Abstract:

Myriads of issues and challenges surrounds the health of individuals and populations all around the world. From rural-urban health disparities to the gross health inequities among populations, and the failure of individuals to taking responsibilities for their own health and well-being. The badly overwhelmed individual-centric healthcare delivery systems found all over the world today is a testament to the fact that as healthcare practitioners, experts, policy makers and governments, we all need a paradigm shift in our traditional approaches to healthcare delivery system. We now have to look at the health of individuals from population perspectives. We now have to manage our health systems from the primary and preventive vantage points through Population Health Initiatives (PHIs). The health outcomes of entire populations and their distributions coupled with the factors influencing the health of populations needs now become our primary focus and point of interest. Varied elements and factors define the health and well-being of populations, and it is the interest of PHIs to influencing and moderating these varied elements towards attaining positive health outcomes for populations and in effects, for the individuals.

References:

[1].  Adshead, F. and Thorpe, A. (2007). The role of the Government in Public Health: A National Perspective. Public Health. Volume 121, Issue 11, November 2007, Pp. 835-839.

[2].  Akarowhe, K. (2018). Population Health a Tool for Enhanced Aggregate Health Performance in Emerging Economies. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics. 6(2), Pp. 1-8. Doi: 10.21767/2321-2748.100345.

[3].  Babalola, O. (2017). Consumers and Their Demands for Healthcare. J Health Med Econ. Vol. 3, No. 1:6.

[4].  Banati, P. and Moatti, J-P. (2008). The Positive Contributions of Global Health Initiatives. Retrieved from: https://www.scielosp.org/article/bwho/2008.v86n11/820-820/es/.

[5].  Bean, M. (2017). Four Components of a Successful Population Health Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/4-components-of-a-successful-population-health-initiative.html.

[6].  Belloc, N.B. and Breslow, L. (1972). Relationship of Physical Health Status and Health Problems. Preventive Medicine, 1, No. 1 (1972): Pp. 409-421.

[7].  Bernardes, M.F.F; Pazin, M.; Pereira, L.C.; and Dorta, D.J. (2015). Impact of Pesticides on Environmental and Human Health. Toxicology Studies – Cells, Drugs, and Environment. Anna Cristina Andreazza and Gustavo Scola, Intech Open, doi: 10.5772/59710.

[8].  Burton, D. (2013). Population Health Management: Implementing a Strategy for Success (white paper). Retrieved from: https://www.healthcatalyst.com/whitepaper/PopulationHealthManagement.

[9].  Butler, K. (2017). A sedentary lifestyle can harm you, even if you exercise. Retrieved from: mnn.com/health/fitness-well-being/stories/a-sedentary-lifestyle-can-harm-you-even-if-you-exercise.

[10].  Coberley, C.; Rula, E.Y.; and Pope, J.E. (2011). Effectiveness of Health and Wellness Initiatives for seniors. Population Health Management. Vol. 14. No. S1. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2010.0072.

[11].  Cooper, R.S. (2004). Genetic Factors in Ethnic Disparities in Health. National Research Council (US) Panel on Race, Ethnicity and Health in Later Life; Anderson NB, Bulatao RA, Cohen B, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 2004.

[12].  Doyle, C. and Pate, P. (2008). Civil Society Organizations and Global Health Initiatives: Problems of Legitimacy. Social Science & Medicine. Volume 66, Issue 9, May 2008. Pp. 1928-1938

[13].  Ekram, T. (2019). Providers and Plans Must Unite to Achieve the Goals of Population Health Initiatives. Retrieved from: https://www.ajmc.com/contributor/tashfeen-ekram/2019/03/providers-and-plans-must-unite-to-achieve-the-goals-of-population-health-initiatives.

[14].  Farmanova, E.; Baker, G.R.; and Cohen, D. (2019). Combining Integration of Care and a Population Health Approach: A Scoping Review of Redesign Strategies and Interventions, and their Impact. Int J Integr Care. 2019 Apr-Jun; 19(2): 5

[15].  Garfinkel, S.A.; Riley, G.F.; and Iannacchione, V.G. (1988). High-cost users of medical care. Health Care Financ Rev. 1988 summer; 9(4): Pp. 41-52

[16].  Hartley, D. (2004). Rural Health Disparities, Population Health, and Rural Culture. American Journal of Public Health, 94, No. 10 (2004): Pp. 1675-1678.

[17].  Institute of Medicine, Health and Behavior [IMHB] (2001). The Interplay of Biological, Behavioral, and Societal Influences (Washington: National Academy Press, 2001).

[18].  Kannel, W.B. et al., (1991). Regional Obesity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 44, No. 2 (1991): Pp. 183-190.

[19].  Kahissay, M.H.; Fenta, T.G.; and Boon, H. (2017). Beliefs and Perception of ill health Causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 17, 124 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y.

[20].  Kent, J. (2019). Inching Toward the Data-Driven Future of Population Health Management. Retrieved from: https://healthitanalytics.com/news/inching-toward-the-data-driven-future-of-population-health-management.

[21].  Kobernick, M.; Hammel, D.; Duncan-Jackson, S.; Leon, J.; and Harris, D. (2018). Population Health Template: A Road Map for Successful Health Improvement Initiatives. Population Health Management. Volume 21, Number 4, 2018. Point of View. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2017.0116.

[22].  Lavie, C.J.; Ozemek, C.; Carbone, S.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; and Blaire, S.N. (2019). Sedentary Behavior, Exercise, and Cardiovascular Health. Circulation Research, 2019; 124: 799-815.

[23].  Levin, J. (2014). Faith-Based Initiatives in Health Promotion: History, Challenges, and Current Partnerships. American Journal of Health Promotion. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.130403-CIT-149.

[24].  Mabry, P.L.; Olster, D.H.; Morgan, G.D.; and Abrams, D.B. (2008). Inter-disciplinarily and Systems Science to Improve Population Health: A View from the NIH Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Volume 35, Issue 2, Supplement, August 2008, Pp. S211-S224.

[25].  Magnusson, D.M.; Eisenhart, M.; Gorman, I.; Kennedy, V.K.; and Davenport, T.E. (2019). Adopting Population Health Frameworks in Physical Therapist Practice, Research, and Education: The Urgency of Now. Physical therapy, Volume 99, Issue 8, August 2019; Pp. 1039-1047.

[26].  McGinnis, J.M. (2001). United States, In Critical Issues in Global Health, ed. C.E. Koop (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001), Pp. 80-90.

[27].  McGinnis, J.M.; Williams-Russo, P.; and Knickman, J.R. (2002). The Case for More Active Policy Attention to Health Promotion. Health Affairs. Volume 21, No. 2. Retrieved from: https://doi,org/10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.78.

[28].  McQueen, G. and Santa-Barbara, J. (2000). Peace Building through Health Initiatives. BMJ 2000; 321: 293.

[29].  National Cancer Institute [NCI] (2019). African American Men More Likely to die from Low-Grade Prostate Cancer. Retrieved from: cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2019/prostate-cancer-death-disparities-black-men.

[30].  Owen, N.; Healy, G.N.; Mathews, C.E.; and Dunstan, D.W. (2010). Too Much Sitting: The Population-Health Science of Sedentary Behavior. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2010 Jul; 38(3). Pp. 105-113.

[31].  Paine-Andrews, A.; Fisher, J.L.; Patton, J.B.; Fawcett, S.B.; Williams, E.L.; Lewis, R.K.; and Harris, K.K. (2002). Analyzing the Contribution of Community Change to Population Health Outcomes in an Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Initiative. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810202900204.

[32].  Pallage, S. and Robe, M.A. (2015). Counterpart Funding Requirements and the Foreign Aid Procyclicality Puzzle. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 31 (3-4): Pp. 462-480.

[33].  Park, S.; Hamadi, H.; Apatu, E.; and Spaulding A.C. (2019). Hospital Partnerships in Population Health Initiatives. Popul Health Manag, 2019 Sep 12. Retrieved from: doi:10.1089/pop.2019.0074.

[34].  Pereira, T.A.; Perrier, L.; Prokopy, M.; Neves-Mera, L.; and Persaud, D.D (2019). Physician Engagement: a concept analysis. J Health Leadersh. 2019; 11: 101-113.

[35].  Population Health Science [PHS] (2020). What Are Population Health Determinants or Factors? Retrieved from:

https://www.improvingpopulation.health.org/blog/what-are-health-factorsdeterminants.html.

[36].  Reddy, S. (2018). Plastic Pollution Affects Sea Life throughout the Ocean. Retrieved from: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2018/09/24/plastic-pollution-affects-sea-life-throughout-the-ocean.

[37].  Rogers, T.; Milkman, K.L.; and Volpp, K.G. (2014). Using Initiatives to Change Behavior. JAMA. 2014; 311 (20): Pp. 2065-2066.

[38].  Rowe, L. (2017). Why population health initiatives need to start with individual patients. Retrieved from: https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/why-population-health-initiatives-need-to-start-with-individual-patients.html.

[39].  Rowe, J.W. and Kahn, R.L. (1997). Successful Aging. Gerontologist, 1997 Aug; 37(4): Pp. 433-440

[40].  Rubens, J. (2015). The case for a data-driven approach to population health management. Retrieved from: https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/case/-data-driven-approach-population-health-management.

[41].  Russel, L. (2010). Fact Sheet: Health Disparities by Race and Ethnicity. Retrieved from: American progress.org/issues/healthcare/news/2010/12/16/8762/fact-sheet-health-disparities-by-race-and-ethnicity/.

[42].  Saka-rasaq, O. (2019). Forest loss in Nigeria: the impact on climate and people from the perspectives of illegal forest activities and Government Negligence. Degree thesis for Bachelor of Natural Resources Degree Program in Sustainable Coastal Management. Raseborg 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/170981/forest_loss_Nigeria_Owolabi_2019)DSCM_Thesis.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y.

[43].  Sasakova, N.; Gregova, G.; Takacova, D.; Mojzisova, J.; Papajova, I.; Venglovsky, J.; Szaboova, T.; and Kovacova, S. (2018). Pollution of Surface and Ground Water by Sources Related to Agricultural Activities. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., (2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2018.00042.

[44].  Sanders, D. (2017). A Landmark, 12-Point Review of Population Health Management Companies. Retrieved from: https://www.healthcatalyst.com/landmark-review-of-population-health-management-companies/.

[45].  Sanders, D. (2017). How Community Care Physicians Can Deliver Effective Population Health Management with Clinical Analytics. Retrieved from: https://www.healthcatalyst.com/success_stories/population-health-management-solutions-for-community-care-physicians.

[46].  Sanders, D. (2017). What is Population Health and How Does it Compare to Public Health? Retrieved from:

https://www.healthcatalyst.com/what-is-population-health/.

[47].  Schieber, G. and Maeda, A. (1999). Health Care Financing and Delivery in Developing Countries. Health Affairs, Volume 18, No. 3. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.18.3.193.

[48].  Shahzad, M.; Upshur, R.; Donnelly, P.; Bharmal, A.; Wei, X.; Feng, P.; and Brown, A.D. (2019). A population-based approach to integrated healthcare delivery: a scoping review of clinical care and public health collaboration. BMC Public Health, Volume 19, Article number: 708 (2019).

[49].  Stephenson, C. (2010). A literature review on the economic, social and environmental impacts of severe bushfires in Southeastern Australia. Fire and Adaptive Management; Report 87. Pp. 1-71.

[50].  Strohman, R.C. (1994). The Role of Genetics in Population Health, in “Why Are Some People Healthy and Others Not? Ed. R.G. Evans, M.L. Barer, and T.R. Marmor (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1994), Pp. 133-159.

[51].  Stoner, A.M; Cannon, M.; Shan, L.; Plewa, D.; Caudell, C.; and Johnson, L. (2018). The Other 45: Improving Patients’ Chronic Disease Self-Management and Medical Students’ Communication Skills. Journal of American Osteopathic Association, Volume 118, No. 11, Pp. 703-712.

[52].  Teutsch, S.M. and Fielding, J.E. (2011). Applying Comparative Effectiveness Research to Public and Population Health Initiatives. Health Affairs, Vol. 30, No. 2: Variety Issue. Pp.1-14.

[53].  Traina, G.; Martinnussen, P.E.; and Feiring, E. (2019). Being Healthy, Being Sick, Being Responsible: Attitudes towards Responsibility for Health in a Public Healthcare System. Public Health Ethics, Volume 12, Issue 2, July 2019, Pp. 145-157.

[54].  White, J. (2016). Population Health: five keys to successful initiatives. Retrieved from: www.healthcarebusinesstech.com/population-health-keys/

[55].  World Health Organization [WHO] (2020). The Determinants of Health. Retrieved from: who.int/hia/evidence/doh/en/

[56].  World Health Organization [WHO] (2002). WHO definition of Health. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/bulletin/archives/80(12)981.pdf

[57].  Zangerle, C.M.; Harris, D.A.; Rimmasch, H.; and Randazzo, G. (2016). From Volume to Value-based Care: Leading Population Health Initiatives. Nurse Leader. Volume 14, Issue 5, October 2016, Pp. 318-322.