Abstract:

References:

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[14].  Adeniyi, A. A., & Onajole, A. T. (2010). The National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS): A survey of knowledge and opinions of Nigerian dentists’ in Lagos. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 39, 29-35.

[15].  Oriakhi, H. O., & Onemolease, E. A. (2012). Determinants of rural house hold willingness to participate in CBHIS in Edo State Nigeria. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 6, 95-102.

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Abstract:

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the socioeconomic/demography and prevalence of gender-based violence among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic (ANCC) at University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Nigeria.

Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to study the socioeconomic/demography and prevalence of gender-based violence among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic at UBTH. To achieve this, questionnaire method was used to collect the necessary data. A self-administered questionnaire with closed ended questions were implored.

Study Limitation: In this study, one of the major constraints is that respondents were only women attending antenatal clinic at University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Nigeria. This means that the respondents might not represent the entire Nigerian population of pregnant women and what others might be experiencing in other parts of Nigeria.

Results: It was quite evident that the age range of the respondents was 15-54 years while 25-34 years were the majority of the respondents; age range of 45-54 years were the least. The prevalence of emotional abuse in the study was 22.0%, that of physical abuse was 22.9%, the prevalence of respondents being hit, slapped, kicked or hurt physically during pregnancy was 7.3%. The prevalence of respondents being forced to have sexual activities in the last 12 months was 2.8%. The prevalence of respondents scared of anyone was 2.3%.

Conclusion: The study established the different forms of GBV to include emotional violence, physical violence and sexual violence, amongst others.

References:

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Abstract:

Practice of self- medication is largely influenced by individual perception and belief on effectiveness of the medicine to be administered by the patient to treat certain illness without concerting a medical practitioner. The main objective of this study was to examine the factors influencing self-medication practice among undergraduates of Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State.

The study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional design. The study population were undergraduates; 4 faculties were randomly selected from 2 strata of faculties: medical (MS) and non-medical (NMS). Four hundred students were selected through a multistage sampling technique. Data was collected at using a validated questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Findings showed that the prevalence of self-medication among the undergraduates was 52.2%. Overall, the MS had higher predisposing (MS =16.13±3.93; NMS = 14.38±4.19) and enabling factors (M = 9.83±2.92; NMS = 9.58±3.20) while the non-medical students had a higher level of reinforcing factors (MS = 8.28±2.77; NMS = 9.35±4.08). Course of study had no statistical relationship with practice of self-medication (F_1,373) = 0.050 p = 0.824). Practice of self-medication had significant relationship with predisposing (F_1,373 = 2.047; p = 0.006), enabling (F_1,373 = 3.416; p<0.01) and reinforcing factors (F_1,373 = 2.609; p<0.01).

There is an urgent need for a multifaceted approach to tackle the issues identified as predisposing to self-medicated antibiotics in Nigeria. Appropriate, targeted and comprehensive public health education is needed to inform the public on the dangers of self-medication.

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[14].  Sarahroodi, A., Arzi, A. F., Sawalha A., & Ashtarinezhad, A., 2010, Antibiotics Self-Medication among Southern Iranian University Students. International Journal of Pharmacology, 6: 48-52 https://doi.org.10.3923/ijp.2010.48.52.

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Abstract:

Malaria remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, causing more than one million deaths worldwide each year, and over 90% of them occur in Africa. Nigeria has the highest malaria burden in the world and more than 60% outpatient visits in Nigeria is due to malaria. According to World Malaria report of 2018, 19% of global malaria death occur in Nigeria. This can be attributed partly to poor patient management due to poor diagnosis; therefore, prompt and reliable laboratory diagnosis is recognized as an important component of effective malaria case management and control. It is therefore necessary to establish External quality assurance (EQA) on malaria diagnosis, which will seek to achieve reliable and accurate malaria diagnosis which leads to improved patient care and rationale drug use. EQA provides objective evidence of laboratory competence for customers, accrediting bodies and regulatory agencies, and serves as a unique source of information that is not obtainable in other ways. It involves the assessment of factors that influence the quality of malaria diagnosis. This study looked at Malaria Diagnosis in 40 primary health centers in Cross River State of Nigeria within 2013-2015, comparing the reports of each year, there was a progressive improvement in the processes of diagnosis, reliable results were produced, record keeping improved, storage, work space improved and skills of personnel from inception of 2013 till 2015. DHIS report for same period when compared showed significant reduction in confirmed uncomplicated malaria. Therefore, external quality assurance on diagnosis has positive impact malaria control.

References:

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Abstract:

Introduction: Evaluation of a surveillance system is the systematic investigation of the merits and public health significance of a system. The objectives were to describe the process of operation of the TB surveillance system in Nasarawa state, assess its key attributes, identify gaps, and make appropriate recommendations to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the system.

Methods: We used US-CDC updated Guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems. We identified 40 stakeholders using a purposive sampling method and conducted a key informant interview to collect relevance information on the surveillance systems attributes such as usefulness, simplicity, flexibility, data quality, predictive value, sensitivity, representativeness, acceptability and stability. We also reviewed relevant tuberculosis surveillance data on Tuberculosis cases finding from 2012 to 2014.

Result: A total of 8067 cases of presumptive tuberculosis were reported from 2012 to 2014 with 53% (4286) positive for all forms of tuberculosis. Age groups 15–54 constitute about 81% of all forms of TB cases in the state. The standard case definition was well-utilized. Stakeholders with the wiliness to continue with the system accounted for 97.5%, 85% of the stakeholders interviewed were able to adapt to changes, 80% of the reported data were completely and correctly filled. Sensitivity was 17.60% while the Predictive Value Positive was 20.3% and timeliness was 72%.

Conclusion: The Nasarawa State TB Surveillance System is still meeting its objective. TB Surveillance System is simple, flexible, acceptable to stakeholders, generates quality data however it has low sensitivity, low positive predictive value and less representative of the general population.

References:

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Abstract:

Myriads of issues and challenges surrounds the health of individuals and populations all around the world. From rural-urban health disparities to the gross health inequities among populations, and the failure of individuals to taking responsibilities for their own health and well-being. The badly overwhelmed individual-centric healthcare delivery systems found all over the world today is a testament to the fact that as healthcare practitioners, experts, policy makers and governments, we all need a paradigm shift in our traditional approaches to healthcare delivery system. We now have to look at the health of individuals from population perspectives. We now have to manage our health systems from the primary and preventive vantage points through Population Health Initiatives (PHIs). The health outcomes of entire populations and their distributions coupled with the factors influencing the health of populations needs now become our primary focus and point of interest. Varied elements and factors define the health and well-being of populations, and it is the interest of PHIs to influencing and moderating these varied elements towards attaining positive health outcomes for populations and in effects, for the individuals.

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Abstract:

This study on barriers and reinforcers as correlates of effective and efficient capacity building among HIV/AIDS supply chain workforce in Nigeria involved research objectives, questions and hypothesis. A pre-tested self-completed questionnaire (422) was administered to respondents, 396 were completed and returned, with a response rate of (93.8%). Key barriers as correlates of effective and efficient capacity building include emphasis on technical skills at the detriment of leadership and management skills 245 (61.9%), inequitable distribution of workforce due to attrition 379 (95.7%), remuneration differential 310 (78.3%), poor work attitude and placement of personal gains above public good 276 (69.7%), limited funding and opportunities for capacity building 292 (73.8%) and failure of trainees to step-down training 241 (60.9%). Whilst reinforcers include leadership and management trainings for program leaders 379 (95.7%), advocacy to relevant government authorities 379 (95.7%), professional recognition of supply chain personnel and better remuneration 396 (100.0%), institutionalizing and enforcing clear performance benchmarks 276 (69.7%), improved funding and opportunities for capacity development and institutionalizing health supply chain management as a professional postgraduate program 276 (69.7%), and effective follow up to ensure trainees step-down capacity to other colleagues and learning translated into improved work output 327 (82.6%). The study revealed that barriers to capacity building and reinforcers are significant factors of effective and efficient capacity building among HIV/AIDS supply chain workforce in Nigeria (p<0.05). Capacity building with cognizance of the barriers and reinforcers will ensure competent, consistent, competitive, effective and efficient workforce to deliver quality supply chain service.

Keywords: HIV/AIDS, supply chain, workforce, capacity development, barriers and reinforcers.

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

Background: The Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) was recommended as part of HIV prevention strategy after the randomized controlled trials conducted in three African countries including South Africa, Kenya and Uganda. Sub-Saharan Africa is more affected by HIV. The ABC (Abstinence, being faithful and condom use) messages seemed not to reduce HIV, hence adding more HIV prevention strategies is recommended. Since VMMC had proven to reduce HIV transmission, the knowledge of people in this matter is paramount.

Aims: This study was designated to evaluate the knowledge and acceptability of VMMC among 51 second years medical students.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among second years medical students in 2016, both boys and girls were enrolled in the study.

Results: The results showed that all medical students have good to excellent knowledge of MC; 33% have good knowledge, 49% very good knowledge and 18% excellent knowledge of MC. All participants (100%) accepted to promote MC as part of HIV prevention strategy.

Conclusion: The knowledge of the second years medical students was good to excellent, making it easy for MC promotion for HIV prevention.

Keywords: Circumcision, HIV, prevention, Medical students, Windhoek, Namibia.

References:

[1].  Chikutsa, A. (2011). Contextualizing the adoption of MC as an HIV prevention strategy in Zimbabwe. Retrieved December 17, 2012, from http://uaps2011princeton.edu/papers/110446.

[2].  Dévieux et al (2015). Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Beliefs about Medical Male Circumcision (MMC) among a Sample of Health Care Providers in Haiti.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134667.

[3].  Hoffman J.R., Arendse K.D., Larbi C., Johnson N. & Vivian L. M. H (2015). Perceptions on male circumcision as a preventive measure against HIV infection and considerations in scaling up of the services: a qualitative study among police officers in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania. Published online: 02 March 2015.

[4].  Ikwegbue J.N, Ross A. & Ogbonnaya H. (2015). Rural Zulu women's knowledge of and attitudes towards medical male circumcision. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2015; 7(1): 775.

[5].  Lissouba et al (2010). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of women towards male circumcision after three years of roll-out in Orange Farm, South Africa. pag.ias2011.org/Abstracts.aspx?AID=935.

[6].  Lukobo MD & Bailey RC (2007). Acceptability of male circumcision for prevention of HIV infection in Zambia. AIDS Care. 2007;19(4):471–477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120601163250 [PubMed].

[7].  Mavhu et al (2011). Prevalence and factors associated with knowledge of and willingness for male circumcision in rural Zimbabwe. Tropical Medicine and International Health. volume 16 no 5 pp 589–597 may 2011 doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02744.x.

[8].  Milford C, Rambally L, Mantell JE, Kelvin EA, Mosery NF & Smit JA (2016). Healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes and practices towards medical male circumcision and their understandings of its partial efficacy in HIV prevention: Qualitative research in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016 Jan; 53:182-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.07.011. Epub 2015 Aug 1.

[9].  Mubekapi C. (2013). Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Male Circumcision as an HIV Prevention Method among Males in a Mine, Geita, Tanzania. Copyright © 2013 Stellenbosch University.

[10].  Mndzele S.L. & Tegegn G.A. (2015). Knowledge, attitude and acceptance of voluntary medical male circumcision among male students attending Botswana University. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology. Vol. 7(1), pp.6-14, January 2015.

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[12].  Mugwanya k. k., Baeten J. M., Nakku-Joloba E., Katabira E., Celum C., Tisch D & Whalen C. (2010). Knowledge and attitudes about male circumcision for HIV-1 prevention among heterosexual HIV-1 serodiscordant partnerships in Kampala, Uganda. AIDS Behav. 2010 Oct;14(5):1190-7. doi: 10.1007/s10461-010-9696-x.

[13].  Naidoo PV, Dawood F, Driver C, Narainsamy M, Ndlovu S, Ndlovu V. (2012). Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of pharmacy and nursing students towards male circumcision and HIV in a KwaZulu-Natal University, South Africa. Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med. 2012;4(1), Art. #327, 7 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/phcfm. v4i1.327.

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[16].  Online available:

http://www.academia.edu/7353297.

[17].  Tarimo E.A., Francis J.M., Kakoko D., Munseri P., Bakari M & Sandstrom E. (2012). Perceptions on male circumcision as a preventive measure against HIV infection and considerations in scaling up of the services: a qualitative study among police officers in Dar es Salaam-Tanzania. PMID: 22812484 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC3416658.

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Abstract:

Background: Unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortion is a global health issue and can be prevented through the use of contraceptive were sexual abstinence is impracticable. Unsafe sexual practices have drastic consequences on sexual and reproductive health and contributes immensely to maternal mortality.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine how level of knowledge and behavioural skill predicts contraceptive-use among female undergraduates in a selected university in Ogun state, Nigeria.

Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 241 female undergraduates using a validated interviewer administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and Logistic regression analysis was used to determine which construct best predicts contraceptive-use using SPSS version 24.0.

Results: Study revealed level of knowledge of respondents was 6.56 ± 1.85 with a prevalence score of 54.6%, mean score for behavioural skill was 6.50 ± 4.44 with a prevalence score of 27.1% and mean score for contraceptive-use was 2.68 ± 1.92 with a prevalence score of 38.28%. Behavioural skill was significantly associated with contraceptive-use (R= 0.400; R²=0.16; p=0.00) hence a better predictor of contraceptive-use.

Conclusion: Findings from this study shows there is need for sensitization and empowerment of women with the aim of increasing their behavioural skill as knowledge alone is not sufficient in increasing the use of contraceptives where sexual abstinence is impracticable.

Keywords: Contraceptive, Knowledge, Behavioural skill, Undergraduates, Female.

References:

[1].  Ofonime E. J. (2017). Determinants of Modern Contraceptive Uptake among Nigerian Women: Evidence from the National Demographic and Health Survey. African journal of reproductive health. 21[3]: 89-95.

[2].  Yen S., & Martin S. (2013). Contraception for adolescents. Pediatric Annual. 2013 Feb;42(2):21-5. doi:10.3928/00904481-20130128-08.

[3].  Stover, J. & Ross, J. (2010) How increased contraceptive-use has reduced maternal mortality. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 14(5):687-695. doi:10.1007/s10995-009-0505-y.

[4].  Bearak J, Popinchalk A, Alkema L, Sedgh G. (2018). Global, regional, and subregional trends in unintended pregnancy and its outcomes from 1990 to 2014: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. Lancet Glob Health. 6(4): e380-e389. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (18)30029-9

[5].  Special tabulations of updated data from Sedgh G et al., Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends, Lancet, 2016, 388(10041):258–267.

[6].  World Health Organisation (2018). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception.

[7].  Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2018).

[8].  United Nations Population Fund Activities (UNFPA) 2012.

[9].  Awusabo-Asare, K., Bankole, A., & Kumi-Kyereme, A. (2008). Views of Adults on Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health: Qualitative Evidence from Ghana. Occasional Report No 34. New York, NY: Guttmacher Institute; 2008.

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[12].  Bankole, A., Adewole, I. F., Hussain, R., Awolude, O., Singh, S., & Akinyemi, J. O. (2015). The Incidence of Abortion in Nigeria. International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health, 41(4), 170–181. https://dx.doi.org/10.1363/4117015.

[13].  Akinbode, A.O. (2016) young adults’ contraceptive knowledge, perceptions and factors affecting practice in selected universities in ogun state, Nigeria. (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Babcock University, Ilishan-remo, Ogun state, Nigeria.

[14].  Chandra-Mouli, Venkatraman, McCarraher, Donna R., Phillips, Sharon J., Williamson, Nancy E., & Hainsworth, Gwyn (2014). Contraception for adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: needs, barriers, and access”. Journal of Reproductive Health, 11:1. https://doi.org:10.1186/1742-4755-11-1.

[15].  Kalolo A., & Kibusi, S.M. (2015). The influence of perceived behaviour control, attitude and empowerment on reported condom use and intention to use condoms among adolescents in rural Tanzania. Reproductive Health, 12:105 doi: 10.1186/s12978-015-0097-5.

[16].  Behera J, Sarkar A, Mehra S, Sharma, P., & Mishra, S.U. (2016). Encouraging Young Married Women (15-24 Years) Improve Intra-Spousal Communication and Contraceptive Usage through Community Based Intervention Package in Rural India. J Contracept Stud. 1:4.

[17].  Adogu, P., Udigwe I., Udigwe, G., Nwabueze, A., & Onwasigwe, C. (2014). Pattern, Types and predictors of contraception among female in-school and out-of-school adolescents in Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria. Advances in sexual medicine, 4, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.doi.org/10.4236/asm.2014.43007.

[18].  Gbagbo, F.Y., & Nkrumah, J. (2019). Family planning among undergraduate university students: a CASE study of a public university in Ghana. BMC Women's Health 19, 12

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0708-3

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[21].  Muhindo, R., Okonya, J. N., Groves, S., Chenault, M., (2015). Predictors of Contraceptive Adherence among Women Seeking Family Planning Services at Reproductive Health Uganda, Mityana Branch. International Journal of Population Research. Article number 574329.

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[24].  Beson, P., Appiah, R. & Adomah-Afari, A. (2018). Modern contraceptive-use among
reproductive-aged women in Ghana: prevalence, predictors, and policy implications. BMC Women's Health 18, 157 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0649-2.

Abstract:

Background: Family Planning is not solely women based; male involvement can be intensified by putting certain conditions in place.

Objective: To determine the factors influencing male involvement in the uptake of family planning in Abeokuta South Local Government.

Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out on 350 married males above 18 years of age, selected by multistage sampling method from fifteen wards in Abeokuta South Local Government.

Results: The results revealed that respondents’ knowledge about family planning is 97.7%, there was a significant positive relationship between level of information and male involvement in family planning (r = .307, p<.05) .The variable motivation (β= .341, t= 5.669, P<.05) was found to be a better predictor of male involvement in family planning in Abeokuta South Local Government than knowledge (β= .263, t= 4.825, P<.05) although other factors such as sex of children (β= -1.225, t= -2.716, P<.05) and family influence (β= -3.545, t= -3.418, P<.05) also have significant influence on male involvement in family planning.

Conclusion: Male involvement in family planning is relatively on the average, more effort can be put towards increasing active participation. Although, the participants had adequate information (mean score 17.07 and St.D of 6.32 on a 26-point) and showed positive motivation towards the uptake of family planning (mean score of 34 and St.D of 6.7 on a 41-point rating scale), their intention to be involved in family planning can be worked upon to increase active participation by males.

Keywords: Family Planning, Male Involvement, Contraceptive, Contraceptive Prevalence.

References:

[1].    Akafuah, R. A., & Sossou, M.-A. (2008). Attitudes toward and Use of Knowledge about Family Planning among Ghanaian Men. International Journal of Men’s Health, 7(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.0702.109.

[2].    Duze MC, Mohammed IZ. Male knowledge, attitudes, and family planning practices in northern Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2006; 10:53–65.

[3].    Eliason, S., Baiden, F., Quansah-Asare, G., Graham-Hayfron, Y., Bonsu, D., Phillips, J. & Awusabo-Asare, K. (2013). Factors influencing the intention of women in rural Ghana to adopt postpartum family planning. Reprod Health [Online] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3724747/.

[4].    Egede, J. O., Onoh, R. C., Umeora, O. U. J., Iyoke, C. A., Dimejesi, I. B. O., & Lawani, L. O. (2015). Contraceptive prevalence and preference in a cohort of south-east Nigerian women. Patient Preference and Adherence, 9, 707–14. http://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S72952.

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[7].    Geleta, D., Birhanu, Z., Kaufman, M. & Temesgen, B. (2015). Gender norms and family planning decision-making among married men and women, rural Ethiopia: A qualitative study. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(2), 242–50. Retrieved from

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https://wscholars.com/index.php/ajhe/article/download/0202_6/pdf.

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

Health inequality is the difference in health status between different populations. Where health inequality exists, the right to highest attainable standard of health is not enjoyed equally across the given population. This study is aimed at understanding health inequalities in Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Nigeria. Method adopted for primary data collection was structured closed and opened–ended questionnaire from Health Equity Assessment Tool kit created with Epi-Info version7 and administered to 112 respondents. Results; male (52.7%), female (47.3%); socio-economic-stratifiers; highest education attained, 1.8% not educated 98.2% educated. Annual income below N220, 000 (44.3%); N221.000–320,000 (27.4%); N321, 000–420,000(8.0%). aboveN421, 000(20.4%). house rent (68.1%); healthcare (53.1%); education; (49.6%) unaffordable. Transportation (50.5%) affordable. Health; no vaccination (22.1%);prenatal care by unqualified health professionals(24.8%);household births by qualified health professional (23.9%) and unable to afford three meals daily (21.1%).Available health facility: no facility 4.5%, traditional 4.5%, primary 40.2%, secondary 41.1%, tertiary 9.8%.hospital visits within 6months: never 31.8%, once 34.6%, twice 17.3%, thrice10.0% more than thrice 6.4%.Physical environment; no waste containers (37.2%),irregular waste disposal(46.9%),absence of sanitation (50.4%).Source of domestic water; bore hole (59.3%);protected spring (0.88%); stream (25.7%); piped water (0.88%) well(13.3%).Linear regression: highest qualification for activities prevention, geographic location, socioeconomic stratifiers with predictor variables indicated negative regression coefficient. The average income showed positive regression coefficient, correlation coefficient’s=0.43, r=0.07, p-values < F-tests respectively. Other parameters showed positive regression coefficient correlation r=0.38. Conclusion: health inequalities exist in FCT, Nigeria requiring wholistic intervention.

Keywords: Health Inequality, Determinants of Health, FCT, Nigeria.

References:

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Abstract:

Objective: This sort to determine the predictors of stress and the coping mechanism practiced among lecturers of tertiary institutions in Abuja, Nigeria.

Methodology: The study employed a cross-sectional survey design and it adopted the simple balloting and purposive sampling. A 33-item semi-structured questionnaire was validated at Cronbach alpha 0.82. Data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23 to compute descriptive and inferential statistics which were statistically tested at a 5% level of significance.

Results: Mean age of respondents was 36±0.9, 120 (32%). The level of knowledge on stress among respondents was below average 157 (42.0%). The respondent’s attitude revealed that majority had negative attitudinal disposition to stress 231 (61.8%). Lecturers’ environmental reinforcing factor was recorded as 246 (65.8%). Enabling factors that enhance teaching were identified to be insufficient within the tertiary institutions was recorded 249 (66.6%) and the stress coping mechanism was above average performance 234 (62.6%). There is significant relationship between Attitudinal disposition of respondents towards stress coping mechanism p=0.000, R=0.317 and Enabling factors that promote stress and stress coping mechanism p=0.000, R=0.103. There is sufficient statistical evidence to conclude that enabling factors was the most predicting variable among the two independent variables. r²=0.103, p=0.000.

Conclusion: Training and seminars to address the personal predisposing factors can enhance better coping mechanism and increase knowledge on stress. An adjustment to enabling factors can reinforce the delivery of service.

Keywords: Stress, Lecturers, Predictors, Coping mechanism, Tertiary institutions.

References:

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[2].  Kwashabawa, B.B &Ishaq, N.J. (2018). EDU101: Introduction to the teaching profession, Usmanu Dan Fodiyo University, Sokoto, Faculty of Education and Extension Services, Department of Educational Foundations. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bala_Kwashabawa/publication/323119655.

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[5].  Ahsan, N., Abdullah, Z., Fie, D.Y.G., & Alam, S.S. (2009). A study of job stress on job satisfaction among university staff in Malaysia: Empirical Study. European Journal of Social Science, 8(1), 121-131.

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[7].  Ofoegbu, F. & Nwandiani, M. (2006). Level of perceived stress among lecturers in Nigerian Universities. Journal of instructional psychology, 33(1), 66-74.

[8].  Ukwayi, Joseph. K., Uko Esther S. & Udida, Lucy.A. (2013). A Critical Analysis of Career Stress among Academic Staff of Tertiary Institutions in Cross River State. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(2),

https://Doi:10.5901/jesr.2013.v3n2p15.

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[12].  Archibong, I.A., Bassey, A.O.& Effiom, D.O. (2010). Occupational stress sources among University Academic Staff. European Journal of Educational Studies,2(3), 1946-6331.

[13].  Adebiyi D. (2011). Prevalence of Stress among University of Ado-Ekiti Lecturer. Unpublished Thesis.

[14].  Alex, A. (2019). Academics highlight flaws in annual accreditation process. Retrieved from https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20191203110613770.

[15].  Ukpai, U. E. & Ereh, C. E. (2016). Current Challenges and the Needed Competences in the management Of University Education in Nigeria. British Journal of Education, 4(2), 74-86.

[16].  Sivakumar, A. (2018). Attitude towards teaching among school teachers in Coimbatore District. Review of Research Journal, 7(10), 1-6.

[17].  Tse-Chuan, Y. & Stephen A. M. (2010). Exploring the determinants of stress: An examination using spatial and multilevel analysis methods in Philadelphia. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e1e6/85fb870f15b3eaa54d9dd730dacc75489eb7.pdf

[18].  Triantoro S. (2013). Job stress among academic staff: A cross-cultural qualitative survey. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 2(2), 43-58.

[19].  Jeremiah, T.A., & Paul, A.K. (2014). Stress among academic staff in a Nigerian University. Covenant Journal of Business and Social Sciences (CJBSS), 65(1).

[20].  Edith, O.O. (2013). An Appraisal of Burnout among the University Lecturers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology,3(2).

[21].  Muiga, F.W., Kepha, O. & Mike I. (2016). Effects of Work-Related Stress on Teachers‟ Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Kikuyu Sub County, Kenya. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 5(5), 1645-1652.

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Abstract:

Social behaviours have powerful impact on health status. The impact accumulates during life, increasing chances of ill-health. This study is a descriptive survey research conducted to determine the impact of social behaviour on health status of residents of the FCT in Nigeria. Primary data collection was done using structured closed and opened ended questionnaire, and administered to 84 respondents in the six Area Councils of FCT.Results:male,43(51.2%);female,41(48.8%); age:21-30, 18(21.3%); 31-40, 47(56.0%); 41-50,13(15.5%) ;>50,6(7.1%);Academic attainment: First School Leaving Certificate,4(4.8%); O/Level, 12(14.3%); First Degree, 40(47.6%); Postgraduate Degree,28(33.3%). Individual life style, cigarette smokers (0.062, 0.119), Sex in the past one year (0.911),Birth control(0.328).Social and community network(care, change in environment, safe driving culture) zones of origin (0.136)those in different locations in Abuja ; socio-economic status, occupation (0.010) financial status(0.039) negative correlation in drinking 15 cups or 3.7liters of water a day (-0.042), drinking alcohol in the past six months(-0.027),choice of birth control(-0.027), exercise(-0.184),Giri/Bwari(-0.136),educational levels(-0.248), sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS education(-0.521,);health services utilisation(-0.442), regular check-ups and immunisation(-0.119).All the independent variables(determinants of health) had significant/strong correlation effect(p<0.5)with the dependent variable (number of days being sick in the past one year). The negative impact of social behaviour identified in this study are; environmental degradation, lower life expectancy, mental health challenges, rape cases and sucide. Also increase number of out of school children from single parenthood, lung related diseases and increase STI.

Keywords: Assessment, Social Behaviour Impact, Health Status, FCT.

References:

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Abstract:

References:

Abstract:

Objective: Though the use of mobile in the African continent is continuously growing, there are limited evidence on its use and effect on patients on ART. This study assessed the impact of mobile phone technology on adherence and quality of life among HIV/AIDS patients on ART.

Methodology and Design: Between October 2016 and July 2017, we conducted a randomized controlled intervention at Lethlakane Primary Hospital in rural Botswana with 298 patients equally distributed in the intervention and control arm.

Over a period of 24 weeks, we sent weekly SMS to PLHIV on ART and responses were expected within 48h. Messages and scheduled measurements were provided in English and Setswana, according to the participant’s preference.

Results: In intention-to-treat analysis, participants of the intervention arm received weekly SMS and maintained at least 90% of adherence to ART and similar achievement was also recorded in the control arm; However, SMS intervention was significantly associated to improvements in quality of life in the intervention arm (95% of patients) compared to the control arm with only 25% improving their QoL. (p 0.003).

Conclusion: Mobile technology offers a great opportunity to improve accessibility to services and a platform for interaction with patients. Further researches should be conducted to understand how best mobile technology could be used in a cost-effective manner and for better efficiency.

References:

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Abstract:

In South Sudan there was cholera outbreak since 2014 affecting more than 14 counties. In response to the outbreak on June and July 2017, an oral cholera vaccination (OCV) campaign was conducted in Ayod County in four payams such as Jiech, Kandak, Karmuom and Padek. To assess the coverage of the vaccination, Post Campaign Evaluation survey was conducted in the above mentioned four payams. Cluster survey sampling methodology was used to determine sample size. From four targeted Payams in total 1,326(364 from Jiech, 350 from Kandak, 264 from Padek and 348 from Karmuom) respondents interviewed. The respondents categorized in to three age groups (1–4, 5–14, >15 years). The finding indicated different vaccination coverage in each Payams 86.1% (95% C.I 82.2%-89.9%) in Jiech, 81% (95% C.I 74.3%-87.9%) in Kandak, 88.6% (95% C.I 84.1%-93%) in Padek and 84.6% (95% C.I 79.9%-89.2%) in Karmuom. People who received two-doses of vaccination above 15 years of age were 84.3% (94% C.I 81.2%-87.5). The overall gender representativeness was marked by a big respondent of female compare to male respectively 536 and 464 with respective coverage of 53.6% (95% C.I 49.3-57.8) in female and 46.4% (95% C.I 41.8-50.9) in male. However, the complete two dose coverage was high in male 86.8 % (95% C.I 83.5-90.1) and female 84.3 (95% C.I 80.9-87.6). Kandak has the lowest coverage 81(74.3-87.9) of all payams. Based on the population structure and the target for reaching with oral cholera vaccination, the vaccination coverage is at the acceptable range to provide prevention and to interrupt transmission of infection.

References:

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Abstract:

Aim: This study aimed to identify factors affecting knowledge and practice of infection prevention and control (IPC) among healthcare workers (HCW) during COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria.

Method: An online sample of 402 Nigerian HCW was recruited in April, 2020 via their social media closed user group chats. Data was collected online using questionnaire that was adapted from the study by Melaku et al. Data analysis was done with computer software IBM SPSS version 20.0.

Results: Three hundred and thirty-one (82.3%) had good knowledge of IPC while only 230 (57.2%) had good practice of IPC. Age group (p<0.001), profession (p=0.005), type of health facility (p=0.014) and IPC training (p<0.001) were significantly associated with the knowledge of IPC while sex (p=0.005), profession (p=0.009), type of health facility (p<0.001), IPC training (p<0.001) and availability of water in health facility (p=0.014) were significantly associated with the practice among the HCW. After multiple logistic regression analysis, age group, type of health facility and IPC training remain significant predictors of knowledge while sex, type of health facility, IPC training and availability of water in the health facility remain significant predictors of practice of IPC among HCW.

Conclusion: Secondary to these findings, regular IPC training of HCW and making sure water is always available at health facilities was suggested. This study also recommends that special considerations should be given to males, older and primary health facilities HCW in order to improve their knowledge and practice of IPC which is important in limiting infections among them.

References:

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[2]. Anjorin AA., 2020, The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 ) pandemic : A review and an update on cases in Africa. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 13(5), 199-203. doi: 10.4103/1995-7645.281612.

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[4]. WHO, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report — 11. Geneva: World Health Organization, Date of access: 17/4/2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200131-sitrep-11-covid-19-mp.pdf.

[5]. WHO, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report — 51. Geneva: World Health Organization, Date of access: 17/4/2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation -reports/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf.

[6]. NCDC, THE COVID-19 SITUATION REPORT SITUATION REPORT- 48. Abuja: NCDC, Date of access: 17/4/2020.

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[7]. WHO, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Geneva: World Health Organization, Date of access: 17/4/2020.

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.

[8]. ICN, ICN COVID-2019 Update : Data on infected healthcare workers and access to protective equipment vital in prevention of the virus. Geneva, Date of access: 17/4/2020.

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[11]. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M et al., 2020, Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Psychotherapy Psychosomatics, 100053(45). DOI: 10.1159/000507639.

[12]  Iliyasu G, Dayyab FM, Habib ZG, Tiamiyu AB, Abubakar S, Mijinyawa MS, et al., 2016, Knowledge and practices of infection control among healthcare workers in a Tertiary Referral Center in North‑Western Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine, 15(1), 34-40. DOI: 10.4103/1596-3519.161724.

[13]. Lien LT, Chuc NT, Hoa NQ, Lan PT, Thoa NT, Riggi E et al., 2018, Knowledge and self-reported practices of infection control among various occupational groups in a rural and an urban hospital in Vietnam. Scientific Reports, 8,5119. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23462-8.

[14]. Desta M, Ayenew T, Sitotaw N, Tegegne N, Dires M, Getie M., 2018, Knowledge , practice and associated factors of infection prevention among healthcare workers in Debre Markos referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 465. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3277-5.

[15]. Gulilat K, Tiruneh G., 2014, Assessent of knowledge, attitude and practice of health care workers on infection prevention in health institution Bahir Dar city administration. Science Journal of Public Heathl, 2(5), 384–393. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20140205.13.

[16]. Osuola EO, Oluwatosin A., 2017, Infection control by nurses in selected hospitals in Anambra State, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Medical Research, 20(1), 53-60.

[17]. Shrestha GN, Thapa B., 2018, Knowledge and practice of infection prevention among nurses of Bir Hospiatl, Kathmandu. Journal of Nepal Health Res Counc, 16(40), 330-335.

[18]. National Population Commisision, Nigeria 2018 Demographic and Health Survey; Key Findings. Date of access: 17/4/2020.

Abstract:

Background: Work pressure and family work inter-role conflict are concepts that have generated concern as predisposing factors to developing depression among workers. Depression imparts on the quality of life of individuals affected, and has contributed significantly to the global burden of diseases.

Objective: This study sort to assess the level of work pressure, family life, health/wellbeing, and depression among managers working in large pharmaceutical manufacturing companies in Lagos State, Nigeria.

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study of a sample size of 220 respondents, calculated using the modified Cochran formula for determining sample sizes in smaller populations. A 67-item validated Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire II (COPSOQ II)' and The Perceived Stress Scale. (PSS) was used for data collection. Descriptive, correlations, and regression analysis at a 5% confidence level gave answers to the research questions and hypothesis using SPSS version 24.

Results: Results showed a Prevalence of 54.1% for work pressure, 54.8% for family life, 50.7% for health and wellbeing, and 40.9% for depression. Nexus with depression included, family life (r=0.179), stress (r=0.390), cognitive stress (r=0.385), depressive symptoms (r=0.353), burnout (r=0.339), and sleeping troubles (r=0.297). Health / Well-being had significant relationship with work pressure (r=0.342), family life (r=0.368), and depression (r=0.476). Being female (β-0.015; P=0.027) and having worked for long number years in the industry (β=0.043; P=0.015) correlated with depression development among the study population.

Conclusion: The high prevalence of depression and its strong relationship with the implicating variables suggest an intervention to control the rising trend that reduced the respondents' quality of life.

References:

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http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.

[2].  Jacob, K., S., 2012, Depression: A Major Public Health Problem in Need of a Multi-Sectorial Response; Indian Journal of Medical Research: 136(4): 537-538.

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[5].  Khumalo, I. P., Temane, Q. M., and Wissing, M. P., 2012, Socio-demographic variables, general psychological wellbeing, and the mental health continuum in an African context. Soc. Indic. Res. 105, 419–442. doi: 10.1007/s11205-010-9777-2.

[6].  Shimazu, A., Kubata, K., Bakkar, A., Demerouti, E., Shimada, K., and Kawakami, N., 2013, Work-to-family conflict and Family-to-work conflict among Japanese dual-earner couples with preschool children: a spillover crossover perspective. Journal Occup. Health. 55(4): 234-43.

[7].  Akintayo, D., I., 2010, Work-family role conflict and organizational commitment among industrial workers in Nigeria. Journal of Psychology and Counselling, 2(1), 1-8.

[8].  Amstad, F.T., Meier, l. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., and Semmer, N., K., 2011, A meta-analysis of work-family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupation. Health psycho, 16, 151-169.

[9].  Marina Marcus, M., Taghi, Y., Mark van, O., Dan, C., and Shekhar S., 2012, Depression a Global Public Health Concern, Depression WHO Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse.

https://www.who.int/mental/depression/who_paper_depression_wfmh.

[10].  Ajala, E., 2017, Work-Family-Conflict, and Family-Work-conflict as correlates of job performance among working mothers: implications for industrial social workers. African Journal of Social Work, 7(1) 52-62.

[11].  Bromet, E., Andrade, L., H., Hwang, I., Sampson N., A., Alonso, J., de Girolamo G., de Graaf R., Demyttenaere, K., Hu, C., and Iwata, N., 2011, Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC, Med. 9, 90-98.

[12].  Fan, L., Blumenthal, J., A., Watkins, L., L., and Sherwood, A., 2015, Work and home stress: associations with anxiety and depression symptoms. Occupational medicine, 65 2, 110-6.

[13].  Demerouti, E., and Bakker, A., 2011. The Job Demands–Resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 9 pages. doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974.

[14].  Eby, L., T., Casper, W., J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, L., and Brinley, A., 2005, Work and Family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980-2002). Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 66: 124-197.

[15].  World Health Organization, 2017, depression a public health concern. Going International, https://www.goinginternational.eu/new/115/.

[16].  Obi, I., E., Aniebue, P., N., Okonkwo, K., O., B., Okeke, T., A., and Ugwunna, N., C., W., 2015, the prevalence of depression among health workers in Enugu, southeast Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 8(3), 342-347.

[17].  Iloh, G.U.P., Aguocha, G., U., Amadi, A., N., and Chukwuonye, M., E., 2018, depression among ambulatory adult patients in a primary care clinic in southeastern Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 25(4):204-21.

[18].  Goh, J., Pfeffer, J., and Zenios, S., 2015. The Relationship between Workplace Stressors and Mortality and Health Costs in the United States. J. Management of Science Articles. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2014.2115.

[19].  Siegrist, J., and Li, J., 2017, Work Stress and Altered Biomarkers: A Synthesis of Findings Based on the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(11), 1373. doi: 3390/ijerph14111373.

[20].  Zhou, S., Das, S., Guo, H., and Zhang, X., 2018, Work-family conflict and mental health among female employees: A sequential mediation model via negative affect and perceived stress. Front. Psychol, 9, 544. DOI 10.3389.

Abstract:

Background: The experience and opinion of the enrolees/clients who utilized health services through the insurance scheme are important for improving healthcare services, shaping health policies and providing feedback on the quality, availability, and responsiveness of healthcare services. Experience of enrolees will serve as a future reference point to implement potential quality improvement initiatives.

Objective: The study has the following objectives: 1) to address knowledge gap on researches on client’s satisfaction with health service provision by insurance scheme, 2). to determine the degree of clients’ satisfaction towards healthcare services through an insurance scheme.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted within the catchment area of a State -based health insurance program between Feb-May 2020. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted for the satisfaction score of each indicator and overall satisfaction score; multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with overall health scheme satisfaction. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.

Results: The overall satisfaction mean score was 5.22 ± 0.35 (95% CI: 5.19 - 5. 37) out of 6.0. The most satisfactory domains were related to staff friendly relationship (5.83 ± 0.79), health care providers’ explanations about laboratory tests (5.79 ± 1.22), and health care providers’ explanations about prescribed drugs (5.48 ± 1.02), access to care (5.31 ± 1.16) and comprehensive (quality) services provided.

Conclusions: This study observed that the overall satisfaction level towards health care services was quite good, but the satisfaction scores can still be improved by addressing the waiting time and health facility environment cleanliness.

References:

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[2].  Bleich S.N., Ozaltin E., Murray C.J.L. (2009) How does satisfaction with the health-care system relate to patient experience? Bull. World Health Organ, Vol. 87, pp.271–278.

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[4].  Boquiren V.M., Hack T.F., Beaver K., Williamson S. (2015). What do measures of patient satisfaction with the doctor tell us? Patient Educ. Couns., Vol.98, pp. 1465–1473.

[5].  Daramola O.E., Maduka W.E., Adeniran A., Akande T.M. (2017). Evaluation of Patients’ Satisfaction with Services Accessed under the National Health Insurance Scheme at a Tertiary Health Facility in North Central, Nigeria. Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Healthcare, Vol.29 (1), pp.11-17.

[6].  Escobar M. L., Griffin C. C., Shaw R. P. (2009). The impact of health insurance on low- and middle-income countries. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press; 2011. Experience? Bull. World Health Organ, Vol. 87, pp. 271–278.

[7].  Huber G (2002). Mutual health insurance (MHO): five years experiences in West Africa: concerns and controversies. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ); 2002.

[8].  Iloh G., Ofoedu J.N., Njoku P.U., Odu F.U., Ifed igbo C.V., Iwuamanam K.D. (2012). Evaluation of patients' satisfaction with quality of care provided at the National Health Insurance Scheme clinic of a tertiary hospital in South Eastern Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract, Vol. 15, pp 469-474.

[9].  Missinne S., Meuleman B., Bracke P. (2013). The popular legitimacy of European healthcare systems: A multilevel analysis of 24 countries. J. Eur. Soc. Policy, Vol. 23, pp. 231–247.

[10].  Mohammed, S. (2011). Understanding client satisfaction with a health insurance scheme in Nigeria: factors and enrollees experiences. Health Res. Policy Syst, Vol. 9, pp. 20.

[11].  Munro N., Duckett J. (2016). Explaining public satisfaction with health-care systems: Findings from a nationwide survey in China. Health Expect, Vol.19, pp. 654–666.

[12].  Myburgh N.G, Solanki G.C, Smith M.J, Lalloo R. (2005) Patient satisfaction with health care providers in South Africa: the influences of race and socioeconomic status. Int J Qual Health Care, Vol.17 (6), pp.73-7.

[13].  Osungbade K.O., Obembe T.A., Oludoyi A. (2014). Users' Satisfaction with the services provided under National Health Insurance Scheme in South-Western Nigeria. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health, Vol. 4, pp.595- 607.

[14].  Saila T., Mattila E., Kaila M., Aalto P, Kaunonen M. (2008). Measuring patient assessments of the quality of outpatient care: A systematic review. J Eval Clin Pract, Vol. 14, pp. 148 -154.

[15].  Salawudeen SA (2011). S. Assessment of Clients’ Satisfaction and Quality of Outpatient Care Under the National Health Insurance Scheme at Barau Dikko Specialist Hospital Kaduna, Kaduna State. Available from URL: http://kubanni.abu.edu.ng/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2793/1/Assessment%20OF%20Clients%E2%80%99%20Satisfaction%20and%20Quality%20of%20Outpatient%20Care%20Under%20The%20National%20Health%20Insurance%20Scheme%20at%20Barau%20Dikko%20Specialist%20Hospital%20Kaduna%2C.pdf [Cited June 13, 20120].

[16].  Sarker A.R., Sultana M., Ahmed S., Mahumud R.A, Morton A., Khan J.A.M (2018). Clients’ Experience and Satisfaction of Utilizing Healthcare Services in a Community Based Health Insurance Program in Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, Vol.15 (8), pp-2-14. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph15081637.

[17].  Shirley E.D., Sanders J.O. (2013). Patient Satisfaction: Implications and Predictors of Success. J Bone Joint Surg Am, Vol. 95 (10), pp. 69.

[18].  Singh S.C., Sheth R.D., Burrows J.F., Rosen P. (2016). Factors influencing patient experience in pediatric neurology. Pediatr. Neurol, Vol. 60, pp. 37–41.

[19].  Sun J., Hu G., Ma J., Chen Y., Wu L., Liu Q., Liu Y. (2017). Consumer satisfaction with tertiary healthcare in China: Findings from the 2015 China national patient survey. Int. J. Qual. Health Care, Vol. 29, pp. 213–221.

[20].  Zohrevandi B., Tajik H. (2014). A Survey of Patients’ Satisfaction in Emergency Department of Rasht Poursina Hospital. Emergency, Vol. 2(4), pp. 162-165.

Abstract:

Quality of life is an individual’s perceptions of their position in life in the context of the culture and value system in which they live in and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. Sleep patterns, ability to perform tasks of daily living, and quality of life within the pregnant women are stricken by systematic variations caused by hormonal, emotional, mental, and physical factors. This study was a cross sectional study carried out on pregnant women from 1^st January to 31^st December, 2017 in family planning corner of Dhaka medical College Hospital. Among 248 respondents majority of the respondents were first or second gravida (62.9%) and most of their gestational age were in third trimester (49.2%). Majority of them had nausea (53.6%) but didn’t have vomiting (64.5%). About half of them had abdominal pain (50.0%) and about 60.2% of them had problem in their previous pregnancy. %). Mean score of general quality of life 3.19±.66, general health 2.82±.75, physical health 19.66±8.12, psychological health 26.85±6.28, social relationship 84.97±12.21 and environment domain 12.58±4.72. One-Way Anova test reveals that the difference of mean score in relation to age group and occupation of respondent is not significant. The significant difference of mean scores in relation to educational qualification and monthly family income is found in quality of life. Awareness should be build up among parents about higher education for female as well as enhancing women employment to improve social relationship as well as quality of life.

References:

[1] Safarzadeh, A., Boryri, T., Khojasteh, F. and NavvabiRigi, S.D., (2013). Evaluation of quality of life and pregnancy outcome in overweight pregnant women in Zahedan. J Pain Relief, 2(3), pp.124-129.

[2] Lacasse, A., Rey, E., Ferreira, E., Morin, C. and Berard, A., (2008). Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: what about quality of life. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 115(12), pp.1484-1493.

[3] Sieber, S., Germann, N., Barbir, A. and Ehlert, U., (2006). Emotional well-being and predictors of birth-anxiety, self-efficacy, and psychosocial adaptation in healthy pregnant women. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 85(10), pp.1200-1207.

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[5] Dorheim, S.K., Bjorvatn, B.R. and Eberhard-Gran, M., (2012). Insomnia and depressive symptoms in late pregnancy: a population-based study. Behavioral sleep medicine, 10(3), pp.152-166.

[6] Couto, E.R., Couto, E., Vian, B., Gregório, Z., Nomura, M.L., Zaccaria, R. and Passini Junior, R., (2009). Quality of life, depression and anxiety among pregnant women with previous adverse pregnancy outcomes. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 127(4), pp.185-189.

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Abstract:

Introduction: Lockdowns control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus and are associated with improved air quality. Uganda imposed a lockdown beginning March 18^th and begun easing it on the 2^nd of June 2020. This study analysed ambient air PM2.5 at Uganda Christian University’s (UCU) main campus during and after the lockdown. Health risk reflected by avoidable premature deaths associated with poorer air quality due to lifting of the lockdown was also estimated.

Methods: Laser particle counter, Purple Air PA-II, measured ambient Air PM2.5 concentration at UCU main campus for the lockdown period of 8^th April to 30^th June 2020. Excel Toolpak was used for data analysis and the health risk assessed with the World Health Organisation’s AirQ+ tool.

Results: The 24-hour ambient mean PM2.5 count was 16.61 μg/m³ during the lockdown and it increased to 35.57 μg/m³ on lifting of the lockdown. The increased PM2.5 is associated with a higher risk of preventable premature deaths. Vehicles using adjacent roadways were the likely source of ambient air PM2.5 at UCU.

Discussion: Ambient air PM2.5 during the lockdown was moderate on the Air Quality Index and it deteriorated to unhealthy for sensitive people during the lifting of the lockdown which raised the risk of preventable premature deaths. Air quality at UCU main campus could be improved by planting a wide vegetation fence next to the adjacent roads, using cleaner fuel in the University’s kitchen, lobbying for paving Bishop Road and placing new buildings away from roads. These would improve health including Covid-19 outcomes.

References:

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[2].  American Geophysical Union. (2020, May 11). COVID-19 lockdowns significantly impacting global air quality. Science Daily. Retrieved June 29, 2020 from: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200511124444.html

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[4].  Elite Weather Systems NZ.2020. PURPLEAIR AIR QUALITY SENSOR PA-II-SD. From: https://www.elite-weather-systems-nz.com/products/purpleair-air-quality-sensor-pa-ii (accessed on the 13th Feb.2020).

[5].  EPA. 2017. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems Volume IIAmbient Air Quality Monitoring Program. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100R631.PDF?Dockey=P100R631.PDF accessed on the 12th July 2020.

[6].  EnHEALTH. 2012. Environmental Health Risk Assessment. Guidelines for assessing human health risks from environmental hazards. From: www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/A12B57E41EC9F326CA257BF0001F9E7D/$File/Environmental-health-Risk-Assessment.pdf

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Abstract:

Purpose: The study sought to determine the factors that influence client satisfaction with health services at St. Stephen’s Hospital Mpererwe. The study determined the level of client satisfaction, the factors associated with client satisfaction, and variation of client satisfaction across touch points within the hospital.

Methodology: This was a cross-section descriptive hospital-based study. Data was collected from a sample of 100 clients using exit interview method.

Results: The client satisfaction index was 83.9% and net promoter score 76%. The number of prior visits, waiting time, hospital charges, and age of the client were significantly associated with client satisfaction as was assistance to client and professional conduct at key touch points. Client satisfaction at individual touch points was also significantly associated with overall client satisfaction. There was no significant association between gender, religion, and marital status, level of education and means of travel with client satisfaction.

Conclusion and Recommendations: Experience of clients with service at the various touchpoints is important as it has direct implications on the overall level of client satisfaction with hospital services. Touch point monitoring is crucial for improvement of services.

References:

[1].  Demiss Mulatu Geberu, G. A. (2018). Factors of patient satisfaction in adult outpatient departments of private wing and regular services in public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC health Services Research. Retrieved from https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-019-4685-x.

[2].  Faiza Manzoor, L. W. (2019). Patient Satisfaction with Health Care Services; An Application of Physician’s Behavior as a Moderator. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 16(18), 3318. Doi: 10.3390/ijerph16183318.

[3].  Gadallah, M. Z. (2003). Patient satisfaction with primary health care services in two districts in Lower and Upper Egypt. EMHJ - Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 9(3), 422-430. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/119293.

[4].  Ghose, A. S., & Vivek, S. (2011). Patient Satisfaction with Medical Services: A Hospital-Vased Study. Health and Population -Perspectives and issues, 34(4), 232-242. Retrieved from

http://medind.nic.in/hab/t11/i4/habt11i4p232.pdf.

[5].  Guirguis WW, M. S.-T. (1992). Patient satisfaction with hospital services: determinants and level in a hospital in Kuwait. The Journal of the Egyptian Health Associaton, 67(1-2), 87-108. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1295952.

[6].  Habbal, Y. (n.d). Determining Patient’s Satisfaction with Medical Care. Retrieved from https://www.ism.edu/docs/Youssef-Habbal-SAM07.pdf.

[7].  Juliet Nabbuye-Sekandi, F. E. (2011). Patient Satisfaction with Services in Outpatient Clinics in Mulago Hospital, Uganda. International Journal of Quality in Health Care, 23(5). doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzr040.

[8].  Kuronen, M. (2013). Measuring and Developing Customer Satisfaction. Phuket: Department of production/Industrial management, University of Vaasa.

[9].  Laruffa, J. B. (2005). Patient Satisfaction: A Tool to Help Improve Patient-Centered Quality Service at New York Methodist Hospital. New York.

[10].  Matejka, R. (2017). Promoting Customer Satisfaction in Healthcare. Health Business Insights. Retrieved December 27, 2019, from https://www.healthcarebusinessinsights.com/blog/information-technology/promoting-customer-satisfaction-healthcare/.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10280976. 1987 Mar; 68(2):54-5, 76-80.

[12].  Olomi GA, M. I. (2017). Patients’ Level of Satisfaction with the Health Care Services Received at. Journal of Patient Care, 3(1). doi:10.4172/2573-4598.1000124.

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[14].  Rashid Saeed, M. O. (2013). Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction in Health Care Services in Pakistan. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(5).

[15].  UBOS. (2018). Retrieved from ubos.org/ug: https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/05_2019Gender_Module_Baseline_Perceptions_of_the_NGPSS_2017_Nov_15_2018.pdf.

Abstract:

Fever is one of the most common symptoms of childhood diseases, it is a passive rise in body temperature that subsides after a short time. This study aimed at assessing the management and outcome of fever among mothers of children (0-5years) in Edim Otop Community, Calabar, and Cross River State, Nigeria. Three objectives with the corresponding research questions were formulated. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study. The population and sample comprised of 351 mothers who were indigenes of Edim Otop Community. Convenient sampling technique was employed to select 122 mothers of under-five children to form the sample for this study. A self-developed and structured questionnaire was used to obtain data and analyzed using simple frequency and percentage tables obtained revealed that majority of the respondents, 97(79.5%) affirmed that they carried out home management of fever when their child was sick while 25(20.5%) did not. All of the respondents, 122(100%) applied wet sponge on their child to alleviate the febrile condition. 87(71.3%) Respondents used a thermometer to check the temperature of their child when feverish; 91(74.6%) foot bathed their children with cold water as a way of reducing the feverish condition of their children. From the findings, it was concluded that a greater percentage of the mothers of children (0-5years) exhibit good fever management practices despite the fact that there were factors influencing their home management.

References:

[1].  Kio, J. O., Agbede, C. O., Olayinka, F. E., Omeonu, P. E. & Dire-Arimoyo, Y. (2016). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers of under-five regarding prevention of malaria in children: Evidence from Ogun State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 21(8), 01-07.

[2].  Oshikoya, K. A. (2014). Antimalarial prescriptions for children presenting with uncomplicated malaria to a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria after the change of national guidelines for malaria treatment. World Journal of Medical Science, 2(1), 49‐53.

[3].  Schmitt, B. (2013). Fever phobia, misconceptions of parents about fevers. American Journal of Diseases in Children, 134(2), 176‐81.

[4].  May, A. & Bauchner, H. (2012). Fever phobia: pediatrician contribution. Pediatrics, 90(6):851‐4.

[5].  Fawole, O. I. & Onadeko, M. O. (2014). Knowledge and home management of malaria fever by mothers and caregivers for under‐five children. West Africa Journal of Medicine, 20(2):152‐7.

[6].  Rath, B. (2013). Treatment of childhood fever and other illness in three rural community of Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 27(2), 70-94.

[7].  Deming, M., Gayibor, A. & Murphy, K. (2014). The home treatment of febrile children with antimalarial drugs in Togo. Bulletin of World Health Organization, 67(6), 695‐700.

[8].  Nouri, N. M., Rajayi, S. & Bariri, T. (2008). Effects of antipyretic of acetaminophen and ibuprofen in children 6months to 10years. Journal of Medical Homorganic, 12(1), 1-6.

[9].  Al-Eissa, Y. A., Al-Zamil, F. A., Al-Sanie, A. M., Al-Salloum, A. A., Al-Tuwaijri, H & Al-Abdali, N. M. (2010). Home management of fever in children: rational or ritual? International Journal of Clinical Practice, 54(3), 138-42.

[10].    Kim, D., Lee, Y., Lee, J., Jeong, J., Kim, J. & Choi, M. (2009). Perceptions and practices of fever: survey for parents with febrile child visiting pediatric emergency department. Annals Emergency Medicine, 54(3), S92.

[11].    Parmar, R. C., Sahu, D. R. & Bavdekar, S. B. (2011). Knowledge, attitude and practices of parents of children with febrile convulsion. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 47(1), 19-23.

[12].    Desnous, B., Goujon, E., Bellavoine, V., Merdariu, D. & Auvin, S. (2011). Perceptions of fever and fever management practices in parents of children with Drave syndrome. Epilepsy Behavioural, 21(4), 446-8.

[13].    Walsh, A. & Edward, H. (2016). Management of childhood fever by parents: literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 54(2), 217–227.

[14].    Kilmon, C. A. (2015). Parents’ knowledge and practices related to fever management. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 1(4), 173-9.

[15].    Mohammadi, M. (2010). Febrile seizures: four steps algorithmic clinical approach. Iran Journal of Pediatrics, 20(1), 5-15.

[16].    Golestan, M., Karbasi, S. A., Bafgi, M. S., Behjati, M. & Mosadegh, M. M. (2015). Comparison of oral acetaminophen with different doses in febrile children. Iran Journal of Pediatrics, 15(4), 373-8.

[17].    World Health Organization (2015). Monitoring antimalarial drug resistance. Report of a WHO consultation Geneva, Switzerland 3–5 December 2014. Available at: www.who.int/emc. Access date: 13th August, 2018.

[18].    Bryce, J. C., Baschi-Pinto, K., Shibuya, R. E. & Black, R. E. (2014). W.H.O. Child Health epidemiology Reference Group World Health Estimate of the causes Of Death in children. Lancet, 365(9465), 1147-52.

[19].    Thota, S., Ladiwala, N., Sharma, P. K. & Ganguly, E. (2018). Fever awareness, management practices and their correlates among parents of under five children in urban India. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 5(4):1368-1376.

[20].    Shahrbanou, T., Hadi, S., Ali, V. S., Somayeh, T. & Mohammad, S. (2016). Mothers’ management of fever of children in Sabzevar. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences, 3(2), 32-39.

[21].    Talebian, A., Honarpisheh, A., Mohajeri, S. & Taghddosi, M. (2013). Surveying the risk factor for first convulsion. Feyz, 13(2), 50-7.

[22].    Schaffner, A. (2016) Fever useful or noxious symptom that should be treated.

[23].    Therapeutische umschau. Revue Therapeutique, 63(3), 185.

Abstract:

Cervical Cancer is one of the most known and common malignancies in women, though the disease is a preventable disease, it is ranked next to breast cancer. This is pinned on delayed detection due to lack of uptake of screening. The objective of the study was to assess the level of knowledge, perceived-risk and screening-uptake for cervical cancer among women in a Christian Religious Institution in Ibadan, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional design with a purposive sampling technique and a simple sampling method was used to randomise 270 volunteered members into the study. Analysis was with SPSS Version 20, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Knowledge mean score was 14.04 ± 5.18 measured on a 20-point reference scale, 55 (20.4%) had poor knowledge, 92 (34.1%) had average knowledge, and 123 (45.6%) had good knowledge. with a moderate correlation between knowledge and screening-uptake (P=0.01). Perceived-risk mean score was 27.33 ± 7.37 measured on a 42-point reference scale, 38 (14.1%) had poor level of perceived-risk, 132 (48.9%) had average level of perceived-risk and 100 (37.0%) had good level of perceived-risk. Furthermore, a moderate correlation was observed between perceived-risk and screening-uptake (p = 0.01). Only 39.3% of the respondents had been screened before for cervical cancer, while 12.2% are currently on a screening schedule for cervical cancer. It is recommended that more effort be laid on health education programs by religious bodies and other associations to improve the knowledge and perceived-risk of women, thus influencing cervical cancer screening.

References:

[1].  Abiodun, A. B., Oluwasola, T. A., Durodola, A. O., Ajani, M. A., Abiodun, A. D., & Adeomi, A. A., 2017, Awareness and perception of risk for cervical cancer among women in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 34, 218-23.

[2].  Adewole, I. F., Benedet, J. L., Brian, T. C., & Follen, M., 2005, Evolving a strategic approach to cervical cancer control. African Journal Gynecology & Oncology, 99, 209-12.

[3].  Al Nsour, M., Brown, D. W., Tarawneh, M., Haddadin, R., & Walk, H., 2012, Breast and cervical cancer screening among women in Jordan: findings from the Behavioural risk factor surveillance System – 2007. The Open Breast Cancer Journal, 4(1), 1–7.

[4].  American Society of Clinical Oncology ASCO, 2019, Cervical Cancer: Symptoms and Signs. Date of access: 09/02/2020. Retrieved https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/cervical-cancer/symptoms-and-signs.

[5].  Annan, F., M., Oppong Asante, K. & Kugbey, N., 2019, Perceived seriousness mediates the influence of cervical cancer knowledge on screening practices among female university students in Ghana. BMC Women's Health 19, 140.

[6].  Aweke, Y. H., Ayanto, S. Y., Ersado, T. L., 2017, Knowledge, attitude and practice for cervical cancer prevention and control among women of childbearing age in Hossana town, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia: Community-based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 12(7): e0181415.

[7].  Ayinde, O. A., Omigbodun, A. O., & Ilesanmi, A. O., 2004, Awareness of cervical cancer, Papanicolaou's smear and it's utilisation among female undergraduates in Ibadan. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 8, 68-80.

[8].  Carmen, W. H., Chan, Kai Chow Choi, Rosa S. Wong, Ka Ming Chow, Winnie K. W. So, Doris Y. P. Leung, Wendy W. T. Lam, and William Goggins, 2016, Examining the Cervical Screening Behaviour of Women Aged 50 or above and Its Predicting Factors: A Population-Based Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(12), 1195.

[9].  Eleanor, C., Ellen, C., Alfred, M., Address, M., Abigail, K., & Angela, C., 2012, Factors that contribute to delay in seeking cervical cancer diagnosis and treatment among women in Malawi. Health, 04(11), 1015-1022.

[10].  Eunice, E., Louis F., Usha M., 2008, Knowledge and Beliefs Related to Cervical Cancer and Screening among Korean American Women. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 30(8) 960 – 974.

[11].  FMOH: National Strategic Action Plan (NSAP) for prevention & control of non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia (2014–2016).

[12].  Frida S. Lyimo & Tanya N. Beran, 2012, Demographic, knowledge, attitudinal and accessibility factors associated with uptake of cervical cancer screening among women in a rural district of Tanzania: Three public policy implications. BMC Public Health, 10, 22

[13].  Fylan, F., 1998, Screening for cervical cancer: a review of women’s attitudes, knowledge, and behavior. British Journal of General Practice, 48, 1509-14.

[14].  Glanz, K., Rimer, B., & Viswanath, K., 2008, Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (4th ed.) (San Francisco; Jossey-Bass).

[15].  Grace, X., Wanzhen, G., Carolyn, Y., Yin, T., Ziding, F., Shaokui, G., & Joseph, A., 2013, Health Beliefs Associated with Cervical Cancer Screening Among Vietnamese Americans. Journal of Women’s Health 22(3) 276 - 88.

[16].  Gu, C., Chan, C., He, G., Choi, C., & Yang, B., 2013, Chinese women’s motivation to receive future screening: The role of social-demographic factors, knowledge and risk perception of cervical cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 17,154–161.

[17].  Hossein, A., Elaheh, M., Elham, M., Mehdi, K., 2017, Knowledge about Cervical Cancer and Pap smear and the Factors Influencing the Pap test Screening among Women. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery. 5(2), 188-195.

[18].  Humariya Heena, Sajid Durrani, Isamme AlFayyad, Muhammad Riaz, Rabeena Tabasim, Gazi Parvez, & Amani Abu-Shaheen, 2019, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards Cervical Cancer and Screening amongst Female Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Oncology.

[19].  Idowu Ajibola, Olowookere Samuel Anu, Fagbemi Aderonke Tolulope, & Ogunlaja Olumuyiwa Ayotunde, 2016, Determinants of Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake among Women in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria: A Community-Based Study. Journal of Cancer Epidemiology

[20].  Lara, E., Day, N. E., Hakama, M., 1987, Trends in mortality from cervical cancer in Nordic countries: association which organized screening program. Lancet, 1, 1247-49.

[21].  Lynette, D. & Rose, A., 2012, Cervical Cancer in Africa: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Prevention. American Association for Cancer Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-0334.

[22].  Mutyaba, T., Mmiro, F., Weiderpass, E., 2006, Knowledge, attitudes and practices on cervical cancer screening among the medical workers of Mulago Hospital, Uganda. BioMed Central Medical Education. 6, 13.

[23].  Nancy Innocentia Ebu, 2018, Socio-demographic characteristics influencing cervical cancer screening intention of HIV-positive women in the central region of Ghana. Gynecologic Oncology Research and Practice 5(3) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40661-018-0060-6.

[24].  Fact Sheet, 2018, Nigeria Human Papillomavirus and Related Cancers.

[25].  Ngoma, T., 2006, World Health Organization cancer priorities in developing countries. Annals of Oncology, 17 (Suppl. 8), viii9—viii14.

[26].  Nwankwo, K. C., Aniebue, U. U., Aguwa, E. N., Anarado, A. N., & Agunwah, E., 2011, Knowledge attitudes and practices of cervical cancer screening among urban and rural Nigerian women: a call for education and mass screening. European Journal of Cancer Care, 20(3), 362–7.

[27].  Saslow, D., Runowicz, C., Solomon, D., Moscicki, A., Smith, R. A., Eyre, H. J., & Cohen C., 2009, American Cancer Guideline for the Early Detection of Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer; Cancer Journal for physicians, 52, 6-342.

[28].  Sedigheh, S., T., 2012, Predictors of Cervical Cancer Screening: An Application of Health Belief Model (London, U.K.).

[29].  Sowemimo, O. O., Ojo, O. O., Fasubaa, O. B., 2017, cervical cancer screening and practice in low resource countries: Nigeria as a case study. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 34, 170-6.

[30].  Toye Mariam Adeola, Okunade Kehinde Sharafadeen, Roberts Alero Ann, Salako Omolola, Oridota Ezekiel Sofela, Onajole Adebayo Temitayo, 2017, Knowledge, perceptions and practice of cervical cancer prevention among female public secondary school teachers in Mushin local government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal 28 (221).

[31].  World Health Organization, 2013, Comprehensive cervical cancer prevention and control: a healthier future for girls and women (Layout L’IV Com Sàrl, Villars-sous-Yens, Switzerland).

[32].  Wright K. O., Aiyedehin O., Akinyinka M. R., & Ilozumba O., 2014, Cervical Cancer: Community Perception and Preventive Practices in an Urban Neighbourhood of Lagos (Nigeria). International Scholarly Research Notices https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/950534.

Abstract:

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a significant cause of morbidity/mortality and continues to top the rank as an important public health issue affecting women of child-bearing age (especially women in low resource countries). Therefore, this study was aimed at describing the awareness, perceptions and utilization of cervical screening services among women of child-bearing age In the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) - Nigeria.

Methods: A cross sectional survey was administered to 360 women of child-bearing age attending antenatal clinics in six selected hospitals in the FCT. They were selected using a proportionate non –random sampling technique.

Results: Giving the response rate of 80.3%, n= 289, α=0.05, CI = 95%, findings revealed that about 55% of respondents were aware of cervical screening services. Over 50% had negative perceptions about cervical screening services and a great majority (63.4%) had not utilized any cervical screening service. Several factors were identified as influencing the utilization of cervical screening services. There was no significant relationship between levels of education, age, marital status and the utilization of cervical screening services at α=0.05, CI = 95%, as indicated by P – values of 0.681, 0.631 and 0.535 respectively.

Conclusion: Awareness of cervical screening services is good, but perceptions about the services are negative and utilization of services is very poor among women of child-bearing age in the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria.

References:

[1].  Agida, T. E., Akaba, G. O., Isah, A. Y., & Ekele, B. (2015). Knowledge and perception of human papilloma virus vaccine among the antenatal women in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Nigerian Medical Journal: Journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 56(1), 23-37.

[2].  Ahmed, S. A., Sabitu, K., Idris, S. H., & Ahmed, R. (2013). Knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening among market women in Zaria, Nigeria. Journal of the Nigeria Medical Association, 54(5), 316–319.

[3].  American Cancer Society Issues (2015). New Early Detection Guidelines. Women’s Health Weekly December 19, 2015: 12.

[4].  Ashford, L., & Collymore, T., (2005). Preventing cervical cancer worldwide Washington, DC, United States of America: Population Reference Bureau http//www.prb.Google Scholar.

[5].  Chukwuali, L. I., Onuigbo, W. I., & Mgbor, N. C. (2013). Cervical Cancer Screening in Enugu, Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 20(2), 109-112.

[6].  Ferlay, B. F., Bray, F., Pisani, P., Parkin, D. M., Lyon. (2012): Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide. Pan African Medical Journal: Vol. 11 No. 1 (2012)

[7].  Ferlay, J., Whelan, S. L., Parkin, D. M., & Storm, H. (2014). Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol. X. IARC Scientific Publication No. 164. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer

[8].  Hinsermu, B., Yibrah, B., Amlaku, M, & Amare, A. (2015).Cervical cancer screening service uptake and associated factors among age eligible women in Mekelle Zone, Northern

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242472678_Cancer_Control_Knowledge_into_Action_WHO_Guide_for_Effective_Programmes_Prevention.

[9].  Kim, J. J., Brisson, M., Edmunds, W. J., & Goldie, S. J. (2008). Modelling Cervical Cancer Prevention in Developed Countries. Vaccine, 26 (10), K76-K86.

[10].  Mbamara, S. U., Ikpeze, O. C., Okonkwo, J. E., Onyiaorah, I. V., & Ukah, C. O. (2011). Knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening among women attending gynecology clinics in a tertiary level medical care center in southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 56 (11), 491.

[11].  Mutyaba, T., Faxelid, E., Mirembe, F., & Weiderpass, E. (2007). Influences on uptake of reproductive health services in Nsangi community of Uganda and their implications for cervical cancer screening. Reproductive Health, 4(1), 4-10.

[12].  Ndikom, C. M., & Ofi, B. A. (2015). Awareness, perception and factors affecting utilization of cervical cancer screening services among women in Ibadan, Nigeria: a qualitative study. Reproductive health, 9(1), 11.

[13].  Neema, M. K., Denna, M., Nyasule M. N., Moshiro, C. (2015). Utilization of cervical cancer screening services and its associated factors among primary school teachers in Ilala Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzani, BMC Health Services Research, Published on: 15 December 2015. Article number: 552 (2015)

[14].  Nygrd, J. F., Nygard, M., Skare, G. B., & Thoresam, S. O. (2012). Pap smear screening in women under 50 in the Norwegian coordinated cervical cancer screening program, with a comparism of immediate biopsy versus Pap smear triage of moderate dysplasia. Acta Cytology, 50 (3), 295-302.

[15].  Okoye Ms, (2015). Report on cervical cancer, state of the nation, Premium Time. June 15 2015. Reported July, 22 2016.

[16].  Saleem, T., & Abraham, R. (2015). Barriers to effective uptake of cancer screening among Black and minority ethnic groups. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 11(11), 562-571.

[17].  Sankaranarayanan, R., Thara, S., Ngoma, T., Naud, P., & Keita, N. (2010). Cervical Cancer Screening in the Developing World. In: Finkel M, editor. Public Health in the 21stCentury. 231–244.

[18].  Spayne, Y., Ackerman, I., Milosevic, M., & Seindefield. (2008). Cancer: A Failure of Screening., European Journal of Public Health, 18(2), 162–165.

[19].  Udigwe, G. O. (2006). Knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening (pap smear) among female nurses in Nnewi, South Eastern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 9(1), 40-43.

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Abstract:

The study evaluated the involvement of community pharmacists in health promotion services in Oyo State, Nigeria after an educational intervention with the view of comparing it to service delivery before the training.

A post-intervention evaluation study was conducted among 48 community pharmacists after exposure to training in health promotion in 2016. Data were analysed with appropriate descriptive statistics while Paired T-test was used to determine significant differences among the study variables after comparing it to the baseline study earlier conducted.

Response rate was 87.5%. The level of involvement in health promotion services before and after training was not significant (p > 0.05). However, respondents (88%) embarked on health promotion initiatives after the training while 90.5% of them documented the services provided. On-the-spot observation revealed that respondents extended the periods of their stay on their premises, gave the practice a facelift to attract customers and provided more space for patient counselling, documented health promotion activities, held outreaches on international health days and other days as scheduled by the pharmacists.

The study concluded that the community pharmacists indicated a favourable attitude towards health promotion services and showed improvement in the services offered in their pharmacies after training.

References:

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[2].  Anderson C. (1998). Health promotion by community pharmacy: perception, realities and constraints. Journal of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15:10–22.

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Abstract:

Objectives: Stress has been known to trigger spikes in blood pressure, increase heart rate variability and promote vasoconstriction; all of which are direct contributors to coronary heart disease causation. Given the recent decline in the age of incidence among coronary heart disease sufferers, this study was designed to assess knowledge and perceived levels of stress, and stress management strategies.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 406 participants, randomly drawn from the postgraduate faculties of University of Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. Data was collected using the 10-point standardized knowledge scale for cardiovascular disease, the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the 28-item Brief COPE Inventory Scale.

Results: Significant associations were observed between knowledge scores and fields of study (p = 0.002), and as well as gender (p = 0.000). Whereas only 2.2% of the respondents were severely stressed, most of the respondents (69.2%) were moderately stressed, and significant associations were observed between stress levels and fields of study (p = 0.026). Although healthy stress management strategies were widely adopted, an association was observed between gender and substance use as well as the use of emotional support as stress management strategies (p = 0.000 and 0.001 respectively).

Conclusions: Given the factors found to influence choice of stress coping mechanisms, the use of targeted behavioural change communication materials should be encouraged to help build skills for healthy stress coping mechanisms.

References:

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Abstract:

Trained health care providers in resource constrained regions such as Zambia are few, overburdened with work and are time constrained. Consequently, they make use of Community Based Volunteers (CBVs) who have proved to be locally accessible, cost effective and appropriate. For CBVs to effectively reduce morbidities in under-fives, they should be trained to focus their IEC material and delivery method to specific needs of individual communities. The objective of this study therefore, was to assess the impact of training CBVs with modified IEC messages towards improving health status of under-five children of Pemba and Gwembe Districts.

The study used a Quasi-experimental study design with intervention and control groups, Pemba and Gwembe Districts and their respective health facilities were selected conveniently, Availability sampling was used for 124 CBVs working under these two facilities of which 82 were from the intervention site and were assessed before and after training, and thereafter conducted IEC for a period of over 3 months. Post intervention data with regard to malnutrition and diarrhoea in both sites were collected at 6 and 9 months. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24, and paired t and X² tests were used and conclusion done at 0.05 significance level.

The knowledge level of CBVs improved significantly from baseline (x ̅=5.62±2.3) to post intervention (x ̅=9.06 ±0.9) with t(4) = 14.29, p < .01. Trained CBVs delivered selected IEC messages effectively and significantly improved the health status in under-five children within 9 months with findings showing a downward trend for the cases of diarrhoea and malnutrition, from 17.5% to 7.24% and from 15 % to 12.8% for diarrhoeal diseases; and out of the total under-five attendances, children below -2 Z score dropped from 1.27% to 0.27% and 1.12% to 1.08 % for nutrition status in the intervention and control sites respectively.

References:

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Abstract:

Background: Sleep deprivation in adolescent students is a public health concern. Studies have pointed out that early school start time is an important factor that affects the sleep duration in high school students. This study aims to find out the effect of the later school start time on the adolescent students.

Material and methods: Adolescents studying in class 8^th to 10^th in the age group of 13-17 years were included in the study. Participate completed questionnaire that include demographic parameters, school start time, ESS score, Sleep wake behavior, sleep duration on weekdays and weekends were recorded using a preformed questionnaire.

Results: 5041 students, including 43.1% (n=2174) female and 56.9% (n=2867) male participated. The total sleep hours on weekdays were only 6.68±0.93 hours, whereas in weekends, their sleep duration was (8.51±1.36). The ESS score was higher in students who had a school start time starting from 7 am - 9 am (8.95±3.11) and who had after 11 am (9.94±2.93). The sleep-wake behavior score is lowest in students who had a school start time above 11 am (24±5.63).

Conclusion: Study indicates that students with later school start time have better sleep wake behavior, less daytime sleepiness and are less sleep deprived.

References:

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177233/.

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[12].   Meldrum RC, Restivo E. The behavioral and health consequences of sleep deprivation among U.S. high school students: Relative deprivation matters. Prev Med. 2014 Jun 1;63: 24–8.

[13].   Alves FR, de Souza EA, de França Ferreira LG, de Oliveira Vilar Neto J, de Bruin VMS, de Bruin PFC. Sleep duration and daytime sleepiness in a large sample of Brazilian high school adolescents. Sleep Med. 2020 Feb; 66:207–15.

[14].   Carskadon MA, Wolfson AR, Acebo C, Tzischinsky O, Seifer R. Adolescent sleep patterns, circadian timing, and sleepiness at a transition to early school days. Sleep. 1998;21(8):871–881.

[15].   Hansen M, Janssen I, Schiff A, Zee PC, Dubocovich ML. The impact of school daily schedule on adolescent sleep. Pediatrics. 2005 Jun;115(6):1555–61.

[16].   Smith C. Sleep states and memory processes in humans: procedural versus declarative memory systems. Sleep Med Rev. 2001 Dec; 5(6):491–506.

[17].   Teen Sleep Habits Survey [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jun 24]. Available from: https://innovation.umn.edu/teen-sleep/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2017/09/TeenSleepHabitsSurveyWatermark.pdf.

Abstract:

Introduction: Sleep deficiency among adolescents has been recognized as a serious Public Health concern globally. This study aimed to evaluate relationship between age, gender, ESS, sleep hygiene practice and myths/concepts about sleep among Indian adolescents.

Material and methods: After obtaining permission from schools and guardians, a cross-sectional study using an online survey questionnaire was conducted among school-going adolescents in class 8 to 10, between 13-17 years of age, in Mumbai region of India. Daytime sleepiness was assessed using Epworth Sleepiness Scale for children and adolescents (ESS-CHAD). Sleep myths were converted in questions to check awareness about sleep myths/concepts. The data obtained was computed and was analysed using SPSS software.

Results: 5041 students were included, of which 2174 were female (43.1%) and 2867 (56.9%) were male. Majority of the students were in Class 10 (n=2237, 44.4%). The mean age of the participants was 14.98 ± 0.913 years. Significant correlation between age, ESS score (p=0.00), sleep concept score (p=0.001) and sleep practice (p <0.01) was noted. Gender did not affect ESS, sleep concept score and sleep hygiene practice.

Conclusion: Significant correlation was observed between the ESS score, sleep concepts and sleep hygiene practice. Gender had no co- relation with ESS, sleep concept score and sleep hygiene practice.

References:

[1].  Louzada F. Adolescent sleep: a major public health issue. Sleep Sci. 2019;12(1):1.

[2].  Chattu VK, Sakhamuri SM, Kumar R, Spence DW, BaHammam AS, Pandi-Perumal SR. Insufficient Sleep Syndrome: Is it time to classify it as a major noncommunicable disease? Sleep Sci. 2018;11(2):56–64.

[3].  Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, et al. National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015;1(1):40–43.

[4].  Owens J, Group ASW, Adolescence CO. Insufficient Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults: An Update on Causes and Consequences. Pediatrics. 2014 Sep 1;134(3): e921–32.

[5].  Randler C, Bilger S, Díaz-Morales JF. Associations among Sleep, Chronotype, Parental Monitoring, and Pubertal Development among German Adolescents. J Psychol. 2009 Sep 1;143(5):509–20.

[6].  Thycad B. Sleep duration and sleep hygiene practices in adolescents: Age and gender differences. Nitte Univ J Health Sci. 2014 Dec 1;4.

[7].  Ofovwe G, Ofovwe C. Sleep Hygiene in Nigerian Childen. IFE Psychol. 2008 Nov 4;16.

[8].  Sleep Foundation. Myths and Facts about Sleep [Internet]. Sleep Foundation. 2009 [cited 2020 Jun 24]. Available from:

https://www.sleepfoundation.org/myths-and-facts-about-sleep.

[9].  Johns MW. A New Method for Measuring Daytime Sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep. 1991 Nov 1;14(6):540–5.

[10].  Gibson ES, Powles AP, Thabane L, O’Brien S, Molnar DS, Trajanovic N, et al. “Sleepiness” is serious in adolescence: Two surveys of 3235 Canadian students. BMC Public Health. 2006;6(1):116.

[11].  Pallesen S, Saxvig IW, Molde H, Sørensen E, Wilhelmsen-Langeland A, Bjorvatn B. Brief report: behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome in older adolescents: prevalence and correlates. J Adolesc. 2011;34(2):391–395.

Abstract:

Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) in 2010 recommended the malaria Test, Treat and Track (T3) policy that emphasized diagnostic confirmation of all suspected malaria cases before treatment and tracking all of them. This study assessed key influencing factor for successful implementation of T3 strategy for malaria by health workers in public and private health facilities in four districts in Northern Uganda.

Methods and materials: Across sectional descriptive study was conducted in 115 public and 42 private health facilities involving 489 health workers,63 community health workers (CHWs) and seven district officials in Apac, Dokolo, Gulu and Nwoya districts. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were triangulated.

Results: Over 85% of the health facilities had not experienced stock out of antimalarial drugs and malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (mRDTs) within 7 days of the study. And 97%, 84% and 54% of the health workers in public, Private Not for Profit (PNFP), Private for Profit (PFP) health facilities respectively were knowledgeable and competently practicing the T3 policy. The knowledge among health workers in PFP on T3 policy was significantly lower than that of their counterparts in the public facilities (P < 0.001). Each health facility in the study had at least one staff trained in integrated Malaria Management (IMM) that includes parasite based Test, Treat and Track of malaria cases (T3).

Conclusion: The successful implementation of T3 strategy in public health facilities in the four districts was due to availability of a number of enabling factors and few constraints.

References:

WHO. World Malaria Report 2018 http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2010/en/index.html. Date of Access 06/07/2019.

[2]. World Health Organization. Global Malaria Programme. World malaria report. 2017. https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2017/en/ Date of Access 06/07/2019

[3]. Sarkar J, Murhekar M V., Shah NK, Van Hutin Y. Risk factors for malaria deaths in Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal, India: Evidence for further action. Malar J. 2009; 8(1):1–6.

[4]. Byakika-Kibwika P, Ndeezi G, Kamya MR. Health care related factors associated with severe malaria in children in Kampala, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 2009; 9(3):206–10.

[5]. World Health Organization, Others. WHO briefing on Malaria Treatment Guidelines and artemisinin monotherapies. Geneva WHO 2006; (April):1–28. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:WHO+briefing+on+Malaria+Treatment+Guidelines+and+artemisinin+monotherapies#0 Acced on 30/08/2019.

[6]. D’Acremont V, Lengeler C, Mshinda H, Mtasiwa D, Tanner M, Genton B. Time to move from presumptive malaria treatment to laboratory-confirmed diagnosis and treatment in African children with fever. PLoS Med. 2009; 6(1):0004–6.

[7]. English M, Reyburn H, Goodman C, Snow RW. Abandoning presumptive antimalarial treatment for febrile children aged less than five years - A case of running before we can walk? PLoS Med. 2009; 6(1):0007–9.

[8]. World Health Organization. Scaling up diagnostic testing, treatment and surveillance for malaria. Who. 2012; 1–12.

[9]. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 313 p.

[10]. Uganda Ministry of Health. Uganda National Malaria Control Policy. 2011; (June).

[11]. Batwala V, Magnussen P, Nuwaha F. Challenges to implementation of artemisinin combination therapy policy in Uganda. Int Health [Internet]. 2010; 2(4):262–8.

[12]. Abeku TA, Kristan M, Jones C, Beard J, Mueller DH, Okia M, et al. Determinants of the accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests in malaria case management: Evidence from low and moderate transmission settings in the East African highlands. Malar J. 2008; 7:1–10.

[13]. Uganda Ministry of Health. Ministry of Health National Guidelines for Implementation of Parasite Based Diagnosis of Malaria in Uganda. 2013;

[14]. Namuyinga RJ, Mwandama D, Moyo D, Gumbo A, Troell P, Kobayashi M, et al. Health worker adherence to malaria treatment guidelines at outpatient health facilities in southern Malawi following implementation of universal access to diagnostic testing. Malar J. 2017; 16(1):1–14.

[15]. Lal S, Ndyomugenyi R, Magnussen P, Hansen KS, Alexander ND, Paintain L, et al. Referral patterns of community health workers diagnosing and treating malaria: Cluster-randomized trials in two areas of high-and low-malaria transmission in southwestern Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;

[16]. Kyabayinze, C. A, D. N, J. N, H. C, J.K. T. Use of RDTs to improve malaria diagnosis and fever case management at primary health care facilities in Uganda. Malar J. 2010; 9(1):1–10.

[17]. Batwala V, Magnussen P, Nuwaha F. Antibiotic use among patients with febrile illness in a low malaria endemicity setting in Uganda. Malar J 2011; 10(1):377.

[18]. Argaw MD, Woldegiorgis AG, Abate DT, Abebe ME. Improved malaria case management in formal private sector through public private partnership in Ethiopia: Retrospective descriptive study. Malar J. 2016; 15(1):23–5.

[19]. Rakotonandrasana DH, Tsukahara T, Yamamoto-Mitani N. Antimalarial drug prescribing by healthcare workers when malaria testing is negative: A qualitative study in Madagascar. Trop Med Health. 2018; 46(1):1–9.

[20]. Altaras R, Nuwa A, Agaba B, Streat E, Tibenderana JK, Strachan CE. Why do health workers give anti-malarials to patients with negative rapid test results? A qualitative study at rural health facilities in western Uganda. Malar J. 2016; 15(1):1–14.

[21]. Mukanga, J.K. Tibenderana, J. Kiguli, G.W. Pariyo, P. Waiswa, F. B, et al. Community acceptability of use of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria by community health workers in Uganda. Malar J. 2010; 9(1):1–9.

[22]. Bagonza J, Rutebemberwa E, Eckmanns T, Ekirapa-Kiracho E. What influences availability of medicines for the community management of childhood illnesses in central Uganda? Implications for scaling up the integrated community case management programme Health policies, systems and management in low and middle-incom. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15(1):1–8.

[23]. Kalyango JN, Rutebemberwa E, Alfven T, Ssali S, Peterson S, Karamagi C. Performance of community health workers under integrated community case management of childhood illnesses in Eastern Uganda. Malar J. 2012.

[24]. Strachan C, Wharton–Smith A, Sinyangwe C, Mubiru D, Ssekitooleko J, Meier J, et al. Integrated community case management of malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea across three African countries: A qualitative study exploring lessons learnt and implications for further scale up. J Glob Health. 2014; 4(2).

[25]. Kankpetinge C, Kweku M, Baiden F, Agboli E, Akapoeh D, Takramah W, et al. Clinicians’ Adherence to Implementation of Test, Treat and Track Strategy for Malaria Control among Children Under-five Years in Ho Municipality, Volta Region, Ghana. Int J Trop Dis Heal. 2016; 20(1):1–11.

[26]. Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) and ICF. The National Population and Housing Census 2014 – Main Report, Kampala, Uganda. 2016.

[27]. Marquez L. Helping Healthcare Providers Perform According to Standards. 2001. 11 p. https://www.usaidassist.org/sites/default/files/marquez_helping_providers_perform_to_standards_2001.pdf . Accessed on 01/082019.

Abstract:

The needs and problems of the elderly vary significantly because of the elderly socio-demographic profile. Hence, this study delineated the common health conditions affecting the elderly and its associated sociodemographic factors which may have important implications in planning for various health care delivery services for the elderly now and in the future. Cross sectional retrospective study of over 12 months, January 2018 - December 2018. Inclusion criteria: All elderly patients aged ≥60 years seen at the GOPC within that period (Jan 2018 to Dec 2018). Information that was used includes; sociodemographic data and final diagnosis made within the period of study. The sociodemographic characteristics of the study population showed female preponderance and 55.6% of the population falling between 60 – 69 years of age and only 22.5% were retired, the distribution of morbidities among 333 elderly patients who presented at the GOPC over a period of one year. Majority 236 (71%) of the study participants had multiple morbidities while 97 (29%) had single morbidities. The cardiovascular system was the most affected system with 227 of the study population followed by the musculoskeletal system 90 and 84 had metabolic derangement. The least affected system was the Ears, Nose and Throat with 13 persons. Also, a multivariate analysis, there was no statistical difference between the sociodemographic characteristics and the morbidities (single and multiple). Therefore, socio-demographic characteristics and multi-morbidity for urban location = 1.147(C. I=0.816-1.61 with significant p-value at <0.05.

References:

[1].  Abdulraheem IS, Amodu MO, Salami SK, Adegboye A, Fatiregun A, Tobin-West C. Prevalence and Pattern of Multi-Morbidity among Elderly People in Rural Nigeria: Implications for Health Care System, Research and Medical Education. Journal of Community Medicine and Health Care - 2017: 2(3); 1019-1032.

[2].  Adebusoye LA, Ladipo MM, Owoaje ET, Ogunbode AM. Morbidity pattern amongst elderly patients presenting at a Primary Care Clinic in Nigeria - African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 2011;3(1).

[3].  Cadmus EO, Adebusoye LA, Olowookere OO, Oluwatosin OG, Owoaje ET, Alonge TO. A descriptive study of the morbidity pattern of older persons presenting at a Geriatric Centre in Southwestern Nigeria - Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 2017; 20(7):873-8.

[4].  Christie Omolola Adams, Ebenezer Obi Daniel EO, Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni GO, Baamlong ND, Ripiye NR. Knowledge Attitude and Practice of Geriatric Patients towards Predictors of Healthy Living at a Tertiary Health Institution in Abuja Nigeria, Central African Journal of Public Health - Vol. 5, No. 4, 2019, pp. 165-171.

[5].  Huisman M, Kunst AE, Andersen O, Bopp M, Borgan JK, Borrell C, Costa G, Deboosere P, Desplanques G, Donkin A, Gadeyne S. Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality among elderly people in 11 European populations. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 2004 1; 58(6):468-75.

[6].  Kaur G, Bansal R, Anand T, Kumar A, Singh J. Morbidity of non-communicable disease among elderly in a city in North India. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 2019: 7; 29-34.

[7].  Mahwati Y. Determinants of multi-morbidity among the elderly in Indonesia. Kesma National Public Health Journal, 2014: 9(2); 187-193.

[8].  Nwani PO, Isah AO. Chronic diseases and multi-morbidity among elderly patients admitted in the Medical Wards of a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. J Clin Gerantol Geriatr.2016; 7(3):83-86.

[9].  Purty AJ, Bazroy J, Kar M, Vasudevan K, Zacharia P, Panda P. Morbidity pattern among the elderly population in the rural area of Tamil Nadu, India. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 2006; 27; 36 (1):45-50.

[10].  Prakash R, Choudhary SK, Singh US. A study of morbidity pattern among geriatric population in an urban area of Udaipur Rajasthan, Indian J Community Med. 2004 1; 29(1):35-40.

[11].  Rizzuto D, Melis RJ, Angleman S, Qiu C, Marengoni A. Effect of chronic diseases and multi-morbidity on survival and functioning in elderly adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2017; 65(5):1056-60.

[12].  Shraddha K, Prashantha B, Prakash B. Study on morbidity pattern among elderly in urban population of Mysore, Karnataka, India. International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research, 2012; 1(3):215-23.

[13].  United Nations World Population Ageing 2015. In Department of Economic and Social Affairs PD, editor; 2015.

Abstract:

Antiretroviral therapy(ART) has been used to reduce morbidity and mortality of the HIV positive patients. However, an excellent therapeutic outcome of CD4 count >500 cells/mm³ with ART requires ≥ 95% adherence to therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with adherence to ARV among children in an ART programme. A retrospective study was conducted for four months between the periods of March to June 2018 in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria. The adherence was measured using pre-tested, structured self administered questionaire. Adherence was defined as no missed Antiretroviral dose in the previous three days of therapy. The effects of factors such as level of education, type of caregiver, duration on therapy, proper education of caregiver, method of passing information on drug dosage and side effects, continuing education and support from health professionals on adherence were tested. Adherence level of HIV positive children was 69 %. Factors such as level of education, type of caregiver, duration on therapy, proper education(benefits of treatment and adverse effects of drug), method of passing information on drug dose and side effects, continuing education and support from health professionals on adherence investigated were found not to relate statistically significantly with adherence to ART. Therapy adherence level of HIV positive children was sub optimal. The type of caregiver, physician’s behavoir and other factors did not show significant relationship with adherence. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy(ART) is closely associated with viral suppression and prevent progression to AIDS and death.

References:

[1].  World Health Organization (WHO) 2017 HIV/AIDS, https://www.who.int/gho/hiv/en.

[2].  United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2016, HIV/AIDS global trends 2016, https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/global-regional-trends.

[3].  UNICEF, 2017, Data: Monitoring the situation of children and woman. https://data.unicef.org.

[4].  Deeks, G.S., Lewin, R.S., and Hailin, D.V., 2013, the ends of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease. Lancet, 382(9903)1525-1533.doi 10.101016/S0140-673613) 61809-7.

[5].  WHO, 2013, Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infections, https://www.who.int.arv2013.

[6].  Violari, A., Cotton, M.F., Gibb, M.D., Babiker, A.G., Steyn, J., Madhi, S.A.,, et al., 2008, Early antiretroviral therapy and mortality among HIV-infected infants. N England J Med.; 359(21): 2233-2244 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0800971.

[7].  Alemayelus, A., KIfle, W., Ssofonis, G., Belaineh, G., Kebede, D., 2008, Predictors of adherence among HIV-infected persons; a Prospective study in South West Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 8; 265.

[8].  Heesterman, T., Browne. Aittken, Vervoort, S.C., Klipstein, K., Determinants of adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive adults in sub-Saharan Africa; A systematic Review, http://ghm.com/content9. Alene M, Awoke T, Yenit MK et al. Incidence and predictors of second–line antiretroviral treatment failure among adults living with HIV in Amhara region: a multicentre retrospective follow-up study. BMC infect Dis, 2019; 19 599. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4243-5.

[9].  Alene, M., Awoke, T., Yenit, M.K., et al. 2019, Incidence and predictors of second–line antiretroviral treatment failure among adults living with HIV in Amhara region: a multicentre retrospective follow-up study. BMC infect Dis, 2019; 19 599. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4243-5.

[10].  Mukui, I.N., Nganga, L., Williamson, J., Wamcwe, J., Vakil, S., Katena, A., Kim, AA. 2012, Rates and Predictors of Adherence to Anti-retroviral Therapy among HIV_Positive Individuals in Kenya. Results from the second Kenya Aids Indicator Survey, https://doi-org/JournalponeM.

[11].  Dow, D. E., Kapandi, G.E., Hamel B.C., Msuya, I. J.,2014, Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV –infected receiving care at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center (KCMC) Northerner Tanzania, A cross sectional analytical study. Pan African Medical Journal, 17: 238-2280.

[12].  Williams, P.L., Storm, D., Montepiedra, G., Nicholas, S., Karmere, et al, 2006, Predictors of adherence to antiretroviral medicationin children and adolescent with HIV infection in America. Journal of the American Academy of Paediatrics, 118, 6, 1745-1757.

[13].  Wikipedia WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease in Children. https://en.m.wikipedia.org

[14].  World Health Organization, 2007, WHO Case Definitions of HIV for Surveillance and Revised Clinical Staging and Immunological Classification of HIV-Related Disease in Adults and Children. https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/HIVstaging150307.

[15].  Paediatric Aids Clinical Trials Group, https://aidsinfor.nih.gov

[16].  Sanjobo. N., Frich, J. C., Frethein, 2008, the barriers and facilitators to patient’s adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Zambia a qualitative study. Sahara J., 5 (3); 136-143.

[17].  Afolabi, M. O., Fakande, I., 2004 Potential determinants of adherence to antiretroviral drugs among PLWHA in Living Hope Care Illesa Nigeria. Sahel Medical Journal, 7(4); 119-124.