity and QoS improvement and examines the technical, economic, social and regulatory challenges associated with spectrum refarming. The study will follow a quantitave and comparative approach and data collection was conducted through structured questionnaires and distributed to Telecom engineers, IT specialist with hands-on experience in Telecom, regulatory authorities, supporting staff outside IT and Telecom space. The findings indicate that spectrum refarming can significantly enhance the 4G network capacity, improve quality of service and user experience though its implementation is often limited by technical and regulatory challenges and per the results received from the survey, (88.6%) of respondents acknowledged spectrum refarming will significantly improve 4G coverage and capacity, (6.85 %) believed it is not possible and (4.5%) were uncertain. The study also contributes to the field that provide actionable recommendation for telecom operators and policymakers to improve the spectrum management practices. Additionally, (81.8%) of the respondents reported spectrum sharing policy should be introduced to facilitate refarming ,11.4% didn’t support the idea of spectrum sharing ,6.8% of respondents not sure and total Reponses were 40.

References:

[1]. Agiwal, M., Roy, A., & Saxena, N., 2016, Next-generation 5G wireless networks: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 18(3),1617-1655. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2016.2532458.

[2]. Agyapong, P. K., Staehle, D., & Kiessling, M., 2014, Design of a spectrum refarming framework for mobile operators. IEEE Wireless Communications, 21(4), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2014.6882293.

[3]. Ahmad, W. S. H. M. W., Radzi, N. A. M., Samidi, F. S., Ismail, A., Abdullah, F., Jamaludin, M. Z., &. Zakaria, M., 2020, 5G technology: Towards dynamic spectrum sharing using cognitive radio networks. IEEE access, 8, 14460-14488.

[4]. Bangerter, B., Talwar, S., Arefi, R., & Stewart, K., 2014, Networks and devices for the 5G era. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2014.6736750.

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[6]. Calandro, E., 2011, Refarming frequencies in rural areas: A regulatory perspective. Available at SSRN 1846655.

[7]. Webb, W., Medeisis, A., & Minervini, L. F., 2024, Evolved spectrum usage rights: A catalyst for liberal spectrum management reform. Telecommunications Policy, 48(3), 102715.

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[9]. Saha, R. K., & Cioffi, J. M., 2024, Dynamic spectrum sharing for 5G NR and 4G LTE coexistence-A comprehensive review. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 5, 795-835.

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[14]. Degambur, L. N., Mungur, A., Armoogum, S., & Pudaruth, S., 2021, Resource allocation in 4G and 5G networks: A review. International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security, 13(3), 401-408.

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Abstract:

This study examines adolescents' knowledge, attitudes, and uptake of COVID-19 vaccinations in the wake of the pandemic in the Bole district of the Savannah Region. Data was gathered through focus groups, and key informant interviews. Thematic analysis was employed for data analysis. The findings confirmed Rosenstock Health belief theory which discussed some components that may affect the behaviour of people to accept immunization/vaccination. This revealed a moderate level of knowledge among adolescents, with gaps in understanding the broader significance of vaccination. Attitudes were mixed, with positive sentiments attributed to perceived protective benefits and concerns about the necessity of vaccination. Diverse perceptions regarding safety, efficacy, and significance of COVID-19 vaccines were identified. The study recommends targeted educational programs, community engagement, and communication strategies to enhance vaccine-related knowledge and address hesitancy among adolescents. Future research is encouraged to explore broader geographical scopes and diverse populations for a more comprehensive understanding.

References:

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[2]. Dzinamarira, T., Nachipo, B., Phiri, B., and Musuka, G., 2021, COVID-19 Vaccine Roll-Out in South Africa and Zimbabwe : Urgent Need to Address Community Preparedness , Fears and Hesitancy, 2021.

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[7]. Agyekum, M. W., Afrifa-Anane, G. F., Kyei-Arthur, F., and Addo, B., 2021, Acceptability of COVID-19 Vaccination among Health Care Workers in Ghana, Adv. Public Heal., vol. 2021, 2021, doi: 10.1155/2021/9998176.

[8]. Alhassan, R. K., Agyei, S. O., Ansah, E. K., and Gyapong, M., 2021, COVID ‑ 19 vaccine uptake among health care workers in Ghana : a case for targeted vaccine deployment campaigns in the global south, Hum. Resour. Health, pp. 1–12, 2021, doi: 10.1186/s12960-021-00657-1.

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[10]. Afriyie, D. K., Asare, G. A., Amponsah, S. K., and Godman, B., 2020, COVID-19 pandemic in resource-poor countries : challenges , experiences and opportunities in Ghana, pp. 3–8, 2020, doi: 10.3855/jidc.12909.

[11]. Di Giuseppe, G., Pelullo, C. P., Volgare, A. S., Napolitano, F., and Pavia, M., 2022, Parents ’ Willingness to Vaccinate Their Children With COVID-19 Vaccine : Results of a Survey in Italy, J. Adolesc. Heal., vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 550–558, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.01.003.

[12]. Sam N. A., 2022, Children and adolescents in African countries should also be vaccinated for COVID- ­ 19, pp. 1–6, 2022, doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008315.

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[18]. Abbas, Q., Mangrio, F., and Kumar, S., 2021, Myths, beliefs, and conspiracies about COVID-19 vaccines in Sindh, Pakistan: An online cross-sectional survey, Authorea, pp. 1–7, 2021, doi: 10.22541/au.161519250.03425961/v1.

[19]. Akram, H., Yingxiu, Y., Al-Adwan, A. S., and Alkhalifah, A., 2021, Technology Integration in Higher Education During COVID-19: An Assessment of Online Teaching Competencies Through Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Model, Front. Psychol., vol. 12, no. August, pp. 1–11, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736522.

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[22]. Green, E. C., Murphy, E. M., and Gryboski, K., 2022, The Health Belief Model, Wiley Encycl. Heal. Psychol., no. May 2022, pp. 211–214, 2020, doi: 10.1002/9781119057840.ch68.

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Abstract:

The study examined the effect of learning cycle approaches on academic achievement of students in science. It employed a quasi-experimental non-randomized pre-test, post-test experimental group design. The study used a mixed method approach of both qualitative and quantitative method of data collection and analysis. A detailed lesson plan was prepared to ensure active involvement of students in the learning process. Using the multi-stage sampling procedure, three classes were purposively selected and 120 students were randomly selected to take part in the study. Data was collected through the use of the Science Achievement Test (SAT), interviews, and observations. The data collected was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Service Solutions (version 26.0). The statistical tools employed for the analysis are descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test and ANOVA). The results showed that:

1.   There was no statistically significant difference in the pre-test scores for the three model class groups. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the post-test scores for the three model groups.

2.   Also, there was a significant and very large effect of the 3E, 5E, and 7E models on the students taught with the 3E, 5E, and the 7E learning cycle approaches in favour of the 7E.

There was no significant difference in scores for low- achievers and high achievers taught with the 3E, 5E, and 7E models.

References:

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[20]. Mecit, Ö., 2006, The effect of 7e learning cycle model on the improvement of fifth grade students’ critical thinking skills. (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607661/inde x.pdf

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Abstract:

In this study on the factors of the lower contribution of graduates to entrepreneurship in North-Kivu in the DRC, our objectives were to identify the obstacles that make most graduates not ready to engage in entrepreneurship, to check whether the obstacles are the same for secondary and tertiary education finalists and to find strategies to develop entrepreneurship skills at school. So, we questioned finalists, 74 from secondary school and 48 from tertiary education. The results obtained with chi-square at 1 and 5% threshold show that they are all poorly prepared to entrepreneurship. The results of the survey have led us to note that most graduates are not ready to be entrepreneurs because they are not motivated to entrepreneurship. They want to continue their studies, apply for a job. There is lack of entrepreneurship course in all fields of study, lack of creativity and risk-taking, lack of information about business creation support system. Secondary and tertiary education finalists face the same obstacles of theoretical learning, lack of experience with entrepreneurs, lack of skills including creativity, a spirit of initiative, the risk-taking. Strategies to develop entrepreneurship skills are as follows: the integration of entrepreneurship courses into the learning curriculum in all fields of study, focusing learning on the practices about skills of business creation at school, work sessions with tutors, the partnership with entrepreneurial referents, the learning with various approaches including the workplace learning, solving problem and the project-based learning approaches.

References:

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[5]. Loi-cadre no 14/004 de Fevrier 11/2014 de l’enseignement national. 3/09/2024, https://www.leganet.cd.

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[8]. Omandji Lokonde, P., 2023, Comprendre les représentations entrepreneuriales des jeunes diplômés en contexte de précarité cas de la République démocratique du Congo. Revue-projectique, 2 (35), 65-82, DOI:10.3917/proj.035.006: https://shs.cairn.

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Abstract:

The ABO and Rh blood group systems play essential roles in transfusion medicine and have been implicated in the risk of thrombotic and hemorrhagic disorders through their influence on coagulation factors. This study assessed the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups and their relationship with coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) levels in healthy Ghanaians. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 118 adults aged 18–60 years at three hospitals in Tema, Ghana. Blood groups were determined using standard agglutination methods, and FVIII antigen (FVIII:Ag) levels were measured using ELISA. Complete blood counts were analyzed to assess hematological parameters. The distribution of ABO groups was: O (28.0%), A (26.3%), B (24.6%), and AB (21.2%), with 90.7% of participants being Rh-positive. Mean FVIII:Ag levels did not significantly differ across ABO groups (p = 0.714), and no significant association was found with Rh status. Interestingly, group O individuals had the highest mean platelet volume (MPV), and a weak negative correlation was observed between FVIII:Ag and MPV (r = –0.205, p = 0.039). Age and sex showed no significant influence on FVIII:Ag levels. These findings suggest that while the ABO and Rh distributions in this Ghanaian cohort align with expected regional patterns, their impact on FVIII levels may be less pronounced compared to other populations. The novel observation of elevated MPV in group O individuals warrants further investigation. Understanding the interplay between blood groups and coagulation factors in African populations is essential for refining risk assessments for thrombotic and bleeding disorders.

References:

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[2]. Okeke, E. N., & Iloka, N., 2020, Distribution of ABO and Rhesus blood groups in Nigeria. African Journal of Laboratory Medicine, 9(1), a1265. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajlm.v9i1.1265

[3]. Anstee, D. J., 2010, The relationship between blood groups and disease. Blood, 115(23), 4635–4643. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-01-261859

[4]. Ravn, V., & Dabelsteen, E., 2000, Tissue distribution of histo-blood group antigens. APMIS, 108(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0463.2000.d01-3.x

[5]. Azad, A., Akhter, Q., Islam, M., Mukta, F., Afroz, L., & Adnan, A., 2021, ABO blood groups and their relationship with coagulation factor VIII in healthy adults. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 9(9), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2021.99003

[6]. Pramanik, T., & Pramanik, S., 2000, Distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in Nepalese students. Asian Journal of Transfusion Science, 4(1), 32–34. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6247.59386

[7]. Jahanpour, F., et al., 2017, Blood group distribution and its association with various diseases: A study in Tanzania. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 11(2), EC01–EC04. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/24288.9341

[8]. Doku, G. N., Agbozo, W. K., Annor, R. A., Kisseh, G. D., & Owusu, M. A., 2019, Frequency of ABO/Rhesus (D) blood groupings and ethnic distribution in the Greater Accra region of Ghana, towards effective blood bank inventory. International Journal of Immunogenetics, 46(1), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/iji.12430

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Abstract:

This study examined the impact of climate change on human-wildlife conflict (HWC) in two ecologically distinct protected areas in Zambia: Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park (MoTNP) and Sioma Ngwezi National Park (SNNP). Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 171 households around MoTNP and 250 around SNNP through semi-structured questionnaires, complemented by 10 key informant interviews (KIIs) and 2 focus group discussions (FGDs) per site. Secondary data on climate and wildlife were obtained from the Zambia Meteorological Department (ZMD) and the Department of National Parks and Wildlife (DNPW). Quantitative data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS Version 30.The findings revealed significant climate variability, including declining rainfall trends (59 mm/year/decade in MoTNP and 43 mm/year/decade in SNNP) and rising temperatures, contributing to prolonged dry seasons and droughts. These climatic changes correlated with increased HWC incidents. SNNP reported a higher prevalence of HWC (92%) compared to MoTNP (79.5%). Four primary HWC types were identified: crop damage, property destruction, livestock depredation, and human attacks, predominantly occurring during the dry season and daylight hours. In MoTNP, elephants, baboons, monkeys, and buffaloes were the key conflict species, while SNNP also reported significant conflict with hippopotamuses, crocodiles, hyenas, lions, and leopards. Communities employed deterrents such as physical barriers and fireworks, while park management focused on education and sensitisation. The study recommends a context-specific, adaptive HWC mitigation strategy that addresses climatic, socio-economic and ecological drivers. These findings provide critical insights for wildlife managers and policymakers to develop sustainable and inclusive climate-resilient HWC mitigation.

References:

[1]. Abrahms, B., 2021, Human-wildlife conflict under climate change. Science, 373(6554), 484-485.

[2]. Hodgson, I. D., Redpath, S. M., Sandstrom, C., & Biggs, D., 2020, The State of Knowledge and Practice on Human-Wildlife Conflicts. O'Neill M (Editor) & Villat J (Editor) The Luc Hoffman Institute. Gland, Switzerland.

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[10]. Ravenelle, J., Nyhus, P. J., 2017, Global patterns and trends in human-wildlife conflict compensation. Conservation Biology 31:1247–1256

[11]. Gross, E. M., Pereira, J. G., Shaba, T., Bilério, S., Kumchedwa, B., Lienenlüke, S., 2022, Exploring Routes to Coexistence: Developing and Testing a Human–Elephant Conflict- Management Framework for African Elephant-Range Countries. Diversity, 14, 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14070525

[12]. Goswami, V. R., Vasudev, D., Joshi, B., Hait, P., & Sharma, P., 2021, Coupled effects of climatic forcing and the human footprint on wildlife movement and space use in a dynamic floodplain landscape. Science of the Total Environment, 758.

[13]. Tucker, M. A., Böhning-Gaese, K., Fagan, W. F., Fryxell, J. M., Van Moorter, B., et al., 2018, Moving in the Anthropocene: Global reductions in terrestrial mammalian movements. Science 359:466–469.

[14]. Lamarque, F., Anderson, J., Fergusson, R., Lagrange, M., Osei-owusu, Y., Bakker, I., 2009, Human-wildlife conflict in Africa cause, consequences and management strategies (no. 157). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

[15]. Kabali, Emmanuel & Pandey, Girja & Maboshe, Mashekwa & Munyeme, Musso., 2015, The Wildlife-livestock-human interface, legislation and its impact on communities around Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park in Zambia. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa ISSN:1520-5509. 17.

[16]. Zimmermann, A., & Stevens, J., 2021, Call for holistic, interdisciplinary and multilateral management of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence. Oryx, 55, 490–491.

[17]. Tembo, S., 2010, An Examination of the Residents’ Perceptions of Impacts of Nature Based Tourism on Community Livelihoods and Conservation: Case study of Chiyaba Game Management Area, Zambia. MSc thesis, University of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.

[18]. Kansky, R., Kidd, M., & Knight, A. T., 2016, A wildlife tolerance model and case study for understanding human wildlife conflicts. Biological Conservation, 201, 137–145.

[19]. Kansky, R., 2022, Unpacking the challenges of wildlife governance in community-based conservation programs to promote human-wildlife coexistence. Conservation Science and Practice, 4.

[20]. Barlow, A., & Brooks, A., 2019, Human wildlife conflict-Response teams: Global lessons in design, operation, monitoring and sustainability. WWF Tigers Alive.

[21]. Meredith, E. J., & Neal, 2022, Damage assessment for the 2018 lower East Rift Zone lava flows of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaiʻi. . Bulletin of Volcanology, 65.

[22]. Chilambe, B., 2024, Mapping of Human-wildlife conflict hotspots in Silowana complex of western province in Zambia. Pg. 78.

[23]. König, H. K. S., & Ford, A., 2020, Human–wildlife coexistence in a changing world.

[24]. Allen, E. K., & Stephens, J., 2013, Diverse perceptions of stakeholder engagement within an environmental modeling research team. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 343-356.

Abstract:

This paper examines the allocation and impact of oil and gas revenues on rural infrastructure in Guyana within the period of 2021 to 2024. Guyana began oil production in 2019, and this has resulted in an expansion of its fiscal capacity exponentially. A significant chunk of the revenue has been devoted towards improving educational outcomes and quality in rural areas. This study evaluates budgetary allocations, assessing infrastructure developments along with education access and performance in Region 5. Using a quantitative method approach, document analysis and structured questionnaires were used to gather data from 260 educators in a full enumerative sample, and SPSS was used for analysis. Cronbach's Alpha (α = 0.81), expert review, and triangulation using secondary documents were used to confirm reliability. The findings have shown a marginal increase in budgetary allocations, and considerable improvement in school infrastructure. However, there has been marginal progress relative to educational outcome but this is marred with the issue of disparities in implementation. Furthermore, prudent monitoring is cited as a challenge in the realization of intended benefits. This paper offers several key recommendations including but not limited to improving coordination, effective stakeholder engagement, and a commitment to increasing accountability and transparency. These can potentially maximize the impact of oil and gas revenue in this sector.

References:

[1]. Ministry of Finance, 2024, Budget Estimates 2024: Volume 1 – Current and Capital Revenue and Expenditure. Government of Guyana. Retrieved from . https://finance.gov.gy.

[2]. Ministry of Finance, 2024, Budget Estimates 2024: Volume 2 – Education Programme. Government of Guyana. Retrieved from . https://finance.gov.gy.

[3]. The World Bank, 2020, Project paper on a proposed additional credit in the amount of SDR 9.5 million (US$13.5 million equivalent) to the Co-operative Republic of Guyana for an additional financing to the Guyana Secondary Education Improvement Project (Report No. PAD3584). Education Global Practice, Latin America and Caribbean Region. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/324911608632404355/.

[4]. Auty, R. M. 1993, Sustaining development in mineral economies: The resource curse thesis 1st ed. Routledge. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203422595.

[5]. United Nations Development Programme, Evaluation Office, 2010, Assessment of development results: Evaluation of UNDP contribution, Guyana. UNDP.

[6]. Williams, P., 2025, Regional inequality and development: A study of the coastal–hinterland dichotomy in Guyana. In D. DaSilva-Glasgow, T. Khemraj, & D. Thomas Eds., Economic challenges in early 21st century Guyana pp. 67–111. Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-75019-9_4.

[7]. Rajkumar, A. S., & Swaroop, V., 2008, Public spending and outcomes: Does governance matter? Journal of Development Economics, 861, 96–111. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.08.003.

[8]. Ross, M. L., 2012, The oil curse: How petroleum wealth shapes the development of nations. Princeton University Press. Retrieved from. https://cdn.carnegiecouncil.org/media/cceia/import/studio/The_Oil_Curse.pdf.

[9]. Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. M., 1997. Natural resource abundance and economic growth NBER Working Paper No. 5398. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3386/w5398.

[10]. Auty, R. M., 1993, Sustaining development in mineral economies: The resource curse thesis (1st ed.). Routledge. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203422595.

[11]. Birdsall, N., & Subramanian, A., 2004, Saving Iraq from its oil. Foreign Affairs, 834, 77–89. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iraq/2004-07-01/saving-iraq-its-oil.

[12]. Mehlum, H., Moene, K., & Torvik, R., 2006, Institutions and the resource curse. The Economic Journal, 116508, 1–20. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01045.x.

[13]. Oduro, G. K. T., 2012, Unmasking policy actors’ involvement in education policy making in Ghana. Research in Comparative and International Education, 71, 57–68. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2012.7.1.57.

[14]. Suleman, M., & Ennin, R., 2024, Oil wealth and educational inequality in West Africa: Institutional failures in Ghana and Nigeria. West African Journal of Development Studies, 181 55–78. Retrieved from: https://learninggeneration.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Prospects-of-Earmarking-Africas-Oil-and-Mineral-Revenues-for-Sustainable-School-Feeding-Programmes_compressed.pdf.

[15]. Kolstad, I., & Wiig, A., 2009, Is transparency the key to reducing corruption in resource-rich countries? World Development, 373, 521–532. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.07.002.

[16]. World Bank, 2018, World development report 2018: Learning to realize education’s promise. World Bank. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1096-1.

[17]. Parliament of Guyana, 2021, Natural Resource Fund Act 2021 (Act No. 19 of 2021). https://parliament.gov.gy/documents/acts/24546-act_no_19_of_2021_-_natural_resource_fund_act_2021.pdf.

[18]. Ministry of Finance, 2023, Budget Estimates 2023: Volume 1 – Current and Capital Revenue and Expenditure. Government of Guyana. Retrieved from . https://finance.gov.gy.

[19]. Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. M., 2001, The curse of natural resources. European Economic Review, 454–6, 827–838. . Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-29210100125-8.

[20]. World Bank, 2004, World Development Report 2004: Making services work for poor people. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5468-X.

[21]. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D., 2018, Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches 5th ed. SAGE Publications. Retrieved from https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/research-design/book255675.

[22]. Neuman, W. L., 2014, Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches 7th ed. Pearson.

[23]. Ministry of Finance, 2023, Budget Estimates 2023: Volume 2 – Education Programme. Government of Guyana. Retrieved from . https://finance.gov.gy.

[24]. Ministry of Education 2024, National Grade Six Assessment results 2024. Retrieved from https://education.gov.gy/en/index.php/media2/external-news/6500-national-grade-six-assessment-results-2024.

[25]. The Honourable Dr. Ashni, K., Singh, M. P., 2024, Mid‑Year Report 2024. Ministry of Finance, Co‑operative Republic of Guyana. Retrieved from https://finance.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Mid-Year-Report-2024.pdf.

[26]. Oduro, I., 2012, Educational reforms and governance challenges in resource-rich African countries: The case of Nigeria. Journal of African Educational Studies, 92, 134–150. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2968893.

Abstract:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with rising prevalence worldwide, particularly in developing countries like Ghana. Dietary adherence is a crucial component of diabetes management and glycemic control. This study aimed to assess the level of dietary adherence and its association with glycemic control among adults with T2DM attending the Tema General Hospital (TGM). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 140 T2DM patients recruit Hospital (e diabetic clinic using convenience sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and laboratory assessments (fasting blood glucose and HbA1c). Descriptive statistics summarized the demographic and clinical characteristics. Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used to examine associations between dietary adherence and glycemic control. Among the participants, 60% achieved good glycemic control (HbA1c <7%). Although 74% of participants demonstrated good dietary knowledge, only 69% had been referred to a dietician. Patients with good dietary adherence were 12.3 times more likely to achieve optimal glycemic control compared to those with poor adherence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 12.33, 95% CI: 3.64–41.75, p <0.001). Referral to a dietician significantly increased the likelihood of good glycemic control (aOR = 4.20, 95% CI: 1.47–12.01, p =0.007). Dietary adherence and dietician referral are significant predictors of glycemic control among adults with T2DM. Strengthening dietary counseling and patient education should be prioritized to improve diabetes outcomes.

References:

[1]. World Health Organization. 2016, Global report on diabetes. Geneva: WHO Press.

[2]. International Diabetes Federation. 2015, IDF diabetes atlas (7th ed.). Brussels: IDF.

[3]. International Diabetes Federation. 2017, IDF diabetes atlas (8th ed.). Brussels: IDF.

[4]. World Health Organization. 2016, Classification of diabetes mellitus 2016. Geneva: WHO.

[5]. You, W. P., & Henneberg, M., 2016, Type 1 diabetes prevalence increasing globally and regionally: The role of natural selection and life expectancy at birth. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 4(1), e000161. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000161

[6]. Sakane, N., Kotani, K., Tsuzaki, K., Tsujita, M., & Ishizaka, N., 2011, Lifestyle interventions for prevention of diabetes: Current and future perspectives. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 3(4), 189–192.

[7]. National Diabetes Fact Sheet. 2011, National diabetes fact sheet: National estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[8]. Garber, A. J., Abrahamson, M. J., Barzilay, J. I., Blonde, L., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Bush, M. A., ... & Umpierrez, G. E., 2013, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists’ comprehensive diabetes management algorithm 2013 consensus statement. Endocrine Practice, 19(Suppl 2), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP13176.CS

[9]. Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B., 2018, Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 14(2), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.151

[10]. International Diabetes Federation. 2017b, IDF diabetes atlas (8th ed.). Brussels: IDF.

[11]. Ghana Statistical Service. 2014, 2010 Population and Housing Census: District Analytical Report - Tema West Municipality. Accra: GSS.

[12]. Longo-Mbenza, B., Muaka, M. M., Nzita, V. N., & Mbungu, F., 2008, Risk factors of diabetes mellitus in Central Africa: A 10-year cohort study. International Journal of Cardiology, 131(2), 275–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.09.004

[13]. Iunes, R. F., Caires de Souza, R. A., Barros, E. A., Bernardino, E., Medeiros, A., & Tavares, M. C., 2014, Effect of educational interventions on primary care for diabetic patients: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(9), 8822–8839. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110908822

[14]. Shah, M., & Mueller, T., 2012, Diet and diabetes control: Review of the literature. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 6(6), 421–428.

[15]. Wagner, E. H., & Brath, H., 2012, A global perspective on diabetes prevention and management. Preventing Chronic Disease, 9, E110. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110302

[16]. Al-Salmi, N. A., Al-Rashidi, R. S., & Al-Otaibi, F. E., 2022, Factors influencing dietary adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes: A review. Saudi Journal of Health Science, 11(1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_110_21

[17]. Breen, C., Ryan, M., Gibney, M. J., O’Shea, D., & O’Sullivan, M., 2016, Diabetes-related nutrition knowledge and dietary intake among adults with type 2 diabetes in Ireland. British Journal of Nutrition, 115(7), 1390–1397. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516000223

[18]. Agofure, O., & Emmanuel, O., 2015, Dietary adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes in Delta State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Medicine, 24(3), 225–230.

[19]. Worku, A., Mekonnen, A., & Tesfaye, H., 2015, Dietary practice and associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients: A cross-sectional hospital based study, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 6(8), 579. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000579

[20]. Coppell, K. J., Kataoka, M., Williams, S. M., Chisholm, A. W., Vorgers, S. M., & Mann, J. I. 2010, Nutritional intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes who are hyperglycaemic despite optimised drug treatment – Lifestyle Over and Above Drugs in Diabetes (LOADD) study: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 341, c3337. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c3337

[21]. Alameddine, M., Nasreddine, L., Mourad, Y., Naja, F., & Hwalla, N., 2013, Nutrition knowledge and dietary intake of Lebanese adults. Public Health Nutrition, 16(4), 639–646. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980012003010

[22]. Titty, F. V. K., 2010, Glycaemic control, complications and predictors of poor control in Ghanaian diabetics. Annals of African Medicine, 9(1), 5–9.

[23]. Mogre, V., Johnson, N. A., Tzelepis, F., Shaw, J. E., & Paul, C., 2017, Barriers to diabetes self-management: Perspectives of patients and healthcare providers in Ghana. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(9–10), 1291–1301. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13411

[24]. Erkocho, M. S., & Adugna, M., 2022, Physical activity and glycemic control among people living with diabetes in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 22, 1178. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13550-9

Abstract:

This article presents a critical literature review examining the influence of strategic leader-ship on the organizational growth of megachurches in the United States. Strategic leadership is a pivotal force in the success and expansion of organizations; yet, a significant research gap exists regarding its specific application within the unique context of large religious nonprofits. This study synthesizes and analyzes existing scholarly works to explore the nuanced relation-ship between key strategic leadership practices—strategic vision, objective setting, strategy crafting, implementation, and performance evaluation—and the multifaceted growth of mega-church organizations. Adopting a qualitative approach guided by a hermeneutic research phi-losophy, this review employs a thematic analysis of academic literature to identify core themes, theoretical underpinnings, and emerging patterns. The findings reveal that megachurch growth is a complex phenomenon that extends beyond numerical increases to encompass spiritual ma-turity, service expansion, and community impact. The leader's vision profoundly shapes the adoption of business principles within a spiritual framework and the effective management of unique resources. The study concludes that strategic leadership is a critical determinant of megachurch vitality and sustainability, offering practical insights for leaders and identifying key areas for future scholarly inquiry.

References:

[1]. Grandy, G., 2013, An exploratory study of strategic leadership in churches. Leadership & Or-ganization Development Journal, 34(7), 616–638, https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-08-2011-0081

[2]. Jaleha, A. A., & Machuki, V. N., 2018, Strate-gic Leadership and Organizational Performance: A Critical Review of Literature. European Scientific Journal, 14(35), 124-148, https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p124

[3]. Bird, W., & Thumma, S., 2020, The Mega-church 2020 Report. Hartford Institute for Reli-gion Research, https://hartsem.edu/hirr/research-reports/megachurch-2020/

[4]. Andrews, A. O., 2023, Leading through Change and Growth: An Analysis of Leadership in Megachurches. International Journal of Leader-ship and Change, 11(1), 1-13.

[5]. Wellman, J. K., Jr., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K., 2020, High on God: How the Megachurch is Redefining American Religion. Oxford University Press.

[6]. Ireland, R. D., & Hitt, M. A., 1999, Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the 21st century: The role of strategic leadership. Academy of Management Perspectives, 13(1), 43-57, https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1999.1567311

[7]. Robinson, A. B., 2015, Changing the Conver-sation: A Third Way for Congregations. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.

[8]. Carter, S. C., 2017, The New Evangelicals: Expanding the Vision of the Common Good. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.

[9]. Allen, D. E., 2015, The Application of Strategic Management in Nonprofit Organizations. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 27(4), 378-393, https://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2015.1065984

[10]. Thompson, A. A., Peteraf, M. A., Gamble, J. E., & Strickland, A. J., 2020, Crafting and execut-ing strategy: The quest for competitive advantage: Concepts and cases. McGraw-Hill Education.

[11]. De Vos, A. S., Strydom, H., Fouché, C. B., & Delport, C. S. L., 2013, Research at grass roots: For the social sciences and human service professions (4th ed.). Van Schaik Publishers.

[12]. Snyder, H., 2019, Literature review as a re-search methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039

[13]. Creswell, J. W., 2014, Research design: Quali-tative, quantitative, and mixed methods ap-proaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.

[14]. Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S., 2018, The Sage handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). Sage Publications.

[15]. Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J., 2016, Qualita-tive research: A guide to design and implementa-tion (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.

[16]. Booth, A., Sutton, A., & Papaioannou, D., 2016, Systematic approaches to a successful litera-ture review (2nd ed.). Sage.

[17]. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A., 2015, Research methods for business students (7th ed.). Pearson Education.

[18]. Yin, R. K., 2014, Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications.

[19]. Fink, A., 2019, Conducting research literature reviews: From the internet to paper (5th ed.). Sage Publications.

[20]. Asifatu, S., 2022, Visionary Leadership and Church Growth: A Case Study of Christ Apostolic Church International, Accra, Ghana. Journal of Mother-Tongue Biblical Hermeneutics and Theol-ogy, 4(2), 55-66.

[21]. Mwangi, M. W., Njoroge, J. G., & Kiragu, J. N., 2024. Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Church Growth in Pentecostal Churches in Nakuru County, Kenya. Journal of Education and Prac-tice, 9(1), 1-16.

[22]. Fereday, J., & Muir-Cochrane, E., 2006, Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: A hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1), 80-92, https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107

[23]. Patton, M. Q., 2015, Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and prac-tice (4th ed.). Sage Publications.

[24]. Anney, V. N., 2014, Ensuring the quality of the findings of qualitative research: Looking at trustworthiness criteria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Stud-ies, 5(2), 272-281.

[25]. Jenssen, S. A., 2020, Vision as a Relational and Dynamic Phenomenon in a Faith-Based Or-ganization. Nordic Journal of Working Life Stud-ies, 10(S7), 41-59, https://doi.org/10.18291/njwls.121516

[26]. Bauman, D. C., 2022, How to Lead When You're Not in Charge: A Model of Upward Leader-ship. Journal of Management and Organization, 28(3), 560-577, https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2020.1

[27]. Boya, B., & Chiloane-Phetla, G. E., 2022, The relevance of strategic management for non-profit organisations: A case study of selected orphanages in Gauteng province, South Africa. Journal of Pub-lic Administration, 57(2), 226-241.

[28]. Udoboho, P. I., 2024, Strategic Leadership Practices and Organisational Performance of Quoted Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria. In-ternational Journal of Advanced and Multidisci-plinary Social Science, 10(1), 1-11.

[29]. Bernardes, M. E., & Ferreira, M. A., 2023, Strategies for Organizational Growth and Legiti-macy: A Case Study of a Credit Cooperative. Journal of Contemporary Administration, 27(1), e210214, https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-7849rac2023210214.en

[30]. Boggs, D. J., & Fields, D., 2010, Exploring the practical application of a balanced scorecard in a nonprofit organization: A case study. The Innova-tion Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Jour-nal, 15(3), 1-17.

[31]. Awuku-Gyampoh, R., & Asare, J. K., 2019, Church Structures and Their Impact on Church Growth. A Case Study of Selected Churches in the New Juaben Municipality, Ghana. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 8(8), 213-220, https://doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2019/v8/i8/AUG19062

[32]. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Hoskisson, R. E., 2012, Strategic management: Competitiveness & globalization (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Abstract:

South Sudan was faced with a lot of geo-political issues which some had impacted on children health resulting in poor nutritional status. This research study is to find out the prevalence of malnutrition among children aged 6-59 months sampled in Chukudum hospital, Budi County. The study used descriptive cross- sectional study design which involved 222 children sampled amongst children age 6-59 months in Chukudum hospital. The purposive sampling technique has been used for this study in which any mother or caretaker who comes with a child for health services in the hospital were included. The questionnaires were designed to gather information about prevalence of Malnutrition. The data was collected was analyzed using the SPSS 25 statistical package. Most of the mothers or caretakers were between the ages of 20-25 years who were interviewed during the study. 167(75.2%) of the respondents stopped their children from breastfeeding after two years. 143(64.4%) of the respondents feed their children on vegetables while 164(73.9%) of the respondents feeds their children twice a day.124 (55.9%) of the respondents earned incomes of 5000-10000 SSP per month. 115(51.8%) of the respondents said they don’t produce enough food to eat. 89 (40.1%) of the children present signs and symptoms of dry, loose skin. The prevalence of wasting (16.6%) stunted (2.7%) and underweight (7.7%) among the children 6-59 months.

References:

[1]. Soeters, P., Bozzetti, F., Cynober, L., Forbes, A., Shenkin, A., & Sobotka, L., 2016, Defining malnutrition: A plea to rethink. Clinical Nutrition, 35(3), 512-523.

[2]. World Health Organization, 2024, Global comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant, and young child nutrition, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240068303 ,Accessed: 26 August 2024.

[3]. World Health Organization., 2023 ,Obesity and overweight among children in low- and middle-income countries.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight ,Accessed: 26 August 2024.

[4]. WHO, 2016- 2025, United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition report, https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB152/B152_24-en.pdf.Acessed 12 June 2024.

[5]. SMART Survey, 2019-2020, Nutritional situation analysis in areas affected by civil conflict in Burkina Faso.https://www.smartmethodology.org/burkina-faso-nutritional-situation-analysis , Accessed: 12 June 2024.

[6]. South Sudan IPC acute food insecurity and malnutrition analysis, August 2019-April 2020, Integrated food security classification report, issued: 11 September 2019. https://www.ipcinfo.org/ipc-country-analysis/details-map/en/c/1156668/

[7]. Frozanfar, M. K., Yoshida, Y., Yamamoto, E., Reyer, J. A., Dalil, S., Rahimzad, A. D., & Hamajima, N., 2016, Acute malnutrition among under-five children in Faryab, Afghanistan: Prevalence and causes. Nagoya Journal of Medical Science, 78(1), 41–53.

[8]. Abdulzahra, M. F., Ahmed, J. T., & Kadhem, Q. I., 2022, Prevalence of malnutrition among children under five years in Babylon Governorate, Iraq. International Journal of Health Sciences, II, 12885-12893.

[9]. Ganesan, S., Jayaraj, J., Geminiganesan, S., Rajan, M., 2022, A study on parental awareness of feeding practices in children in the age-group 12-24 months. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Jan 31;62(4):E909-E917. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.4.2287. PMID: 35603241; PMCID: PMC9104673.

[10]. Hart, L. M., Damiano, S. R., Cornell, C., & Paxton, S. J., 2015, what parents know and want to learn about healthy eating and body image in preschool children: A triangulated qualitative study with parents and early childhood professionals. BMC Public Health, 15,

[11]. Mohammed, S., Larijani, B., & Esmaillzadeh, 2019, A. Concurrent anemia and stunting in young children: prevalence, dietary and non-dietary associated factors. Nutr J 18, 10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0436-4

[12]. Suberu, A., 2020, Prevalence and associated factors for protein-energy malnutrition among children below 5 years admitted at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital. Journal of Pediatric Nutrition, 35(4), 0-17.

[13]. Ajakaye, O. G., & Ibukunoluwa, M. R., 2020, Prevalence and risk of malaria, anemia and malnutrition among children in IDPs camp in Edo State, Nigeria. Parasite Epidemiology and Control, 8, 00127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00127, Accessed: 28 August, 2024.

[14]. Excler, J. L., Nicolas, E., Mojon, M., Protein-energy malnutrition in an urban African milieu (Togo). Etiologic factors in kwashiorkor and marasmus-kwashiorkor. ]ournal of Tropical Medicine 1985; 45(2):155-61.

[15]. UNICEF, 2020, Scaling Up Care for Children with Severe and acute Malnutrition in South Sudan: Lessons Learned from Expanding Quality Services in a Complex Emergency Context. New York. 2020.

[16]. Windus, J. L., Duncanson, K., Burrows, T. L., Collins, C. E., Rollo, M. E., 2022, Review of dietary assessment studies conducted among Khmer populations living in Cambodia. J Human Nutr Diet. 2022 Oct;35 (5):901-918. doi: 10.1111/jhn.13011. Epub 2022 Apr 19. PMID: 35377499; PMCID: PMC9545030.

[17]. Ringler, C., Zhu, T., Cai, X., Koo, J., & Wang, D., 2010, Climate change impacts on food security in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights from comprehensive climate change scenarios.

[18]. Battisti, A., 2008, Forests and climate change-lessons from insects. IFOREST-Biogeo sciences and forestry, 1(1), 1.Accessed 3 January 2025

[19]. Desai, S., & Alva, S., 1998, maternal education and child health: Is there a strong causal relationship? Demography, 35(1), 71–81.

[20]. Drammeh W., Hamid, N. A., & Rohana, A. J., 2019, Determinants of household food insecurity and its association with child malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of the literature. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 7(3), 610–623.

[21]. Chaudhury, R. H., 1983, Effects of mothers’ work on child care, dietary intake, and Dietary adequacy of pre-school children, International Food and Nutrition Program Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

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Abstract:

Diabetes mellitus is a major global public health concern, frequently accompanied by dyslipidemia an abnormal lipid profile that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia and its associated factors among diabetic patients at Tamale Teaching Hospital in Ghana. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 43 diabetic patients receiving care at Tamale Teaching Hospital. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and lipid profiles were collected. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and independent sample t-tests to assess associations. The mean age of participants was 57.33±10.77 years, with 83.70% being female. Dyslipidemia was present in 51.16% of participants. Significant differences were found in total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) between dyslipidemic and non-dyslipidemic groups (p < 0.01). Higher FBG levels (≥7.1 mmol/L) were associated with significantly increased TG and VLDL and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. A shorter duration of diabetes correlated with higher TG and VLDL. Overweight individuals showed significantly elevated TG and VLDL levels. Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent among diabetic patients in Tamale. Abnormal lipid profiles, especially elevated TG and VLDL, are significantly associated with poor glycemic control, shorter duration of diabetes, and higher BMI. Regular lipid monitoring and targeted interventions are recommended to minimize cardiovascular risk in this population.

References:

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Abstract:

This article examines the governance, equity, and impact of oil-funded educational investments between 2021 and 2024 on educators of the Region 5 (Mahaica-Berbice) of Guyana. Data was gathered from 260 educators in Region 5 using a cross-sectional quantitative descriptive survey design and stratified sampling. Perceptions of governance, equity, and transparency of oil-funded education reforms were assessed using structured questionnaires, and SPSS was used for analysis. Cross-sectional survey results indicate mixed messages—half observing infrastructure upgrades and funding increases, but most worried about the inequitable distribution of resources, the absence of transparent guidelines, and being excluded from the planning process. Just 18% were part of any decision making related to the use of oil revenue in education. A heatmap analysis demonstrated there was a strong consensus that timely funding, increased teacher salaries and more stakeholder inclusion were necessary changes. Although there are visible investments, results reveal a mismatch between national oil revenue strategies and school-level realities. The research finds that without participatory governance, equity-grounded planning and alignment between fiscal inputs and pedagogical mandates, radical aspirations remain out of reach. Suggested mechanisms include stakeholder participation, transparency and equity-based budgeting with the aim of translating oil wealth into sustainable educational development.

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Abstract:

This study aims to explore the perceptions of clinical researchers in India regarding the use and importance of decentralized clinical trial (DCT) elements and to identify associated organizational and therapeutic area-specific trends. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 112 clinical research professionals across various organizational types, including sponsor companies, contract research organizations (CROs), and academic institutions. Data was analyzed to assess the extent of DCT elements importance for its adoption and implementation in the organization based on the drug development pipeline. A statistical test was used to examine the association between organizational type and DCT elements adoption levels. The findings revealed a growing inclination toward hybrid trial models, with 78.6% of respondents indicating partial decentralization within their organizations. Only 11.6% of respondents reported a fully decentralized trial, highlighting regulatory, infrastructural, and operational constraints. A significant association was found between organizational type and DCT adoption (p = 0.045), suggesting that service providers and sponsor companies differ in their strategic approaches. Adoption patterns varied across therapeutic areas, with hybrid models dominating in complex conditions such as oncology and cardiovascular diseases and fully decentralized trials more common in dermatology and infectious diseases. Key enabling technologies included electronic signatures, remote source data verification, and AI-driven analytics, while infrastructure-heavy components like direct-to-patient delivery were less prioritized. DCT element adoption in India remains moderate and is primarily characterized by hybrid models. Service providers are emerging as key enablers of digital transformation, but regulatory ambiguity, gaps in digital infrastructure, and limited organizational readiness hinder broader implementation. Tailored policies, capacity-building initiatives, and therapeutic-specific strategies are essential for accelerating DCT integration.

References:

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Abstract:

This study examines the influence of cultural beliefs and social norms on the uptake of preventive health measures against measles-related child mortality in five high-burden African countries: Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Chad, Ethiopia, and South Sudan. Drawing on a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature and global health databases, the study explores how sociocultural factors interact with vaccine acceptance and health-seeking behaviors across diverse settings. Despite measles vaccine efficacy exceeding 98% in infants, uptake remains suboptimal. As of 2023, the estimated measles immunization coverage (MCV1) stood at 54% in Chad, 56% in South Sudan, 61% in DRC, 65% in Ethiopia, and 63% in Nigeria - far below the 95% threshold needed for herd immunity (WHO/UNICEF, 2023). Cultural determinants - such as religious conservatism in northern Nigeria, traditional healing preferences in Ethiopia, and vaccine-related myths in the DRC and Chad - significantly hinder immunization efforts. In conflict-affected regions like the DRC and South Sudan, systemic health service collapse has amplified distrust and misinformation, contributing to over 7,000 measles-related deaths in DRC’s 2019–2020 outbreak alone. Conversely, the study identifies cultural enablers: religious leaders, community elders, and localized communication (e.g., radio, storytelling) have successfully bolstered vaccine uptake when effectively mobilized. However, a critical gap remains in longitudinal and participatory research needed to guide culturally responsive policy. The study concludes that measles prevention in Africa requires not only biomedical solutions but also culturally embedded strategies that foster trust, inclusivity, and local ownership of health interventions.

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