Abstract:

Background. The role of health cost in vaccination programmes cannot be overemphasized: it has contributed significantly to creating and sustaining demand for vaccination services and improving vaccination coverage. In Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), numerous cost approaches have been deployed but these interventions are not without challenges. We therefore aimed to compare the CDC cost of vaccine according to brand name and find out which manufacturer produces the most expensive and the cheapest vaccine.

Methods. We used a quantitative approach and conducted a comparative study using the 5 manufacturers published on CDC website: Sanofi Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Pfizer, Grifols and their vaccine brand names respectively. We identified cost of each vaccine for children program for September 2019 form CDC website. We also reviewed relevant documents. Secondary Data generated were analyzed manually because the data was small.

Results. The CDC cost for all the vaccine for children program are cheaper than the private sector cost. The cheapest vaccine is Hiberix manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline for both CDC and private sector cost ($9.46 and $ 10.85). The most expensive vaccine is Gardasil manufactured by Merck for both CDC and private cost ($178.14 and $217.11).

Conclusions. It is important to realize that health is wealth and a healthy nation is a wealthy nation! For every $1 spent on childhood vaccinations, United State of America saves $10.90. And CDC estimates that for the vaccination of children born between 1994 and 2018 has saved the U.S. nearly $406 billion in direct medical costs and $1.88 trillion in total society costs.

Keywords: VACCINE, COST, CDC, Sanofi Pasteur, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Pfizer, Grifols.

References:

[1].   Pastor-Satorras R, Castellano C, Mieghem PV, Vespignani A. Epidemic processes in complex networks. Rev Mod Phys 2015; 87:92.

[2].   Bonanni P. Demographic impact of vaccination: a review. Vaccine 1999; 17: S120–5.

[3].   Funk S, Salathé M, Jansen VA. Modelling the influence of human behavior on the spread of infectious diseases: a review. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7:20100142.

[4].   Manfredi P, D’Onofrio A. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. New York: Springer; 2013.

[5].   Wang Z, Andrews MA, Wu Z-X, Wang L, Bauch CT. Coupled disease–behavior dynamics on complex networks: A review. Phys Life Rev 2015c; 15:1–29.

[6].   J.B.L. Gargasson, F.K. Nyonator, M. Adibo, B.D. Gessner, A. Colombini Costs of routine immunization and the introduction of new and underutilized vaccines in Ghana Vaccine, 33S (2015), pp. A40-A46.

[7].   C.B. Janusz, C.C. Orjuela, I.B.M. Aguilera, et al.Examining the cost of delivering routine immunization in Honduras Vaccine, 33S (2015), pp. A53-A59.

[8].   K. Goguadze, I. Chikovani, C. Gaberi, et al. Costs of routine immunization services in Moldova: Findings of a facility-based costing study Vaccine, 33S (2015), pp. A60-A65.

[9].   C. Schutte, C. Chansa, E. Marinda, et al. Cost analysis of routine immunisation in Zambia.

[10].  Vaccine, 33S (2015), pp. A47-A52.

[11].  WHO, UNICEF, World Bank? State of the world’s vaccines and immunization. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.

[12].  Hinman A. Eradication of vaccine-preventable diseases. Annu Rev Public Health. 1999; 20:211–29.

[13].  Goldstein S, MacDonald NE, Guirguis S, SAGE Working Group. Health communication and vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine. 2015;33(2015):4212–4.

[14].  Streefland P. Public doubts about vaccination safety and resistance against vaccination. Health Policy. 2001; 55:159–72.

[15].  Uddin M, Larson C, Oliveras E, Khan A, Quaiyum M, Chandra Saha N. Child immunization coverage in rural hard-to-reach Haor areas of Bangladesh: possible alternative strategies. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2009; 21:8–18.

[16].  Bondy J, Thind A, Koval J, Speechley K. Identifying the determinants of childhood immunization in the Philippines. Vaccine. 2009; 27:169–75.

[17].  Cheng P-J, Huang S-Y, Shaw S-W, Kao C-C, Chueh H-Y, Chang S-D, Hsu T-Y, Kung F-T, Hsieh T-T. Factors influencing women’s decisions regarding pertussis vaccine: A decision-making study in the Postpartum PertussisImmunization Program of a teaching hospital in Taiwan. Vaccine. 2010; 28:5641–7.

[18].  Odusanya OO, Alufohai EF, Meurice FP, Ahonkhai VI. Determinants of vaccination coverage in rural Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(1):1–8.

[19].  Muñoz DC, Llamas LM, Bosch-Capblanch X. Exposing concerns about vaccination in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Int J Public Health. 2015;60(7):767–80.

[20].  The Price of Prevention: Vaccine Costs Are Soaring By Elisabeth Rosenthal July 2, 2014 https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/03/health/Vaccine-Costs-Soaring-Paying-Till-It-Hurts.html.

[21].  Estimating the costs of achieving the WHO–UNICEF Global Immunization Vision and Strategy, 2006–2015 Lara J Wolfson, a François Gasse, b Shook-Pui Lee-Martin, c Patrick Lydon, d Ahmed Magan, b Abdelmajid Tibouti, bBenjamin Johns, e Raymond Hutubessy, a Peter Salamab & Jean-Marie Okwo-Beled https://www.academia.edu/3168704/Estimating_the_costs_of_achieving_the_WHO-UNICEF_Global_Immunization_Vision_and_Strategy_2006-2015.

[22].  Bilous J, Eggers R, Gasse F, Jarrett S, Lydon P, Magan A, et al. A new global 1. immunization vision and strategy. Lancet 2006; 367:1464-6. PMID:16679143 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68625-XGIVS.

[23].  global immunization vision and strategy 2006–2015. Geneva; UNICEF/WHO: October 2005. Available at: http://www.who.int/vaccinesdocuments/DocsPDF05/GIVS_Final_EN.pdfUNICEF.

[24].  A world fit for children: Millennium Development Goals. Special session on children documents: the convention on the rights of the child. July, 2002. Available at: http://www.unicef.org/publications/index 4445.htmlGodal T. Viewpoint: immunization against povert

[25].  Trop Med Int Health2000; 5:160-6. PMID:10747277 doi:10.1046/j.1365 3156.2000. 00534.xMuraskin W. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization: is it a new model for effective public-private cooperation in international public health? Am J Public Health 2004; 94:1922-5. PMID:15514228Wittet S. Introducing GAVI and the Global Fund for children’s vaccines.

[26].  Vaccine 2000; 19:385-6. PMID:11027798 doi:10.1016/S0264-410X (00)00196-1Lu C, Michaud CM, Gakidou E, Khan K, Murray CJ. Effect of the Global.

[27].  Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization on diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine coverage: an independent assessment. Lancet 2006; 368:1088-95. PMID:16997663 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69337-9International Financial Facility for Immunization (IFFIm) program overview.

[28].  Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization: 2006. Available at:

http://www.gavialliance.org/resources/FS_IFFIm_en.pd.

[29].  Advance market commitments for Vaccines, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization: 2007. Available at: http://www.vaccineamc.org/about/index.html Saving 10 million more lives through immunization; the price tag.

[30].  Shortfall. WHO/IVB: (2006). Available at:

http://www.who.int/immunization/givs/GAVI_Imm_Forum_piece.pdfWorld Development Indicators 2004, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/awardees/vaccine-management/price-list/index.html.

[31].  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Salary Statistics". federalpay.org. Retrieved July 4, 2019. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had 10,899 employees in 2015 with an average pay (base salary + bonus) of $103,285.75.

[32].  City of Atlanta's expansion to Emory and CDC approved". www.ajc.com. Retrieved December 5, 2017. Mission, Role and Pledge". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[33].  Economics of Health Care Financing: The Visible Hand By Cam Donaldson, Karen Gerard, Stephen Jan, Craig Mitton, Virginia Wiseman https://www.vaccinateyourfamily.org/why-vaccinate/vaccine-benefits/costs-of-disease-outbreaks/.