Abstract:

Background: Numerous social and medical institutions encourage breastfeeding education and ensure that the WHO recommendations are followed. However, the postpartum period is associated with a great number of psychological challenges, which can contribute to the effectiveness of specific programs or invalidate their effects. Unfortunately, too many programs disregard the importance of the psychological aspects and mainly the underlying beliefs of the females on the education outcomes. It is crucial to consider lactation education from the perspective of the mothers as the target audience. Purpose: The current research focused on how the beliefs of young first-time mothers and their attitudes to different types of sessions influenced the well-being of these mothers and their kids. Methods: The current quantitative research analyzed and compared the perceived effects that different types of lactation education can have on mother’s and infant’s well-being. Results: According to the results, education with the psychological component was associated with higher scores and higher perceived benefits by first-time mothers. Factor 1 (Psychological Education Perception) reveals that factors were “Not Normally Distributed” (p < 0.05). Factors 2, 3, and 4 were Normally Distributed (p > 0.05). ANOVA Results for Normally Distributed Factors revealed no significant difference between groups for Factor 2,3,4. Kruskal-Wallis Test for Non-Normal Factors revealed a highly significant difference (p < 10⁻¹⁶⁰) for Factor 1. Conclusion: Generally, it becomes clear that psychological aspects have a strong impact on perceptions of education value. In contrast, education challenges, mental health benefits, and infant well-being perceptions do not depend on the presence or absence of any mental health training. This suggests that mothers who received psychological education perceived their learning experience as more valuable and were more motivated to accept the support and education and learn all relevant materials properly.

References:

Abstract:

The rapid expansion of the mobile market has catalysed significant advancements in healthcare through the development of smartphone-based consultation services. This study investigates factors influencing healthcare professionals' adoption and usage of these services in Nairobi, Kenya, leveraging the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). We collected quantitative data via a structured online survey from 48 healthcare providers actively involved in telemedicine. Our analysis identified key determinants: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions. The results revealed that performance expectancy and social influence positively influenced the behavioural intention to adopt smartphone-based consultations, while effort expectancy had a negative impact. Gender, age, experience, and voluntary usage were significant moderators. The regression analysis indicated that the younger, the more experienced, and the female healthcare providers showed higher intentions to adopt these technologies. Despite infrastructure and regulatory challenges, the widespread use of smartphones in Kenya provides a promising platform for enhancing healthcare delivery. The findings highlight the need for targeted training and awareness programs, alongside clear regulatory frameworks, to overcome adoption barriers. This study offers localised insights into telemedicine adoption, highlighting the potential of smartphone-based consultation services to alleviate healthcare system burdens and improve access, particularly in urban and underserved regions. These insights are crucial for policymakers, healthcare providers, and technology developers aiming to enhance telemedicine adoption and integration in Nairobi and similar contexts.

References:

[1].   Nopany, S., & Manonmani, S., 2021, Applications of big data analytics in healthcare management systems. International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development, 4(4).

[2].   Andrushchak, V., & Sheremetieva, D., 2024, Data science in healthcare: Top 7 feasible applications. Data Science in Healthcare.

[3].   Onsongo, S., & Kagotho, E., 2024, Telemedicine in Africa: Applications, opportunities, and challenges. A Comprehensive Overview of Telemedicine [Working Title], doi: 10.5772/intechopen.1005094.

[4].   Mbunge, E., Muchemwa, B., & Batani, J., 2022, Are we there yet? Unbundling the potential adoption and integration of telemedicine to improve virtual healthcare services in African health systems. Sensors International, 3, 100152, doi: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100152.

[5].   Darcourt, J. G., et al., 2021, Analysis of the implementation of telehealth visits for care of patients with cancer in Houston during the COVID-19 pandemic. JCO Oncol Pract, 17(1), e36–e43, doi: 10.1200/OP.20.00572.

[6].   Okoroafor, I. J., Chukwuneke, F. N., & Ifebunandu, N., 2017, Telemedicine and biomedical care in Africa: Prospects and challenges. Niger J Clin Pract, 20, 1–5.

[7].   Dodoo, J. E., Al-Samarraie, H., & Alsswey, A., 2022, The development of telemedicine programs in Sub-Saharan Africa: progress and associated challenges. Health Technol, 12(1), 33–46, doi: 10.1007/s12553-021-00626-7.

[8].   Davis, F. D., 1989, Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of Information Technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340, doi: 10.2307/249008.

[9].   Granić, A., & Marangunić, N., 2019, Technology acceptance model in educational context: A systematic literature review. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2572–2593, doi: 10.1111/bjet.12864.

[10].  Marikyan, D., & Papagiannidis, S., 2023, Technology Acceptance Model: A review. In S. Papagiannidis (Ed), TheoryHub Book, https://open.ncl.ac.uk, ISBN: 9781739604400.

[11].  Gu, D., et al., 2021, Assessing the adoption of e-health technology in a developing country: An extension of the UTAUT model. Sage Open, 11(3), 1–16, doi: 10.1177/21582440211027565.

[12].  Rouidi, M., Elouadi, A. E., Hamdoune, A., Choujtani, K., & Chati, A., 2022, TAM-UTAUT and the acceptance of remote healthcare technologies by healthcare professionals: A systematic review. Inform Med Unlocked, 32, 101008, doi: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.101008.

[13].  Cobelli, N., Cassia, F., & Donvito, R., 2023, Pharmacists’ attitudes and intention to adopt telemedicine: Integrating the market-orientation paradigm and the UTAUT. Technol Forecast Soc Change, 196, 122871, doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122871.

[14].  Abdekhoda, M., Dehnad, A., & Zarei, J., 2022, Factors influencing adoption of e-learning in healthcare: Integration of UTAUT and TTF model. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 22(1), 327, doi: 10.1186/s12911-022-02060-9.

[15].  Njoroge, M., Zurovac, D., Ogara, E. A., Chuma, J., & Kirigia, D., 2017, Assessing the feasibility of eHealth and mHealth: a systematic review and analysis of initiatives implemented in Kenya. BMC Res Notes, 10(1), 90, doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-2416-0.

[16].  Onsongo, S., & Kagotho, E., 2024, Telemedicine in Africa: Applications, opportunities, and challenges. A Comprehensive Overview of Telemedicine [Working Title], doi: 10.5772/intechopen.1005094.

[17].  Jaguga, F., & Kwobah, E., 2020, Mental health response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya: A review. Int J Ment Health Syst, 14(1), 1–6, doi: 10.1186/S13033-020-00400-8.

[18].  Chitungo, I., Mhango, M., Mbunge, E., Dzobo, M., Musuka, G., & Dzinamarira, T., 2021, Utility of telemedicine in sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hum Behav Emerg Technol, 5, 843–853, doi: 10.1002/hbe2.297.

[19].  Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., Chan, F. K. Y., Hu, P. J. H., & Brown, S. A., 2011, Extending the two-stage information systems continuance model: Incorporating UTAUT predictors and the role of context. Information Systems Journal, 29(1), 150–175.

[20].  Williams, M. D., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K., 2015, The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): A literature review. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 28(3), 443–488.

[21].  Chao, C. M., 2019, Factors determining the behavioral intention to use mobile learning: An application and extension of the UTAUT model. Front Psychol, 10, 1652, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01652.

[22].  Al-Maroof, R. S., Alshurideh, M. T., Salloum, S. A., & Al-Enezi, A., 2018, The acceptance of google classroom among students: An exploratory study using PLS-SEM approach. In International Conference on Advanced Machine Learning Technologies and Applications, Cham: Springer, 59–70, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-42358-5_6.

[23].  Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., Jeyaraj, A., Clement, M., & Williams, M. D., 2019, Re-examining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): Towards a revised theoretical model. Information Systems Frontiers, 21(3), 719–734, doi: 10.1007/s10796-017-9774-y.

[24].  Ly, B., & Ly, R., 2022, Internet banking adoption under Technology Acceptance Model—Evidence from Cambodian users. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 7, 100224, doi: 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100224.

[25].  Oliveira, T., Thomas, M., Baptista, G., & Campos, F., 2017, Mobile payment: Understanding the determinants of customer adoption and intention to recommend the technology. Comput Human Behav, 61, 404–414.

[26].  Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., & Tondeur, J., 2019, The technology acceptance model (TAM): A meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach to explaining teachers’ adoption of digital technology in education. Comput Educ, 128, 13–35, doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.009.

Abstract:

Titanium implants are widely used in biomedical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, achieving optimal osseointegration remains a challenge. Surface modification techniques, such as acid etching and alkali etching, have been shown to improve implant surface properties, including roughness and chemistry, thereby enhancing cellular adhesion and modulating molecular pathways critical for bone formation. This study evaluated titanium implant surfaces modified using acid etching and alkali etching. Surface topographies were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing distinct morphologies. Acid-etched surfaces exhibited uniformly roughened structures, while alkali-etched surfaces showed smoother textures with pits. Chemical composition analysis, performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), indicated significant alterations, including the formation of bioactive layers that enhance implant integration. In vitro experiments demonstrated that acid-etched surfaces significantly promoted osteoblast adhesion and differentiation compared to alkali-etched surfaces. This was supported by the upregulation of osteogenic molecular markers such as Runx2, SP7, and DLX5, which are vital for bone formation. These findings suggest that acid etching enhances the biological performance of titanium implants, facilitating cellular behaviours necessary for successful osseointegration. In conclusion, acid etching and alkali etching are effective methods for improving titanium implant surfaces, with acid-etched surfaces showing superior potential in promoting osteoblast differentiation and adhesion. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term clinical impact of these surface modifications to optimize implant success and durability.

References:

[1].   Sivakumar, N. K., Palaniyappan, S., Sekar, V., Alodhayb, A., & Braim, M. 2023. An optimization approach for studying the effect of lattice unit cell’s design-based factors on additively manufactured poly methyl methacrylate cranio-implant. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 141(105791), 105791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105791

[2].   Patil, S., Bhandi, S., Alzahrani, K. J., Alnfiai, M. M., Testarelli, L., Soffe, B. W., Licari, F. W., Awan, K. H., & Tanaka, E. 2023. Efficacy of laser in re-osseointegration of dental implants-a systematic review. Lasers in Medical Science, 38(1), 199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-023-03860-9

[3].   Madhu, K., Kannan, S., Perumal, A., & Shanmugam, P. 2023. Biofunctionalized nanocomposite coating on Cp-titanium with reduce implant failures. Vacuum, 215(112328), 112328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2023.112328

[4].   Raval, A., S Yadav, N., Narwani, S., Somkuwar, K., Verma, V., Almubarak, H., Alqahtani, S. M., Tasleem, R., Luke, A. M., Kuriadom, S. T., & Karobari, M. I. 2023. Antibacterial efficacy and surface characteristics of boron nitride coated dental implant: An in-vitro study. Journal of Functional Biomaterials,ss 14(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14040201

[5].   Duraisamy, R., Ganapathy, D. and Shanmugam, R., 2021. Applications of chitosan in dental implantology-A literature review. Int. J. Dent. Oral Sci, 8, pp.4140-4146.

https://doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000846

[6].   Groner, Y., Ito, Y., Liu, P., Neil, J. C., Speck, N. A., & van Wijnen, A. 2017. RUNX Proteins in Development and Cancer. Springer. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=1pNcDgAAQBAJ

[7].   Biosynthesis of Vitex-negundo mineralized hydroxyapatite coating on Ti for implant applications. (n.d.).

[8].   Liu, L., Luo, P., Liao, H., Yang, K., Yang, S., & Tu, M., 2024. Effects of aligned PLGA/SrCSH composite scaffolds on in vitro growth and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials, 112(1), e35366. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.35366

[9].   Pederson, E. D., Lamberts, B. L., NAVAL DENTAL RESEARCH INST GREAT LAKES IL., & Naval Dental Research Institute (U.S.)., 1989. Effect of Root-Surface Modification of Human Teeth on Adherence of Fibronectin. https://books.google.com/books/about/Effect_of_Root_Surface_Modification_of_H.html?hl=&id=xujdNwAACAAJ

[10].  Adden, N., 2006. Modification of Titanium to Generate Biocompatible and Bioactive Implant Surfaces. https://books.google.com/books/about/Modification_of_Titanium_to_Generate_Bio.html?hl=&id=OAoBPwAACAAJ

[11].  Kim, K.-H., Narayanan, R., & Rautray, T. R., 2010. Surface Modification of Titanium for Biomaterial Applications. https://books.google.com/books/about/Surface_Modification_of_Titanium_for_Bio.html?hl=&id=Ii0cQgAACAAJ

[12].  Omoniala, K., 2016. Surface Modification Strategies for Antimicrobial Titanium Implant Materials with Enhanced Osseointegration. https://books.google.com/books/about/Surface_Modification_Strategies_for_Anti.html?hl=&id=cjcbvwEACAAJ

[13].  Abdulla, M. A., Hasan, R. H., & Al-Hyani, O. H. 2023. Impact of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser, Sandblast, and Acid Etching Surface Modification on Surface Topography of Biodental Titanium Implants. Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences, 14, e38. https://doi.org/10.34172/jlms.2023.38

[14].  Baima, G., Romano, F., Roato, I., Mosca Balma, A., Pedraza, R., Faga, M. G., Amoroso, F., Orrico, C., Genova, T., Aimetti, M., & Mussano, F. 2024. Efficacy of a Solution Containing 33% Trichloroacetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide in Decontaminating Machined vs. Sand-Blasted Acid-Etched Titanium Surfaces. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15010021

[15].  Ochi, Y., Yoshida, K., Huang, Y.-J., Kuo, M.-C., Nannya, Y., Sasaki, K., Mitani, K., Hosoya, N., Hiramoto, N., Ishikawa, T., Branford, S., Shanmuganathan, N., Ohyashiki, K., Takahashi, N., Takaku, T., Tsuchiya, S., Kanemura, N., Nakamura, N., Ueda, Y., … Shih, L.-Y., 2021. Clonal evolution and clinical implications of genetic abnormalities in blastic transformation of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nature Communications, 12(1), 2833. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23097-w

[16].  Albrektsson, T., Tengvall, P., Amengual, L., Coli, P., Kotsakis, G. A., & Cochran, D. 2022. Osteoimmune regulation underlies oral implant osseointegration and its perturbation. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 1056914. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056914

[17].  Li, H. 2007. Functional Studies of Dlx5 During Bone Formation: Implications of Dlx Genes in Promoting Osteoblast Differentiation. https://books.google.com/books/about/Functional_Studies_of_Dlx5_During_Bone_F.html?hl=&id=iHXezQEACAAJ

[18].  Liao, T., Xu, X., Wu, J., Xie, Y., & Yan, J. 2023. Increased expression levels of DLX5 inhibit the development of the nervous system. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience, 83(8), 728–739. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdn.10300

Abstract:

Maternal obesity hurts pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes through increased morbidities in the antenatal period, increased intrapartum interventions and post-partum complications. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and risk factors for obesity among pregnant women managed at a Pub lic Tertiary Health Facility, in Southwest, Nigeria. This study is a hospital-based cross-sectional study carried out among 160 pregnant women at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta who booked in the first half of pregnancy at the hospital and who presented in labour. Booking weights and heights were extracted from the case note and were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI) which was thereafter classified based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The labour of respondents was monitored closely, ethical approval was gotten from the Hospital’s Health Research and Ethics Board and written informed consent was taken from patients. Data was obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. P-value <0.05 was taken as significant. The prevalence of maternal obesity was 24.4% and the risk factors found by this study that were statistically significant (P<0.05) with obesity are advanced maternal age, increasing parity and self-reported satisfactory income. In conclusion, a quarter of pregnant women in this study were obese and some of its risk factors have been identified. It is recommended that awareness and health education programmes especially as regards the negative effects of obesity and strategies to help pregnant women maintain a normal weight should be intensified at the antenatal clinics.

References:

[1].   Klufio, C. A., Kwakwukume, E. Y., Emuveyan, E. E., 2002, Obesity in Pregnancy. Comprehensive Obstetrics in the Tropics, 1st Edition, Asante and Hittsher printing press limited, Dansoman, Ghana; 219-225.

[2].   WHO, 2000, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation, WHO Technical Report, Series No. 894, Geneva.

[3].   NCEP, 2001, Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults, Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III), JAMA, 16, 285(19), 2486-97, doi: 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486. PMID: 11368702.

[4].   Broberger, C., Johansen, J., Johansson, C., Schalling, M., Hukfelt, T., 1998, The Neuropeptide Y/agouti Gene-related Protein (AGRP) Brain Circuitry in Normal, Anorexic and Monosodium Glutamate-Treated Mice, Proc. Nati Acad Sci; 95, 150

[5].   Hill, J. O., Wyatt, H. R., Reed, G. W., Peters, J. C., 2003, Obesity and the Environment: Where Do We Go from Here? Science, 299, 853-855.

[6].   WHO, 2014, World Obesity Day 2022 – Accelerating action to stop obesity, New Release.

[7].   ACOG, 2013, Weight Gain during Pregnancy, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Committee opinion No. 548, Obstet Gynecol, 121(1), 210-212, doi: 10.1097/01.aog.0000425668.87506.4c. PMID: 23262962.

[8].   Ruager – Martin, R., Hyde, M. J., Modi. N., 2010, Maternal Obesity and Infant Outcomes, Early Hum Dev, 86, 715-722.

[9].   Bhattacharya, S., Campbell, D. M., Liston, W. A., 2007, Effect of Body Mass Index on Pregnancy Outcomes in Nulliparous Women Delivering Singleton Babies, BMC Public Health, 7, 168.

[10].  Lu, G. C., Rouse, D. J., Dubard, M., Chiver, S., Kimberlin, D., Haulth, J. C., 2001, The Effect of the Increasing Prevalence of Maternal Obesity on Perinatal Morbidity, Am J Obstet Gynecol, 185(4), 845-849.

[11].  El-Gilany, A., El-wehady, A., 2009, Prevalence of Obesity in a Saudi Obstetrics Population, Obes Facts, 2, 217-20.

[12].  Ugwuja, E. l., Akubugwo, E. I., Obidoa, O., Ibiam, A. U., 2010, Maternal BMI during pregnancy: Effect of trace elements status and pregnancy outcomes, Int J Health Res, 3, 71-8.

[13].  Callaway, L. K., Prins, J. B., Chang, A. M., McIntyre, H. D., 2006, The Prevalence and Impact of Overweight and Obesity in an Australian Obstetrics Population, Med J Aust, 184, 56-9

[14].  FGN, 2009, Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette, Vol 96 (2), 36

[15].  Araoye, M. O., 2004, Subject Selection in Research Methodology with Statistics for Health and Social Sciences, 1st edition Nathadex Publishers Nigeria, 115-129.

[16].  Ezeanochie, M. C., Ande, A. B., Olagbuji, B. N., 2011, Maternal Obesity in Early Pregnancy and Subsequent Pregnancy Outcome in a Nigerian Population, African Journal of Reproductive Health, 15(4), 55-59.

[17].  Olayemi, O. O., Umuerri, C. O., Aimakhu, C. O., 2002, Obstetrics Performance of Nigeria Obese Parturients, Trop J Obstet Gynaecol, 19, 17-20

[18].  Chigbu, C. O., Aja, L. O., 2011, Obesity in Pregnancy in South-East Nigeria, Ann Med Health Sci Res, 1(2), 135-140.

[19].  Ajen, S. A., Achara, A. P., Akaba, G. O., Yakubu, E. N., 2014, Prevalence and Risk factors for Obesity in a Nigerian Obstetric Population, American Journal of Health Research, 2(5), 229-233

[20].  Duda, R. B., Darko, R., Seffah, J., Adanu, R. M., Anarfi, J. K., Hill, A. G., 2007, Prevalence of Obesity in Women of Accra Ghana, Afr. J. Health Sci., 14, 154-159.

[21].  Agwara, E. O., Tendongfor, N., Jaja, P. T., Choy, A. M., Egbe, T.O., 2023, Prevalence and Pregnant Women’s Knowledge of Maternal Obesity and Excessive Gestational Weight Gain among Women Attending Antenatal Care in Fako Division Cameroon, The Pan African Medical Journal, 44, https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2023.44.2.36592

[22].  AlAnnaz, W. A., Gouda, A. D., Ahmed, F., Alanazi, M. R., 2024, Obesity Prevalence and Its Impact on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study Design, Nursing Reports, 14(2), 1236-1250. https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14020094

[23].  Kirkegaard, H., Stovring, H., Rasmussen, K. M., Abrams, B., Sørensen, T. I., Nohr, E. A., 2014, How Do Pregnancy-Related Weight Changes and Breastfeeding Relate to Maternal Weight and BMI-Adjusted Waist Circumference 7 Years After Delivery? Results From a Path Analysis, Am J Clin Nutr, 99(2), 312-9. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.067405. Epub 2013 Dec 11. PMID: 24335054; PMCID: PMC7289327

[24].  Hajiahmadi, M., Shafi, H., Delavar, M. A., 2014, Impact of Parity on Obesity; A Cross-sectional Study in Iranian Women, Med Princ Pract, 245, 1-10

[25].  American Society for Clinical Nutrition, 2008, Consequences of Smoking for Body Weight Fat Distribution and Insulin Resistance, Am J Clin Nutr, 87(4), 801-809.

[26].  Romy, G., Busra, D., Albert, H., Johan, P. M., Eric, A. P., Vincent, W. V. J., 2013, Risk Factors and Outcomes of Maternal Obesity and Excessive Weight Gain During Pregnancy, Obesity Journal, 21, 1046-1055.

Abstract:

Diabetic macular oedema (DME) is the most frequent cause of visual loss among diabetic patients. The accumulation of comorbidities makes the ageing diabetic more fragile, especially in oldest-old adults, and is linked to increased hospitalisation and death rates. This case report analyses the complex treatment of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy with focal Photocoagulation of DME in an oldest-old woman who initially arrived with numerous diabetic comorbidities. An 82-year-old woman visited ophthalmology OPD twelve years before to perform cataract surgery. During that time, the patient did not have diabetic retinopathy at the baseline. One year before, due to irregular medication, she developed DME and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 6/36 in the right eye and prescribed to be under insulin therapy. Optical coherence tomography confirmed the presence of macular oedema and showed areas of retinal capillary non-perfusion and retinal leakage from numerous microaneurysms in the macular area. Following that, unilateral focal photocoagulation was planned. Despite grid laser, the macular oedema persisted and after two sessions of laser therapy, the macular oedema was reduced and the patient was satisfied with her vision. There is a need for further research on focal photocoagulation of DME among oldest-old adults.

References:

Abstract:

This hospital-based case-control study explored whether the association between obesity and the risk of knee osteoarthritis (knee OA) exists. The study was conducted at an Orthopaedic Hospital Wamakko, a referral centre located in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria for a period between January 2021 and December 2021. The cases with knee OA and unmatched controls were randomly selected. The inclusion criteria were adult patients aged >40 years with knee OA. The data was collected including the body mass index (BMI) in kg/m2 of each patient. Obesity was defined as BMI>29.9 kg/m2. Data were analysed using SPSS version 26. There were a total of 372 patients in the study with 124 cases and 248 controls in a ratio of 1:2. The average age was 53.7±10.8 (range 40 to 88 years). There were 165 (44.4%) males and 207 (55.6%) females. Among all the patients, there were 115 (30.9%) obese with 47 (40.9%) males and 68 (59.1%) females. Of the 257 (69.1%) non-obese patients, 118 (45.9%) were males and 139 (54.1%) were females. Among the 124 cases, there were 69 (55.6%) obese patients with 25 (36.2%) males and 44 (63.8%) females. The 55 (44.4%) non-obese patients among the cases were 24 (43.6%) males and 31 (56.4%) females. There was a statistical significance result between obesity and knee OA (OR=5.509, CI=3.417-8.881, and P<0.0001). The study showed obese individuals have 5.509 times more risk of having knee OA compared with non-obese individuals indicating weight reduction as a key to prevention and treatment of knee OA.

References:

[1].   Kolasinski, S. L., Neogi, T., Hochberg, M. C., Oatis, C., Guyatt, G., Block, J., Callahan, L., Copenhaver, C., Dodge, C., Felson, D., Gellar, K., 2019, American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis & rheumatology. 2020 Feb;72(2):220-33.

[2].   Katz, J. N., Arant, K. R., Loeser, R. F., 2021, Diagnosis and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis: a review. Jama. 325(6):568-78.

[3].   Langworthy, M., Dasa, V., Spitzer, A. I., 2024, Knee osteoarthritis: disease burden, available treatments, and emerging options. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease. https://doi.org/10.1177/1759720X241273009.

[4].   Gorial, F. I., Sabah, S. A., Kadhim, M. B., Jamal, N. B., 2018, Functional status in knee osteoarthritis and its relation to demographic and clinical features. Mediterranean Journal of Rheumatology. 29(4):207-10.

[5].   Christensen, R., Henriksen, M., Leeds, A. R., Gudbergsen, H., Christensen, P., Sørensen, T. J., Bartels, E. M., Riecke, B. F., Aaboe, J., Frederiksen, R., Boesen, M., 2015, Effect of weight maintenance on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis in obese patients: a twelve‐month randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care & Research. 67(5):640-50.

[6].   Chen, L., Zheng, J. J., Li, G., Yuan, J., Ebert, J. R., Li, H., Papadimitriou, J., Wang, Q., Wood, D., Jones, C. W., Zheng, M., 2020, Pathogenesis and clinical management of obesity-related knee osteoarthritis: Impact of mechanical loading. Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. 24:66-75.

[7].   Wolfenden, L., Ezzati, M., Larijani, B., Dietz, W., 2019, The challenge for global health systems in preventing and managing obesity. Obesity Reviews. 20:185-93.

[8].   Li, E., Tan, J., Xu, K., Pan, Y., Xu, P., 2024, Global burden and socioeconomic impact of knee osteoarthritis: a comprehensive analysis. Frontiers in Medicine. 11:1323091.

[9].   Lyn, R., Heath, E., Dubhashi, J., 2019, Global implementation of obesity prevention policies: a review of progress, politics, and the path forward. Current Obesity Reports. 8:504-16.

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[15].  Al Khatib, F., Gouissem, A., Mbarki, R., Adouni, M., 2022, Biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint during gait in obese versus normal subjects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16;19(2):989.

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[18].  Landsmeer, M. L., de Vos, B. C., van der Plas, P., van Middelkoop, M., Vroegindeweij, D., Bindels, P. J., Oei, E. H., Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M., Runhaar, J., 2018, Effect of weight change on progression of knee OA structural features assessed by MRI in overweight and obese women. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 26(12):1666-74.

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Abstract:

Hypertension is associated with a factor of ischemic heart disease and other chronic medical conditions. The association between hyperglycaemia and elevated abnormal blood lipid concentration has already been proposed. However, information about the roles of total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) is currently limited. This study intends to explore the difference in triglycerides and total cholesterol between the normotension and hypertension groups in the Surakarta community. An observational study applying a cross-sectional design has been accomplished, and the study population resided in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. This study was conducted in August-November 2022. Each participant should complete the provided questionnaire to survey the general characteristics such as age and sex. Patients were also measured in terms of their body weight and height, abdomen circumference, body mass index, total cholesterol, and triglyceride. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used in this study. The univariate analysis aims to describe each characteristic of the research variable. After univariate analysis, bivariate analysis was performed on two related variables. This study used Mann-Whitney analysis to identify the differences between predictor variables. Individuals with hypertension demonstrated substantially higher amounts of SBP and DBP than the normotension group (p=0.002 and 0.000 respectively). Total cholesterol between normotension and hypertension groups showed a significant difference (p=0.004). Other variables such as body weight, body height, abdomen circumference, body mass index, and triglyceride didn’t significantly differ between normotension and hypertension groups. It can be concluded that total cholesterol can be used as a predictor for hypertension risk.

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Abstract:

Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. Access to prompt and effective treatment of malaria is at the core of the prevention of deaths in under 5 children in Nigeria. This study investigates the socio-demographic determinants of prompt response behavior of caregivers to malaria among children under 5 years in Nigeria. The analysis is based on 14,6471 women aged 15- 49 years from the most recent national population-based survey (Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2021) using chi-square and logistic regression methods. The study is based on caregivers whose children had malaria at least 2 weeks before the survey across the 36 states in Nigeria including the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Knowledge of fever, educational attainment of caregivers and family wealth are all significant determinants of prompt malaria treatment for children under 5 years in Nigeria. Respondents with adequate knowledge of malaria signs and symptoms were 1.5 times more likely to seek prompt treatment, those who have at least primary education were 1.7 times more likely to seek prompt treatment while the higher the family wealth, the more likely it is for a caregiver to seek prompt treatment for malaria for children under 5 years. Despite the high knowledge of malaria among caregivers, there is still low timely treatment response for children under 5 years. Therefore, programs should focus on increasing awareness and benefits of prompt care-seeking among caregivers.

References:

[1].  World Health Organization. 2020. World Malaria Report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015791

[2].  Antonio-Nkondjio, C., Ndo, C., Njiokou, F., Bigoga, J. D., Awono-Ambene, P., Etang, J., & Wondji, C. S. 2019. Review of malaria situation in Cameroon: technical viewpoint on challenges and prospects for disease elimination. Parasites & Vectors, 12(1), 501. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3753-8

[3].  Adedokun, S. T., Uthman, O. A. 2020. Individual and contextual correlates of mosquito net use among women in Nigeria. Malaria Journal, 19, 138. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03219-3

[4].  Ameyaw, E. K., Adde, K. S., Dare, S., & Yaya, S., 2020. Rural–urban variation in insecticide-treated net utilization among pregnant women: Evidence from 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Malaria Journal, 19(1), 407. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03481-5

[5].  Nkoka, O., Chuang, T. W., & Chen, Y. H. 2020. Multilevel analysis of factors associated with treatment-seeking behaviors among caregivers with febrile children in Malawi. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 102(1), 177-187. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0900

[6].  Asakitikpi, A. E. 2019. Healthcare coverage and affordability in Nigeria: An alternative model to equitable healthcare delivery. Universal Health Coverage. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85978

[7].  Adebayo, A. M., Akinyemi, O. O., & Cadmus, E. O. 2015. Knowledge of malaria prevention among pregnant women and female caregivers of under-five children in rural southwest Nigeria. PeerJ, 3, e792. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.792

[8].  Lwenge, M., Govule, P., Katongole, S. P., & Dako-Gyeke, P. 2023. Malaria treatment health-seeking behaviors among international students at the University of Ghana Legon. PLOS ONE, 18(10), e0276412. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276412

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[10]. Onwujekwe, O., Hanson, K., & Fox-Rushby, J., 2010. Inequalities in purchase of mosquito nets and willingness to pay for insecticide-treated nets in Nigeria: Challenges for malaria control interventions. Malaria Journal, 9(1), 149.

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Abstract:

This study assessed the knowledge of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV/AIDS and the determinants of this knowledge among women living with HIV who received PMTCT services in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. This cross-sectional study used data from a structured questionnaire from postpartum mothers living with HIV who were at least two months post-partum between January – March 2023 and had received PMTCT services during the PMTCT scale-up period (January 2022 – December 2022) across 13 health facilities in Akwa Ibom, Nigeria. Knowledge of PMTCT was categorized as 'good' if participants scored ≥ cut-off score using the demarcation threshold formula. Proportions of women with good knowledge of PMTCT services were compared using the Chi-square test, while logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with good PMTCT knowledge. All analyses were conducted using STATA 14.0. Of the 631 women, 215 (34.1%) were identified and enrolled on PMTCT at community birth centres, while 416 (65.9%) were at the health facility. Overall, 82.2% (518/630) of respondents had good knowledge of PMTCT, and higher among respondents from health facilities (n = 86%, 358/415), compared to those from the community birth centres (n = 74%, 160/215, p<0.001). Among respondents who were identified in the community birth centres, PMTCT knowledge was 2.5 times higher among those residents in the urban compared to those residents in the rural area (aOR=2.522; 95%CI = 1.025-6.202). To improve PMTCT knowledge, targeted information should be provided to women receiving prenatal care at community birth centres and those living in rural areas.

References:

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[2].   World Health Organization, 2016, Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Recommendations for a public health approach, second edition. Geneva. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/208825

[3].   UNAIDS, 2014, The Gap Report.2014. Children and pregnant women living with HIV. Geneva: Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/ media asset/0._ChildrenandpregnantwomenlivingwithHIV.pdf, accessed 10 August 2024.

[4].   WHO, 2018, HIV diagnosis and ARV use in HIV-exposed infants: a programmatic update. Geneva: World Health Organization, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/273155/WHOCDS-HIV-18.17-eng.pdf, accessed 10 August 2024.

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[6].   UNAIDS, 2021, Start free, stay free, AIDS free: Final report on 2020 targets. Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/2021_start-free-stay-free-aids-free-final-report-on-2020-targets_en.pdf

[7].   Federal Ministry of Health Nigeria, 2020, National Guidelines for HIV Prevention, Treatment and Care, https://nascp.gov.ng/resources/get_resource_doc/31

[8].   Ciampa P. J., Skinner S. L., Patricio S. R., Rothman R. L., Vermund S. H., Audet C. M., 2012, Comprehensive Knowledge of HIV among Women in Rural Mozambique: Development and Validation of the HIV Knowledge 27 Scale. PLoS One. Oct 31;7(10).

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Abstract:

Despite strides in vaccination, hurdles remain, especially regarding the uncertain acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccinations among healthcare workers and the public. This study assessed the Perspective of Low COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake and its Effect; contributing factors, perception and consequences of Low COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake evaluated. The study site was St. Dominic's Hospital (St. DH) and neighbouring area, Ndola, Zambia, utilising a qualitative research design. Purposive sampling was employed selected 50 participants were for Focus Group Discussions, and data was analysed thematically. The participants’ age group was 21-50 years. The findings revealed both positive perceptions and underscored the importance of vaccination in reducing the severity of disease and preventing deaths, recognizing the benefits of immunization. 53.7% of married have negative perceptions statistically significant (P-value <0.001) others expressing concerns about adverse effects, doubt, anxiety about safety, efficacy and mistrust in fast vaccine production. Anxiety about safety was prevalent at 86.4%, particularly in males P<0.001) and 41-50 years P<0.001). Regarding contributing Factors of hesitancy: 65.5% expressed reluctance with significant associations among 31-40 years (AOR=5.81 [2.14-15.80]; P=0.001), also were social and political factors, traditional beliefs, fear and misinformation. Moreover, (96.2%) expressed the negative effects of low COVID-19 vaccination, emphasizing the consequences of economic disruption, increased health risks and mental impacts. Participants highlighted strategies to address the Low COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake: community sensitization through various communication channels, outreach campaigns, and involvement of partnerships, health authorities and international organizations in a coordinated manner to address concerns. Prioritizing accurate information to build trust and improve the Uptake.

References:

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[25].  Wong, C. L., Leung, A. W. Y., Chung, O. M. H., & Chien, W. T., 2022, Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination uptake among community members in Hong Kong: A cross-sectional online survey. BMJ Open, 12, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058416.

[26].  Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Haidar, A., Taim, D., et al., 2021, High rates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and its association with conspiracy beliefs: A study in Jordan and Kuwait among other Arab countries. Vaccines, 9, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010042.

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Abstract:

In this study, we explored the expression dynamics of osteoblast differentiation marker genes under the influence of static magnetic fields (SMF) in high glucose conditions. High glucose can significantly impair osteoblast function and differentiation- particularly in diabetic patients with persistent hyperglycemia. In the in-vivo diabetic-like environment that is under glucose level, SMF’s role in bone formation was evaluated using Human osteoblastic cells that were treated with SMF for up to 7 days. The expression of key osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and collagen type I (COL1A1) was analysed using qRT-PCR and ELISA. The findings demonstrated that high glucose led to pronounced inhibition of osteoblast differentiation markers. Conversely, being exposed to an SMF dramatically increases the expression of markers for osteoblast differentiation. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of glucose on osteoblast development appear to be lessened upon SMF exposure. These results emphasize the significance of taking into account the positive effects of SMF, which may have therapeutic potential in bone repair.

References:

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[2].   Bao, K., Jiao, Y., Xing, L., Zhang, F., Tian, F., 2023, The role of Wnt signaling in diabetes‐induced osteoporosis, Diabetol Metab Syndr, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 84.

[3].   Ross, B. J., Lee, O. C., Harris, M. B., Dowd, T. C., Savoie, F. H. 3rd, Sherman, W. F., 2022, The impact of diabetes on osteoporosis management and secondary fracture risk after primary fragility fractures: a propensity score-matched cohort study, J Am Acad Orthop Surg, vol. 30, no. 2, p. e204–12.

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Abstract:

This study aimed to identify morphometric abnormalities in the lumbar spine and their correlation with serum biomarkers, including calcium and vitamin D in individuals with low back pain (LBP). The prospective study was conducted at GSL Medical College Rajahmundry and included 412 participants over 18 years old with LBP. Detailed clinical histories were recorded, fasting blood samples were collected, and lumbar spine MRIs were assessed. Significant differences in disc heights were noted in the L3-L4 and L5-S1 regions. Biomarkers such as Serotransferrin (TRF), alpha-2-macroglobulin (AMG), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 (AAG), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2 (AGP2) and alpha-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG) were quantified using ELISA and nephelometry. Despite no significant variation in serum calcium and vitamin D levels between pain groups, statistically significant differences in the levels of TRF (P < 0.01), AAT (P < 0.01), AAG (P < 0.01), AGP2 (P < 0.01) and A1BG (P < 0.05) were observed. The findings suggest that lumbar disc morphology and specific serum biomarkers may play a role in LBP pathogenesis.

References:

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[2].    Khanna, M., Dahiya, A., Garg, A., Yadav, U., Sheoran, A., Dutta, M., Singh, L., Sharma, R., & Amit, 2021, Estimation of vitamin D level in low backache cases and their outcome after treatment with vitamin D. International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics, 7(1), 120–124.

[3].    Aparna, P., Muthathal, S., Nongkynrih, B., & Gupta, S. K., 2018, Vitamin D deficiency in India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 7(2), 324.

[4].    Goyal, V., & Agrawal, M., 2021, Effect of supplementation of vitamin D and calcium on patients suffering from chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain: A pre-post study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10(5), 1839.

[5].    Catharine Ross, A., Taylor, C. L., Yaktine, A. L., & Del Valle, H. B., 2011, Overview of Calcium. In Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. National Academies Press (US).

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[7].    Yadav, U., Singh, V., Bhargava, N., Srivastav, A. K., Neyaz, Z., Phadke, R. V., & Mishra, P., 2020, Lumbar Canal Diameter Evaluation by CT Morphometry-Study of Indian Population. International Journal of Spine Surgery, 14(2), 175–181.

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[13].   Saxena, A. K., Chilkoti, G. T., Singh, A., & Yadav, G., 2019, Pregnancy-induced Low Back Pain in Indian Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Correlation with Serum Calcium Levels. Anesthesia Essays and Researches, 13(2), 395.

[14].   Wacker, M., & Holick, M. F., 2013, Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health. Dermato-endocrinology, 5(1), 51–108. https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.24494

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[16].   Harinarayan, C. V., Holick, M. F., Prasad, U. V., Vani, P. S., & Himabindu, G., 2013, Vitamin D status and sun exposure in India. Dermato-endocrinology, 5(1), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.23873

[17].   Amrein, K., Scherkl, M., Hoffmann, M., Neuwersch-Sommeregger, S., Köstenberger, M., Tmava Berisha, A., Martucci, G., Pilz, S., & Malle, O., 2020, Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(11), 1498–1513. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y

[18].   Khanna, Mohit, Amit Dahiya, Abhishek Garg, Umesh Yadav, Ajay Sheoran, Mayank Dutta, Lovjot Singh, Rakesh Sharma, and Amit, 2021, “Estimation of Vitamin D Level in Low Backache Cases and Their Outcome after Treatment with Vitamin D.” International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 7 (1): 120–24.

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[20].   Jeffrey K. Pinto, Kate Davis, Lavagnon A., Ika, Kam Jugdev, Ofer Zwikael, 2022, Coming to terms with project success: Current perspectives and future challenges, International Journal of Project Management, Volume 40, Issue 7.

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Abstract:

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with the huge burden of cervical cancer in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of female undergraduate students towards HPV infection and the HPV vaccine. A descriptive cross-sectional study was used to study 204 female undergraduate students selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22.0 with a statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05. The minimum and maximum ages of respondents were 17 and 40 years with a mean± SD of 22.4±3.4 years. About two-thirds of the students had a monthly income of <#18,000. Only 38% of the students had good knowledge while more than half of the students (55.0%) had negative attitudes towards HPV and HPV vaccines. The majority (94.5%) had the attitude attributable to lack of awareness, (18.0%) due to the number of doses required, (26.5%) due to perceived reason for increased sexual promiscuity, and having one or no sexual partner (25.5%) respectively. A significantly higher proportion (69.2%, p=0.01) of students from other ethnic groups had good knowledge of HPV and HPV infection. Similarly, a significantly higher proportion of students with good knowledge (50.5%, p=0.001) were from science-based faculty. However, a significantly higher proportion of students having a positive attitude towards HPV and HPV vaccine were in their final college year (68.8%, p=0.02). The knowledge and attitude of the undergraduate students towards HPV infection and vaccine were suboptimal. The government and relevant stakeholders should intensify social mobilization activities on the importance and benefits of the HPV vaccine and the prevention of HPV infection.

References:

[1].   Khatiwada M., Kartasasmita C., Mediani H. S., Delprat C., Van Hal G., Dochez C., 2021, Knowledge, Attitude and Acceptability of the Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine and Vaccination Among University Students in Indonesia, Front Public Health, 14;9:616456. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.616456.

[2].   Rahman M., R. A., Emdadul S., Golam M., Sharmin N. R., Choudhury S. A.,2013, Beating Cervical Cancer in the Developed Countries: A Dream or a Reality?, Current Topics in Public Health, InTech. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52881

[3].   Zizza A., Banchelli F., Guido M., Marotta C., Di Gennaro F., Mazzucco W., Pistotti V., D'Amico R.,2021, Efficacy and safety of human papillomavirus vaccination in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Sci Rep, 2;11(1):4954. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83727-7.

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[5].   Onowhakpor A. O., Omuemu V. O., Osagie O. L., Odili C. G., 2021, Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination: Knowledge, Attitude and Uptake among Female Medical and Dental Students in a Tertiary Institution in Benin-City, Nigeria. Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, 28 (2) 101-108.

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Abstract:

Decentralised nursing education has emerged as a pivotal strategy for addressing workforce shortages and promoting equitable access to quality healthcare. This article analyses the impact of decentralised nursing and clinical and technical programmes offered through the Ministry of Health in Guyana and how they can help address shortages of healthcare workers and promote equitable access to quality healthcare. Attempts to increase diversity within the healthcare profession have resulted in more ethnically diverse students enrolling on nursing education programmes. One of the critical challenges faced by nursing and clinical education programmes in Guyana is the limited capacity of centralised institutions to accommodate many students. As a result, there is a need to explore alternative methods of delivering nursing and clinical education to meet the increasing health sector demand. Decentralised nursing and clinical education provide a solution to this challenge by bringing nursing and clinical education programmes closer to the communities in need. The paper uses empirical evidence collected from 2019 -2024 on four (4) decentralised training programmes: the nursing assistant, community health worker, pharmacy assistant, and medical laboratory technician training programmes. It examines the reasons behind decentralised education, its implementation in Guyana, and its various impacts on nursing practice, education, and healthcare outcomes. The rapid expansion in healthcare facilities throughout Guyana would demand an increase in the number of healthcare workers trained. This research has significant findings that show the impact of decentralising nursing and clinical education, which could be deemed one of the main sources of increasing the number of healthcare workers, improving healthcare accessibility, empowering local communities, and strengthening its health workforce.

References:

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[6].   Villiers, M. D., Schalkwyk, S. V., Blitz, J., et al., 2017, Decentralised training for medical students: A scoping review. BMC Med Educ. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-1050-9

[7].   Eriksen, L. T., Huemer, J. E., 2019, The contribution of decentralised nursing education to social responsibility in rural Arctic Norway. Int J Circumpolar Health. 78(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2019.1691706

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[9].   Skaalvik, M. W., Gaski, M., Norbye, B., 2014, Decentralized nursing education in Northern Norway: A basis for continuing education to meet competence needs in rural Arctic healthcare services. Int J Circumpolar Health. 73:25328. https://doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v73.25328

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[11].  Norbye, B., Butler, L., Exner-Pirot, H., 2018, Under the same sky: Connecting students and cultures through circumpolar nursing education. Healthcare. 6(2):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare6020050

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[15].  Faguet, J. P., Sánchez, F. M., Ambel, A. A., 2019, Decentralization's effects on education and health in Ethiopia. Retrieved from [PDF] Decentralization_s_effects_on_education_health_in_Ethiopia_v3.pdfDecentralization's effects on education and health: Evidence from Ethiopia

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Abstract:

The present study reports the extracellular one-pot synthesis of zirconium and titanium oxide nanoparticles (Zr/TiO-NPs) mediated by Aspergillus flavus. This green synthesis approach leverages the bio-reductive capabilities of fungal metabolites, providing an environmentally friendly and efficient method for nanoparticle  synthesis . The synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Antioxidant activity, assessed at varying concentrations (20–80 µg/ml), demonstrated a concentration-dependent manner , with the highest activity observed at 80 µg/ml. Similarly, the anti-inflammatory efficacy, determined using the albumin denaturation method, revealed maximum activity at 100 µg/ml and the lowest at 20 µg/ml, highlighting their potential to mitigate inflammatory responses. These findings underscore the potential of Aspergillus flavus Zr/TiO-NPs as promising agents for biomedical applications, particularly in combating oxidative stress and inflammation.

References:

[1].   Krishnaswamy, K., Orsat, V., 2017, Sustainable delivery systems through green nanotechnology. In Nano-and microscale drug delivery systems Elsevier. (PP 17-32). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-52727-9.00002-9

[2].   Karthiga, P., Ponnanikajamideen, M., Samuel Rajendran, R., Annadurai, G., Rajeshkumar, S., 2019, Characterization and toxicology evaluation of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on the embryonic development of zebrafish, Daniorerio. Drug & Chemical Toxicology, 42(1).https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2018.1523186

[3].   Aleem, A. R., Shahzadi, L., Nasir, M., Hajivand, P., Alvi, F., Akhtar, A., Yar, M., 2022, Developing sulfur‐doped titanium oxide nanoparticles loaded chitosan/cellulose‐based proangiogenic dressings for chronic ulcer and burn wounds healing. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 110(5), 1069-1081.https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.34981

[4].   Fouda, A., Awad, M. A., Al-Faifi, Z. E., Gad, M. E., Al-Khalaf, A. A., Yahya, R., Hamza, M. F., 2022, Aspergillus flavus-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antibacterial, anti-candida, acaricides, and photocatalytic activities. Catalysts, 12(5), 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12050462

[5].   Shravani, V. P., Sundari, S. K., Jeyachandran, S., Nagesh, S., 2023, Green synthesis and characterization of Xanthium strumarium-mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Cureus, 15(12). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.51012.

[6].   Veerabhadraswamy, B. N., Pradeep, H. K., Swaroop, K., Manoj, K. M., Nadigar, M. D., Patel, M. A., Bhagya, N. P., 2024, Green synthesis and characterization of Zirconium Oxide with antimicrobial activities. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 1300, No. 1, p. 012036). IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1300/1/012036

[7].   Majedi, A., Abbasi, A., &Davar, F., 2016, Green synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles using the modified Pechini method and characterization of its optical and electrical properties. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 77, 542-552. doi:10.1007/s10971-015-3881-3

[8].   Swathi, N., Sandhiya, D., Rajeshkumar, S., Lakshmi, T., 2019, Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Cassia fistula and its antibacterial activity. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci, 10(2), 856-860. doi:10.26452/ijrps.v10i2.261

[9].   Al-Soub, A., Khleifat, K., Al-Tarawneh, A., Al-Limoun, M., Alfarrayeh, I., Al Sarayreh, A., Albashaireh, A., 2022, Silver nanoparticles biosynthesis using an airborne fungal isolate, Aspergillus flavus: optimization, characterization and antibacterial activity. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 14(4), 518. doi: 10.18502/ijm.v14i4.10238.

[10].  Dhar, S. A., Chowdhury, R. A., Das, S., Nahian, M. K., Islam, D., Gafur, M. A., 2021, Plant-mediated green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Phyllanthusemblica fruit extract. Materials Today: Proceedings, 42, 1867-1871. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.222.

[11].  HabeebRahman, H. B., Dhandapani, R., Narayanan, S., Palanivel, V., Paramasivam, R., Subbarayalu, R., Muthupandian, S., 2022, Medicinal plants mediated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. IET nanobiotechnology, 16(4), 115-144. https://doi.org/10.1049/nbt2.12078.

[12].  Al-Zaqri, N., Muthuvel, A., Jothibas, M., Alsalme, A., Alharthi, F. A., Mohana, V., 2021, Biosynthesis of zirconium oxide nanoparticles using Wrightiatinctoria leaf extract: characterization, photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial activities. Inorganic Chemistry Communications, 127, 108507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108507

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[14].  Putluru, S., Snega, R., Sravanthy, P. G., Saravanan, M., 2024, One-Pot Synthesis of Silver/Zirconium Nanoparticles Using Sargassumtenerrimum for the Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities. Cureus, 16(6), e61779. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.61779.

[15].  Mohammed, E. J., Abdelaziz, A. E., Mekky, A. E., Mahmoud, N. N., Sharaf, M., Al-Habibi, M. M., Shoun, A. A., 2024, Biomedical Promise of Aspergillus Flavus-Biosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles: A Green Synthesis Approach to Antiviral, Anticancer, Anti-Biofilm, and Antibacterial Applications. Pharmaceuticals, 17(7), 915. doi:10.3390/ph17070915

[16] Degola, F., Marzouk, B., Gori, A., Brunetti, C., Dramis, L., Gelati, S., Restivo, F. M., 2019, Aspergillus flavus as a model system to test the biological activity of botanicals: An example on CitrulluscolocynthisL. schrad. organic extracts. Toxins, 11(5), 286.doi: 10.3390/toxins11050286.

Abstract:

Interleukins, a category of cytokines, are crucial in the inflammatory mechanisms associated with Lumbar degenerative disorders (LDD). This study evaluated the correlation between cytokine biomarkers and demographic, socioeconomic, and occupational factors in persons diagnosed with LDD. An investigation was carried out on 112 patients diagnosed with low back pain (LBP) at GSL from December 2021 to January 2023 Medical College, Rajahmundry. The concentrations of interleukins (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and IL-13) in the blood were quantified utilizing multiplex fluorescent antibody assays. The study included 62 males and 50 females, with a mean age of 48.3 years. A notable correlation existed between increased IL-6 levels and patients with LBP compared to controls (P < 0.05). Positive relationships were seen between IL-6 levels and age, body mass index (BMI), and illness duration. Extended sitting and socioeconomic status were significant risk factors for low back pain (P = 0.042). Patients diagnosed with degenerative disc disease (DDD) and spinal stenosis (SS) had elevated levels of IL-6 compared to persons with disc herniation (DH). Elevated circulating levels of IL-6 are correlated with LDD and demonstrate an association with age, BMI, and symptom duration. Socioeconomic factors and work practices significantly influence the occurrence of LBP. The findings suggest that cytokine biomarkers, particularly IL-6, may serve as significant indicators for assessing the severity and course of LDD. It is recommended that we undertake further extensive investigations to validate these findings and explore therapy strategies centred on cytokine regulation.

References:

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Abstract:

Treating wound infections is increasingly challenging because of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Plants have recently emerged as a viable strategy for addressing antibiotic resistance and enhancing wound care. The antioxidant activity of Madhuca indica is essential for preventing oxidative stress by free radicals. In silico analysis of the bioactive compound was done by DPPH and the prominent phytochemicals were found in the extract after phytochemical screening. Phytochemical analysis of M. indica revealed that the plant contains flavonoids among many other bioactive compounds. M. indica exhibits concentration dependent radical scavenging activity, according to the DPPH test, where the percentage of radicals inhibited rises with concentrations as 10-50 µg/mL. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial targets were studied to elucidate the potential of M. indica compounds in combating these resistant strains. Multidrug resistance may be treated as the structural modification of the identified compounds, which may increase their efficiency and selectivity against the target microorganisms. Compounds from M. indica can also be added to already approved antibiotics; these combinations have synergistic effects that can help address the resistance issue. The activity indicated strong free radical scavenging activity that might help fight oxidative stress and aid in wound healing. The result of such computational predictions needs to be further studied in silico to validate the therapeutic application of several identified drugs. These possibilities suggest that novel antimicrobial agents derived from plants may be able to address the ongoing issue of multidrug resistance.

References:

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[4].   Smith, R. M., Lautenbach, E., Omulo, S., Araos, R., Call, D. R., Kumar, G. C., Chowdhury, F., McDonald, C. L. and Park, B. J., 2021, November. Human colonization with multidrug-resistant organisms: getting to the bottom of antibiotic resistance. In Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 8(11), 531. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab531

[5].   Alsaab, S. M., Alotaibi, S. K., Bhaskaran, P. M. and Domnic, I. S., 2024. Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDROs) and Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern from clinical samples of the patients in Riyadh Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pharmacognosy Journal, 16(4), 102-117. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2024.16.125

[6].   AlRawashdeh, M. M., Ishak, A., Al-Bunnia, A., Agouridis, A. P., Lytras, T., Spernovasilis, N. and Tsioutis, C., 2024. Patient Experiences and Perceptions with Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Organisms: A Systematic Review. Pathogens, 13(9),817. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090817

[7].   Ryntathiang, I., Behera, A., Richard, T. and Jothinathan, M. K. D., 2024. An Assessment of the In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Cobalt Nanoparticles Synthesized from Millettia pinnata, Butea monosperma, and Madhuca indica Extracts: A Comparative Study. Cureus, 16(4),e59112. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.59112

[8].   Balasubramanian, S. and Venkatachalam, P., 2022. Green synthesis of carbon solid acid catalysts using methane sulfonic acid and its application in the conversion of cellulose to platform chemicals. Cellulose, 29(3),1509-1526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04419-7

[9].   Habeeb Rahuman, H. B., Dhandapani, R., Narayanan, S., Palanivel, V., Paramasivam, R., Subbarayalu, R., Thangavelu, S. and Muthupandian, S., 2022. Medicinal plants mediated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. IET nanobiotechnology, 16(4),115-144. https://doi.org/10.1049/nbt2.12078

[10]. Moteriya, P., Padalia, H., Rathod, T., Desai, D. and Chanda, S., 2015. Pharmacognostic standardization of Madhuca indica leaf and stem, an important medicinal plant. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6(2),705. k: http://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(2).705-11

[11]. Pacyga, K., Pacyga, P., Topola, E., Viscardi, S. and Duda-Madej, A., 2024. Bioactive Compounds from Plant Origin as Natural Antimicrobial Agents for the Treatment of Wound Infections. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(4),2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042100

[12]. Suvaithenamudhan, S., Ananth, S., Mariappan, V., Dhayabaran, V. V., Parthasarathy, S., Ganesh, P.S. and Shankar, E. M., 2022. In Silico Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds of Artemisia pallens Targeting the Efflux Protein of Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (LAC-4 Strain). Molecules, 27(16),5188. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165188

[13]. Aouf, A., Bouaouina, S., Abdelgawad, M. A., Abourehab, M. A. and Farouk, A., 2022. In silico study for Algerian essential oils as antimicrobial agents against multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from pus samples. Antibiotics, 11(10),1317. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101317

[14]. Fatma, A., Ahuja, V., Ahuja, A., Kumar, S., Srivastava, S. K. and Thosar, N. R., 2024. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Madhuca longifolia (Mahua) Stem Extract Against Streptococcus mutans: An In Vitro Study. Cureus, 16(1), e52210. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.52210

[15]. Mondal, S. and Rai, V. R., 2021. Molecular profiling and anti-infective potency of endophytic actinomycetes inhabiting Madhuca insignis Radlk., from Western Ghats of India. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 19(1),36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-021-00135-0

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[17]. Rakesh, B., Srinatha, N., KJ, R. K., Madhu, A., MR, S. K. and Praveen, N., 2022. Antibacterial activity and spectroscopic characteristics of silver nanoparticles synthesized via plant and in vitro leaf-derived callus extracts of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. South African Journal of Botany, 148,251-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.04.047

[18]. Khan, M. H. and Ramalingam, K., 2019. Synthesis of antimicrobial nanoemulsions and its effectuality for the treatment of multi-drug resistant ESKAPE pathogens. Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology, 18,101025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101025

[19]. Perumal Samy, R., Manikandan, J. and Al Qahtani, M., 2013. Evaluation of aromatic plants and compounds used to fight multidrug resistant infections. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013(1), p.525613. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/525613

[20]. Behera, A., Jothinathan, M. K. D., Ryntathiang, I., Saravanan, S. and Murugan, R., 2024. Comparative Antioxidant Efficacy of Green-Synthesised Selenium Nanoparticles from Pongamia pinnata, Citrus sinensis, and Acacia auriculiformis: An In Vitro Analysis. Cureus, 16(4), e58439. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.58439

[21]. Lamba, N., Adhikari, S., Modak, J. M. and Madras, G., 2018. Catalytic synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from Madhuca indica oil in supercritical methanol. Energy Conversion and Management, 173,412-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.07.067

[22]. Okoduwa, S I., Abdulwaliyu, I., Igiri, B. E., Arekemase, S. O., Okoduwa, U. J., Itiat, J. F., Egbule, M. N. and Mustapha, R. A., 2024. Multi-therapeutic potential of flavonoids as an essential component in nutraceuticals for the treatment and management of human diseases. Phytomedicine Plus, 4(2),100558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2024.100558

[23]. Goel, M., Sharma, A. and Sharma, B., 2023. Recent advances in biogenic silver nanoparticles for their biomedical applications. Sustainable Chemistry, 4(1),61-94. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem4010007

[24]. Vishwakarma, A., Yadav, H., Lakra, P., Sulakhiya, K., Paliwal, R. and Maiti, S., 2024. Madhuca indica oil-entrapped buoyant galactomannan hydrogel microspheres for controlling epileptic seizures. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 272(1),132739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132739

[25]. Halder, G., Dhawane, S. H., Dutta, D., Dey, S., Banerjee, S., Mukherjee, S. and Mondal, M., 2016. Computational simulation and statistical analysis of bioethanol production from Madhuca indica by batch fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 18,16-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2016.09.004

[26]. Saravanan, K., Alarfaj, A. A., Hirad, A. H., Ravindran, B. and Narasimhamoorthi, S. P., 2023. Anti-bacterial and in silico analysis of biogenic fabrication of CuO nanoparticles employing Coleus amboinicus leaf extract. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 13,1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-05009-8

[27]. Velayutham, N. K., Thamaraikani, T., Wahab, S., Khalid, M., Ramachawolran, G., Abullais, S. S., Wong, L. S., Sekar, M., Gan, S. H., Ebenezer, A. J. and Ravikumar, M., 2023. Stylopine: A potential natural metabolite to block vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in osteosarcoma therapy. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14,1150270. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1150270

Abstract:

The glycocalyx or biofilm is essential for microbial survival. But dental biofilms cause cavities in teeth. The current study planned to incorporate silver nanoparticles and sodium fluoride in resin-modified glass-ionomer cement to test anti-biofilm efficacy. Silver nanoparticles (NAg) were chemically reduced by sodium borohydride. At 0.15% mass fraction, NAg was added in commercial resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (GC) and in this blend, 4 mass fractions (5%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) of NaF were mixed. The metabolic activity of biofilm, which shows the metabolic activity was decreased by NaF (P > .05). The biofilm CFU count shows the CFU counts of GC+NAg+20%NaF were decreased to 106 CFU/disk (P<.05). The cell viabilities of GC+NAg+20%NaF were 79.7%,75.6%,73% for days 1, 4, and 7 respectively, which were lower than GC control (P < .05) but higher than GC+NAg (P < .05). The use of NAg reduced cell viability at all three-time points (day 1, day 4, and day 7), which was partially reversed by the addition of NaF.

References:

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[2].  Trieu, A., Mohamed, A., Lynch, E., 2019, Silver diamine fluoride versus sodium fluoride for arresting dentine caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 2115.

[3].  Sharon, E., Sharabi, R., Eden, A., Zabrovsky, A., Ben-Gal, G., Sharon, E., Pietrokovski, Y., Houri-Haddad, Y., Beyth, N., 2018, Antibacterial activity of orthodontic cement containing quaternary ammonium polyethylenimine nanoparticles adjacent to orthodontic brackets. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 606.

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[6].  Al-Akwa, A. A., Zabara A. Q., Al-Shamahy, H. A., Al-labani, M. A., Al-Ghaffari, K. M., Al-Mortada A. M., Al-Haddad, A. M., Al-Sharani, A. A., 2020, Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in dental infections and the occurrence of MRSA in isolates. Universal Journal of pharmaceutical research.

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Abstract:

The use of drugs remains a threat to health and medical care delivery, the public health burden of Cocaine and Methamphetamine use is enormous, and there is a need for critical evaluation of their use in the capital city of Abuja. This study investigates the presence of Cocaine and Methamphetamine use and related difficulties in Abuja. It is a retrospective and cross-sectional study conducted in a public mental health facility. The sociodemographic profile and clinical record of patients using psychoactive substances for the periods of 2018 and 2022 were obtained from the records unit. Results were analyzed using SPSS 26 set at 95% CI, with respondents’ profiles as follows: males n=116 (94 %) and females n=7(6%), 80% were single, with Mean age 28.9, and Standard Deviation SD ± 8.6. Clinical findings showed the average duration of substance use was 9.10 years with an average age of first substance use 19.42 years. Cocaine use was seen in n=17 (14%) methamphetamine use in n=5 (4.2 %). Ninety-nine per cent (99 %) of the subjects use other substances in addition to Cocaine or Methamphetamine, using both Methamphetamine and Cocaine was seen in n=2 (1.7 %). More subjects were seen to be using cocaine in the year 2022 than in 2018, with n=15(16.1%) in 2022 and n=2 (7.1%) in 2018, while Methamphetamine use was seen in the year 2022 only. This study concludes by bringing to light the presence of cocaine and methamphetamine use in our society, with serious repercussions.

References:

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[4].      Jatau, A.I., et al.2021, The Burden of Drug Abuse in Nigeria: A Scoping Review of Epidemiological Studies and Drug Laws. Public Health Rev. 42(January):1–11.

[5].      Union E., 2019, Drug Use Survey in Nigeria. unodc J [Accessed 4/30/2023]. 2019;1–40. Available from: unodc-pdmu@un.org

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[7].      Dumbili, E. W., Ebuenyi, I. D., Ugoeze, K. C., 2021, New psychoactive substances in Nigeria: A call for more research in Africa. Emerg Trends Drugs, Addict Heal. 2021;1(March):100008.

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[13].     Bashir, O. A., 2021, Population Dynamics to Urban Spaces Needs in One of Africa’ s Largest Cities: Abuja, The Federal Capital City of Nigeria. 2021;4(10):124–30.

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[18].     Ternenge, A. M., Ember, H. M., 2021, Prevalence of Methamphetamine (Ice) Drug Abuse and its Consequences among Youths in Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State. International Peer Review English Journal. 2021;1(1):10-28.

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[24].     Uchendu. I., Morakinyo. O., 2016, Co-Occurrence of Study Difficulty Psychoactive Substance Use and Psychiatric Morbidity among Undergraduate Students and the Organization of the Future. 2016;16(May):153–67.

[25].     Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., et al. 2019, Burden of disease due to amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, and opioid use disorders in South America, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Psychiatry. 10(2):85–97.

Abstract:

This study explores the implications of gender-based violence (GBV) response services on the reporting of GBV incidents in Adamawa State, Nigeria. GBV remains a critical public health and human rights issue, particularly in regions affected by conflict, such as northern Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional survey methodology, the study analyzed responses from 362 participants, including women of reproductive age, healthcare providers, and GBV service actors. Participants were surveyed to assess their knowledge of GBV, the availability of services, and the impact on incidence reporting. Results revealed that 60.2% of respondents were aware of GBV services, but only 17.4% had a comprehensive understanding of available support. The prevalence of physical, sexual, and emotional violence was alarmingly high, reported at 69.9%, 74.3%, and 85.6%, respectively. Factors such as alcohol use, low education, and economic hardship were identified as drivers of GBV. Despite the presence of legal frameworks, only 56.6% of respondents reported knowing what actions to take after experiencing GBV. This study highlights the need for improved awareness programs, stronger enforcement of GBV policies, and enhanced healthcare infrastructure to support survivors. The findings have significant implications for developing targeted interventions aimed at increasing GBV reporting and improving service provision for affected populations.

References:

[1].   UN General Assembly, 1993, Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women.

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[4].   Garcia-Moreno, C., and Pallitto, C., 2013, Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. WHO.

[5].   Cook, S. L., Wilson, R. A., & Thomas, E. B., n.d., 2018, A history of gender-based violence. APA handbook of the psychology of women: Perspectives on women's private and public lives (Vol. 2), 153-173.

[6].   Cetin, I., 2003, Managing obstetric emergencies, managing Gynecological emergencies. Placenta, 24(6), 710.

[7].   Chernyak, E., 2020, Who is at risk? Intimate partner violence against women in the Kyrgyz Republic. Violence and Gender, 7(3), 121-130.

[8].   Ntaganira, J., Muula, A., Siziya, S., Stoskopf, C., & Rudatsikira, E., 2009, Factors associated with intimate partner violence among pregnant rural women in Rwanda. Rural and Remote Health.

[9].   Buhari, M. K., Oye, M. D., Jahknwa, J. C., Sachiya K. I., 2021, Violence Against Female Students of Tertiary Institutions in Yola metropolis of Adamawa State, northeast Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management, 2(12), 1512-1520.

[10].  Iliyasu, Z., Galadanci, H., Ahmed, Z., Gajida, A., & Aliyu, M., 2016, Prevalence and patterns of sexual activity during pregnancy in Kano, Northern Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 20(4), 99-107.

[11].  Oyeoku, E., Meziobi, D., Ezegbe, N., and Obikwelu, C., 2013, Public Sensitization as a tool for preventing domestic violence against women in Nsukka Education Zone, Enugu State, Nigeria. US-China Education Review, 3(4), 245-252.

Abstract:

Trans fats, or trans fatty acids, are a significant global health concern due to their contribution to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity, with their impact in regions like the Caribbean and Guyana requiring focused attention. In these regions, socioeconomic disparities, food deserts, and limited public awareness, coupled with cultural preferences for calorie-dense, fried, and processed foods, drive the widespread consumption of trans fats, which are often more affordable and accessible than healthier alternatives. This dietary pattern exacerbates the increasing prevalence of NCDs, prompting growing calls for governments across the Caribbean, including Guyana, to implement policies regulating trans fats in the food supply, enforcing clear nutritional labelling, and promoting public health campaigns to reduce consumption. A comprehensive strategy combining government regulation, industry reform, and community-driven initiatives is critical to combating trans fat consumption by improving public education, increasing access to healthier food options, and enforcing stricter food regulations, thereby reducing the NCD burden and enhancing public health outcomes in the region through urgent, collaborative action.

References:

[1].   Mozaffarian, D., et al. 2006. Trans Fats and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(15), 1601-1613.

[2].   World Health Organization. 2020. Eliminating Trans Fats in Food Supply Chains. Available at: https://www.who.int

[3].   Monteiro, C. A., et al. 2018. Ultra-Processing and Public Health Risks. Public Health Nutrition, 21(1), 5-17.

[4].   Ascherio, A., et al. 2015. Trans Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Health in Developing Countries. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 101(5), 1000-1010.

[5].   Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA). 2022. Addressing NCDs Through Food Policy in the Caribbean Region. Retrieved from: https://carpha.org

[6].   Barbados Ministry of Health and Wellness. 2022. Public-Private Partnerships for Nutrition. Retrieved from: https://www.barbadoshealth.org

[7].   Department of Public Information, Guyana. 2023. Trans Fat Challenges in Hinterland Communities. Retrieved from: https://dpi.gov.gy

[8].   Bahamas Ministry of Health. 2022. Reducing Heart Disease through Nutrition. Retrieved from: https://www.bahamashealth.gov

[9].   Monteiro, C. A., et al. 2018. Cultural Preferences and Health Risks. Public Health Nutrition, 21(1), 5-17.

[10].  Caribbean Institute of Nutrition. 2020. Healthy Recipe Reformulation. Retrieved from: https://www.carihealth.org

[11].  Drewnowski, A., & Darmon, N. 2005. The Economics of Obesity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82(1), 265S–273S.

[12].  Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 2021. Challenges in Low-Income Nutrition. Retrieved from: https://www.jhsph.edu

[13].  Walker, R., et al. 2010. Food Deserts in Minority Communities. Health & Place, 16(5), 876–884.

[14].  Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). 2021. Nutrition in Rural Communities. Retrieved from: https://www.paho.org

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Abstract:

Nigeria's healthcare system is a complex blend of public and private providers, each offering varying levels of service and accessibility. In Delta State, healthcare utilisation patterns are influenced by factors such as affordability, accessibility, and perceived quality of care. The study examines the utilisation of public healthcare facilities in Delta State, Nigeria, exploring residents' preferences and comparing public and private healthcare services. A cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted among 1,191 residents across six Local Government Areas in Delta State, using face-to-face and virtual questionnaires administered from March 1, 2024, to June 6, 2024. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. The survey revealed that 92.53% have used public healthcare facilities at least within the space of five years, while 67.17% were more frequent users. A total of 39.00% of respondents prefer to use public hospitals; 24.90% prefer private facilities; and 36.10% equally prefer both. In terms of specific features, the public facilities were rated better for their affordability (89.99%) and accessibility (59.53%). However, private facilities were perceived to provide more effective care (58.5%) and operate with better equipment and infrastructure (50.5%), while public facilities performed better in terms of staff quality (53.65%) and value for money (53.15%). The study highlights the strong demand for public health services in Delta State but also identifies areas for improvement in care quality, equipment, and infrastructure in public facilities, which can be achieved through targeted investments and quality improvement initiatives to enhance public confidence and achieve universal health coverage.

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Abstract:

Fucokinase is involved in the fucosylation of carbohydrates, which are involved in various biological and pathological processes in eukaryotic organisms, such as tissue development, angiogenesis, and fertilization. In our study, FUK in addition to Some enzymes, Hormones, Lipid profiles, oxidants and antioxidants, and other biochemical parameters were measured in serum for (175) women of ages ranging from (18 – 40) years Also, 80 serum samples were collected from women suffering from menopause in the same ages from Mosul city. The results showed that there is a decrease in the FUK, vitamin D, Triglyceride (TG), Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), glutathione (GSH) and high levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB) and calcium (Ca), Progesterone, Testosterone, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), Atherogenic index and malondialdehyde (MDA) in MP women compared to healthy women. The hormonal changes associated with MP lead to increased liver enzyme levels, indicating a potential risk for liver dysfunction and increased bone turnover, while Ca levels may decline due to decreased estrogen. Total bilirubin and phosphorus levels appear to be less affected. The lipid profile of MP shows significant adverse changes compared to normal premenopausal women. Menopausal women tend to have lower levels of GSH and higher levels of MDA and ONOO-, indicating increased oxidative stress. The comparison of FUK values between MP and healthy women highlights the potential impact of hormonal changes on metabolic pathways. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which FUK activity is altered in early menopause and to explore the clinical implications of these changes.

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Abstract:

Solanum xanthocarpum, commonly known as yellow-fruit nightshade, is a noteworthy herb in the ayurvedic medicine belonging to the Solanaceae family. This perennial herb is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in India and Southeast Asia. The plant is characterized by its thorny stems, small purple flowers, and distinctive yellow berries. Traditionally, Solanum xanthocarpum has been used in the treatment of respiratory disorders, fever, and inflammatory conditions. Phytochemical studies reveal that the plant is rich in bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids, which contribute to its therapeutic properties with notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder, multifactorial in origin, and destroys the supporting periodontal apparatus by triggering the inflammatory cascade. Inflammation and the disruption of the equilibrium between oxidative stress and antioxidants play a pivotal role in the disease progression. This is mainly treated by mechanical debridement of the biofilm, local drug delivery of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents, and surgical management if deemed necessary. The inadvertent use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of resistance to drugs. Advances in research have validated the pharmacological properties of traditional medicine, whose properties outweigh the constraints of antibiotics. Thus, Solanum xanthocarpum could be one such plant whose derivatives could be used in the treatment of periodontitis. This review emphasizes the potential of Solanum xanthocarpum to be formulated and utilized in the prevention and management of periodontal diseases.

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Abstract:

The gut microbiota is a complex network of microorganisms inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract and it has a great influence on intestinal health. Disbalances within metabolic patterns and microbial diversity may cause inflammatory bowel disease and other diseases. Microorganisms in intestinal mucosa produce metabolites that act as signalling molecules and influence the regulation of inflammation and the immune response. SCFAs and secondary bile acids are metabolites that bind to specific receptors and trigger inflammatory signals that affect intestinal immunity and host health. Moreover, metabolites of tryptophan promote the integrity of the epithelial barrier and also interact with intestinal mucosal aromatic hydrocarbon receptors (AHR) to regulate immune homeostasis. By acting as precursors to AHR ligands together with SCFAs and secondary bile acids, dietary-derived indoles relax the intestinal epithelium inflammation and stress. The mechanistic and therapeutic advances in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) aim to alter host metabolism, reduce inflammation, and reconstitute the integrity of the gut barrier through changes in the composition of gut microbiota. Since dysbiosis in liver cirrhosis leads to complications such as bacteremia and hepatic encephalopathy, probiotics and synbiotics are being investigated to treat associated metabolic disorders.

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Abstract:

The physical body plays an important role in conveying identity, experiencing pleasure, emotions, and self-expression of individuals. Misconceptions about the body image are common among adolescents and are a major factor in several serious illnesses. Therefore, this study assessed body image satisfaction and self-esteem among university students. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 419 respondents using the purposive sampling technique. A self-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential at 0.05 level of significance. The study revealed that 89.3% of respondents were between the age of 16-25 years, with a mean age of 22 years. 42.0% of the respondents stated that they were satisfied with their overall body, 33.7% said they were very satisfied and only 3.1% were very dissatisfied. Findings on the level of self-esteem revealed that 49.8% had a moderate level of self-esteem, 26.3% had a high level and 23.9% had a low level of self-esteem. The factors influencing body image satisfaction as identified by respondents were social media (60.4%), comments from family and peers (76.6%), past experiences (58.2%), perceived flaws or defects in appearance (65.2%), societal expectations of gender (61.8%), physical and hormonal changes associated with age (71.4%). A significant association was found between self-esteem and body image satisfaction among the respondents with p-value = 0.002<0.05. The results of this study showed that the majority of the respondents were satisfied with their body image and had good self-esteem. However, some of the respondents were dissatisfied with their body image and had poor self-esteem.

References:

[1].      Hardie, A., Oshiro, K. F., & Dixon, M. A. 2022, Understanding body image perceptions of former female athletes: A qualitative analysis. Body Image, 43, 393–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.10.001

[2].      Abera, W., 2021, Body Image Perception as a Predictor of Self-Esteem among High School Adolescent Students: A Study in Ghion Secondary School, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Quality in Primary Care, 29(10), 5632. https://www.primescholars.com/articles/body-image-perception-as-a-predictor-of-selfesteem-among-high-school-adolescent-students-a-study-in-ghion-secondary-scho-100566.html%0Ahttps://www.primescholars.com/abstract/body-image-perception-as-a-predictor-of-se

[3].      Zainal, N. H., Romziman, N. S., Aminuddin, B. A., Syed Idros, S. A. K., & Salem Wajih, W. A., 2021, The Relationship of Body Image Perception, Self-esteem and Academic Performance in University of Cyberjaya (UoC) Undergraduates. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 17(5), 33–39.

[4].      Keshk, M. M., Fahim, H. I., Hassan, A. M., Boulos, D. N., & Sector, P., 2019, Body image perception and self-esteem among university students in cairo. Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine, 37(1), 82-96.

[5].      Chae, H., 2022, Factors associated with body image perception of adolescents. Acta Psychologica, 227, 103620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103620

[6].      Niswah, I., Rah, J. H., & Roshita, A., 2021, The Association of Body Image Perception With Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors Among Adolescents in Indonesia. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 42(1_suppl), S109–S121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572120977452

[7].      Linardon, J., Tylka, T. L., Burnette, C. B., Shatte, A., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M.,2022, Understanding the role of positive body image during digital interventions for eating disorders: Secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial. Body Image, 43, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.08.003

[8].      Virk, A., & Singh, P., 2020, A study on relationship between body-image and self-esteem among medical undergraduate students. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 7(2), 636. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20200441

[9].      Quittkat, H. L., Hartmann, A. S., Düsing, R., Buhlmann, U., & Vocks, S., 2019, Body Dissatisfaction, Importance of Appearance, and Body Appreciation in Men and Women Over the Lifespan. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00864

[10].     Rilwan, Y., Daniel, A., & Thomas, H., 2021, Body image, self-esteem and health behaviour among senior high school students in Offinso Municipality of Ashanti Region, Ghana. Journal of Physical Education and Sport Management, 12(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPESM2021.0358

[11].     Silva, L. P. R. da, Tucan, A. R. de O., Rodrigues, E. L., Del Ré, P. V., Sanches, P. M. A., & Bresan, D., 2019, Dissatisfaction about body image and associated factors: a study of young undergraduate students. Einstein (São Paulo), 17(4).

[12].     Lôbo, I. L. B., Mello, M. T. de, Oliveira, J. R. V. de, Cruz, M. P., Guerreiro, R. de C., & Silva, A., 2020, Body image perception and satisfaction in university students. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 22. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2020v22e70423

[13].     Goicochea, E. A., Coloma-Naldos, B., Moya-Salazar, J., Rojas-Zumaran, V., Moya-Espinoza, J. G., & Contreras-Pulache, H., 2022, Physical Activity and Body Image Perceived by University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416498

[14].     Ketata, N., Ben Ayed, H., Baklouti, M., Trigui, M., Yaich, S., Abdelmoula, M., Feki, H., & Damak, J., 2021, Self-esteem and university students: Findings from a multi-center study. European Journal of Public Health, 31(Supplement_3). https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab165.593

[15].     Ike O.O., 2023, Life Orientation and Depression among Undergraduate Students: The Moderating Role of Self Esteem. Psychology & Psychological Research International Journal, 8(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.23880/pprij-16000346

[16].     Alghamdi, S. A., Aljaffer, M. A., Alahmari, F. S., Alasiri, A. B., Alkahtani, A. H., Alhudayris, F. S., & Alhusaini, B. A., 2023, The impact of low self-esteem on academic achievement and the behaviors related to it among medical students in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal, 44(6), 613–620. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2023.44.6.20230055

[17].     Çimke, S., & Gürkan, D. Y.,2023, Factors affecting body image perception, social media addiction, and social media consciousness regarding physical appearance in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 73, e197-e203.

[18].     Marks, R. J., De Foe, A., & Collett, J.,2020, The pursuit of wellness: social media, body image and eating disorders. Children and youth services review, 119, 105659.

[19].     Huang, Q., Peng, W., & Ahn, S., 2021, When media become the mirror: A meta-analysis on media and body image. Media psychology, 24(4), 437-489.

[20].     Tenkorang, S., & Okyere, C. O., 2022, Factors Influencing Body Image Perception of University Students in Ghana. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 27, 492–501. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v27i1.552

[21].      Latiff, A. Ab., Muhamad, J., & Rahman, R. A., 2018, Body image dissatisfaction and its determinants among young primary-school adolescents. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 13(1), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.07.003

Abstract:

Fibrosis is characterized by the proliferation of fibrous tissue and decreased functional cells within the affected organs, ultimately resulting in organ damage or failure. The incidence of this pathological process is on the rise globally, necessitating the development of more efficient therapeutic interventions. Recent scientific investigations have put forth the idea that polysaccharides extracted from natural sources exhibit promising abilities in alleviating fibrotic conditions by mitigating inflammatory responses and influencing intestinal microbiota composition. This scholarly discourse delves into the intricate relationship between polysaccharides and organ fibrosis concerning the dynamics of the intestinal microbiota, offering profound insights that could significantly influence the direction of future endeavours in drug development and treatment modalities. The in-depth exploration of these interconnected factors holds immense potential in shaping innovative strategies to combat fibrosis-related disorders and enhance patient outcomes in a clinical setting. The potential impact of this research on future drug development and treatment modalities cannot be overstated, as it underscores the importance of the study and its potential to influence the direction of future research in the field.

References:

[1].   Jun, J.-I., Lau, L. F., 2018, Resolution of organ fibrosis, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 128, 97–107. https://www.jci.org/articles/view/93563

[2].   Cheong, K.-L., Yu, B., Teng, B., Veeraperumal, S., Xu, B., et al., 2023, Post-COVID-19 syndrome management: Utilizing the potential of dietary polysaccharides, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 166, 115320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115320

[3].   Jayaseelan, V. P., 2019, In silico validation of the non-antibiotic drugs acetaminophen and ibuprofen as antibacterial agents against red complex pathogens, Journal of Periodontology, 90, 1441-1448. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.18-0673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.03.015

[4].   Wang, M., Veeraperumal, S., Zhong, S., Cheong, K.-L., 2023, Fucoidan-derived functional oligosaccharides: Recent developments, preparation, and potential applications, Foods, 12, 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12040878

[5].   Corrie, L., Gulati, M., Awasthi, A., Vishwas, S., Kaur, J., et al., 2022, Polysaccharide, fecal microbiota, and curcumin-based novel oral colon-targeted solid self-nanoemulsifying delivery system: Formulation, characterization, and in-vitro anticancer evaluation, Materials Today Chemistry, 26, 101165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2022.101165

[6].   Zhang, A., Wang, J., Hu, Y., Qiu, Y., Dong, C., 2024, Polysaccharides play an anti-fibrotic role by regulating intestinal flora: A review of research progress, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 131982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131982

[7].   Bhat, A.A., Gupta, G., Alharbi, K.S., Afzal, O., Altamimi, A.S.A., et al., 2022, Polysaccharide-Based Nanomedicines Targeting Lung Cancer, Pharmaceutics, 14, 2788. https://doi.org/10.3390/ pharmaceutics14122788

[8].   Ren, Q., Zhang, L.-y., Li, Z., 2020, Advances in the research of anti-organ fibrosis drugs, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2510–28.

[9].   Zhao, X., Chen, J., Sun, H., Zhang, Y., Zou, D., 2022, New insights into fibrosis from the ECM degradation perspective: the macrophage-MMP-ECM interaction, Cell & Bioscience, 12, 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-022-00856-w

[10].  Rockey, D. C., Bell, P. D., Hill, J. A., 2015, Fibrosis—a common pathway to organ injury and failure, New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 1138–1149. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1300575

[11].  Zhao, M., Wang, L., Wang, M., Zhou, S., Lu, Y., et al., 2022, Targeting fibrosis: Mechanisms and clinical trials, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7, 206. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-01070-3

[12].  Kozawa, S., Tejima, K., Takagi, S., Kuroda, M., Nogami-Itoh, M., et al., 2023, Latent inter-organ mechanism of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis unveiled by a generative computational approach, Scientific Reports, 13, 21981. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49281-0

[13].  Álvarez, J., Real, J. M. F., Guarner, F., Gueimonde, M., Rodríguez, J. M., et al., 2021, Microbiota intestinal y salud, Gastroenterologíay Hepatología, 44, 519–535. 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2021.01.009.

[14].  Wu, Y., Li, Y., Luo, Y., Zhou, Y., Wen, J., et al., 2022, Gut microbiome and metabolites: The potential key roles in pulmonary fibrosis, Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 943791. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.943791

[15].  Drakopanagiotakis, F., Stavropoulou, E., Tsigalou, C., Nena, E., Steiropoulos, P., 2022, The role of the microbiome in connective-tissue-associated interstitial lung disease and pulmonary vasculitis, Biomedicines, 10, 3195. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10123195

[16].  Chioma, O. S., Mallott, E. K., Chapman, A., Van Amburg, J. C., Wu, H., et al., 2022, Gut microbiota modulates lung fibrosis severity following acute lung injury in mice, Communications Biology, 5, 1401. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-022-04357-x

[17].  Aydın, M. M., Akçalı, K. C., 2018, Liver fibrosis, The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology, 29, 14. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjg.2018.17330

[18].  Jayaseelan, V. P., Arumugam, P., 2019, Dissecting the theranostic potential of exosomes in autoimmune disorders, Cellular Molecular Immunology, 16, 935-936. https://doi.org/10.1038/s 41423-019-0310-5
Friedman, S. L., 2024, Hepatic fibrosis and cancer: the silent threats of metabolic syndrome, Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 48, 161. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0240

[19].  Lee, C.-m., Yoon, E. L., Kim, M., Kang, B.-K., Cho, S., et al., 2024, Prevalence, distribution, and hepatic fibrosis burden of the different subtypes of steatotic liver disease in primary care settings, Hepatology, 79, 1393–1400. https://doi.org/10.1097/hep.0000000000000664

[20].  Gao, L.-L., Ma, J.-M., Fan, Y.-N., Zhang, Y.-N., Ge, R., et al., 2021, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide combined with aerobic exercise ameliorated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through restoring gut microbiota, intestinal barrier and inhibiting hepatic inflammation, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 183, 1379–1392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.066

[21].  Li, S., 2022, Investigation of the Anti-HF Mechanism of Taraxacum mongolicum Polysaccharide with Astragalus Polysaccharide. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129193

[22].  Shu, Y., Huang, Y., Dong, W., Fan, X., Sun, Y., et al., 2023, The polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via modulating gut microbiota and bile acids metabolism, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 246, 125662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125662

[23].  Han, C., Li, Z., Liu, R., Zhao, Z., Wang, Y., et al., 2023, Lonicerae flos polysaccharides improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by activating the adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway and reshaping gut microbiota, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 103, 7721–7738. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.12854

[24].  Fang, S., Wang, T., Li, Y., Xue, H., Zou, J., et al., 2022, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis polysaccharide ameliorates cholestatic liver injury by alleviating gut microbiota dysbiosis and inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 205, 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.056

[25].  Humphreys, B. D., 2018, Mechanisms of renal fibrosis, Annual Review of Physiology, 80, 309–326. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034227

[26].  Liu, Y., 2011, Cellular and molecular mechanisms of renal fibrosis, Nature Reviews Nephrology, 7, 684–696. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2011.149

[27].  Nogueira, A., Pires, M. J., Oliveira, P. A., 2017, Pathophysiological mechanisms of renal fibrosis: a review of animal models and therapeutic strategies, In Vivo, 31, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11019

[28].  Yang, J., Dong, H., Wang, Y., Jiang, Y., Zhang, W., et al., 2020, Cordyceps cicadae polysaccharides ameliorated renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy rats by repressing inflammation and modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 163, 442–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.153

[29].  Zhang, M., Yang, L., Zhu, M., Yang, B., Yang, Y., et al., 2022, Moutan cortex polysaccharide ameliorates diabetic kidney disease via modulating gut microbiota dynamically in rats, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 206, 849–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.077

[30].  Feng, Y., Weng, H., Ling, L., Zeng, T., Zhang, Y., et al., 2019, Modulating the gut microbiota and inflammation is involved in the effect of Bupleurum polysaccharides against diabetic nephropathy in mice, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 132, 1001–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.242

[31].  Liu, J.-X., Yuan, H.-Y., Li, Y.-N., Wei, Z., Liu, Y., Liang, J., 2022, Ephedra sinica polysaccharide alleviates airway inflammations of mouse asthma-like induced by PM2.5 and ovalbumin via the regulation of gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 74, 1784–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpp/rgac078

[32].  Shi, C., Zhou, L., Li, H., Shi, X., Zhang, Y., et al., 2022, Intestinal microbiota metabolizing Houttuynia cordata polysaccharides in H1N1 induced pneumonia mice contributed to Th17/Treg rebalance in gut-lung axis, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 221, 288–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.015

Abstract:

Community-based Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) is a vital public health intervention for treating severe acute malnutrition (SAM). One of the critical components of CMAM is caregiver education, primarily delivered by health workers. However, resource limitations, including health worker shortages, often hinder the effectiveness of traditional methods. This study investigates the impact of audio messages on caregivers’ knowledge of key CMAM messages as a viable alternative to health workers’ face-to-face education. This experimental study was conducted in Adamawa State, Nigeria, using an intervention and control group. Eighty caregivers from two local government areas (LGAs), Girei and Yola South, were recruited. The experimental group received weekly audio messages containing CMAM key messages, while the control group received routine health talks delivered by health workers. Caregivers’ knowledge was assessed at the beginning and end of the intervention through structured interviews. Quantitative data were collected using the mHealth platform and analysed with SPSS software using descriptive statistics and t-tests. The paired samples t-test results showed that the caregivers who received the audio messages exhibited better knowledge of CMAM key messages compared to the control group (p< 0.05) at a 95% Confidence Interval. We have enough evidence to conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between the post-intervention scores of the control and experimental groups, with the experimental group showing higher scores. Audio messages have the potential to enhance the knowledge of caregivers on CMAM key messages, reducing the workload of health workers and ensuring that standardized messages are consistently delivered.

References:

[1].   2022, Global Nutrition Report, https://globalnutritionreport.org/resources/nutrition-profiles/africa/western-africa/nigeria/

[2].   Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Nigeria (FMoHSW), National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria], and ICF. 2024. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2023–24: Key Indicators Report. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF.

[3].   Black R. E., Allen L. H., Bhutta Z. A., Caulfield L. E., Onis M. D., Ezzati M.Mathers C., and Rivera J., 2008, Maternal and child under nutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371, 243–260

[4].   Collins, S., Sadler, K., Dent, N., Khara, T., Guerrero, S., Myatt, M., et al., 2006, Key issues in the success of community-based management of severe malnutrition. Food Nutr Bull;27(3 Suppl): S49-82.

[5].   Black, R. E., Allen, L. H., Bhutta, Z. A., Caulfield, L. E., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., et al., 2008, Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 2008; 371:243-60.

[6].   Global Nutrition Report GNR https://globalnutritionreport.org/reports/global-nutrition-report-2018/

[7].   Black, R. E., Allen, L. H., Bhutta, Z. A., Caulfield, L. E., Onis, M. D., Ezzati, M., Mathers, C., and Rivera, J., 2008, Maternal and child under nutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet 371, 243–260

[8].   Collins, Steve and Sadler, Kate, 2002, “Outpatient Care for Severely Malnourished Children in Emergency Relief Programmes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.” The Lancet. Volume 360, Issue 9348, pp. 1824-1830.

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[16].  Man-Son-Hing, M., Laupacis, A., O’Connor, A. M., Biggs, J., Drake, E., Yetisir, E., Hart, R. G., 1999, A patient decision aid regarding antithromobotic therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282:737–43.

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[22].  Dunn, S. M., Butow, P. N., Tattersall, M. H. N., Jones, Q. J., Sheldon, J. S., Taylor, J. J., Sumich, M. D., 1993, General information tapes inhibit recall of the cancer consultation. J Clin Oncol ;11:2279–85.

Abstract:

One of the most prevalent causes of death globally is cancer, which is a consequence of uncontrolled proliferation and division of cells in the body. The role of inflammation in tumour progression has been increasingly established. It also affects epigenetic changes that promote tumour induction and promotes all stages of carcinogenesis. Chronic inflammation may result in greater damage to DNA, interfere with DNA repair mechanisms, accelerate cellular division, and induce apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion of the tissue. A comprehensive knowledge of the cellular and molecular signaling mechanisms of tumor-endorsing inflammation is essential for the advancement of anti-cancer medications which concentrate on the interaction between malignancy formation and inflammatory mechanisms. Several inflammatory signalling pathways have been identified as regulating inflammation, including the NF-κB signalling pathway, the JAK-STAT signalling pathway, the MAPK signalling, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling and the Wnt signalling cascade. Several phytochemicals can treat cancer by altering these pathways. There are numerous classes of phytochemicals in herbal medicine that are being used therapeutically. Herbal medicine has shown to be especially beneficial for cancer patients, with many reporting a considerable increase in survivorship as a result of treatment. Cellular metabolism, tumour development, growth, proliferation, metastasis, and cytoskeletal reorganization are all regulated by aberrations in different cellular signalling pathways. The primary emphasis of the current review focuses on the phytochemical’s capacity to combat cancer through modifying numerous cell signalling pathways.

References:

[1].  “What Is Cancer? was originally published by the National Cancer Institute” updated on October 11, 2021.

[2].  Madihalli Somashekharaiah Chandraprasad, Abhijit Dey, Mallappa Kumara Swamy, 2022, 1 - Introduction to cancer and treatment approaches, Editor(s): Mallappa Kumara Swamy, T. Pullaiah, Zhe-Sheng Chen, Paclitaxel, Academic Press, pp. 1-27, ISBN 9780323909518, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90951-8.00010-2

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[5].  Bray, F., Laversanne, M., Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., Soerjomataram, I., Jemal, A., Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024 May-Jun;74(3):229-263. doi: 10.3322/caac.21834. Epub 2024 Apr 4. PMID: 38572751.

[6].  Saad, E. l Din, K., Loree, J. M., Sayre, E. C., Gill S., Brown, C. J., Dau, H., De Vera, M. A., 2020, Trends in the epidemiology of young-onset colorectal cancer: A worldwide systematic review. BMC Cancer. Apr 6;20(1):288. doi: 10.1186/s12885-020-06766-9. PMID: 32252672; PMCID: PMC7137305.

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