Abstract:

People and culture are expedient in work place and they determine how strong or successful any organization is in terms of talent wealth and people optimization. However, the paradigm shift of managing talent in new age of mobile internet generation (i – generation) is drastically eroding from what we used to know and the ability of organizations to swiftly realize and catch-up with this innovative trend will determine their survival strategy in competitive Red Ocean.

The purpose of this research work is focused on the new trend of work culture in i-generation and compares the evolution of change in various categories relating to functions in a Human Resource Management.

Furthermore, a research survey was conducted to establish how this mobile generation thinks and their most preferred medium of doing things regarding work pattern. The result of our findings was shared in this article with the reaction of most millennia agreed to prefer being reached out to work via their mobile phones or social media which they access mostly.

The article also matched other work areas such as performance management in mobile generation, employee productivity and engagement, learning system via clouding and virtual method, resourcing and social media impact in i-generation, talent value as related to intellectual property compares to stock option for the big bosses, virtual work efficiency against traditional physical office amongst others.

Keywords: I-Generation, Millennial, Mobile-Internet Generation, Talent, HR Evolution, Baby Boomers and Gen X.

References:

[1].Cheryl Cran 2010. 101 ways to make Generation X, Y and Zoomer Happy at work. Published by Synthesis at Work Inc 1000 -355 Burrard Street Vancouver, British Colombia VGC 2G8 Canada.

[2].David Ulrich, Bill Schieman and Libby Santain 2015. The Rise of HR – Wisdom from 73 Thought Leaders – Published by Human Resource Certification Institute.

[3].Martin N Bailey Oct 2000. Economic Impact of Third Generation Wireless Technology – a report by the Council of Economic Advisers, USA.

[4].Sudhir Dixit and Tao Wu (Nokia Research Centre) 2004. Context networking in the Mobile Internet, published by John Wiley &Sons Inc.

[5].www.indiainfoline.com

[6].http://www.techcrunch.com

[7].http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/03/15/telecommuting-can-boost-productivity-and-job-performance

Abstract:

Banks are very important in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They provide financial support to enterprises to increase production and boost economic development. It is necessary for banks to be engaged in profitable activities and also have the ability to grow and survive in the industry. Sustaining growth and survival of banks in Ghana requires efficient strategic, tactical and operational management of credit risk in the banking sector. Credit risk has the potential to negatively affect the survival of banks. The study set out to assess the credit risk management strategy in the banking sector using Cal Bank Limited as a case study. Extensive literature on credit risk management was reviewed. Quantitative approach was used in the study. Data was collected from 4 Cal Bank branches (Graphic Road, Achimota, Derby Avenue and Ring Road Central) in Accra using likert scale questionnaires and open-ended questionnaires and the data were statistically analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study indicated that the banks have credit risk management procedures in place. The respondents indicated that credit risk management is an important strategic management tool employed by banks. However, risk assessments are not frequently carried out and qualified personnel to carry out effective risk monitoring are inadequate.

Keywords: Management Information System Market Line (ML), Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).

References:

[1].     Aboagye, A. Q. & Otieku, J. (2010), Are Ghanaian MFIs' Performance Associated with Corporate Governance? Corporate Governance, 10 (3), 307 – 320.

[2].     Allen, F. & Santomero, A. M. (1998). The theory of financial intermediation. Journal of Banking & Finance, 21, 1461-1485. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8c1d/c486ac80ac4a3fa5e0b93aa31eef5ca89d43.pdf.

[3].     Amonoo, E., Acquah, P. K. &Asmah, E. K. (2003). The impact of interest rates on demand for credit and loan repayment by the poor and SMEs in Ghana. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_125603.pdf.

[4].     Buluma, O. J. (2012). Strategies adopted by co-operative bank of Kenya in response to loan defaulters among the small and medium enterprises in Kenya. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/15852/Ojiambo%20_Strategies%20Adopted%20By%20CoOperative%20Bank%20Of%20Kenya%20In%20Response%20To%20Loan%20Defaulters%20Among%20The%20Small%20And%20Medium%20Enterprises%20In%20Kenya.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y.

[5].     Creswell, J. (2007). Qualitative enquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches. London: SAGE Publications.

[6].     Ernst & Young. (2009). The 2009 Ernst & Young business risk report. Retrieved from http://www.vaioe.at/fileadmin/user_upload/tax_legal/Klassische_Fonds/Allgemeine_Informationen/2009/EY_2009_Business_risk_report_-_asset_management.pdf.

[7].     Frank, B., Simon G. & Josephine, M. (2014). Risk management practices adopted by financial firms in Malta. Managerial Finance, 40, 587-612 Retrieved from https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/MF-08-2013-0209.

[8].     Harelimana, J. B. (2017). The role of risk management on financial performance of banking institutions in Rwanda. Business Economics Journal, 8 (284). Retrieved from: doi 10.4172/2151-6219.1000284.

[9].     Kibor, A. M. (2015). Influence of credit risk management on loan performance in commercial banks in Nakuru town, Kenya. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(10), 884. Retrieved from ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/31054.pdf.

[10]. Kosmidou, K. (2008). The determinants of banks' profits in Greece during the period of EU financial integration. Managerial Finance, 34(3), 146-159.

[11]. Kwakwa, O. M. (2014). Determinants of performance of commercial banks in Ghana. Retrieved from

http://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/6599/1/OWUSU%20MENSAH%20KWAKWA.pdf.

[12]. Niinimäki, J. P. (2004). The effects of competition on banks’ risk taking. Journal of Economics, 81(3), 199–222. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s00712-003-0027-9.

[13]. Nikolaidou E. & Vogiazas, S. (2014). Credit risk determinants for the Bulgaria banking system. International Advance Economics Research, 20, 87-102. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879933716301713

[14]. Novoa, A., Scarlata, J. & Solé, J. (2009). Procyclicality and Fair Value Accounting. Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/bcbs/events/cbrworkshop09/novoascarlatasole.pdf

[15]. Olamide, O., Uwalomwa. U & Ranti, U. O. (2015). The effect of risk management on bank’s financial performance in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Auditing: Research & Practice. Retrieved from http://ibimapublishing.com/articles/JAARP/2015/239854/239854.pdf.

[16]. Safari, R., Shateri, M., Baghiabadi, H. S., Hozhabrnejad, N. (2016). The significance of risk management for banks and other financial institutions. International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah, 4(4), 74-81. Retrieved from http://granthaalayah.com/Articles/Vol4Iss4/11_IJRG16_B04_55.pdf.

[17]. Singh, D. (2010). Bank specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability: the Indian evidence. Paradigm, 16(1), 53-64.

[18]. Sinkey, J. F. (2002). Commercial bank and financial in the financial-services industry, Prentice Hall.

[19]. Unior and Carvalho (2013). Understanding the Impact of Project Risk Management on Project Performance: An Empirical Study. Journal of technology management & innovation. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242013000300006

[20]. Zeze, O. S. (2012). The relationship between credit risk management practices and financial performance of commercial banks in Liberia. Retrieved from http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/13262/Oretha_The%20relationship%20between%20credit%20risk%20management%20practices%20and%20financial%20performance%20of%20commercial%20Banks.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y

Abstract:

The prevalence of Aids in South Africa has pushed us to painting a picture of a “friendly HIV/Aids”, and thus eliminated the fear that is crucially necessary. Socially (practically) South Africans are more exposed to Aids than to condoms (and other preventions). Condoms are plenty but we are shy. We are shy to talk about them, we are shy to get them, and we are shy to use them. This may be because there are stigmas attached to them, greater than those attached to Aids itself. Psychologically we are more exposed to Treatment than the reality of the virus and its effects. When we imagine ourselves being infected, the first thing that comes to our minds is the taking of treatment rather than suffering and "the possibility of death". So, there is more comfort towards Aids than prevention because treatment is regarded as the worst consequence. We have become numb to the true danger of Aids. If we start showing people reality, we can change the status quo. Aids is manageable but it is intensive, which is similar to smoking and secondary smoking. We need to show graphics of this killer. It will take real fear for people to be really careful. We should not allow the next entire generation to also be vulnerable to this disease by the superfluous shielding of the dignity of those who are already infected. This can be done within the confines of our National Health Act and without compromising human rights. Activists need to make this sacrifice for our future. A lot of people don’t know what AIDS really is. They have never seen the extremes of it and the cruelty it has. No one is openly and publicly telling the true personal pain of living with AIDS but everybody is talking about treatment and survival. If we attach fear to our prevention efforts, we can save millions of people and South African Rands.'

Keywords: AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the name of the fatal clinical condition that results from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which progressively damages the body's ability to protect itself from disease organisms.

References:

[1].     Department of Health. Annual Report 2013-2014. Pretoria: NDoH; 2014.

[2].     Department of Health. Annual Report 2014-2016. Pretoria: NDoH; 2016.

[3].     Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability (PDF). World Health Organization 2007.

[4].     Statistics South Africa Mid-year population estimates 2017 www.statssa.gov.za

[5].     UNAIDS. UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic,

http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_full_en.pdf (2010, accessed 25 September 2017).

[6].     UNAIDS. UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic,

[7].     http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_full_en.pdf (2014, accessed 25 September 2017).

[8].     UNAIDS. UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic,

http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_full_en.pdf (2016, accessed 25 September 2017).

[9].     Van Dyke, A. 2005. HIVAids Care & Counselling: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 3rd ed. Cape Town: Pearson Education.

Abstract:

Guyana is a developing tropical country on the Atlantic coast of South America and a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Guyana has a land mass of 214,970 sq. km and the current estimated population is 772,298 with approximately 90% living on the coastal land of the country. This is a narrow strip of land which constitutes only 10% of the total land mass, but provided 90% of its cultivation land. Guyana ‘s coastal plain is below sea level and its muddy and clay soil texture makes it ideal for rice cultivation. The cultivation and export of sugar, rice along with gold, bauxite, shrimp and timber contributes to the country approximately 60% of its Gross Domestic Product. Guyana has two major rainy seasons per year- May to August and November to January, which can result in overflow of rivers causing the agriculture sector to suffer losses mainly from flooding, especially flash floods.

This research aims to investigate the viability of a crop insurance scheme in Guyana. This is because the current system by the government to provide relief to farmers affected by crop failure for whatever reason is not sufficient to compensate them for full extent of the losses suffered. Current data obtained Windward Island Crop Insurance Limited suggest that there are crop insurance in other CARICOM countries providing significant assistance to farmers especially in the Windward Islands which are prone to hurricane of increasing magnitude.

Keywords: Crop Insurance, Government Aid & Windward Island Crop Insurance Limited.

References:

[1].     Armendariz, E., Baena, P., Jessen, A., Shearer, M., Schneider, C., Bristol, M. (2007), Identifying Binding Constraints to Growth in Guyana, Inter-American Development Bank Bank of Guyana Annual reports. (2013 & 2017).

[2].     Benson, C., Clay, E. (2001), Dominica: Natural Disasters and Economic Development in a Small Island, Working Paper Series 2, Overseas Development Institute, The World Bank.

[3].     Boyd, M. (2008), ‘Approaches for Improving Crop Insurance Programme’, The Third International Workshop of Application of China's Agricultural Insurance of DelPHE Project, 24 July, 2008, Huhhot, China.

[4].     Department for International Development (2004), Adaptation to Climate Change: Can Insurance reduce the vulnerability of the poor? Department for International Development: Author.

[5].     Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (2005), Guyana: Socio-Economic Assessment of the Damages and Losses Caused by the January-February 2005 Flooding, United Nations Development Programme: Author.

[6].     Government Information Agency (2005), President provides relief for flood hit Region Two farmers, GINA: Author.

[7].     Government Information Agency (2005), Region 5 rice farmers receive flood relief cheques/seed paddy - Distribution exercise to be completed in one week -- Robeson Benn, GINA: Author.

[8].     Government of Dominica (2007), Government’s Assistance to Banana Industry Post Hurricane Dean Reaches $2.8 Million, Government of Dominica: Author.

[9].     Government of Guyana (2006), Mahaica Creek Farmers Get Post-Flood Relief, GINA: Author MBA- Management Models- Sue Harding and Trevor Long. People’s National Congress Reform (2001), Manifesto 2001, PNC Reform: Author.

[10]. WINCROP (2002 – 2008), Financial Reports, Dominica: WINCROP: Author Websites: http://www.insurance.gov.gy/register_insurance.html.

[11]. http://ccrif.org/index.php?main=1.

[12]. https://www.bankofguyana.org.gy/bog/.

Abstract:

Due to the increasing rate of unemployment among the youth, especially school graduates in many countries of the world (both developing and developed) and its resultant negative effects on the society, many countries now emphasize entrepreneurship training for their citizen as a means of reducing the unemployment problem. This is laudable especially for developing countries with high population but low level of industrialization. However, encouraging people to acquire vocational or technical skills in order to establish their own business can only provide permanent solution to unemployment if the entrepreneurs are well equipped with marketing skills to make their business relevant for a long period of time rather than a short period as statistics have shown that as high as 80% of small business fail during their first five years. The high rate of business failure would only compound the unemployment situation rather than solve it. Although there are many reasons why these businesses fail, but the writer is of the opinion that inadequate market research and planning resulting from little knowledge of marketing by business owners is mainly responsible for the failure of their businesses. This paper therefore discusses the meaning, functions, and importance of marketing in a business organization and recommends comprehensive marketing training for potential and current entrepreneurs as this is believed to be capable of reducing business failure greatly.

Keywords: unemployment, Entrepreneurship, Vocational/Technical Skills, Marketing, Business failure.

References:

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[2].Anayaele, J.U (2003). Comprehensive Economics for Senior Secondary Schools, Lagos, A. Johnson Publishers. Ltd.

[3].Bradely, J. (2018). Functions of Marketing, https://www.smallbusiness.chrone.com/seven-functions marketing 56980 html. Posted June 30, Retrieved December 23, 2018.

[4].Byrd, M.J & Megginson, L. C. (2013). Small Business Management: Entrepreneur’s Guidebook, 7 th ed, New York, Mc-Grawhill Irwin.

[5].Chaney, P. (2016) Ten Reasons why small business fail, www.smallbizfriends.com/2016/07/small companies-fail.html posted July 28. Retrieved December 10, 2018.

[6].Drucker, P.F. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship, London, Williams Heinemann Ltd.

[7].Fatunla, G.T. (2000). A graduate course in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, Akure, Truevine Publishers Ltd.

[8].Gleeson, P. (2018). The Importance of Marketing for the success of a Business https//smallbusiness.chron.com/importance of marketing success-business. Updated June 29. Retrieved December 24 2018.

[9].Kotler, P (1988). Marketing Management Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control, 6^th ed. New Delhi, Prentice Hall Ltd/

[10]. Kotler, P. & Keller, K. L. (2009). Marketing Management. 13^th ed., Upper Saddle River, New Jessey, Pearson Education, Inc.

[11]. Kotler, P.& Armstrong, G. (2012). Principles of Marketing, 14th ed Edinburgh Gate, Harlow Essex, Pearson Education Limited

[12]. Nwokoye N. G. (2004). Modern Marketing for Nigeria: Principles and Practice, Onitsha, Africana First Publishers Ltd.

[13]. Olawale, J. (2017). Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development of Nigeria. https://ww.hegit/27213-role-of-entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Posted September 27. Retrieved December 10, 2018

[14]. Robbins, S. P. & Coutler, M. (2007), Management, 9^th ed. New Jersey. Pearson Education Inc.

[15]. Schaefer, P. (2018). Startup Business failure. www.businessknowhow.com/startup/business-failure.Html Posted October 10, Retrieved December 10, 2018.

[16]. Stanton W. J. Walker J. B. & Etzel, M. J. (2001). Marketing, 12^th ed., New York, McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

[17]. Tijani-Alawe B. A. (2004). Entrepreneurship Processes and Small Business Management, Sango-ota, Industrial Science Centre.

[18]. Welhrich H. Cannice, M. V. & Koontz, H. (2008). Management. A Global and Entrepreneurial Perspective, 12th ed. New Delhi Tata Mc Graw-Hill.

Abstract:

The use of the global value chain approach is becoming the vogue as a poverty reduction strategy in the word today. This approach requires participants to upgrade and meet international requirements. Unfortunately, Zambia has not been active in its development plans to use this approach which links small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to the value chain activities. The main objective was to determine the effect of upgrading support from NGOs, Government and Private Mining companies on SME inclusion in the mining global value chain. The relevant global value chain literature was reviewed to give insight on how upgrading support enhances SME inclusion. A random sampling was conducted among the SMEs from the mining area to determine whether government policy support, NGO support and private mining support help SMEs upgrade to meet international requirements. The findings show that SMEs do not receive enough support from government and mining companies to upgrade despite the presence of government agencies and mining supplier development programme but from NGOs. The study recommends that government must form a mining commission of Zambia to implement SME policy support programmes, mining companies must create the Supplier Development Working Group to implement SME support programmes and NGOs must partner with the government and the mines to improve SME competitiveness and enable them to be included in the mining global value chain to supply and earn sustainable income.

Keywords: Inclusion in the mining global value chain, Mining Global Value chain, Upgrading support of SMEs.

References:

[1].     Albu, M., & Griffith, A. (2005). Mapping the market: A framework for rural enterprise development policy and practice. Practical Action, Rugby, Warwickshire.

[2].     Altenburg, T. (2006). Donor approaches to supporting pro-poor value chains. Bonn: German Development Institute.

[3]. Barrick. (2013). Responsibility report 2013. Retrieved from http://barrickresponsibility.com/media/1309/2013-full-report.pdf.

[4].     Barrick. (2015). Project profile. Barrick Lumwana Mining Company: Lumwana Contractor Development Programme (LCD). Website accessed on 16 January 2016. http://www.inclusivebusinesshub.org/page/project-profile-barrick-lumwana-mining-company-zambia.

[5].     BRGM. (2001): Management of mining, quarrying and ore-processing waste in the European Union, 79p.7 Figs., 7 Tables, 7 annexes, 1 CD-ROM (Collected data). Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/mining/0204finalreportbrgm.pdf.

[6].     Buys, A.J., & Mbewana, P.N. (2007). Key success factors for business incubation in South Africa: the Godisa case study. South African Journal of Science 103, September/October 2007.

[7].     Cattaneo, O., Gereffi, G., Miroudot, S., & Taglioni, D. (2013). Joining, Upgrading and being competitive in Global Value Chains: A strategic framework. The World Bank: Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network: International Trade Department. Policy Research Working Paper 6406.

[8].     Chibwe, C. (2008). Unlocking the Potential of Zambian Micro, Small and Medium   Enterprises “Learning from the international best practices - the Southeast Asian Experience: IDE Discussion Paper. No. 134. 2008.2. Institute of developing economies.

[9].     CMZ & ICMM. (2014). Enhancing mining’s contribution to the Zambian economy and society: Mining, Cooper, L. (2013). The effects of non-firm actors' intervention in agro-commodity value chains on chains on chain governance: The case of NGOs and Development agencies. JWI Working Paper 2013/01. Just World Institute, Edinburgh.

[10]. Diamantopoulos, A. and Siguaw, J.A. (2000), Introducing LISREL. London: Sage Publications.

[11]. Drost, S., Van Wijk, J., & Vellema, S. (2011). Development Value Chains Meet Business Supply Chains: The Concept of Global Value Chains unraveled. Maastricht School of Management, Working Paper Series 2011/08. The Partnerships Resource Centre, Rotterdam.

[12]. Dunn, E. (2014). FIELD Report 18: Smallholders and Inclusive Growth in Agricultural Value Chains Washington D.C: Impact LLC & FHI 360-managed FIELD-Support LWA. Retrieved from https://agrilinks.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/FIELD%20Report%20No%2018%20Smallholders%20in%20Value%20Chains.pdf.

[13]. Fortwengel, J. (2011). Upgrading through Integration? The Case of the Central Eastern Automotive Iindustry. Transience Journal vol.2 (1), 2191-1150.

[14]. Gereffi, G. (2013). Global Value Chains in a Post-Washington Consensus World: Review of International Political Economy: North Carolina, USA: Duke University.

[15]. Gomez, G.M. (2010). From international charity to the value chain organisation: the case of the Nicaraguan NGO Pueblo Para la Accion Communitaria (PAC) (Peoples for Community action). International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Hague & Woorden Daad, Gorinchem, Netherlands.

[16]. Helmsing, A.H.J., & Knorringa, P. (2009). Enterprise development interventions by Dutch development NGOs: Is there increased involvement of private sector actors and does that make a difference? In Hoebink, P. & Van Gorcum, eds., Netherlands Yearbook on International Cooperation, Assen, 105-128.

[17]. Hoermann, B., Choudhary, D., Choudhury, D., & Kollmair, M. (2010). Integrated Value Development as a Tool for Poverty Alleviation in Rural Mountain Area: An analytical and Strategic framework. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for integrated Mountain Development.

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Abstract:

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the role of public capital inflows in financial inclusion in Uganda. Financial inclusion was measured using three dimensions (access, usage and quality). Whereas public capital inflows where measured using three proxies of loans, grants and donations. The study anchored on financial intermediation theory. The target population was public organisations that have received public capital in Uganda. The study used data collected from Bank of Uganda and Ugandan investment Authority, Ministry of Finance for the period 2012-2016. A cross sectional descriptive designs were used while data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate Logistics regression analysis. It was found that public capital inflows did not play any role in promoting financial inclusion in Uganda. From the findings the study concluded that loans contributed 89% of public capital while grants contributed 11%. The study recommends that government particularly Bank of Uganda, Ministry of Finance and Uganda Investment Authority to formulate policies to ensure loans are reduced and parliament through its oversight role should ensure this happens. Further, grants and donations which are sustainable and stable sources of inflows should be deepened and widen by ensuring that adequate accountabilities for grants are done.

Keywords: Public Capital, Financial Inclusion, Inflows, Uganda.

References:

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[2].     Akerlof, G.A. (1970). The market for “lemons”: Quality uncertainty and the market mechanism, Quarterly Journal of Economics 84, 488-500.

[3].     Alfaro, L., Areendam, C., Kalemli-Ozcan, S., Selin, S. (2003) “FDI and economic growth: The role of local financial market” Journal of International Economics, 6(1), 512–533.

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Abstract:

The article examines the effect of Pension Funds on the emerging economy of Ghana with the search light on the operations of Ghana’s flagship Pensions facility. In conducting the study, purposive sampling technique was employed to select senior officials of Social Security and National insurance Trusts (SSNIT) whose job descriptions hinge upon Pension fund investments, operations as well as monitoring and evaluations within the compliance enclave of the organization for their views on the objectives of the study. The questionnaire technique constitutes the main research instrument. The study noted that, like other nations of the world, Ghana feels it an obligation and responsibility to plan for and enable financial security for its elderly citizens and retirees and this is achieved through the establishment and nurturing of the pension fund. Growing the latter entails investing funds in stocks of corporations, buying government bonds as well as influencing infrastructural growth in the health, education and Security including housing sectors of the economy. The study recommended that taking cognizance of the long-term nature of the SSNIT’s Pension funds, the economy of Ghana will grow much faster if funds were invested in heavy Transport projects, more Utility projects and world class Communication projects. This will not only accelerate the rate of economic growth but also help ease pressure on government employing scarce tax revenue towards undertaking such badly needed developmental but capital-intensive infrastructure and social amenities.

Keywords: Pension schemes, Funding, Sustainability, Aging, Pension tiers.

References:

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Abstract:

The prospects of introducing modern technology into the operations of Cottage and Small industries has been the focus of most governments in emerging markets due to the enormous benefits it accrues to the economy of nations. The study is aimed at determining the strengths and opportunities linked with introducing modern technology into these local industries. The findings and recommendations of the study will go a long way in identifying the vast prospects of economic benefit to the government and also to the other stakeholders involved. The problem of youth unemployment can be reduced by the introduction of modern technology in the cottage industry as discovered during the study. It is also envisaged that the study will also have some impact when it comes to enriching the body of knowledge on the subject of technology management introduction into cottage and small-scale enterprise businesses in Ghana. The study found out that, prospects for introducing modern technology in the cottage industries are very bright considering that a lot more output could be achieved to bring in more income to cottage groups like weavers, palm oil producers, Shea butter producers, soap and other beauty products producers etc. than the existing traditional methods. It also came out during the study that it is unlikely that the existing small cottage owners/workers would be able to fund the equipments needed for a smooth integration of technology into their businesses. The study concluded that the introduction of modern technology into the cottage industry business is likely to enhance the fortune of the industry as well as create more jobs and therefore stakeholders should liaise with the appropriate authorities including the Trade & Industry ministry and Employment & Social welfare ministry to ensure that the necessary structures have been put in place to enhance the smooth integration of modern technology into SME industry in Ghana.

Keywords: Cottage industry, Technology management, Prospects, Small industries, innovation.

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Abstract:

The purpose of the study was to assess the type of advertising influencing consumers’ behaviour to respond to offerings of MTN Ghana. The study adopted the survey design. Convenient sampling technique was used to gather data from a sample of 124 customers of MTN Ghana in Accra and Kumasi using a structured interview guide and data analyses carried out using SPSS version 20. The findings of the study reveal a steady growth of advertising of MTN Ghana. At another level, the study shows broadcast advertising ranked 1^st, outdoor advertising ranked 2^nd, print advertising ranked 3^rd, public service advertising ranked 4^th and celebrity advertising ranked 5^th as the type of advertising employed by MTN Ghana to influencing consumers’ behaviour to respond to the company’s offerings. Based on the findings, the study recommends MTN Ghana to consider fostering strong laden-relationships with consumers to retain them. Also, the study recommends MTN Ghana strengthening the use of broadcast, outdoor and print advertising since they contribute significantly to influencing consumers’ behavior to respond to the company’s offerings. Notwithstanding, public service and celebrity advertising should not be ignored since they also contribute to influencing consumer behaviour to respond to the company’s offerings.

Keywords: advertising and consumer behavior.

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Abstract:

The study examines the challenges and prospects for extending Ghana’s Pension Scheme to the Informal sector for small and micro business operators within the Accra business district. Information for addressing the objectives of the study comes from small business operators as well as officials of the Ghana’s Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT). Systematic Random Sampling technique has been employed in selecting small business operator’s respondents while purposive sampling technique was used in targeting relevant SSNIT officials for their views on the study. Both interview guide and the questionnaire technique have been used as research instruments while statistical package for social studies (SPSS) has been employed to assist with data analysis. Constraints put forward by the small business operators which have the potential of kicking against their integration into the pension scheme ranged from their low income which will breach regular monthly contribution, frequent prosecution of contribution defaulters, relatively small returns (sometimes less than 10%) on SSNIT investments and the apparent high operating cost of SSNIT. The study further found out that upon membership, small business operator will have access to housing schemes, enjoy monthly pension income after retirement, access first class medical attention and also make good friends of common interest when they join the well-organized Pension Associations. The study recommends to SSNIT to streamline its operations in respect of doing away with contribution default prosecutions, high penalty levies as well as create alternate convenient channels for receiving periodic contributions. This way the Trust will appear attractive and pension friendly for a good number of small and micro business operators to join with their employees.

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Abstract:

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of pricing strategies on sales performance of street hawkers in Ghana. The study adopted the survey design. Data were gathered from a purposively selected sample of 198 traders at their hawking sites using a structured interview guide and data analyses carried out using SPSS version 20. The findings of the study reveal product bundle pricing and psychological pricing strategies used by hawkers. The majority of the hawkers have not been able to increase performance. It is recommended that the hawkers should be educated on the various pricing strategies available and when to apply them. Products which add value and satisfy the needs of consumers should be encouraged.

Keywords: Hawking, pricing strategies, sales performance.

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Abstract:

Cotton in Eswatini contributes 2.1 % of the country’s Gross Domestic Product owing to low cotton yield due to high pest pressure. Eswatini farmers grow Alba QM 301 a conventional non Bt variety which is affected by bollworm. Cotton is no longer profitable and farmers are quitting the industry, yet it is the only source of livelihood in drought prone areas of Eswatini. Countries like India and South Africa have replaced conventional cotton with high yielding Bt or genetically modified cotton. The study analyses yield and adaptation of Bt cotton under rain fed condition. Bt cotton hybrid was evaluated under field condition for adaptation and yield performance in 2016 and 2017 season. Two Bt cotton varieties JKCH 1947 Bt and JKCH 1050 Bt were tested against the local variety Alba Plus QM 301 and JKC 724 both Non Bt (NBt). JKCH 1947 recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield per ha of 3070 kg/ha on the first year. It was closely followed by JKCH 1050 with a yields of 2955 kg/ha. The number of bolls per plant was also significant higher compared the control. Alba Plus QM 301 and JKC 724 both Non Bt (NBt) recorded the lower yields of 2066 and 821 kg/ha respectively, under the same condition with less number of bolls per plant. Similar observations were recorded on the second year, JKCH1947 and JKCH 1050 recording 1765kg/ha and 1865kg/ha respectively. A similar trend was observed on the number of bolls per plant, higher number of bolls were recorded in JKCH 1050 Bt followed by JKCH 1947 Bt. Alba Plus QM 301 NBt and JKC 724 NBt recorded fewer boll in both years. All varieties showed good adaptability to local environment with good plant stand.

Keywords: Bt cotton, rain fed conditions, seed cotton.

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Abstract:

The way the SMEs have been doing their business has some connections with the capacity to embrace marketing activities that have made some of them to become big companies. The importance of SMEs and their contributions to the national development cannot be ignored and these are in form of job creation, paying taxes and poverty reduction. SMEs enable an entrepreneurial culture to be cultivated in a society. The major problem that this study examined was the relationship between SMEs growth and marketing practices/activities of these SMEs in the furniture industry in Zambia.

SMEs have the advantage of being able to use unutilized resources by involving different groups of people such as youth and women and act as an engine to achieve the economic vision of Zambia of being a semi-industrial country by the year 2025.

The SMEs that are in the furniture industry are the manufacturers and traders of furniture products in Kabwe, Zambia. The general research problem that the research investigated was to find out the types of marketing activities/practices that the SMEs were using and their effect on the growth of their enterprises.

The methodologies applied in this research include a combination of descriptive study (cross-sectional survey) and explanatory embedded literature search and case study. The research findings serve as tools to take actions to stimulate marketing practices of SMEs in Zambia.

Some recommendations about the contributions and importance of marketing activities/practices to the SMEs have been made to various sectors of the economy that have some significance influence on the growth of SMEs in Zambia.

Keywords: Small and Medium Enterprise, Marketing Activities, Growth, Entrepreneurship, Performance.

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Abstract:

The purpose of this research is to learn the benefits guava farming in the development of the agricultural sector and to a greater extent the Jamaican Economy. Many countries have used guava farming to increase the exports of their local produce. As a government worker in Jamaica that works with the HEART Trust NTA which is the National Training Agency for the Government, I play a major role in Labour market research and working with Agricultural Agencies such the RADA and Agricultural institutions such as Ebony Park Academy which after speaking with farmers at both entities have shown me the potential of Guava farming to boast the nation’s Gross Domestic Product and help the socio-economy of the country. We have used the mix method of collecting data which involves philosophical assumptions that guide the direction of the collection and analysis of data and the mixture of qualitative and quantitative approaches in many phases in the research process. As a method, it focuses on collecting, analyzing, and mixing both quantitative and qualitative data in a single study or series of studies.

References:

[1].        Avia, C. (2010, November Wednesday). The Gleaner. Retrieved March 8, 2012, from The Gleaner website: http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20101110/business/business5.html

[2].          Shahid, S. (2011, December Saturday). INTERNATIONAL THE NEWS. Retrieved March 13, 2012, from INTERNATIONAL THE NEWS website:

http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=83845&Cat=3

[3].          http://aleyagarden-medicinal-plants.blogspot.com/2011/02/guava-leaves-for-health-products-and.html

[4].          http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/guava_varieties.htm

[5].          http://www.freshfruitportal.com/2011/12/28/mexicos-guava-exports-to-the-u-s-continue-to-rise/

[6].          https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html

Abstract:

The undisputable benefits of Technology implementation in the electoral systems of advanced democracies like those of Europe and the United States of America, have been applauded and heralded by the international community. But since the year 2012 when Cameroon set out to incorporate Technology in its electoral processes, the fruits are insignificant as the system is plagued by a fleet of electoral Information and Communication Technology (ICT) challenges. This paper investigates the ICT gaps and their consequences on the electoral outcomes in the country.

The findings reveal that a fragile electoral ICT implementation system accounts for the poor sensitization and civic education, inappropriate constituency delimitation, mediocre voter registration, uncertain voter verification and voting, rudimentary vote counting and computation, and unsatisfactory dissemination of elections results in the country.

To address these shortcomings, this article proposes a comprehensive ICT-enhanced electoral system that incorporates training elections officers on the techniques of electoral digital technology, procurement of the crucial ICT devices, and setting them up in the respective field branch offices.

Keywords: ICT, ELECAM, Technology, Election, E-voting, EMB, Cameroon.

References:

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Abstract:

This article presents literature on employee motivation incentives and evaluates their impact on organizational productivity. The article aims at explicitly highlighting the effect of incentives on different elements that influence organizational productivity. A qualitative analysis of literature was employed to consolidate literature that informed the study. The findings indicate that incentivizing the organization's activities undertaken by human resources helps in improving organizational productivity. The results showed that incentives increase productivity by enhancing the following elements; employee work performance, employee engagement, innovation and creativity, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. This finding will provide useful information to organizations when designing incentive schemes and analysing their functions and general impact.

Keywords: Employee motivation, incentives, organizational productivity, motivators.

References:

[1].     Ali, S.A.E.Z., Afridi, M., Shafi, M., Munawar, H. and Alvi, M., 2016. Impact of Tangible or Intangible incentives on job satisfaction among workers. International Journal of Management Excellence, 7(3), pp.841-845.

[2].     Becker, T.E., Kernan, M.C., Clark, K.D. and Klein, H.J., 2018. Dual commitments to organizations and professions: Different motivational pathways to productivity. Journal of Management, 44(3), pp.1202-1225.

[3].     Babcock, P., Bedard, K., Charness, G., Hartman, J. and Royer, H., 2015. Letting down the team? Social effects of team incentives. Journal of the European Economic Association, 13(5), pp.841-870.

[4].     Caliskan, S. and Isik, I., 2016. Are you ready for the global change? Multicultural personality and readiness for organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29(3), pp.404-423.

[5].     Cording, M., Harrison, J.S., Hoskisson, R.E. and Jonsen, K., 2014. Walking the talk: A multitask holder exploration of organizational authenticity, employee productivity, and post-merger performance. Academy of Management Perspectives, 28(1), pp.38-56.

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[7].     Faisal Ahammad, M., Mook Lee, S., Malul, M. and Shoham, A., 2015. Behavioral ambidexterity: The impact of incentive schemes on productivity, motivation, and performance of employees in commercial banks. Human Resource Management, 54(S1), pp.s45-s62.

[8].     Fernandez, S. and Moldogaziev, T., 2015. Employee empowerment and job satisfaction in the US Federal Bureaucracy: A self-determination theory perspective. The American review of public administration, 45(4), pp.375-401.

[9].     Garbers, Y. and Konradt, U., 2014. The effect of financial incentives on performance: A quantitative review of individual and team‐based financial incentives. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 87(1), pp.102-137.

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[13]. Iqbal, A., Tufail, M.S. and Lodhi, R., 2015. Employee loyalty and organizational commitment in Pakistani organizations. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(1), pp.1-11.

[14]. Khan, M., Tarif, A. & Zubair, S.S., 2016. Non-Financial Incentive System and Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Investigation.

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[17]. Lee, T.W. and Steers, R.M., 2017. Facilitating effective performance appraisals: The role of employee commitment and organizational climate. In Performance measurement and theory (pp. 75-93). Routledge.

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Abstract:

The global value chain approach has become a useful strategy to reduce poverty in the mining area by forming linkages among various players. This approach gives an opportunity to all stakeholders to participate in any suitable activity along the value chain. Once SMEs enter the value chain, they supply and earn sustainable income. Unfortunately, the mining value chain in Zambia has become restrictive due to many public sector barriers such as tax, registration, standards, financial and licensing protocols. The main objective was to determine the impact of public sector barriers on SMEs participation in the mining value chain. The global value chain literature focusing on barriers of entry was reviewed to give insight on how these barriers affect SMEs participation. A random sampling was conducted among the SMEs from the mining area to determine the extent to which tax, registration, financial, technology, standards and licensing barriers impact on SME participation in the mining value chain and which barrier ranks highest. The findings show that public sector barriers greatly affect SME inclusion in the mining chains. In the hierarch, registration processes, followed by financial, technology, and tax barriers respectively affect SMEs inclusion. The study concludes that public sector barriers greatly affect SME participation while specifically licensing and standards have a lesser effect. The study recommends a review of government policy and enhance economic empowerment to SMEs for them to participate in selling to the mines.

Keywords: Barriers of entry in the mining global value chain, Mining Global Value chain, small and medium enterprises.

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Abstract:

Human resource development is an important function in organizations as it provides the framework to help HR to augment their abilities, knowledge and organizational skills. Implementing HR development initiatives involves undertaking planed and systematic activities which aim to augment the HR skills as a strategy to meet contemporary and future work demands. However, several factors such as; lack of finances, poor employee evaluation, organizational policies, poor change management and leadership, lack of finances, lack of human resource planning, conflicts and disputes undermine the effectives of development of human resources in organizations. Given that HR development is function of HRM, adoption of robust leadership and management to limit the adverse effects of factors that undermine HR development.

Keywords: Human resource development, change management, human resource planning.

References:

[1].     Armstrong, M. & Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers.

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Abstract:

"Investment is the obligation of a person's resources to earn income in the form of benefits, pensions, dividends, bonuses, capital appreciation, stock purchase, obligations, and savings certificates in the post office and policies, all of which are certainly investments in the financial sense”. Among other elements, investor behavior is also influenced by demographic characteristics; including age, sex, marital status, experience, and knowledge of financial management, level of income and educational level. The case study analysis assesses two main areas of concern. The qualitative and quantitative research methods made use of questionnaires that constituted data collection tools. Both primary and secondary data constituted the data sources for this study.  A sample of 300 investors in the municipality of WA was selected using convenience sampling where snow balling was considered. The data collected were quantified using descriptive statistical tables. The SPSS version 25 software was also used in the analysis. The study proved that demographic factors affect investment decisions. It also concluded that, the educational level of respondents was a weak indicator of investment decisions and therefore, does not determine the investment decision for individual investors. The study concluded that the most common investment methods investors invest in are fixed deposits in banks and life insurance policies. It is recommended that individual investors take into account the asymmetry of information, which is the largest contributor to the investor's indifference that leads to investment decisions.

Keywords: Influence, Demographic Factors, Investment Decisions.

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Abstract:

The socio-economic and political impositions within African states in general and Zimbabwe in particular at the start of the new millennium have forced a host of workers into sundry parts of the world to prospect for better opportunities. Southern African countries of Botswana and South Africa, owing to their relatively sturdy economies and comparatively dependable human rights records, played the major hosts to the bulk of these migrant workers. Hordes of workers (of skilled, semi-skilled and general) flocked to the borders to escape their conditions back home. However, such a drift in search of the so-called ‘greener pastures’ met with varied outcomes. The paper documents the state and dynamic circumstances of these migrant workers in South Africa and Botswana in the 21^st Century. It analyses how this state of affairs has impacted on migrant worker’s livelihoods. The paper analyses the pertaining situation of migrant workers vis-a-vis the internationally accepted labour standards. The research also focuses on the effectiveness of Workers’ Unions (or lack of) meant to represent their needs.

Keywords: Migrant Labour, International Labour Organisation, slavery, greener pastures.

References:

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Abstract:

Since the attainment of independence of South Sudan, a protracted conflict did ensue between two factions sparked off by political reasons. Since then, the conflict disrupted the socio-economic and political lives of the citizens and a spillover effect was even felt in the neighboring countries. At the epicenter of the conflict lies the issue of media reporting and how the conflict was handled because depending on how it was handled, it either led to reduction of tensions or heightened tensions. This research delves into the role of the media in the protracted conflict. The objectives of the research include; To evaluate the extent to which media has assisted in mobilizing support for peace agreements; to analyze strategies employed by the media in propagating cessation of conflict in Sudan; assess the media’s level of success in sensitizing people about conflict prevention and to determine the extent to which government censorship impacted on the rights of journalists. The theory of Peace Journalism was hinged on the study to argue for how conflicts can be managed by the media. The study adopts a descriptive Survey Design; this involved targeting media organizations, both national and international media through the use of questionnaires and documentary evidence. It was expected that the study would be important to local media in South Sudan, the government and international organizations including the international press.

Keywords: Protracted Conflict, Peace Journalism, Censorship, Manmade Disasters, Emergency Management, War Journalism.

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Abstract:

The study of management has been a series of sequential events contingent upon the exploration of multiple fields of study. Widely and broadly inclusive in the evolution of organizational management are sociologist (Max Weber), economist (Adams Smith), philosopher (Pluto) etc. This research has attempted analysis and classification of organizational management in three phases: Pre-industrial era, industrial era and post-industrial era. In a second fold, this research has compounded and formulated the theory of organizational disequilibrium or simply put the theory of disequilibrium. This theory has been adopted to emphatically, intrinsically and extrinsically elaborate to a comprehensive whole, the variance of imbalance of organizational management across the evolutional phases of management, in a highly complex digital transitioning and transformational era. A dashboard analysis of the theory exposed organizational management and leadership (internal environment) as a fundamental fracture impeding organizational growth from reaching the required complexity of the digital age. In furtherance, provided measures to mend the organizational fracture.

Keywords: management; evolution; organizational disequilibrium; imbalance; complexity; leadership.

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