Patterns of Substance use among Young People in Ado Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria

Download Article

DOI: 10.21522/TIJPH.2013.10.02.Art024

Authors : Daniel Chinenyeike Offie, Ekanem E. Ekanem, Paul Nnoaharam Dike, Daniel Nnaoma Oguh, Adijat O. Suraju, Ajobiewe Oluwatobi

Abstract:

The patterns of tobacco smoking, alcohol, and illicit drugs use by young people has presented new public health challenges in lower-middle-income countries like Nigeria. The goal of this study was to assess the patterns of substance use among young people in Ado Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out among 415 enrolled young people aged 10-24years in Ado Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria between August 2021, and January 2022. Information on the pattern of substance use was obtained from the respondents using an adapted and pretested structured questionnaire. Enrolled study participants from the four selected geographical areas were randomly chosen using a multistage cluster sampling method. The analysis was done using SPSS version 20; quantitative outcomes were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The result from this study showed that the prevalence of current use of at least one psychoactive substance among the respondents was 69.9%. The most current used substance by the respondents was alcoholic beverages (42.4%) followed by cigarettes (28.3%), cannabis (7.2%), and tramadol (6.6%). The study also revealed that the lifetime rate of alcohol use decreased with age, while cigarette smoking increased with age. This study had shown that alcoholic beverages, cigarettes, and cannabis are the most abused substances by the participants in this location. Intervention strategies that will reduce the rate of substance use among the younger population to the barest minimum are paramount, particularly within the health education arena.

Keywords: Patterns, Substance use, Young People.

References:

[1] World Health Organization (2014). Global status report on alcohol and health, 2014: World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications /global_ alcohol _report/msb_gsr_2014_1.pdf?ua=1.

[2] Gedif T., Azale T. & Nigusie A. (2019). Substance use and associated factors among Gumuz people in Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, Mandura woreda, Northwest Ethiopia. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 14, 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-019-0225-2.

[3] Kanyoni, M., Gishoma, D. & Ndahindwa, V. (2015). Prevalence of psychotropic substance use among youth in Rwanda. BMC Res. 8, 190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1148-2.

[4] World Health Organization (2011): Ethiopian Alcohol Consumptions Report Geneva.

[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). Excessive Alcohol Use and Risks to Women’s Health. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/womens-health.htm.

[6] Musyoka, C. M., Mbwayo, A., Donovan, D., & Mathai, M. (2020). Alcohol and substance use among first-year students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya: Prevalence and patterns. PloS one, 15(8), e0238170. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238170.

[7] Sata, M., Cui, R., Chiang, C., Singeo, S. T., Jr, Watson, B. M., Yatsuya, H., Honjo, K., Mita, T., Temengil, E. J., Madraisau, S., Yamagishi, K., Aoyama, A., & Iso, H. (2021). Determinants of alcohol consumption and marijuana use among young adults in the Republic of Palau. Environmental health and preventive medicine, 26(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-020-00928-8.

[8] Hawes, S.W., Trucco, E.M., Duperrouzel, J.C., Coxe, S., Gonzalez, R. (2019) Developmental pathways of young people cannabis use: Risk factors, outcomes and sex-specific differences. Subst Use Misuse. 54: 271-281.

[9] Borca, G., Rabaglietti, E., Roggero, A., Keller, P., Haak, E., et al. (2017). Personal values as a mediator of relations between perceived parental support and control and youth substance use. Subst Use Misuse. 52: 1589-1601.

[10] Anyanwu, O.U., Ibekwe, R.C., & Ojinnaka, N.C. (2016). Pattern of substance abuse among adolescent secondary school students in Abakaliki. Cogent Medicine, 3.

[11] Aguocha, C. M., Duru, C. B., Ndukuba, A. C., & Nwefoh, E. C. (2020). Gender differences in psychoactive substance use among undergraduates in a developing country. Journal of Substance Use, 26(1), 85–93.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2020.1779363.

[12] Dapap, D., Okpataku, C., & Audu, M. (2020). Use of psychoactive substances among patients presenting at the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 27(3), 230. https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_5_20.

[13] Adere, A., Yimer, N. B., Kumsa, H., & Liben, M. L. (2017). Determinants of psychoactive substances use among Woldia University students in Northeastern Ethiopia. BMC research notes, 10(1), 441. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2763-x.

[14] HAO, W., YOUNG, D., LI, L., & XIAO, S. (1998). Psychoactive substance use in three sites in China: Gender differences and related factors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 52(S6), S324–S328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb03258.x.

[15] Babalola, E., Ogunwale, A., & Akinhanmi, A. (2013). Pattern of psychoactive substance use among university students in South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Behavioral Health, 2(4), 334. https://doi.org/10.5455/jbh.20130921013013.

[16] Oluwasegun Adesina, B., & Matthew Adebayo, A., & Funbi Iken, O. (2020). Factors Associated with Psychoactive Substance Use among In-School Adolescents in Zaria Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study. Internal Journal of School Health, 7(1), 14-22. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper. aspx?id=809219.

[17] Gebeyehu, E. T., & Srahbzu Biresaw, M. (2021). Alcohol Use and Its Associated Factors among Adolescents Aged 15-19 Years at Governmental High Schools of Aksum Town, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of addiction, 2021, 5518946. https://doi.org/10.115 5/202 1/5518946.

[18] Bank, T. W. (1999). Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Tobacco Control.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.8.2.196.

[19] Ahmed, M. (1986). Drug abuse as seen in the university department of psychiatry, Kaduna, Nigeria, in 1980–1984. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 74 (1), 98–101. https://doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb06234.x

[20] Oviasu, V.O. (1976). Abuse of stimulant drugs in Nigeria. Br J Addiction Alcohol Other Drugs. 71 (1), 51–63. https://doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1976.tb00060.x.

[21] Oshikoya, K.A., Alli, A. (2006). Perception of drug abuse amongst Nigerian undergraduates. World Journal of Medical Sciences, 1(2): 133-139.

[22]Chioma, O. (2021). Nigeria sitting on keg of gunpowder. Vanguard Newspaper July 4. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/chidinma-65-of-patients-at-yaba-psychiatric-hospita l-are-drug-users/.

[23] Gerra, G., Benedetti, E., Resce, G., Potente, R., Cutilli, A., & Molinaro, S. (2020). Socioeconomic Status, Parental Education, School Connectedness, and Individual Socio-Cultural Resources in Vulnerability for Drug Use among Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1306. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041306.

[24] Charles, N., Zuhumnan, N., Mafai, D., Samuel, D., Christopher, P., & Aishetu, A. (2021). Substance Use Pattern among Nursing Students in Jos, North Central Nigeria. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 11(02), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpsych.2021.112008.

[25] Mesic, S., Ramadani, S., Zunic, L., Skopljak, A., Pasagic, A., & Masic, I. (2013). Frequency of substance abuse among adolescents. Materia socio-medica, 25(4), 265–269. https://doi.org/ 10.5455/msm.2013.25.265-269.

[26] Girotto, E., Mesas, A. E., de Andrade, S. M., & Birolim, M. M. (2013). Psychoactive substance use by truck drivers: a systematic review. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 71(1), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101452.

[27] Giwa H. K, Akinboye, D. O, Ugwu, E. O, Baduka A. P. (2020). Determinants of Psycho-active Substance Abuse among Commercial Motor Drivers in Kawo motor park Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Texila International Journal of Public Health, 8(2), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.21522/ tijph.2013.08.02.art007.

[28] Adesida, S. A., Quadri, M. O., & Adedeji, A. M. (2022). Use of Psychoactive Substances among Students in a Nigerian University: An Imperative for Intervention Programmes. Scientific African, 1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01139.

[29] Jatau, A. I., Sha’aban, A., Gulma, K. A., Shitu, Z., Khalid, G. M., Isa, A., Wada, A. S., & Mustapha, M. (2021). The Burden of Drug Abuse in Nigeria: A Scoping Review of Epidemiological Studies and Drug Laws. Public Health Reviews, 42. https://doi.org/10.3389 /phrs. 2021.1603960.

[30] Owonikoko, S. B., Suleiman, J. B. A., Maibaka, W. K., & Tasiu, N. (2021). “What a man can do, a woman can do better”: women farmers, livelihood and drug abuse in Adamawa State, northeastern Nigeria. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1 080/15332640.2021.1871694.

[31] Okunna, N. (2018). Assessment of the use of different forms of tobacco products among Nigerian adults: Implications for tobacco control policy. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation, 4(April). https://doi.org/10.18332/tpc/87126.

[32] Kpozehouen, A., Ahanhanzo, Y., Paraïso, M., Munezero, F., Saizonou, J., Makoutodé, M. & Ouedraogo, L. (2015). Factors Associated with Psychoactive Substance Use among Beninese Adolescents. Santé Publique, 27, 871-880. https://doi.org/10.3917/spub.156.0871.


[33] Charan, J., & Biswas, T. (2013). How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian journal of psychological medicine, 35(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.116232.

[34] American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2018). Teens: Alcohol and other drugs. https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_ Youth/Facts for_ Families/FFF-Guide/Teens-Alcohol-And-Other-Drugs-003.aspx.

[35] Abuse, S. (2011). Results from the 2010 National Survey on drug use and health: summary of national findings: ERIC Clearinghouse. Available at: http://store.samhsa.gov/home.

[36] Salvatore, J. E., Gardner, C. O., & Kendler, K. S. (2019). Marriage and reductions in men’s alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use. Psychological Medicine, 50(15), 2634–2640.

https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719002964.

[37] Teixidó-Compañó, E., Espelt, A., Sordo, L., Bravo, M. J., Sarasa-Renedo, A., Indave, B. I., Bosque-Prous, M., & Brugal, M. T. (2018). Differences between men and women in substance use: the role of educational level and employment status. Gaceta Sanitaria, 32(1), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.12.017.

[38] Makanjuola, AB, Daramola, TO, and Obembe, A.O. (2007). Psychoactive substance use among medical students in a Nigerian university. World Psychiatr. 6 (2), 112–114.