Abstract:

For farmers working in subsistence agriculture, it can be difficult to access credit to purchase farm equipment. To bridge this gap, commitment is needed on the part of project staff working as Agricultural marketing officer to offer basic business and loan management training, recordkeeping and equipment skills to rural smallholder farmers with the opportunity to build their businesses. This will help to improve the creditworthiness of potential borrowers in the agriculture sector; become more attractive to lenders/financial institutions.

Farmers can then use the credit to purchase assets such as seeds, farming equipment or irrigation systems that will help generate income, boosting livelihoods and eventually enabling them to pay back loans.

Access to financial services enables rural smallholder farmers to take the increase from subsistence farming to market-based farming, thereby increasing their productivity and income for the long term. Access to financial services can also provide farmers with tools to escape the cycle of poverty and earn a sustainable livelihood.

The article will assist agribusiness enterprises acquire planning and business skills so as to be fully commercial, and achieve higher profits and competitiveness.

Keywords: Agribusiness, Enterprises, Management & Records.

References:

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[2].     Africa—a review. Paper under review by African Journal of Agricultural Research.

[3].     Amanor- Boadu, V. 2003. Options for Financing Agricultural Value Adding Business. Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Market Resource Centre. Kansas State University. United States.

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Abstract:

The fundamental of modern business ethics, anti-corruption and co-operate governance in the United Nations is to support an organizational culture that is informed by integrity, accountability, transparency and respect. Organizational culture describes the social norms and rules of behaviour that express our beliefs about ourselves, how work is accomplished, and how we relate to each staff relate with each other as well as outsiders. More than 50% of work-related conflicts are related to ethical issues, corruption and violations of governance. The ethical behavior of organizations is rarely recognized as a pillar of good corporate governance. However, there are many ways that ethics underpins much of UN business behaviors, whether it is at the senior management or staff members’ level and regardless the UN organization’s geographic location, size, or specialization (agency). The moral underscoring the decision-making processes can be observed not only at the UN level but also from an OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) country doing business in its own back yard. This largely depends much on the quality of mangers .

In an ethical organization like the UN, 95% of every staff member is usually able to recognize, appreciate, and resolve ethical issues that arise in our everyday work. Thus, staff members are able to take decisions based on the shared values and core competencies.

Keywords: Corporate governance, ethics, anti-corruption, teleology, United Nations, management, UN agencies, stakeholder, shareholder, corporate social responsibility.

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Abstract:

The number of connections, interaction and transmission of information that we carry out using the digital technology is growing exponentially, blurring physical barriers and reducing the cost of accessing information. Interconnectivity, Mobile technology, the internet of things, Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and automation are the main exponential technologies to which Banks have to adapt now. The adoption process of digitalization hasn’t been fully successful in sub Saharan Africa and the implementation process too is still lacking in many ways ie from employee’s ability to use the right hardware and software to fully work digitally. Thus, the question of how has the digitalization of the Bank internal process and people impacted the bank’s operations and productivity? This study made use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. All scales were tested for reliability using Pearson Correlation. The relationship between digitalization and employees of banks investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient. There was a positive correlation between the two variables [r= .275, n=46, p=.1], with increasing levels of digitalization associated with higher levels of employees’ performance. Digital inside of banks brings about satisfied employees who create satisfied customers as they work within a shorter time effectively and efficiently. Thus, it can be concluded that digital inside plays a significant impact in the financial sector of Sub Saharan Africa even though most employees initially turn to be resistant to digital transformation in their way of work if it is not properly implemented as they see it as a possible cause of unemployment.

Keyword: Digitalization, Internal processes, Productivity, Digital inside.

References:

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Abstract:

The study sought to investigate the nature of recruitment and its effect on employee performance in government organizations in Uganda with reference to Wakiso District Local Government. The objectives that guided the study were; to identify how Educational levels influence employee Performance, to examine the relationship between experience and employee performance & to establish the relationship between personal training and employee performance.

The respondents were selected using stratified, purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Descriptive and Associational research designs were adopted with Data gathered through Questionnaires and interview guides administered to respondents. Out of the 142 questionnaires distributed to the target sample, 127 responses were received. The SPSS technique was used to establish the relationship that existed between experience and employee Performance, Personal training and employee Performance & between financial Status of the organization and Employee performance.

The major findings from the research study indicated that the Level of education is a key aspect of employee performance in an organization. It acts a better tool for recruitment in the organization. The study findings revealed that there is a positive linkage between the educational level, experience, personal training and financial status on employee performance.

The study recommends that there is a need to motivate the employees and to ensure socio-economic development, adopt a general policy of transparency & encouraging the development of performance personal training processes that ensure that performance expectations are agreed upon and reviewed regularly.

Keywords: Recruitment, employee performance, Motivation, educational level, experience, personal training and the financial status of the organization.

References:

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Abstract:

The Product Manager in a Pharmaceutical company is considered the CEO of the product and responsible for the strategy, roadmap and feature definition for that product/brand. The roles often include Marketing, Forecasting and Profit & Loss (P&L) amongst others.

The interphase between sales and marketing is not a very clear one in most Pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria and the role of the product manager is usually mistaken or not well defined.

A clear understanding of the role of a PM and its responsibilities will ensure focus of the PM on his core responsibility and maximize his productivity.

Who is responsible when sales do not go as planned? Is it the joint responsibility of Marketing and sales or does the scale tip more to one side? What makes selling easy? Who puts ideas behind sales plan and formula? Is a PM necessary or will the sales team just suffice?

This article will look at the above questions and the Role and responsibility of the Product manager in ensuring the sales process is seamless.

The paper will also define a Pharmaceutical Product Manager and highlight his strengths, challenges, opportunities and threats facing his role.

In conclusion, sales and growth of a brand is the joint collaborative effort of Sales and marketing. Everything marketing does is designed to make sales easier. The sales team, in addition to completing the sales process, also provide valuable information required by marketing such as marketing intelligence.

Successful businesses recognize the role of marketing in ensuring future relevance.

Keywords: Brand, Brand Manager, Marketing, Pharmaceutical, Product Manager, Sales, Sales Manager, Selling.

References:

[1].Area sales manager http://www.aspiringminds.com/featured-profiles/area-sales-manager.

[2].Cliff Gilley, The Clever PM. How much sales are part of product management? https://www.quora.com/How-much-sales-is-part-of-product-management.

[3].Dr Vijay Sohoni, June 2013 http://www.pharmawisdom.com/Role-and-Responsibilities-of-Salespersons-in-Pharmaceutical-Industry.html.

[4].Ian Murnaghan BSc (hons), MSc. Pharmaceutical Brand Manager. 9 Mar 2010 http://www.ahealthcareer.co.uk/pharmaceutical-brand-manager.html.

[5].Lea Prevel Katsanis. An assessment of professional training for product managers in the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Product & Brand Management. Volume 15 · Number 5 · 2006 · 324–330 http://pharmatechcanada.ca/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Gushue-CDN-Product-Managers.pdf.

[6].Martin Cagan. Silicon Valley Product Group; Behind Every Great Product. The Role of the Product Manager https://svpg.com/assets/Files/productmanager.pdf.

[7].Michael Sheldon. Marketing & Sales: Frienemies Forever! https://www.thehartford.com/business-playbook/

[8].Philip Kotler, Neil Rackham, Suj Krishnaswamy. Ending the War Between Sales and Marketing, JULY–AUGUST 2006 ISSUE https://hbr.org/2006/07/ending-the-war-between-sales-and-marketing

[9].PHILIP KOTLER, VERONICA WONG, JOHN SAUNDERS, GARY ARMSTRONG. Principles of Marketing. 4^th European Edition; Page 6.

[10]. The product management guide https://www.aha.io/roadmapping/guide/product-management/what-is-the-role-of-a-product-manager.

Abstract:

This study paper gives highlighting to the major challenges of the blue economy in Ghana and proposes the way forward in curbing those challenges. The study gives emphasis on the fact that the full potential of the blue economy has not been well appreciated because of the major challenges that hinder the potentials of the natural resource. As valuable as it is, the blue economy is being muddled up in Ghana as the resource suffers major challenges spanning from pollution and degradation, terrorist attacks, lack of proper marine policy, over exploitation of the blue economy to climate change and these calls for the need for better ocean governance. This study intends to achieve the following objectives; first is to identify the major challenges of the blue economy in Ghana, to identify some benefits of the blue economy of Ghana and to determine and make effective commendations that would help in curbing the challenges faced by the blue economy. For the slated objectives to be achieve for this paper, review of secondary data from documented reports and the internet, publications, journals and articles were used. The primary data was a coordinated approach to major stakeholders and observation of events relating to the sea in Ghana. Valuable recommendations were presented to curtail the menace for the ordinary Ghanaian and Africa as a whole to derive the blessings of the blue economy.

Keywords: Blue Economy, threats/challenges, Marine, Ocean, solutions, Ghana.

References:

[1].     Ahmed N, Troell M, Allison EH, Muir JF (2010). Prawn postlarvae fishing in coastal Bangladesh: Challenges for sustainable livelihoods. Marine Policy 34:218-227.

[2].     Alam M. Khurshed, MoFA 2015, “Ocean/ Blue Economy for Bangladesh”.

[3].     Alhassan M.J (2018), climate change in Ghana, its effects; Department of Agriculture extension, University of Ghana, legon. Retrieved from: https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Climate-Change-in-Ghana-its-effects-634377 (Retrieved on 14th June, 2018)

[4].     Amarh, B. A. (2017). The Role of the Blue Economy in National Development: A Case of Ghana. TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, 3(1), 14–19. doi:10.21522/tijmg.2015.03.01.art003.

[5].     Asante, Felix & Amuakwa-Mensah, Franklin. (2015). Climate Change and Variability in Ghana: Stocktaking. Climate. 3. 78-99.

[6].     Christian Bueger (2015), Forthcoming in Marine Policy. Cardiff University Department of Politics and International Relations, School of Law and Politics, Cardiff University, Park Place 65-68, Cardiff CF103AS, Wales UK Retrieved from http://bueger.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Bueger-2014-What-is-Maritime-Security-final.pdf (Retrieved 14^th June 2018)

[7].     EC, 2012. European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Blue Growth—opportunities from the marine and maritime sustainable growth. COM (2012) 494. http://eur lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0494:FIN:EN:PDF (Retrieved 15^th May, 2018).

[8].     European Commission (2017), Staff working document on blue growth 2013-2016, Report on the blue growth Strategy towards more sustainable growth and jobs in the blue economy. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/swd-2017-128_en.pdf (Retrieved on 16^th May, 2018)

[9].     FAO (2016).The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016.Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome. 200 pp.

[10]. Hossain D. M. H et al, 2015 OPPORTUNITIES AND STRATEGIES FOR OCEAN AND RIVER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, Background paper for preparation of the 7th Five Year Plan. Retrieved from http://www.plancomm.gov.bd/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/23_FINAL-Nutrition-Background-Paper-for-7th-Five-Year-Plan-_-23-Feb-2015.pdf on 14the June 2018.

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[15]. http://www.verstehen.sayrid.org/blue-economy-and-economic-security/ (Retrieved on 15^th May, 2018)

[16]. http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/infographic/2017/06/06/blue-economy (Retrieved on 15^th May, 2018)

[17]. Hussain M.G. and Rahman M.J. 2009 “Marine fisheries resources of Bangladesh: Stock states and management issues. “ Presented in the First workshop on the Assessment of Fishery stock status in the south and Southeast Asia. Organized by FAO, APFC & SEAFDEC. 16-19 June 2009 Bangkok. Thailand.

[18]. Knyazeva, N.A. & Knyazeva, E.A. (2014). The Application of International Law Standards as a Means to Counteract Maritime Terrorism and Piracy. Criminological magazine, 4,175-187.

[19]. Pauli D. Gunter,2010, Blue Economy- 10 Years, 100 Innovations, 100 Million Jobs

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Abstract:

Background: In order to improve the health status of its population and to find practical solutions to the main challenges of the health system, the Government of Cameroon has been implementing the Performance Based Financing approach (PBF) since 2011.

Following the pilot phase from 2011 to 2014, the project produced encouraging results as seen in the use of health facilities by the population, quality improvement and governance in health facilities. The project also enabled the actors involved to learn lessons during its implementation.

Methods: This paper is based on first hand observation carried out by the researcher alongside the ground implementers of the PBF system in the health sector (CDVA South West Region). The group developed some criteria to stimulate improvement in health care, by ensuring payment for greater performance. The group also developed main criteria to measure the improvement in performance which can be translated in monetary terms, coaching was regularly carried out to provide solutions to problems. These activities were carried out between 2011 and 2014 in four health districts of the South West Region of Cameroon.

Results: The paper starts with a discussion, to clarify the core concept of PBF and how the different terms are used. It then develops a framework of on the development of implementation, evaluation, monitoring, coaching and the final results.

Conclusion: The paper brings out a picture of the importance of the PBF system of health financing in the South West Region of Cameroon, showing the pictures of change and the changes in the quality and quantity of health care delivery by health facilities.

Keywords: Performance Based Financing, Monitoring and Evaluation.

References:

[1].     De Savigny D, Adam T: Systems thinking for health systems strengthening. Geneva: Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, WHO; 2009.

[2].     Execution Manual. Performance- Based Financing (PBF) Cameroon.2017

[3].     Gertler P, Vermeersch C: Using Performance Incentives to Improve Health Outcomes. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2012. Report No.: Policy Research Working Paper 6100.

[4].     Meessen B, Soucat A, Sekabaraga C: Performance-based financing: just a donor fad or a catalyst towards comprehensive health-care reform? Bull World Health Organ 2011, 89(153):156.

[5].     Meessen B, Van Heteren G, Soeters R, Fritsche G, Van Damme W: Time for innovative dialogue on health systems research. WHO Bull 2012, 90(10):713–792.

[6].     Sophie Witter, Jurien Toonen, Bruno Messen, Jean Kagubane, Gyorgy Fritsche and Kelsey Vaughan. Performance Based Financing as a health system reform: mapping the key dimensions for monitoring and evaluation. 2013 13:367.

[7].     Vermeersch C, Rothenbuhler E, Sturdy J: Impact evaluation toolkit: measuring the impact of results-based financing on maternal and child health. Washington, D.C: World Bank; 2012.

[8].     Witter S, Fretheim A, Kessy F, Lindahl A: Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012, 2:CD007899. doi:10.1002/ 14651858.CD007899.pub2.

Abstract:

The purpose of this article is to highlight the lack of business sustainability of small and medium enterprises in Ghana and how the trend can be reversed through the adoption of customer relationship management and strategic management practices as a solution for sustainable business that can transcend generations.

Small and medium businesses in Ghana more often either collapse, shuts down or in case owners are sick, the business cease or when owners die, the business dies with them. Those that are able to put structures and systems in place soon become dreary and inward looking and eventually fall into decline, as a result of lack of strategic management and customer relationship management. Failure to build, develop and manage strategic and customer relationships creates complacency stifling growth and profits notwithstanding business expansions, hence the business folds up or shuts down with economic turbulence.

According to Bloomberg, 8 out of 10 small and medium businesses fail within the first 18 months and the reason being that, they simply run out of cash. (Bloomberg 2013). The trend can be reversed if small and medium enterprises embeds the necessary elements including customer and strategic relationship management practices to enable their long-term sustainability.

Implications of the short lives of small and medium businesses in Ghana is an indication of a cycle of stifled economic growth as new businesses keep springing up but without a successful, practical and workable existing business model to emulate or learn from to support their sustainable business practices.

Keywords: customer relationship management, strategic management, service management, business sustainability.

References:

[1].Aldrich, H. E. and Martinez, M (2003), Entrepreneurship as a Social Construction: A Multi-Level Evolutionary Approach, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

[2].Atkinson and Storey, D. J. (2016) “Employment, the Small Firm and the Labour Market”, Routledge, London.

[3].Azhar, Kazmi (2008) “Strategic Management and Business Policy”, McGraw Hill

[4].Band, William, Sharyn Leaver and Andrew Magarie (2008) Trends 2009: Customer Relationship Management, Forrester Research

[5].Bain and Company, Inc., (2015) “The Elements of Value”, Harvard Business Review Publication.

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[7].Brush, C. G. (1992) Research on Women Business Owners: Past Trends, A New Perspective and Future Directions, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 16(4)

[8].Brady, M. K. (2001) “Some New Thoughts on Conceptualizing Perceived Service Quality: A Hierarchical Approach”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 34 -49

[9].Bolton, J. E (2002) “Small Businesses from Hard Times to Great Expectations”, Routledge, London

[10]. Cann, C. W., (1998) “Eight Steps to Building Business Relationship”, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 393 – 405

[11]. Christopher, M., Payne, A., and Ballanttyne, E (1993) Relationship Marketing: Bringing Quality, Customer Service and Marketing together, Oxford, Butterworth.

[12]. Evans, D.S. and Leighton, L.S. (1990) Small Business Formation by Unemployed and Employed Workers; Small Business Economics, 2(4)

[13]. Fitzsimmons, J.A., and Fitzsimmons, M.J., (2001) “Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology”, McGraw Hill, New York, NY

[14]. Greene, F (2002) “An Investigation into Enterprise Support for Younger People”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 315 – 336

[15]. Gibb, A. A. (2002) “SME Policy, Academic Research and the Growth of Mythical Concepts”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 13 – 35

[16]. Hallowell, R. (2006) “The Relationships of Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty and Profitability: An Empirical Study”, International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 7, Issue 4, pp. 27 -42

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[25]. The “YES” Project by Ghana Government, The Daily Graphic, August 10, 2015

[26]. Texila American University, Strategic Management Modules 1-12: Strategic Planning; Business Level Strategies; Basic Concepts of Strategic Management, Mission and Objectives, Importance of Strategy in Business, Strategic Management in Small Businesses (2015)

[27]. Texila American University, Management Information System Modules 1-12: Data Resource Management; Business Application in IS; ERP Models and Architecture, Concept of EIS, Reviewed Role and Importance of MIS, Reviewed Process of Management (2015)

[28]. Texila American University, Total Quality Management Modules 1-12: Quality Service Dimensions and Determinants; Components of Service Quality and Customer Perceptions; Quality Attributes of TQM, Contributions to Quality Management, Leadership for TQM (2015)

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Abstract:

Digitalization has brought to the banking industry new business models, development concepts, from internet, mobile banking to monetization of transactions on different platforms and intermediaries. Currently there is no doubt that the banking sector is at a major crossroads. This disruption can be seen also from the demand and supply of financial services, forcing banks to develop new low-cost models. Due to this pressure, almost all commercial banks in West and Central Africa are in the process of crafting their own digital strategy with the principal objective of offering more inclusive banking services to the population who in their majority has limited or no access to banking facilities. Recent studies show that less than 10% of Sub Saharan Africa population is banked, yet not much research has been done in this area to understand why. Thus, the need to investigate the impact of digitalisation of Banks external (Digital Outside) processes on the financial sector, of Sub-Saharan Africa. This study made use of both qualitative and quantitative methods. The relationship between digitalization and customers of banks was investigated using Pearson correlation coefficient. There was a positive correlation between the two variables [r= .236, n=278, p=.0.05], where increasing levels of digitalization is associated with higher levels of customers satisfaction. Based on the finding of the study, one can conclude that internet, mobile, ATMs, are the mostly used digital channel to reach the customers and thus increases the level of customer satisfaction and digital banking adoption in sub Saharan Africa.

Keywords: Digitalization, Customers Satisfaction, Profitability, Digital outside.

References:

[1].     Aaker, D.A., Kumar, V., and Day, G.S. (2010) “Marketing research”, 9th edition, New York: John Wiley and Sons.

[2].     Anderson, C. L., and Agarwal, R. 2011. “The Digitization of Healthcare: Boundary Risks, Emotion, and Consumer Willingness to Disclose Personal Health Information,” Information Systems Research (22:3), pp. 469-490.

[3].     Fung, K.M. (2008) “To what extent are labor-saving technologies improving efficiency in the use of human resources? evidence from the banking industry”, Productions and Operations Management, Vol.17 No.1, pp.75-92.

[4].     Khalil Md Nor and Michael Pearson, 2008. Khalil Md Nor, Michael Pearson An Exploratory Study into the Adoption of Internet Banking in a Developing Country: Malaysia.

[5].     Ho, S. C., & Liang, T. P. (2004). ‘Consumer attitude toward mobile advertising: An empirical study’. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 8(3), 65-78.

[6].     Laukkanen, T. and Pasanen, M. (2007) “Mobile banking innovators and early adopters: how they differ from other online users? Journal of financial services marketing, Vol.13, No.2, pp.86-94.

[7].     Neuman, W.L. (2007). “Basics of social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approach”. Boston: Pearson/Allyn.

[8].     Nor, K.M. and Pearson, J.M. (2008) “An exploratory study into the adoption of internet banking in a developing country: Malaysia”, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol.7 No.1, pp.29-73.

[9].     Pohjola, M. 2015. Digitalisaatio ja tuottavuus finanssialalla. Cited 28.11.2016 & 24.1.2017, http://www.finanssiala.fi/materiaalit/Digitalisaatio_ja_tuottavuus_finanssialalla.

[10]. Tilson, D., K. Lyytinen, C. Sørenson. 2010. Desperately seeking the infrasturcture in IS research: Conceptualization of "digital convergence" 43rd HICSS.

[11]. Yoo, Y., Henfridsson, O., and Lyytinen, K. 2010. “The New Organizing Logic of Digital Innovation : An Agenda for Information Systems Research,” Information Systems Research (21 :4), pp. 724-735. Zittrain, J. 2008. The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It, New Haven, CT : Yale University Press.

[12]. Yoo, Y. 2010. Computing in everyday life : A call for research on experiential computing. MIS

[13]. Quarterly.

[14]. Yoo, Y., R.J. Boland, K. Lyytinen. 2006. From organization design to organization designing.

[15]. Organization Science 17(2) 215-229.

[16]. Yoo, Y., R.J. Boland, K. Lyytinen. 2008. Distributed Innovation in Classes of Network The 41st

[17]. Hawaiian International Conference on Systems Science. IEEE, Big Island, Hawaii.

[18]. Zittrain, J. 2006. The generative internet. Harvard Law Review 119 1974-2040.

Abstract:

Managing conflicts in the United Nations is time-consuming but a necessary task. It usually ranges from minute disagreements to major cases that may even lead to litigation or violence. Conflicts have an adverse effect on health of the staff, productivity, morale and staff performance. This study is a cross sectional study designed to examine and portray conflict management systems, its awareness and its effectiveness in the United Nations. Data collection was done using a structured questionnaire distributed to UN workers in the Hq (New York), selected Offices away from Hq and selected department of peace keeping operations (DPKO). Data analysis was done using SPSS20.0 The result showed that by location the Ombudsman had 35% of the cases from the UN Headquarters in New York,38% of cases from offices away from the UN headquarters in New York and 27% of cases from field missions (DPKO). It further showed that cases by staff category were: P and above: 38%, UNV& Consultants: 23%, Former Staff:2%, National Staff: 2%. Furthermore, breakdown of cases was as follows: promotion/entitlements/conversion (29%), Separation/termination (19%), Entitlements (15%), Standard of Conducts (12%). Multi-issues (10%), Inter-personal issues (8%), Conditions of service (5%), Referrals (2%). Recommendation requires that training and awareness programmes should be conducted periodically to create awareness on the existence of the structure of conflict resolution structure via the office of the Ombudsman.

Keywords: Peace-keeping, UN General Assembly, ombudsman, conflict resolution, staff members, United Nations, Staff members.

References:

[1]. "About the I.O.I." International Ombudsman Institute (2009). Retrieved from: http://ombudsman.cornell.edu/

[2]. "About the I.O.I." International Ombudsman Institute (2014).Retrieved from: http://www.resologics.com/impact-studies/2014/10/29/impact-study-manufacturing.

[3]. "About the I.O.I." International Ombudsman Institute (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.miami.edu/sa/index.php/ombudsperson/

[4]. "About the I.O.I." International Ombudsman Institute.(2015).Retrieved from: http://www.resologics.com/impact-studies/2015/9/1/impact-study-home-services-organization.

[5].     "About the I.O.I." International Ombudsman Institute (2010).

[6].   Civil Wars. The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Boulder, Col., pp. 183-214. in Central America, New York. in Central America. Caught in the Crossfire (unodc.org/pdf/Central%20America%20. Study.pdf; accessed on 25.5.2007).

[7].     Expatica.com.Figure 3

[8].     International Ombudsman Institute, ‘History and Development of Public Sector

[9].     Ombudsman Office’. Retrieved from: http://www.law.ualberta.ca/centres/ioi/eng/history.html.

[10]. Latin American Studies, Vol. 28, pp. 461-503.

[11].Law Reform Commission Act 1975. Retrieved from: http://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/reports/r98adr.pdf

[12]. Methodologies for the study of conflict and recovery (2018). Retrieved from: http://www.conflictrecovery.org/methodscr.htm

[13]. Oxford: Princeton University Press.

[14]. Parliamentary Ombudsman of Sweden,

[15]. Retrieved from: http://www.jo.se/Page.aspx?Language=en.

[16]. Radian, S. (2018). The Institution of the Ombudsman. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291523846_The_Ombudsman_Institution_a_View_from_the_Rule_of_Law.

[17]. Secretary-General’s bulletin. Terms of reference for the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services: ST/SGB/2016/7. (June 22,2016)

[18]. Stedman, S. J., Rothchild, D, & Cousens, E. M. (2002). Ending.

[19]. The UNOMS (2018). Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/en/ombudsman/help.shtml.

[20]. UN Ombudsman (2018). Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/en/ombudsman/reports.shtml

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[23]. Vilas, Carlos 1995: Between Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Market, State, and the Revolutions

[24]. Vilas, Carlos 1996: Prospects in a Post-Revolutionary Setting: Central America, in: Journal of

[25]. Walter, Barbara 2002: Committing to Peace. The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars. Princeton.

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Abstract:

The objective of this study is to investigate the Practice of Total Quality Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry. The data collected from the field was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. The demographic profile of respondents was analysed, followed by an analysis of responses provided to investigate the Practice of Total Quality Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry using Tobinco Pharmaceuticals as a case study. Tables, graphs, charts and percentages were used in data presentation and analysis. It was therefore concluded that a company that can produce goods at reduced costs than their competitors, while delivering quality products that satisfy customers will have an advantage over those companies that do not duplicate those feats. The Total Quality Management (TQM) business philosophy of satisfying the customer with quality goods and services reducing waste and empowering workers and suppliers is a method to achieve those goals as well as usage of the six (6) sigma approach which seek to eliminate errors to a significant magnitude.

Keywords: Total Quality Management, Competitive Advantage, Pharmaceutical Industry.

References:

[1].     Bates (1993) “Is TQM enough for competitive Advantage? Realities in organizations Implementing Change Initiatives: With Examples from the United States and the Developing World by Jamal K. AL-Dabal.

[2].     Crosby, P.B. (1979). Quality is free. USA: Mc Graw Hill.

[3].     Dean J.W and Evans J.R (1194) “Is TQM enough for Competitive Advantage by Jamal K. AL-Dabal.

[4].     De Cock, Christian, and Ian Hipkin. TQM and BPR: Beyond the “Beyond” Myth” Journal of Management Studies 34. No.5 (September 1997): 659.

[5].     Deming W. Edwards. (1990-1993). Out of the Crisis. Cambridge, M.A MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study.

[6].     Feigenbaum, A.V. (1983). Total Quality Control. USA: Mc Graw Hill.

[7].     Flood, R. L (1993) Beyond TQM. England: John Wiley and Sons Limited.

[8].     Hansen, M. Nohria N. and Tierney, T. (1999). What’s your strategy for managing knowledge?

[9].     Hunt V. Daniel, (1992) Quality in America: How to Implement a Competitive Quality Programme. Homewood, IL: Business One Irwin,

[11]. Ishikawa, K. (1990) Introduction to quality control (J.H Loftus, Trans, 3^rd Eds) London: Chapman and Hill.

[12]. Jablonski.J. R, (1992) Implementing TQM 2^nd Ed. Albuquerque: Technical Management Consortium, 1992.

[13]. Juran, J.M. (1988b). Juran’s quality control hand book (4^th Eds). USA: Mc Graw – Hill

[14]. Kurtus R. (2007) “Using TQM for a Competitive Advantage”

[15]. Powell T.C, (1994) “Total Quality Management as Competitive Advantage”: A Review and Empirical Study Management Department, Bryant College, Smithfield, Rhode Island, U.S.A.

[16]. Reshef, (1997) and Anderson et al (1994) “Is TQM enough for Competitive Advantage “by Jamal K. AL-Dabal.

[17]. Scheumann, Larry, Zhiwei Zhu, and Sandra. B. Scheumann. “TQM Success Efforts: Use more Quantitative or Quality Tools” Industrial Management and Data systems 97, No. 7-8 (July/August 1997): 264.

[18]. Tobinco Pharmaceuticals “A document on Quality Policy.

[19]. Watson et al, (1995) “Is TQM enough for Competitive Advantage “by Jamal K. AL- Dabal.

Abstract:

Project risk management is the systematic process of identifying, analyzing, and responding to risk by applying risk management principles and processes at the project level. This is seen to be a very big challenge to most project managers. Research has proven that most projects that are executed face serious challenges as far as risk is concerned due to lack of appropriate techniques in identifying and preventing risk. Therefore the study intends to evaluate risk identification and prevention techniques in ensuring project success in Electricity Company of Ghana ECG with the objective of examining how efficient and effective the Project Management Team manages risk and whether the success of project depends on effective risk management identification and prevention techniques in project management of Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG).

The study intends to adopt the cross section survey technique in that it will be necessary to interview key personnel within the entire stratum of Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) especially those activities impinge upon risk and project success. Qualitative information will be obtained and analyzed in order to address the objectives of the study. Where necessary such information will be quantified using relevant Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) to enhance the direction of the study. The study seeks to find out whether project success depends on the following for effective risk management and strategies for effective project risk identification:

·       Risk Analysis and Evaluation

·       Risk Monitoring and Reviewing

·       Risk Communication

It also seeks to find out if Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) has a Project Risk Management Plan and Risks that are identified before projects are initiated and that if Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) has competent project management professionals.

References:

[1].Adeleye, B. C., Annansingh, F. and Nunes, M. B. (2004). Risk management practices in IS outsourcing: an investigation into commercial banks in Nigeria. International Journal of Information Management, 24 (2), 167-180.

[2].Aloini, D., Dulmin, R. and Mininno, V. (2007). Risk management in ERP project introduction: Review of the literature. Information & Management, 44 (6), 547-567.

[3].ANSI, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Language (PMBOK), Fourth Edition

[4].Belfatti, M. (2006) Exposure Tracking – How well do you know your risks?

[5].Emphasis Magazine.

[6].CAS ERM Committee, (2003). Overview of Enterprise Risk Management,

[7].Davidson Frame (2006) Managing Risk in Organizations: A Guide for Managers

[8].Frame, JD (2002), The new project management: Tools for an age of rapid change, complexity, and other business realities, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.

[9].Frame, JD (2003), Managing risk in organizations: a guide for managers, Jossey- Bass, San Francisco.

[10]. Ingram, D. (2006) ―Standard & Poor‘s Enterprise Risk Management Evaluation of Insurers‖, Risk Management Section Newsletter, March 2006, pages 14-17.

[11]. James P. Lewis (2006), Fundamentals of Project Management (3rd Edition) ISBN: 0814408796

[12]. Mark Kozak-Holland (2002) Lessons from History ―History of Project Management‖

[13]. Mike Field & Laurie Keller, (1998). Project Management, South-Western Cengage Learning. The Open University.

[14]. OGC, (2005). Managing Successful Projects with Prince2. London TSO.

[15]. Rita Mulcahy, PMP Exam Prep, Sixth edition. Alligned with the PMBOK Guide, Fourth Edition.

[16]. Robert J. Graham (2005) Creating an Environment for Successful Projects: The Quest

[17]. to Manage Project Management (Jossey-Bass Business & Management) by

[18]. Robert K. Wysocki (2004) Effective Project Management, 2nd Edition

[19]. Samuel Gyamfi PhD. Candidate – University of Canterbury, NZ M.Sc. in Energy Systems - Aachen, Germany; B.Sc. Geod. Eng. –KUNST, Ghana

[20]. Standard & Poor, (2005). Enterprise Risk Management and Risk Assessment, November 18, 2005. International Review of Business Research Papers Vol. 4 No.3 June 2008 Pp.222-232

[21]. Preston G. Smith, Smith CMC, Guy M. Merritt, Managing Consulting Project Risk., September 2002, URL: http://www.newproductdynamics.com/Risk/C2M9-02.pdf

[22]. Preston G. Smith, Thirteen ways to mismanage development project risk., 2002, URL: http://www.newproductdynamics.com/Risk/Visions7-02.pdf

Abstract:

In Nigeria, incessant strike is prevalent among healthcare workers in public and civil service with workers asking for more remunerations and facilities so as function optimally. Each episode of disruption of service has an enormous effective on the citizen, economic implication, health parameters of the population. Healthcare workers suffer enormous injury ranging from biological, physical, psychological and economic as a consequence of our working conditions; sometimes healthcare workers even suffer death. Administrators of public and civil service need to be abreast with different classification of working conditions as explained by the International Labour organization (ILO) so as to affect the necessary standards in our healthcare facilities, hence, mitigating industrial strike actions, improving working condition in our facilities, translating to improved patient experience and health indices.

A literature review into the different effect of poor working condition on healthcare delivery; resulting in dissatisfaction among healthcare workers and support staff, most predictor of burn out syndrome, an increased risk of non-communicable disease in workers with overtime and extended schedules. It was also revealed that improvement in work environment can lead to higher productivity of employees and bad working conditions contribute to low productivity of employees (Taiwo, 2010).

The information in this report will assist clinicians, health system managers, policy makers and health services researchers to improve their understanding about how features of the work environment affect the quality of services rendered to the public.

Keyword: Working Condition and Quality Healthcare.

References:

[1].A.S TAIWO (2010), The influence of work environment on workers’ productivity: A case of selected oil and gas industry in Lagos, Nigeria, African Journal of Business Management Vol. 4 (3), pp. 299-307, Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/

[2].     Barger, L. K., Lockley, S. W., Rajaratnam, S. M., & Landrigan, C. P. (2009). Neurobehavioral, health, and safety consequences associated with shift work in safety-sensitive professions. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 9 (2), 155–164.

[3].     Brill, M.: Workspace design and productivity. Journal of Healthcare Forum 1990, 35 (5), pp. 51-3.

[4].     Lehmann, U., Dieleman, M., & Martineau, T. (2008). Staffing remote rural areas in middle- and low-income countries: A literature review of attraction and retention. BMC Health Services Research, 8 (1), 19.

[5].     Mark. W starton. Hospital Nurse Staffing and quality of care. Agency for healthcare research and quality, issue 14.

[6].     Scott, K. D., Jusanne, M., & Steven, M. E. Factors influencing employee benefits beliefs that, pay is tied to performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 2000. 14, 553-562.

[7].     Stallworth, J., Kleiner, B. Recent developments in office design. Journal of Facilities 1996, 14 (1/2), pp. 34-42.

[8].     Tomic, W., & Tomic, E. (2008). Existential fulfillment and burnout among principals and teachers. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 29 (1), 11–27.

[9].     Van der Colff, J., & Rothmann, S. (2009). Occupational stress, sense of coherence, coping, burnout and work engagement of registered nurses in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 35(1), 1–10.

[10]. World Health Organization, world Health Report, Health System: Improving performance 2000. Geneva Switzerland.

Abstract:

In this research, I am focusing to identify the causes of disaster occurrences and the coping mechanism of the vulnerable community. This research will cover the action plan of preparedness and community capacity for disaster management. Nepal is one of the most disaster-prone countries of the world due to complex geophysical condition and poor socio-economic situation. The country is facing various types of natural disasters like: flood, landslide, fire, earthquake, windstorm, hailstorm, lightning, glacier lake outburst flood, drought, epidemic, avalanche and so on. Further it is also exposed to various types of natural disasters due to rugged and steep topography, extreme weather events, and fragile geological conditions.

The key research question is the analysis of the community’s resilience to the frequent natural and man-made disasters. This will include understanding of: the ín-situ’coping ways of the community within their families as a unit and the preparedness measures that they have and how do they act when disaster occurs. The research will further investigate and analyse the patterns of the disasters in the study area, the impact of the past disasters on the community and the landscape.

These actions will help in framing the project narrative describing the disaster patterns, impacts, community coping mechanisms incl. preparedness and mitigation measures. Key Words: Hazard, Vulnerability, Capacity, Disaster, Risk, Mitigation

References:

[1].     Department for international Development of Government of UK in Nepal http://www.dfid.gov.uk/

[2].     GON, 2013., National Disaster Response Framework, Ministry of Home Affairs, Kathmandu, Nepal

[3].     Government of Nepal, Department of Mines and Geology, National Seismological Centre, Nepal http://www.seismonepal.gov.np/

[4].     Government of Nepal, National Emergency Operation Centre, Kathmandu http://neoc.gov.np/en/

[5].     HFA, 2008., Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) Nepal: National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2007-2009). Kathmandu: MoHA.

[6].     HFA, 2011., Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) Nepal: National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2009-2011). Kathmandu: MoHA.

[7].     HFA, 2015., Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) Nepal: National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2013-2015). Kathmandu: MoHA.

[8].     IFRC, 2011., Analysis of legislation related to disaster risk reduction in Nepal, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva.

[9].     S. Jones., et. al. 2014., Governance struggles and policy processes in disaster risk reduction: A case study from Nepal, available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016718514001687

[10]. UNDP, 2015., An Overview of Ten Year's Progress of Implementation of Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA): 2005-2015 in Nepal - Prepared by UNDP for MOHA, January 2015.

[11]. UNISDR, 2015., HFA monitoring and review through a multi stakeholder engagement process, 2013 – 2015

[12]. United National Office for Disaster Risk Reduction - https://www.unisdr.org/

Abstract:

Transportation is needed to ascertain the state of moving products. The growth in the skill and management principles enhance the movement of load, delivery Speed, service quality, operation costs, the usage of facilities and energy saving. Transportation serves an important part in the control of logistic. Assessing the current state, a strong system needs a clear frame of logistics and a proper transport to execute and techniques to connect the producing procedures. The aim of the paper is to define the role of transportation in logistics for the action of further improvement. The research was undertaken to define and understand the basic views of logistics and its various applications and the relationships on either side of logistics and transportation.

References:

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[7].Gartner IT Glossary (2012d). What Is Big Data? – Gartner IT Glossary. [online] Available at: http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/big-data

[8].http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/social-media

[9].Jacobson, D. (2011). Digital mobility drives you – You drive digital mobility. 1st ed. [ebook] PWC. Available at: http://www.pwc.com.br/pt_BR/br/publicacoes/assets/digital-mobility-11.pdf

[10]. Joshi, V., Rajamani, N., Takayuki, K., Prathapaneni, N., Subramaniam, L. V., (2013). Information Fusion Based Learning for Frugal Traffic State Sensing. Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.

[11]. Khalid A.S. Al-Khateeb; Jaiz A.Y. Johari; Wajdi F. Al-Khateeb (2008). "Dynamic Traffic Light Sequence, Science Publications". Journal of Computer Science. 4 (7): 517–524.

[12]. Monahan, Torin (2007). ""War Rooms" of the Street: Surveillance Practices in Transportation Control Centres" (PDF). The Communication Review. 10 (4): 367–389. doi:10.1080/10714420701715456.

[13]. Tom Randall, “Here’s How Electric Cars Will Cause the Next Oil Crisis,” Bloomberg, February 25, 2016.

[14]. Tyagi, V., Kalyanaraman, S., Krishnapuram, R. (2012). "Vehicular Traffic Density State Estimation Based on Cumulative Road Acoustics". IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.

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[16].Viswanadham N., (2014), Supply chain becoming highly technology intensive, OEM Update, March 2014, pp28 29.

Abstract:

Access to polymerase chain reaction services for ribose nucleic acid (RNA) for adult and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for infants was in paucity due to numerous challenges that were not clearly identified for rectification. Poor supply chain management of PCR commodities was prime amongst others that hindered optimization of equipment and scaling up of viral load and early infants’ diagnosis (EID) tests in line with the Joint United Nations AIDS (UNAIDS) strategy of 90-90-90 concept. To overcome these challenges, decision support system approach: where the Government of Nigeria (GON) and supporting partners organized monitoring and supportive visits (MSV) to 29 out of 30 PCR facilities was adopted to provide support using logistics management information system (LMIS) tool to mentor facility personnel. Findings included poor logistics management of commodities, lack of LMIS data collection tool, poor reporting of utilization, stock outs of commodities at some facilities and expiries of same in others, wide knowledge gap on logistics management, poor storage condition. After two cycles of conducting MSV, there was an improvement in the scaling of viral load and EID testing, reduced stock out, reduced expiries, proper storage of commodities, improved on-time LMIS data reporting rate. We concluded that supply chain management through MSV can be used to improve the services of PCR laboratories to meet the UNAID 90-90-90 concept with a recommendation to continue a quarterly MSV to PCR facilities and extend this to other areas of laboratory services.

Keywords: Supply chain management, polymerase chain reaction, monitoring and supportive visit, viral load assay, early infants’ diagnosis, laboratory performance, 90-90-90 UNAIDS concept.

References:

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[2].     Bailey, C., Blake, C., Schriver, M., Cubaka, V. K., Thomas, T., & Martin, H. A. (2016). A systematic review of supportive supervision as a strategy to improve primary healthcare services in Sub‐Saharan Africa. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 132(1), 117-125.

[3].     Ballou, R. H. (2007). The evolution and future of logistics and supply chain management. European Business Review, 19(4), 332-348. doi.org/10.1108/09555340710760152

[4].     Birx, D. (n.d.). Analysis of the HIV epidemic in the highest burden countries. Retrieved from http://www.iapac.org/tasp_prep/presentations/TPSlon13_Closing_Panel_Birx.pdf

[5].     Bonner, K., Mezochow, A., Roberts, T., Ford, N., & Cohn, J. (2013). Viral load monitoring as a tool to reinforce adherence: a systematic review. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 64(1), 74-78.

[6].     Brandenburg, M., Govindan, K., Sarkis, J., & Seuring, S. (2014). Quantitative models for sustainable supply chain management: Developments and directions. European Journal of Operational Research, 233(2), 299-312.

[7].     Chishty, S., Singh, M. N., & Agarwal, A. (2016). Impact of monitoring and supportive supervision on performance of IMNCI trained ASHAs in Baran District of Rajasthan, India. International Journal of Current Research 8(05), 30262-30266.

[8].     Davies, M. A., Pinto, J., & Bras, M. (2015). Getting to 90-90-90 in paediatric HIV: What is needed? Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18(7Suppl 6).

[9].     Dhavala, S., & Wheeler, F. W. (2006). U.S. Patent No. 7,123,774. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/patents/US7123774

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[12]. Habiyambere, V., Ford, N., Low-Beer, D., Nkengasong, J., Sands, A., González, M. P., ... & Milgotina, E. (2016). Availability and use of HIV monitoring and early infant diagnosis technologies in WHO member states in 2011–2013: Analysis of annual surveys at the facility level. PLoS Med, 13(8), e1002088.

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[17]. Kranzer, K., Meghji, J., Bandason, T., Dauya, E., Mungofa, S., Busza, J., ... & Ferrand, R. A. (2014). Barriers to provider-initiated testing and counselling for children in a high HIV prevalence setting: A mixed methods study. PLoS Med, 11(5), e1001649.

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Abstract:

The research is aimed at investigating the effects of brand association on consumer patronage of GSM service providers in metropolitan Kano. The study utilized descriptive survey research design with both descriptive and inferential statistics used as techniques of data analysis. The five Likert type rating scale was used in measuring responses to the questions. Specifically, linear regression model was used to determine the impact of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The analysis of the study revealed that perceived quality of service was found to significantly influence consumer patronage of service providers. The finding of the study also revealed that the use of the celebrity for promotional activities by GSM operators has no effect on consumer patronage of service providers. It was also found that consumer patronage of GSM service providers was not influenced by the fact that GSM companies engaged in sponsorship of notable events. The study recommends more investments in facilities, quality control technologies and strategic development and implementation of plan for delivery of high-quality service. There is also the need for service providers to ensure greater coordination of efforts in the use of celebrities for promotional activities. There is the need for more investments in social amenities by the GSM service providers.

References:

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[10]. Baker, M. (2010) Corporate Social Responsibility. www.mallenbaker.com

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[13]. Chakravarti, F. (2004), The Impact of Macro-Level Motives on Consideration Set Composition in Novel Purchase Situations. Journal of Consumer Research, 22 (1): 171

[14]. Craig, K. (2007), Measuring Customer-Based Brand Equity, Journal of Consumer Research, 18 (4): 13-22.

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Abstract:

In modern marketing practices, relationship marketing becomes impertinent strategic tools. It can be applied in different industry in different scales. When it comes to the pharmaceutical industry, end users of most of medicines cannot decide the brand of the drugs prescribed by doctors. On the other words most of medical practitioners often continue to prescribe brand-name drugs to their patients even when less expensive generic equivalents are available. Apart from the prevailing conditions, some multinational companies like J L Morrison’s Ltd may not provide un ethical marketing practices to promote their brand through doctors.

In this context, it is important to investigate role of relationship marketing practices in prescribing behaviour of doctors in local context. Accordingly, main purpose of this study is to assessing the impact of relationship marketing practices effect on the prescribing behaviour of doctors towards JLM brands. As the empirical nature of the study, data were collected through structured questionnaire designed based on the measurement indicators identified in literature and field experience of the researcher. Accordingly, sample was selected from main cities of the country with the purpose of getting the doctors’ responses about the main research issues. Accordingly, 125 respondents were included in each sample. The respondents were selected based on convenience sampling method to represent all medical consultants who are relevant to the JLM brands in Sri Lankan market. Frequencies, percentages, descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis etc. were employed as data analysis tools.

Reliability test was carried out and Cronbach’s Alpha values of each construct was found that a good interring reliability exist with the data. The results indicated that there are positive relationships between all three aspects of relationship marketing practices adopted by JLM brands and doctors’ prescribing behaviour. Further it is noted that perceptions of doctors towards relationship marketing practices are favourable and positive tendency for prescribing JLM brands. The results provide evidence to accept all hypotheses. Finally, researchers have emphasized some implications to marketers of pharmaceutical industry to develop their marketing strategies for encouraging doctors for prescribing JLM brands in competitive markets.

Keywords: Relationship marketing, Prescribing behaviour, Pharmaceutical industry.

References:

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Abstract:

This study was conducted in Bhola district of Barisal Division in Bangladesh. The purpose of the study was to conduct a careful analysis of the plights of working adolescents who are also attending schools, to find out whether UNICEF project being implemented by COAST Trust is actually leading to the intended objective of adolescent empowerment. I organized focus group discussions reaching a total of 60 adolescents. Educational pass records of a total of 120 students were reviewed and compared to ascertain whether the work of the children has potential correlations with their pass grades.

I conclude that the empowerment project has instead caused disempowerment of the adolescent girls because of a number of reasons; long working hours are so detrimental for the girls given that the girls have to attend school and after schools proceed to work for additional 4 hours, and perhaps perform other domestic works in their households, the remuneration of girls is very low but being so helpless, they cannot complaint about the unfair wages for which they work daily, the speak up culture which is so much required in empowerment situation is not available in the work places of the girls, the girls leave their work places at night which could expose them to other sexual harassment scenarios in a very conservative environment, the working environment could endanger the health of the young girls since they are dealing with cotton materials which may lead to respiratory related diseases, and finally, the extra work time has to a larger extent led to the low pass grades of the girls in schools.

Certain measures could be taken to avert or reduce the impact of working adolescents such as: girls who are below the minimum required age for work can appoint their parents or representatives to work on their behalf while close scrutiny is maintained to ensure the girls benefit from the proceeds of their work. The entrepreneurs can be compelled by Ministry of Women and Children Affairs (MOWCA) to ensure they pay necessary minimum wage that is commensurate with the work of the adolescent girls. Finally, the employers must be compelled to reduce the number of working hours to ensure the girls can reach their houses before dark as well as by allowing them a day off in a week.

Keywords: Empowerment, impoverishment, agent, empoweree, disempowerment, child labor, Power differentials, economic influence.

References:

[1].     Bureau of International Labor Affairs (2015). Bangladesh, moderate advancement. Working paper.

[2].     Child Care and Protection Act (2013). The Child Care and Protection Act. Laws of Bangladesh.

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[8].     Murari*, Krishna (2013). Abusive leadership – a Barrier to Employee Empowerment. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol.5, No.4, 2013

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[10]. Ross, Kara L. (2015). The Health Effects of Women Empowerment: Recent Evidence from Northern Ghana. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review Volume 18 Issue 1, 2015

[11]. Ukil, Minhajul Islam (2016). The impact of employee empowerment on employee satisfaction and service quality: empirical evidence from financial enterprises in Bangladesh. Verslas: Teorija ir praktika / Business: Theory and Practice. Doi:10.3846/btp.2016.651

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[15]. Yıldırım, Fatih and Yıldırım, Seda Kayapalı (2016). Effects of cynicism on empowerment in organizations. Journal of Human Sciences, Volume: 13 Issue: 3 Year: 2016.

Abstract:

This study assessed the roles and impact of mission statements in the Zambian banking industry and envisaged the quality of the mission statements using a Nine Point Scale model given by Fred R. David. A total of 19 commercial banks formed the sample. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research design approaches was used. The data was obtained from annual reports for the period 2010 to 2017, these were provided by either the central bank or obtained from websites of commercial banks. The SPSS 20 and MS-Excel were used for data analysis. The Pearson correlation model was used to analyses the variable associations. The return on equity (ROE) and the return on investment (ROI) were used for Bank performance measurement. The study disclosed that the length of mission statements in terms of sentences ranged from 1to 2 sentences and the number of words ranged from 3 to 32 words. Twelve (12) banks scored above average and 7 banks scored below average. It may be summarized that broadly banking system’s mission statement score in Zambia was well above the average score card of mission statement and majority of the banking setups were keen to incorporate their philosophy, products and services and customers concern but less focus on concern for employees and self-concept. Overall, there was a weak, negative correlation between mission statement and return on equity. Also, an overall weak, negative correlation between mission statement and return on investment.

Keywords: Mission Statement, Commercial bank, Performance, Roles, Components, Content Analysis.

References:

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Abstract:

The purpose of this Study was to show the linkage between mission statement and corporate social responsibility of commercial banks in Zambia using the Fred R. David Model for mission statements and the Archie B. Carroll Model for CSR. Reflecting on literature on how banks in Zambia have embraced and practiced corporate social responsibility (CSR). This study contributes to the CSR literature by examining annual reports and websites about current CSR activities of Commercial banks in Zambia.

The study used quantitative approach and Qualitative approaches a mixture of two to collect primary data through a structured questionnaire, annual reports and websites from Central and Commercial Banks. 17 banks formed the sample for the exercise and data was collected and analyzed descriptively and the results presented.

The overall results indicate a very weak, negative correlation between mission statement and corporate social responsibility programs in commercial banks of Zambia. Evidence from the study also suggests that all commercial banks in Zambia had a formal mission statement and about 94.7 percent had CSR program.

The study only covered Commercial Banks that operate under the central bank of Zambia and mainly obtained data from the websites and annual reports.

The study provides an insight into concepts about Mission statement and corporate social responsibility in the banking industry in Zambia and in Africa at large, which to the best knowledge of the author, have not been done extensively before.

Keywords: Mission Statement, Corporate Social responsibility, Commercial bank, Model, Annual report.

References:

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Abstract:

This research paper give emphasis to some of the innovations used in reviving small-scale industries in Ghana. It stresses on the point that if SMEs that has been labelled as the engine growth of the Ghanaian economy can adopt innovative ways in doing business, there would be great impact to Ghana. There is a general awareness and acceptance of the role SMEs play in socio-economic development in Ghana. The Small-Scale industries contributes greatly to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in ensuring economic growth, employment, income stability and poverty reduction in most developing countries. In-spite of the above roles, most of these industries are now collapsing because of the lack of innovations in conducting their businesses. The few who has been able to adopt innovated ways of doing business are experiencing business boom while the majority of them are struggling to break-even thereby classifying the small-scale industries as synonymous to a ‘hand to mouth’ industry. This study intends to achieve the following objectives; first is to pinpoint some of the innovations used in reviving SMEs, to identify some challenges faced in the adoption of innovation in small-scale business delivery in Ghana and to determine and make effective recommendations that would help to reduce or mitigate those challenges. To achieve the objectives slated, review of secondary data from documented reports and the internet, publications, journals and articles were used. The primary data was an in-depth guided interview with key stakeholders (revenue collectors, policy makers, small-scale business owners, members of the SMEs etc.)

Keywords: Innovation, Small scale industries, SME, Ghana.

References:

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Abstract:

The study investigated the prospect and challenges of how Vodafone Ghana is employing innovation as a survival strategy in the highly competitive telecommunication industry of Ghana. Amongst its specific objectives were analyzing the market performance of innovation products and services placed on the market by Vodafone Ghana as well as examining to importance innovation as a survival strategy in the telecom industry of Ghana. The study also identified challenges confronting Vodafone Ghana in using innovation strategy as a survival tool. The researcher adopted the onion research approach, which unfolds the various stages of research from the sampling, questionnaire design observations and interview as well as data management. In selecting the respondents, purposive sampling technique was employed. The questionnaire technique constituted the main research instrument although some face-to-face interviews were also carried out to straighten up some of the responses reflected on the questionnaire. The study findings noted that Vodafone Ghana parades such innovative products and services as broadband facilities and money transfers among others to compete in the local industry. These services were seen to be enhancing socio-economic systems because they facilitate money transfer to business fellows and relations as well as enable customers to talk much longer. On challenges negating innovation efforts at Vodafone, the study discovered that competitors often copy and expand the scope of new products thereby pre-empting benefits that accrue from research and development activities. Frequent internet failure also disrupts the benefit derivable from Vodafone innovative products and services. Recommendations were made to address these challenges.

Keywords: Innovation, Prospects and challenges, Telecommunication, Ghana.

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Abstract:

The government of any country such as Guyana has a fundamental right in providing public services and goods to its people. Salaries and benefits are paid to public servants all over the world to deliver effectively on the job thus bringing total satisfaction to the citizens of a country as it relates to the services or goods they received.

The title for this study was: “The impact of a good remuneration package to public servants on the enhancement of the delivery of public services.” There were six objectives in this research but the main objective was “To determine if a good remuneration package to public servants will lead to the enhancement in the delivery of services to the public.”

Great attention has been paid to remuneration package and its impact on the delivery of services within the public service of many countries, e.g. Guyana. Problems experiences were many, for example employees’ benefits were not sufficiently competitive to retain well experienced staff members. Therefore, in order to bring clarity to the problems, the researcher developed and answered five research questions. It will be beneficial to the researcher, government, public servants and other stake holders of Guyana.

The study was qualitative and quantitative in nature. The secondary data was collected from many sources and the researched countries public services were Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and The General Caribbean, etc. The primary data were collected through interviews and questionnaires. Two hypotheses were developed for this research. The data analysis was both statistical and descriptive.

The major findings discovered were that in almost all public service under study, there were massive public sector reforms to tackle remuneration package enhancement, work performance and delivery of services. The determination of a remuneration package/ wage structure for the various categories of public servants is a problem, public service delivery is a problem in most countries as pointed out in Africa, in Latin America and the Caribbean and the employee performance tools used is ineffective and needs to be revised. Therefore, it is imperative for any government to look into this matter. The statistical results indicated that there were significant association between remuneration package and enhancement in the delivery of services. It also indicated that remuneration package to public servants has a positive impact on the enhancement of the delivery of Public Services.

Keywords: Public Service, Remuneration Package, Public Officer, Public Office, Public goods and services.

References:

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