Abstract:

Background: Pakistan as like developing countries has trained nurses for to meet their health care needs and achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Unfortunately these nurses are leaving the country for better opportunities to developed countries.

Objective: The study aims to identify the factors involved in Pakistani nurses moving abroad and to draw together recommendations to retain nurses from the respondents through a questionnaire- based study in a selected government and private tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan

Procedure: Descriptive survey study was conducted in six tertiary care teaching hospitals of Karachi Pakistan. A sample of 307 nurses was taken randomly by lottery technique in six selected government and private hospitals which were demographically situated in different places in Karachi and serves a diversity of population.

Results: The results showed that low salary package, poor image of the nurse, and poor working conditions were the major reasons why nurses would like to leave the country and work or migrate abroad. The United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States of America are the most popular countries where Pakistani nurses would like to work and migrate.

Conclusion: The reasons for Pakistani nurses moving abroad are linked to the fulfillment of basic human needs, self esteem, safety and security needs. These issues are similar to the reasons of nurses in other source countries.

Keywords: Abroad, Infant mortality rate (IMR), Migration, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),

References:

[1.] Aiken, L.H., Buchan, J., Sochalski, J., Nicholas, B. & Powell, M. (2004). Trends in International Nurse Migration. Health Affairs. 23 (3), 69-77.

[2.] Boucher, A., & Cerna, L. (2014). Current policy trends in skilled immigration policy. International Migration, 52(3), 21-25.

[3.] Buchan, J., Jobanputra, R., Gough, P., & Hutt, R. (2005). Internationally recruited nurses in London: Profile and implications for policy. Kings Fund: London.

[4.] Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2012). Globalization, brain drain, and development. Journal of Economic Literature, 681-730.

[5.] Fang, Z.Z. (2007). Potential of China in global nurse migration. Health Services Research. Retrieved August 29, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/ articles/mi_m4149/is_3_42/ai_n27260232/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1

[6.] Gay, L.R. & Diehl, P. L. (1992). Research methods for business and management. New York: Macmillan.

[7.] Ghaffar, A. (2007). Job satisfaction among nurses in Pakistan. Unpublished Masters thesis, submitted to the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

[8.] Lindio-McGovern, L. (2014, July). The International Migration of Nurses and Doctors into Healthcare Systems: A Look into the Philippine Case. In XVIII ISA World Congress of Sociology (July 13-19, 2014). Isaconf.

[9.] Lorenzo, M., Galvez-Tan, J., Icamina, K., & Javier, L. (2007). Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective: Philippine Country Case Study. HSR, 42(3):1406-1418.

[10.] Mustafa, M. (2005). Barriers to higher education in Nursing: Sindh, Pakistan. Unpublished Masters thesis, submitted to the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

[11.] Nasreen, G. (2007). Nursing - a thankless profession. Retrieved July 15, 2007, from http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2007-weekly/you-24-07-2007/index.html

[12.] National Institute of Pakistan Studies (2014). Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13. Retrieved June 16, 2014 from http://www.nips.org.pk/abstract_files/Priliminary%20Report%20Final.pdf

[13.] Pinkster, F. M. (2014). Neighbourhood effects as indirect effects: Evidence from a Dutch case study on the significance of neighbourhood for employment trajectories. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(6), 2042-2059.

[14.] Pittman, P., Aiken, L.H., & Buchan, J. (2007). International Migration of Nurses. Health Services Research, 42 (3), pp. 1275-1280.

[15.] Polit, D.F., & Beck, C.T. (2003). Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. (7^th ed.). London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

[16.] Sunguya, B. F., Hinthong, W., Jimba, M., & Yasuoka, J. (2014). Interprofessional Education for Whom?—Challenges and Lessons Learned from Its Implementation in Developed Countries and Their Application to Developing Countries: A Systematic Review. PloS one, 9(5), e96724.

[17.] Thomas, P. (2006). The international migration of Indian nurses: International Nursing Review 53, 277–283.

[18.] U.S. Census Bureau, International Database (2014). Retrieved April 16, 2015, from http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php

[19.] Usher, K., & Lindsay, D. (2004). The nurse practitioner role in Fiji: results of an impact study. Contemporary nurse, 16(1-2), 83-91. Retrieved July 11, 2014, from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.5172/conu.16.1-2.83#.VUMSPdKqqko

[20.] World Health Organization. (2013). Millennium Development Goals Report. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from http://www.undp.org/content/dam/pakistan/docs/MDGs/MDG2013 Report/UNDP-Report13.pdf

Abstract:

Open innovation takes many forms from crowdsourcing to structures, organizational alliances, and strategic co-ventures. Open innovation strategies acknowledged good ideas from anywhere “the outside-in approach or Intellectual property” (IP), created added value due to its licensing arrangement, joint ventures, and other strategic collaborations. The combination of internal and external ideas and paths to market to make advances in processes or technologies, a striking model for structuring collaborations between developed and developing countries. The crafty approach designed new ways of working.

Innovation “use of purposive inflows and outflows of knowledge to accelerate internal advances and expand the markets for external use of modernization” defined innovation (Chesbrough, 2006). The definition emphasized, importance of organizations putting greater emphasis on collaboration and networking (Vanhaverbeke, 2006).

A well-structured article, goals clearly stated and a recently published editorial. Findings displayed in the form of figure and discussion. The use of the point method approach carefully analyzed the commentary. The usage of the open innovation model highlighted the relevance of recent research on the topic.

References:

[1.] Bell, P. &. (2006). The joint learning initiative on children and HIV/AIDS. Lancet., Pp 1850-1851.

[2.] (2014). Bill & Milinda Gates Foundation and Grand Challenges Partners Commit to Innovation with New Investments in Breakthrough Science.

[3.] Chesbrough, H. &. (2013). "Open Innovation in Photonics". SPIE Professional., Pp 24-25.

[4.] Chesbrough, H. (2003). "The Era of Open Innovation". MIT Sloan Management Review., Pp.35-41.

[5.] Chesbrough, H. (2003). Era of Open Innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review., Pp. 38-41.

[6.] Chesbrough, H. (2004). "Managing Open Innovation". Research Technology Management., Pp 23-26.

[7.] Chesbrough, H. (2006). "Open Innovation: A New Paradigm for Understanding Industrial Innovation",. In V. W. Chesbrough, In Open innovation:Researching a new paradigm. (Eds). ( Pp 1-12.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[8.] Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Era of OPen Innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review., Pp 35-37.

[9.] Christensen, C. (n.d.). Retrieved from Disruptive Innovation.: htt://www.claytonchristensen.com/key-concepts.

[10.] Costello, A. &. (2000). Moving research partnerships in developing countries. BMJ., Pp 827-829.

[11.] Farmer, P. K. (2013). Introduction: a Biosocial approach. In reimagining global health. Berkeley.: University of California Press.

[12.] Govindarajan, V. &. (2011). Reverse Innovation, Emerging Markets and Gloabl Strategy. Glob Strateg , Pp. 91-205.

[13.] Innovation Pessimism:. (2013). Retrieved from Has the Ideas Machine Broken Down? The Economist 2013. 2013.: http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21569381-idea-innovation-and-new-technology-have-stopped-drving-growth-getting-increasing.

[14.] Kleinman, A. &. (2006). Anthropology in the clinic: the problem of cultural competency and how to fix it. PLOS Medicine., Pp 294.

[15.] Organization., W. H. (2000, March). Guidelines for Health Care Equipment Donations. Retrieved from WHO/ARA/97.: http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/pht/1_equipment%20donationbutletin82WHO.pdf.

[16.] Schutle, C. &. (2010). "The Development of Open Innovation Models to Assist the Innovation Process". South Africa.: University of Stellenbosch.

[17.] Thairu, L. &. (2013). Innovative Newborn Health Technology for Resource-Limited Environments. Trop Med Int Health., Pp 117-128.

[20.] Vanhaverbeke, W. (2006). "The Interorganizational Context of Open Innovation",. In H. V. Chesbrough, In Open innovation: Researching a new paradigm. (Eds). (Pp. Pp 205-219.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[21.] Wirth, M. (2012, May). Leveraging the Maker Movement for Global Biomedical Innovation,. Retrieved from Maternova (white paper): http://maternova.net/doenloeads/maternova-white-paper-leveraging-maker-movement-global-biomedical-innovation

Abstract:

The use of Nursing process (NP) in documenting care has improved image of the Nursing Profession in developed nations. This study was therefore conducted to assess the knowledge and use of Nursing process for documentation of care among Public Health Nurses (PHNs).

A descriptive design was adopted in carrying out the study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 40 PHNs. A questionnaire on Nursing Process was used to collect data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Seventy percent of the participants have heard of NP. Major source of information was their schools of training. Sixty percent have had practical training on NP in schools. Only 10% have attended recent workshops on NP. All participants do not use NP in care of clients. Ninety- five percent had poor knowledge of the NP. Factors hindering the participants from using the NP were Non availability of NP forms, lack of proper training on the use of NP, busy schedule, shortage of staff and not mandated to use NP.

From the findings, it is clear that PHNs need more training, seminars / workshops on the use of NP. There is also need for more staffing, close supervision and provision of NP forms.

Keywords: Public Health Nurses, Knowledge, Nursing Process, Documentation

References:

[1.] Adejumo, P.O., & Olaogun, A.A., (2009). Nursing process: A tool for holistic approach to Nursing care .West African Journal of Nursing, 20(1), 34-39.

[2.] Adejumo, P.O. (2008). Nursing process: A holistic approach to Nursing care .Being a Paper presented at the Nursing Process Workshop Organized by the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria held at Ibadan on 21^st-25^th January, 2008.

[3.] Akpe Tavershima Thomas. (2008). The Obstacles, Challenges and Prospects of implementing the Nursing process in hospitals: The Benue state experience. International Professional Nursing Journal, 17(2), 59-64.

[4.] Allen, S., Chapman, Y., O Conor, M & Francis, K. (2007): The importance of language for nursing: does it convey commonality of meaning and is it important to do so? Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing Volume 24(4), retrieved March 10, 2009 from http://www.nursingworld.org

[5.] American Nurses Association (2004). Nursing scope and standards of practice. Washington, DC: Author.

[6.] Andrade, J. S., & Vieira, M.J. (2005). Practica assistencial de enfermagem: problemas, perspectivas e necessidade de sistematizacao. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 58, 261-265.

[7.] Danja, M. L. S (2006). The Nursing Process: Application of Principles to Practices. Nigeria. Lamp Press. 2^nd edition.

[8.] Doenges, M.E., Moorhouse, M.F., and Murr, A.C. (2008). Nurses pocket guide: Diagnoses, prioritized interventions, and rationales, (10^th ed.). Philadephia: F. A. Davis.

[9.] Fajemilehin, B.R, (2008). Nursing process: An all inclusive update on the tool for scientific nursing practice. A paper presented at the Mandatory Continuing Professional Development Programme on the Nursing process.

[10.] Humphrey, M. & Jacobs, M. (2008). Factors affecting the implementation of the Nursing process in the United Kingdom. American Journal of Nursing, 6(3) 45-49.

[11.] Lee, T. T. (2005. Nursing diagnoses: Factors affecting their use in charting standardized care plans. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14, 640-647.

[12.] NANDA International (2006). History and historical highlights 1973 through 1998. Retrieved from http:/www.nanda.org/index,html.Accessed August 5, 2009.

[13.] NANDA International (Eds.) (2007). Nursing diagnoses: Definitions and Classification 2007-2008 (7^th ed.). Philadelphia: Author.

[14.] NANDA International (Eds.) (2009). Nursing diagnoses: Definitions and Classification 2009-2011 (8^th ed.). Philadelphia: Author.

[15.] Reppeto, M.A., & Souza, M.F. (2005). Avaliacao da realizacao e do registro da sistematizacao da assistencia de enfermagem (SAE) em um hospital universitario. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 58, 325-329.

[16.] Yura, H., & Walsh, M.B. (1998). The Nursing Process: Assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating (5^th Ed.). East Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange.

Abstract:

Perhaps the two most often studied and empirically supported organizational factors that can promote the acceptance of technology by the end users are training and participation. The science of training is well established. Not surprisingly, well designed training programs have been shown to promote end user acceptance of technology. The key is to design the training program according to the scientific evidence. Well designed training not only transfers knowledge and skills about the technology, but it can also bring understanding of the technology through education and can create feelings of involvement in decisions. In addition, training can lead to several other important variables for the acceptance of technology including self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation. This paper reviews the theoretical knowledge on what leads to successful technology implementation and how this can be translated into specifically designed processes for successful technology change in Nigerian health-care organizations.

Key words: Safety, information technology, patients, and health-care.

References:

[1.] Baridam, Don (1995) Research Methodology in Administrative Sciences Publisher

[2.] Burke, W., & Warner, A. (2001). The Denise of Organizational Development. Journal of Contemporary

[3.] Ezejulue, A. C and Ogwo, E.O (2008): Basic Principles in Managing Research Project. A.F.P Limited Nigeria

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[5.] Kotter, O., John, P., Schlesinger, W. and Leonard A. (2010). Choosing Strategies for Change Harvard Business Review.

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[7.] Nwachukwu, C.C. (2003): Personnel Administration in Nigeria. Ilupeju Press Limited, Benin, Nigeria

[8.] Oparanma, A.O.& Oparanma, F.U. (2015): Strategic issues in managing technology innovation: Paradigm for Nigerian companies, Austrian Journal of commerce study, 39-44.

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[10.] Scott, W. (2010): Management Theory and Review and Appraisal. Academy of Management Journal, Vo. 5

[11.] Sisk, H. (2011),Management and Organization. South Western Publishing Inc. New York.

[12.] Tilles, S. (2000): The Management. Rand McNally and Company

[13.] Tushman, M.L. and Romanelli, E. (1985). Organization Evolution.

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to examine employment status and mental illness among psychiatric patience of Federal Psychiatric Hospital Calabar, Nigeria. The ex-post facto research design was used for the study. The population of this study comprised all the in-patients in the hospital. The sample of this study comprised of 50 patients who were randomly picked from acute wards of the hospital. Four research questions and hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Instrument titled “employment status and mental illness questionnaire” was used for the study. The validity of the instrument was established using face validation method. The data obtained were analysed using Chi- square test. Each of the hypotheses was tested at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the analysis revealed that the rate of mental illness, recovery and relapse differ significantly between the employed and the unemployed. The result further revealed that societal regards for the employed and the unemployed do significantly differ. Based on this findings, it was concluded that employment status do influence mental illness in Federal Psychiatric Hospital Calabar, Nigeria. It was recommended that Government should create more job opportunities for the unemployed so as to get them occupied, which in turn will help in taking away the time they would have engaged in anti social activities.

Key Words Employment: A state of functionality of an employee under agreement with his employer.

References:

[1.] A. J. Lee, I. K. Crombie, W. C. S. Smith, and H. D. Tunstall-Pedoe, “Cigarette smoking and employment status,” Social Science and Medicine, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1309–1312, 1991. View at Publisher View at Google Scholar View at Scopus

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[7.] J. A. Dean and K. Wilson, “Education? It is irrelevant to my job now. It makes me very depressed”: exploring the health impacts of under/unemployment among highly skilled recent immigrants in Canada,” Ethnicity and Health, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 185–204, 2009. View at Publisher View at Google Scholar View at PubMed View at Scopus

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[13.] Shuo Zhang & Vishal Bhavsar: unemployment as a risk for mental illness: combinding social and psychiatric literature. Email: shuo.s.zhang@kcl.ac.uk, vishal.2.bhavsar@kcl.ac.uk (2013).

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Abstract:

The research is a cross-sectional descriptive survey conducted at NKST hospital Mkar, Gboko, North Central Nigeria to assess practice of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among postnatal mothers. The specific objectives were; to assess the knowledge of postnatal mothers on EBF, to determine the level of understanding of postnatal mothers on importance of EBF, to ascertain if postnatal mothers adopt good attachment while breastfeeding , and to assess factors militating against EBF by the postnatal mothers. Convenient sampling technique was used in selection of samples used for the study. Data were collected from the respondents through self-structured and validated questionnaire. Data obtained were analyzed and presented using frequency distribution table. Based on the findings; the knowledge of postnatal mothers on EBF was very adequate and good, also, the postnatal mothers have good understanding of the importance of EBF, however only very few of the mothers practices EBF. The finding also revealed that majority of mothers does not really know what are indications for good baby attachment to the breast. In addition, the finding show that the major factors militating against EBF includes misconception that crying baby is an indication that the breast was not enough for the baby, hence needed more supplement; nature of their work not permitting them to practice EBF; misconception that EBF makes their breast to sag quick among other factors. The researcher made the following recommendations; health workers especially should put all hands on deck to ensure more implementation of practices of EBF by lactating mothers through adequate dismissal of all misconceptions militating against EBF, and that government should come up with good motivational material incentives for mothers who successfully breast feed their babies exclusively such as giving out wrappers to the mothers, giving such child free primary and secondary education, giving the mothers some reasonable amount of money etc.

Key Words: Assessment, Practice, Exclusive Breast Feeding, Postnatal Mothers. 

References:

[1.] Adil, A.N.A (2014) Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding exclusive breastfeeding among mothers attending primary health care centres in Abha City. Int J med Sci public Health vol. 3 issue 13, P13551363

[2.] American Academy of Pediatrics (2015) How breastfeeding benefits you and your baby. Retrieved from: www.babycenter.com/o_how-breastfeeding-benefits-you-and-your-baby_8910.bc

[3.] Ampeire, I.P (2008) perception and knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding among women attending antenatal and postnatal clinics. A study from Mbarara Hospital, Uganda. Retrieved from www.ajol.info/index.phd/dmsj/article/download/53349/41927

[4.] Diare M.F, Margaret A.C, and Anna G.W (2008) Myles Textbook for midwives. African Edition Churchill livingstone.

[5.] Ekambaram, M., Bhat, V.B, and Asif P.A.M (2010) knowledge, attitude and practice of breastfeeding among postnatal mothers. Current pediatric research vol.14 issue 2, P119-124

[6.] Federal Ministry of Health (2012) Integrated infant and Young Child Feeding Counseling. A training course participants manual.

[7.] How do I know my baby is attached properly? Retrieved from www.vabarnsley.org.uk/pdf/breastfeeding/attached_properly

[8.] How to breastfeed your baby. Retrieved from: www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/brochure_how_to_breastfeed.pdf 17

[9.] Joshi M.P, Ange P.M, Khan S, and Ausvi S.M (2014) Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices among postnatal mothers: How Exclusive are they?. Natl J community Med 5 (3): 276-279

[10.] Karacam Z. (2008) Factors Affecting Exclusive Breastfeeding of Healthy Babies Aged Zero to Four Months. A community based study of Turkish women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol 17, issue 3 P 341-349

[11.] Kever R.T, Dathini H; Martins S.D.M, Inna A.K, Habu H, Saidu M.A. and Gana A.S (2014) knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding and proposed infant feeding pattern of post-natal mothers in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Journal of Nursing and Health Science, Vol.3 issue 5, PP 66-71

[12.] Motce A. and Jeewon R. (2014) Importance of Exclusive Breastfeeding and complementary Feeding among infants. Retrieved from: http://www.foodandnutritionjournal.org/?p=814

[13.] National Demographic Health Survey (2008) Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja

[14.] Ojo M.A (2012) Constraints to Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice among breastfeeding mothers in South West Nigeria: Implications for Scaling up International Breastfeeding. Journal vol 7, issue 5 p5-7

[15.] Olagunju L. (2013) The importance of Exclusive Breastfeeding. Retrieved from www.carmma.org/update/importance-exclusive-breastfeeding

[16.] Omisami O.M (2010) Textbook on Child Health for Students of Health Sciences. Valen make trust publishing, Akure Ondo State.

[17.] Ugboaja J.O, Berthrand N.O, Igwegbe A.O, Obi-Nwosu A.L (2013) Barriers to postnatal care and Exclusive Breastfeeding among Urban Women in South Eastern Nigeria. Nigerian Medical Journal Vol. 54, issue 1 p. 45-50

[18.] World Health Organization (2015) Exclusive Breastfeeding. Retrieved from www.who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/

[19.] World Health Organization (2015) Exclusive Breastfeeding. Retrieved from www.who.int/elena/titles/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/

Abstract:

Caesarean section (CS) is still relatively not well accepted in Africa when compared to Western countries. Morbidity following CS especially inability to do things by oneself is a major deterrent to accepting CS. This study reviewed morbidity following CS & retrieve feedback on CS from clients.

A retrospective three year review of all CS done in an obstetric specialist unit was conducted. A cross sectional study was carried out using self-administered questionnaire to retrieve feedbacks from clients who have had CS done on them.

Caesarean section rate was 68.59%. Mean time to ambulation, taking of oral sips, commencement of breastfeeding was 24 hours while mean time to discharge was 71.7hours. 70% of the women had no regrets doing CS. About 50% would want some improvement in the process of CS especially the spinal anaesthesia. Morbidity following CS occurred in less than 20%.

Keywords: aversion, caesarean section, postoperative, morbidity

References:

[1.] Adenike F Faremi, Olabisi F Ibitoye, Matthew I Olatubi, Patricia N Koladoye, Gbemisola B Ogbeye 2014. Attitude of pregnant women in south western Nigeria towards caesarean section as a method of birth. Int. J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol; 3(3): 709-714.

[2.] Caesarean section: Brief history. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/cesarean/preface.html

[3.] B. S. AWOYINKA, O. A. AYINDE, & A. O. OMIGBODUN 2006. Acceptability of caesarean delivery to antenatal patients in a tertiary health facility in south- west Nigeria. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; 26(3): 208 – 210

[4.] Fasubaa OB, Ogunniyi SO, Dare FO, Isawumi AI, Ezechi OC, Orji EO 2000. Uncomplicated Caesarean section: is prolonged hospital stay necessary? East Afr Med J;77(8):448-51.

[5.] Gregson H 2011. Reducing surgical site infection following caesarean section. Nurs Stand. 17-23;25(50):35-40.

[6.] History of caesarean section. http://www.natural-motherhood.com/history-of- cesarean-section.html

[7.] http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/10/29/caesarean-section-n_1065527.html

[8.] Igberase GO, Ebeigbe PN, Andrew BO 2009. High caesarean section rate: a ten year experience in a tertiary hospital in the Niger Delta,Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract;12 (3):294-7.

[9.] Komolafe J.O, Dayo A.A, Isawumi A.I, Adedokun V.O, Akinola S.E, Oboro V.O 2005. Caesarean section rate: Is Lautech Teaching Hospital WHO compliant? NCR. 9(2): 37-41

[10.] Luz Gibbons, José M. Belizán, Jeremy A Lauer, Ana P Betrán, Mario Merialdi and Fernando Althabe 2010. The global numbers and costs of additional needed & unnecessary caesarean sections performed per year: Overuse as a barrier to universal coverage. World health report.

[11.] Murphy KW. 1999. Reducing the complications of caesarean section. In: Bonnar J, editor. Recent advances in obstetrics and gynaecology. Edinburgh: Harcourt. Vol 20. pp 141 – 152.

[12.] Oliver C Ezechi, Asuquo Edet, Hakim Akinlade, Chidinma V Gab-and Ebiere Herbertson 2009. Incidence and risk factors for caesarean wound infection in Lagos Nigeria. BMC Res Notes; 2: 186.

[13.] Oliver C Ezechi, Olushola B Fasubaa, Bruno EK Kalu, Chikezie A Nwokoro, Lilian O Obiesie 2004. Caesarean Delivery: Why The Aversion? Trop J Obstet Gynaecol;21:164-167

[14.] Sunday-Adeoye, CA Kalu 2011. Pregnant Nigerian women’s view of caesarean section. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice; 14(3):276-279.

[15.] Tan PC, Norazilah MJ, Omar SZ 2012. Hospital discharge on the first compared with the second day after a planned cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol.;120 (6):1273-82.