The Role of Non-Structural Mitigation Elements in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Disaster Risk Reduction: A Health Perspective on Community Preparedness and Resilience

Abstract:
Landslides frequently occur in hilly areas of Indonesia, including the Poncol District, Magetan Regency, causing significant material losses, fatalities, and socio-economic impacts. Structural mitigation is often unsustainable for communities with limited resources. This study aims to develop a non-structural mitigation model based on community empowerment, integrating risk mapping, capacity building, local wisdom, and inclusive planning to enhance community resilience and adaptation in various regions. This research employs a cross-sectional analytical survey design in Genilangit Village, Poncol, Magetan, involving 150 respondents selected through proportional stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a Likert scale questionnaire, analysed with descriptive statistics and path analysis using Partial Least Squares (PLS). Findings indicate that non-structural mitigation effectiveness has an R-Square of 0.483, explaining 48.3% of the variability. Disaster education and mitigation planning have limited influence, with R-squares of 0.065 and 0.042, respectively. Local wisdom-based mitigation significantly enhances mitigation effectiveness (coefficient 1.201; T-statistic 4.885), whereas identification and mapping show a significant negative effect (coefficient -0.867; T-statistic 3.146). From a health perspective, landslides pose indirect risks, including injuries, disease outbreaks, and psychological stress. This study highlights the need for integrating health aspects into non-structural mitigation strategies. Strengthening risk identification, incorporating disaster education into curricula, community involvement, and addressing health vulnerabilities are essential for improving mitigation effectiveness. An integrated approach ensures resilience and overall well-being in disaster-prone communities, promoting sustainable and community-driven disaster preparedness efforts.
References:
[1]. Lu, W.,
Xiao, Z., Chen, Y., Sun, J., Chen, F., 2024, Spatiotemporal Characteristics and
Rainfall Thresholds of Geological Landslide Disasters in ASEAN Countries. Atmosphere,
15(5):599. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15050599
[2]. Lessy,
M. R., Lassa, J., Zander, K. K., 2024, Understanding Multi-Hazard Interactions
and Impacts on Small-Island Communities: Insights from the Active Volcano
Island of Ternate, Indonesia. Sustainability. 16(16):6894. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166894
[3]. Titz, A.,
Cannon, T., Krüger, F., 2018, Uncovering ‘Community’: Challenging an Elusive
Concept in Development and Disaster Related Work. Societies, 8(3):71.
https://doi.org/10.3390/soc8030071
[4]. Finucane,
M. L., Acosta, J., Wicker, A., Whipkey, K., 2020, Short-Term Solutions to a
Long-Term Challenge: Rethinking Disaster Recovery Planning to Reduce
Vulnerabilities and Inequities. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 17(2):482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020482
[5]. Lau, F.,
2017, Chapter 12 Methods for Correlational Studies. In: Lau F, Kuziemsky C,
editors. Handbook of eHealth Evaluation: An Evidence-based Approach [Internet].
Victoria (BC): University of Victoria, Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK481614/
[6]. Snell,
K. I. E., Archer, L., Ensor, J., Bonnett, L. J., Debray, T. P. A., Phillips, B.,
Collins, G. S., Riley, R. D., 2021, External validation of clinical prediction
models: simulation-based sample size calculations were more reliable than
rules-of-thumb. J Clin Epidemiol, 135:79-89. doi:
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.011. Epub 2021 Feb 14. PMID: 33596458; PMCID:
PMC8352630.
[7]. Howell,
C. R., Su, W., Nassel, A. F. et al., 2020, Area based stratified
random sampling using geospatial technology in a community-based survey. BMC
Public Health ,20(1678). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09793-0
[8]. Yamashita,
T., Millar, R. J., 2021, Likert Scale. In: Gu, D., Dupre, M.E. (eds)
Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_559
[9]. Bick, S.,
Buxton, H., Chase, R. P., Ross, I., Adriano, Z., Capone, D., Knee, J., Brown, J.,
Nalá, R., Cumming, O., Dreibelbis, R., 2021, Using path analysis to test theory
of change: a quantitative process evaluation of the MapSan trial. BMC Public
Health,21(1).1411. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11364-w. PMID: 34271913; PMCID:
PMC8285873.
[10]. Suparji,
S., Heru Santoso, W. N., Sunarto, S., 2024, Research Report on Community-Based
Non-Structural Disaster Mitigation Model, Superior Research of Higher
Education, Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya, Indonesia.
[11]. Smith, A., & Kumar, R., 2019, The
Challenges of Non-Structural Mitigation in Developing Regions. Journal of
Disaster Risk Reduction, 25(3). 224-239. doi: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.06.004).
[12]. Zhang,
L., & Chen, X., 2021, Mapping and Mitigation Measures for Landslide Risk
Areas. Journal of Environmental Hazards, 1992)143-159. doi: 10.1016/j.envhaz.2021.01.012).
[13]. Martinez,
M., Bakheet, R., Akib, S., 2021, Innovative Techniques in the Context of
Actions for Flood Risk Management: A Review. Eng. 2(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/eng2010001
[14]. Hudson,
P., et al., 2022, The benefits of flood mitigation strategies: effectiveness of
integrated protection measures. AIMS Geosciences, 6(4), 459–472. DOI: 10.3934/geosci.2022049,AIMS
Press
[15]. Nguyen,
D. N., Usuda, Y., Imamura, F., 2024, Gaps in and Opportunities for Disaster
Risk Reduction in Urban Areas Through International Standardization of Smart
Community Infrastructure. Sustainability, 16(21):9586.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219586
[16]. Anwana,
E. O., Owojori, O. M., 2023, Analysis of Flooding Vulnerability in Informal
Settlements Literature: Mapping and Research Agenda. Social Sciences.
12(1):40. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12010040
[17]. Gui,
M-W., Chu H-A, Ding, C., Lee, C-C., Ho S-K.,2023, Hazard Mitigation of a
Landslide-Prone Area through Monitoring, Modeling, and Susceptibility
Mapping. Water,15(6):1043. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061043
[18]. Strząbała,
K., Ćwiąkała, P., Puniach, E., 2024, Identification of Landslide Precursors for
Early Warning of Hazards with Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing, 16(15):2781.
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16152781
[19]. Wu,
Y., Lyles, W., Overstreet, K., Sutley, E., 2024, Planning for Adaptation?
Examining the Planning Integration for Hazard Risk Reduction. Sustainability,
16(10), 3999. DOI: 10.3390/su16103999.
[20]. Gupta,
H. S., Nofal, O. M., González, A. D., Nicholson, C. D., van de Lindt, J. W., 2022,
Optimal Selection of Short- and Long-Term Mitigation Strategies for Buildings
within Communities under Flooding Hazard. Sustainability, 14(16):9812.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169812
[21]. Wang,
L., Zhang, H., & Lee, H., 2020, Disaster Education for Youth: Understanding
the Impact on Disaster Preparedness. Journal of Disaster Studies, 35(4),
78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2020.04.003.
[22]. Jones,
S., & Hill, J., 2019, Improving Disaster Preparedness in Schools: The Role
of Education. Disaster Management Review, 14(2), 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1003149120190202.
[23]. Shibata,
M., Tanaka, A., Funaki, N., & Maebayashi, K., 2021, Present situation and
problems of disaster reduction education in Japanese schools. Research
Journal of Disaster Education, 1(1), 19-30. DOI:
10.1109/jstagedata.2021.19.
[24]. Saeki, J., Tsukigase, K., &
Umeyama, G., 2023, Improving the efficacy of education and training for
disaster prevention. Research Journal of Disaster Education, 3(2),
23-33. DOI: 10.1109/jstage.2023.33.
[25]. Patel,
R. K., Pamidimukkala, A., Kermanshachi, S., & Etminani-Ghasrodashti, R.,
2023, Disaster Preparedness and Awareness among University Students: A
Structural Equation Analysis. International Journal of Environmental
Research and Public Health, 20(5),4447. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054447
[26]. Amoah,
A., & Nkrumah, F., 2021, Community Participation in Disaster Risk
Reduction: The Role of Education in Enhancing Disaster Preparedness. International
Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 53, 101931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101931
[27]. Thomas,
D., & García, M., 2019, Fostering Disaster Resilience Through Community
Engagement. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 32(5),
108-118. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101569
[28]. Wilson,
J., & Davis, H., 2021, The Role of Community Awareness in Effective
Disaster Risk Management. Journal of Disaster Studies, 28(4), 450-463.
DOI: 10.1111/jds.12345
[29]. Kim, Y., & Lee, S., 2021, The Role of Community Awareness in Mitigation Planning. Journal of Environmental Management, 257(3), 330-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110013).