Abstract:

Tuberculosis (TB) is a public health problem caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. An estimated 70% of TB patients living with HIV are from sub-Saharan Africa largely depends on direct smear microscopy light microscopy for TB diagnosis, which has low Sensitivity, especially among HIV patients. Hence, we conducted this study to evaluate the Performance of Auramine O LED Fluorescence microscopy and the Ziehl-Neelsen technique in Tuberculosis among HIV-positive patients. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional design among 107 consecutively selected HIV/AIDS patients with presumptive Tuberculosis attending ART clinic in Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital (DASH), Lafia, Nasarawa State. Three samples were collected from each patient in two visits. Each sample was examined using ZN, LED FM, and Gene-Xpert. Data on socio-demographic characteristics was collected from the subject participant. Univariate and bivariate analyses were done using MS Excel and Epi Info. The Sensitivity and Specificity were compared using McNemar’s chi-square. Seventy-three (68%) patients were female, 33 (30.8%) were in the age group 28-32 years, and 61 (56%) were employed. Ziehl-Neelsen and LED fluorescent microscopy respectively yielded 11 (10.3%) and 15 (14.0%) positive results, while Gene-Xpert gave 18 (16.3%). The Sensitivity for direct ZN and LED FM were 61.1% and 83.3 %, respectively (P-value 0.01) with 100% specificity for both methods. LED microscopy has a much higher sensitivity than ZN microscopy and would be a better alternative in the diagnosis of Tuberculosis in high HIV settings where the use and expertise with culture and Gene-Xpert are limited.
Keywords: HIV, LED Fluorescence, Sensitivity, Specificity, Ziehl-Neelsen

References:

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Abstract:

Medicines have the potential to cause Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) and therefore the need for health professionals to detect and spontaneously report to the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) for further actions to ensure patients and public safety. The study was conducted to ascertain the proportion and reporting procedures of ADRs reported by health professionals in the Government Hospitals in Katsina State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional survey of 392 health professionals randomly selected from the 19 secondary hospitals in Katsina state. Data were collected through a self-administered structured questionnaire from 18th January to 19th February 2021 with a 98.7% and 1.3% response rate. Data were analyzed using STATA software Version 15.0. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the background characteristics of respondents, and the outcome, such as the proportion of ADR reported summarized in percentages, frequencies, and charts. There was only a 28.3% ADRs reporting rate, and 25.1% of health professionals who saw an ADRs case reported it by completing the ADRs form. The level of knowledge on ADRs reporting procedures was 58.3% among respondents. The main systemic challenge with ADRs reporting was the lack of access to the reporting form for ADRs. Therefore, there is a need to improve access to the reporting form in all the hospitals.

Keywords: Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting, Government Hospitals, Health Professionals, Katsina state, Nigeria, Reporting Rate.

References:

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Abstract:

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is a condition in which urine culture reveals the presence of more than 10⁵ bacteria per millilitre but without the patient showing signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI). In many of the health care facilities in Ghana, routine screening for ASB among pregnant woman is not done despite overwhelming evidence clearly demonstrating its benefits in preventing UTI and the associated adverse pregnancy outcome. It is a common problem in pregnant women, which usually results in maternal and fetal complications. The majority of the participant were in the age range of 25 years to 34 years, and all the participants had basic education. Out of the 134 sterile urine samples cultured, 11 of the participants had bacteria isolated from their urine, given a prevalence of 8.2%. Escherichia coli were 63.6%, Nitrofurantoin was 81.8% sensitive to all bacteria isolated, and Cotrimoxazole was the most resistant antibiotic with 72.7%. Factors associated with ASB in Akuapem North District were toilet facility, multiple pregnancy, and any medical condition, which were statistically significant at the bivariate analysis level. After adjusting these factors with the multiple logistics regression, only multiple pregnancy was statistically significant. The study revealed an 8.2% prevalence of ASB among pregnant women with E. coli, the predominate bacteria with 63.6%. Nitrofurantoin, 81.8% sensitive, and Cotrimoxazole was the most resistant antibiotics with 72.7%. Multiple pregnancy was associated with Asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women at Akuapem North District.

Keywords: Asymptomatic Bacteriuria, Pregnant Women, Urine Culture, Urinary Tract Infection.

References:

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Abstract:

A major concern in public health is Antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. There are several organisms developing resistance to commonly used antibiotics in different locations and time. This study assessed patterns of antibiotic resistance in line with the WHO classification of antibiotics. A cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2020 to January 2021 in 4 randomly selected hospitals. Of all 442 patients recruited for this study, twenty-seven percent (122) were randomly selected for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and SPSS version 23 was used for analysis. The most predominant isolate was Staphylococcus aureus. Resistance by Staphylococcus aureus was noted against Amoxicillin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Amoxicillin clavulanic acid, Gentamicin, and Cefuroxime. Resistance by E. coli against Chloramphenicol 80%, cefuroxime 100%, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 83.3%, Resistance by Klebsiella spp; against Ampicillin Second and third-generation cephalosporin and Gentamicin 100%. Resistance by Streptococcus spp; Ampicillin 100% and Ampicillin cloxacillin 100%, cefuroxime 100%, and Ciprofloxacin 100%. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were active against Salmonella species, Pseudomonas species, klebsiella, and Escherichia coli. Azithromycin, imipenem, and meropenem with high susceptibility to local bacterial isolates sample tested. The access group antibiotics showed a low susceptibility rate to local bacteria isolate with increase resistance to the watch group. Antibiogram was developed to guide empirical treatment type that is predominant in the district. Most bacteria isolated from health facilities in Kwara South were resistant to the access group. The resistance to watch a group of WHO antibiotics classification is building very fast.

Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance, Empirical Treatment, Susceptible.

References:

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Abstract:

Improper biomedical wastes management could lead to health risks and environmental hazards. The study aimed to evaluate the health risks of improper biomedical wastes management among health workers. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 health workers across private and public hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria, using a self-developed and administered questionnaire. Analysis of the data involved descriptive and inferential statistics. The Nurses were the predominant respondents (28%), and many respondents had bachelor’s degree qualifications (86%). The respondents agreed that health workers are exposed to several health risks following poor handling of biomedical wastes from the point of generation, transport, treatment, and disposal. The study revealed satisfactory practices of precautionary measures while experience, gender, and type of hospital were significantly associated with the transmission of blood-borne infections such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) through needle pricks and injuries from sharps (p<0.0001). Gender and hospital type were significantly related to environmental pollution (p<0.0001), and work experience was significantly linked to water and foodborne infections such as cholera and typhoid (p<0.0003). Work experience and hospital type were significantly associated with the public health risks of improper biomedical wastes management (p<0.0001). Training of health workers on appropriate safety procedures of biomedical waste management is essential to prevent occupational health hazards, achieve a safe working environment, and efficient health service delivery. Government and hospital management should enforce appropriate safety measures.

Keywords: Biomedical Wastes, Health Risks, Infections, Injuries, Occupational Health Hazards. 

References:

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Abstract:

This systematic analysis seeks to describe the evidence regarding cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the recent, published, professional literature. This systematic review addressed the question of the efficacy of and evidence for CBT for the treatment of PTSD. The review incorporates a comprehensive literature review, addresses the methodological quality of the papers, and synthesizes the results by themes. After evaluation of the published and professional literature, five themes; Result of CBT for PTSD, Alternatives to CBT for PTSD, CBT in practice, Treatment of children, and CBT in tandem with medication. 11 published studies including qualitative interviews, randomized control trials, and meta-analyses were examined. CBT proved to be instrumental in alleviating PTSD symptoms in men who have been exposed to combat trauma, women who have experienced violence, veterans who have gone through combat trauma and also have disorders due to addictions, and young adults and children who have experienced trauma. Studies have shown that CBT works quite well in the case of couples where one has been diagnosed with PTSD. CBT for PTSD can be delivered face-to-face or by using telepsychiatry. CBT tends to have a higher success rate when carried out while administering appropriate drugs. Also, carrying out CBT for PTSD can bring about stronger relationships and post-traumatic stress growth.

Keywords: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Treatment.

References:

[1] Broderick, P.C.& Blewitt, P. (2015). The Life Span: Human Development for Helping Professionals (4^th ed.) Pearson, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

[2] Charak R., Armour C., Elklit A., Angmo D., Elhai J. D., & Koot H. M. (2014). Factor structure of PTSD, and relation with gender in trauma survivors from India. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5, 1. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.25547.

[3] Foa, E.B., Zoellner, L.A. &Feeny, N. C. (2006). An evaluation of three brief programs for facilitating recovery after an assault. J Trauma Stress, 19(1), 29–43.

[4] Frueh, B. C., Monnier, J., Grubaugh, A. L., Elhai, J. D., Yim, E., & Knapp, R. (2007). Therapist Adherence and Competence with Manualized Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for PTSD Delivered via Videoconferencing Technology. Behavior Modification, 31(6), 856–866. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445507302125.

[5] Gillies D, Taylor F, Gray C, O’Brien L, D’Abrew N. Psychological therapies for the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD006726. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006726.pub2.

[6] Hien, D., Levin, F., Ruglass, L., & Lopez-Castro, T. (2015). Enhancing the effects of Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD and alcohol use disorders with antidepressant medication: A randomized clinical trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 146, e142–e142.

[7] Iverson, K. M., Gradus, J. L., Resick, P. A., Suvak, M. K., Smith, K. F., & Monson, C. M. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD and depression symptoms reduces risk for future intimate partner violence among interpersonal trauma survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 193–202. https://doi-org.nuls.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/a0022512.

[8] Khan, A. M., Dar, S., Ahmed, R., Ramya, B., Mahwish, A., &Kotapati, V. P. (2018). Cognitive-behavioral therapy versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Cureus, 10(9) doi: http://dx.doi.org.nuls.idm.oclc.org/10.7759/cureus.3250.

[9] Mcdevitt-Murphy, M., Roberts, M., Barnett, J., & Sherman, M. (2011). Significant Other Enhanced Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for PTSD and Alcohol Misuse in OEF/OIF Veterans. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(1), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022346.

[10] Monson CM, Fredman SJ, Macdonald A, Pukay-Martin ND, Resick PA, Schnurr PP. Effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Couple Therapy for PTSD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2012;308(7):700–709. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.9307.

[11] National Institute for Mental Health (2019). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Accessed at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd.shtml Accessed on March 27, 2019.

[12] Olff M. (2016). Five years of European Journal of Psychotraumatology. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7, 31350. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v7.31350.

[13] Pérez Benítez, C., Zlotnick, C., Gomez, J., Rendón, M., & Swanson, A. (2013). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD and somatization: an open trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(6), 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2013.02.005.

[14] Prochaska, J.O., Norcross, J.C. (2018). Systems of Psychotherapy (9^th Ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

[15] Christiansen, D.M., Hansen, M. and Elklit, A. (2014) Correlates of Coping Styles in an Adolescent Trauma Sample. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 7, 75-85.

[16] Rose SC, Bisson J, Churchill R, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD000560. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000560.

[17] Shnaider, P., Pukay, M. N. D., Fredman, S. J., Macdonald, A., & Monson, C. M. (2014). Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Conjoint Therapy for PTSD on Partners’ Psychological Functioning. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(2), 129–136. https://doi-org.nuls.idm.oclc.org/10.1002/jts.21893.

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Abstract:

Depot-Medroxyl-Progesterone-Acetate-Subcutaneous/Self Injection (DMPA-SC/SI) is an intentional approach used by the Nigerian government to improve the coverage rate of contraceptives method-mix. In this study, the knowledge, practice, and determinants of use of DMPA-SC/SI among women in North-Central and South-West, Nigeria, was assessed. A cross-sectional health facility study was conducted across four Nigerian states. Structured pretested questionnaires were used to elicit information from 844 women within reproductive age. Twenty focused group discussions and 40 In-depth interviews (IDIs). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the characteristics of the women. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the determinants of the current use of DMPA-SC /SI. Statistical analyses were set at 5%. Recorded voices were transcribed in full and analyzed using literary methods. About 89.5% of respondents reported ever heard family planning; 97.6% reported heard DMPA-SC; 83.2% reported ever use family planning; 95.7% reported current use of family planning; 94.3% reported ever use DMPA-SC, and 46.5% reported ever use DMPA-SC/SI. The reason for the use of DMPA-SC/SI was because it was easy to use, effective and self-administered. The factors that discourage women from using DMPA-SC/SI were mainly fears associated with side effects, for and fear of SI-self-injury. The logistic regression results showed that those residing in a rural part of the country were less likely to use DMPA-SC/SI. The government should scale up this model nationally, including rural and hard-to-reach communities with public awareness programmes, public sensitization, and refresher training to improve on Provider’s counselling skills.

Keywords: Knowledge, Practice, Self-injectable contraceptive.

References:

[1] Moon TD, Okoth V, Starnes JR, et al. Determinants of modern contraceptive prevalence and unplanned pregnancies in Migori County, Kenya: results of a cross-sectional household survey. Afr J Reprod Health 2021; 25: 29.

[2] Mochache V, Lakhani A, El-Busaidy H, et al. Pattern and determinants of contraceptive usage among women of reproductive age from the Digo community residing in Kwale, Kenya: results from a cross-sectional household survey. BMC Women’s Health 2018; 18: 10.

[3] Ameyaw EK, Budu E, Sambah F, et al. Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country analysis of demographic and health surveys. PLoS ONE 2019; 14: e0220970.

[4] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Family Planning and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Data Booklet). United Nations. Epub ahead of print September 20, 2019. DOI: 10.18356/e154e49d-en.

[5] Dasgupta ANZ, Wheldon M, Kantorova V, et al. Progress in Family Planning: Did the Millennium Development Goals Make a Difference? In: Population Association of America. Austin: Population Division, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2019, p. 10.

[6] Ba DM, Ssentongo P, Agbese E, et al. Prevalence and predictors of contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in 17 sub-Saharan African countries: A large population-based study. Sex Reprod Health c 2019; 21: 26–32.

[7] Prata N, Weidert K, Fraser A, et al. Meeting Rural Demand: A Case for Combining Community-Based Distribution and Social Marketing of Injectable Contraceptives in Tigray, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 2013; 8: e68794.

[8] Sileo KM, Wanyenze RK, Lule H, et al. Determinants of family planning service uptake and use of contraceptives among postpartum women in rural Uganda. Int J Public Health 2015; 60: 987–997.

[9] National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF. 2019. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018, https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR359/FR359 pdf (2019, accessed October 24, 2020).

[10] Total Fertility Rate in Nigeria Decreases Slightly as the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate Increases | JHU - Advance Family Planning, https://www.advancefamilyplanning.org/total-fertility-rate-nigeria-decreases-slightly-contraceptive-prevalence-rate-increases (accessed July 10, 2021).

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[12] Cover J, Namagembe A, Tumusiime J, et al. Continuation of injectable contraception when self-injected vs. administered by a facility-based health worker: a nonrandomized, prospective cohort study in Uganda. Contraception 2018; 98: 383–388.

[13] Kohn JE, Simons HR, Della Badia L, et al. Increased 1-year continuation of DMPA among women randomized to self-administration: results from a randomized controlled trial at Planned Parenthood. Contraception 2018; 97: 198–204.

[14] Liu J, Shen J, Diamond-Smith N. Predictors of DMPA-SC continuation among urban Nigerian women: the influence of counseling quality and side effects. Contraception 2018; 98: 430–437.

[15] Ahuru RR. The influence of women empowerment on maternal and childcare use in Nigeria. Int J Healthc Manag 2019; 1–10.

[16] Cochran WG. Professor of Statistics, Emeritus Harvard University. 10.

[17] Yaya S, Uthman OA, Ekholuenetale M, et al. Women empowerment as an enabling factor of contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of cross-sectional surveys of 32 countries. Reprod Health 2018; 15: 214.

[18] Aliyu AA, Dahiru T. Reproductive Health and Family Planning Services in Africa: Looking beyond Individual and Household Factors. In: Amarin Z, Abduljabbar H (eds) Family Planning and Reproductive Health. IntechOpen. Epub ahead of print December 2, 2020. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92138.

[19] Solanke BL. Factors influencing contraceptive use and non-use among women of advanced reproductive age in Nigeria. J Health Popul Nutr 2017; 36: 1.

[20] Adebowale SA, Ajiboye BV, Arulogun O. Patterns and Correlates of Condom Use among Unmarried Male Youths in Nigeria: NDHS 2008. Afr J Reprod Health 2017; 17: 149–159.

[21] Kanwal N, Muttappallymyalil J, Al-Sharbatti S, et al. Contraceptive Utilisation Among Mothers of Reproductive Age in Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2017; 17: e50–e58.

[22] Olugbenga-Bello AI, Adebimpe WO, Akande RO, et al. Health risk behaviors and sexual initiation among in-school adolescents in rural communities in southwestern Nigeria. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2014; 26: 503–510.

[23] Burke HM, Chen M, Buluzi M, et al. Effect of self-administration versus provider-administered injection of subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on continuation rates in Malawi: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6: e568–e578.

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[25] Prabhakaran S, Sweet A. Self-administration of subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for
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[26] Beasley A, White KO, Cremers S, et al. Randomized clinical trial of self-versus clinical administration of subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Contraception 2014; 89: 352–356.

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[30] Ross J, Keesbury J, Hardee K. Trends in the Contraceptive Method Mix in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Analysis Using a New “Average Deviation” Measure. Glob Health Sci Pract 2015; 3: 34–55.

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Abstract:

Preeclampsia and eclampsia cases continue to rise in northern Zambia as people search for babies and continuity of clans’ survival. Due to the competitive nature of cultural demands/ myths on pregnancy and maternal socio-demographic factors (low-age, low socio-economic status, and poor health-seeking behaviour), women in rural prefer unprofessional primary health care services that are presumably affordable to them thereby, delaying in seeking for professional healthcare services. High levels of poverty in resource-limited areas have put many female adolescents at risk of falling pregnant. Thus, this study probed on the interaction between these maternal socio-demographic factors and disease distribution in both rural and urban areas with respect to various pregnancy outcomes. The study used retrospective quantitative methods in eliciting information from data sources (women, registers) in Mbala, Mpulungu, Senga, and Mungwi districts covering 3-year period (2017-2019). In all, 202 female respondents from Northern Zambia were interviewed through self-administered questionnaires. Thereafter, data were analysed using a statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS v16). Findings indicate severe; socio-economic status and low maternal age affect pre-eclampsia disease distribution coupled with adverse pregnancy outcomes more in rural than urban areas. The better the socio-demographic conditions, the lower the disease distribution with good pregnancy outcomes. However, worsening maternal socio-demographic conditions may increase the incidence of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women of northern Zambia. The study recommended interventions tarred towards public health programmes such as social behaviour change and communication (SBCC) towards adolescent women and socio-economic empowerment of pregnant women in resource-limited areas.

Keywords: Average ANC timing, Preeclampsia, Residency, Socio-economic, Teenage pregnancy.

References:

[1] Northern HIMS. (2019). Provincial Health Information Management System: PHO. Kasama. Zambia.

[2] Chowa P. E. et al. (2011). Prevalence of Hypertension among Women of Child-Bearing Age in Zambia: Medical Journal of Zambia, 38 (3), 1-6, Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/mjz/article/view/81443.

[3] Andrea P. M. (2001). Pregnancy-related mortality from pre-eclampsia and eclampsia: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Elsevier Inc. 97 (4), 533-8, Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11275024/.

[4] Sibai. B. M. (2005). Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Eclampsia: The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Elsevier, 105(2), 402-410, Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15684172/.

[5] Sibai. B. M. (1997). Risk factors associated with pre-eclampsia in healthy nulliparous women: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Elsevier, 177 (5), 1003-1010, Retrieved from https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(97)70004-8/fulltext.

[6] Kayode O. Et al. (2011). Public Health Perspectives of Preeclampsia in Developing Countries: Implication for Health System Strengthening. Journal of Pregnancy, Hindawi, 1 (1), 1-6, Retrieved from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jp/2011/481095/.

[7] Hladunewich. M. Et al. (2007). Pathophysiology of the Clinical Manifestations of Preeclampsia. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. Google Scholar, 2 (3), 543-549, Retrieved from https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/2/3/543.

[8] Duley. L. (2009). The Global Impact of Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia: Seminars in Perinatology. 33 (3), 130-137, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.010.

[9] WHO. (2015). Recommendations for Prevention and treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. WHO Press, Geneva 27, Switzerland, human reproduction programme ,1-38 Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44703/9789241548335_eng.pdf?sequence=1.

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Abstract:

In the healthcare sector, the job satisfaction of professionals and/or healthcare workers plays a profound role in their performance and is further reflected in the health and satisfaction of the patient. In recent times, the healthcare workers in Nigeria were not seen to be gratified with the organizational policies. The various industrial unions of the health care professionals have engaged in several industrial strike actions over the years in an attempt to demand for better remuneration, improved working conditions, increased staff strength, reduction of work overload, and the likes. This situation among the healthcare professional has become worrisome in Ogun State. This study assessed factors influencing job satisfaction of healthcare professionals in Ogun State Hospitals, Nigeria. The study was conducted with a sample of 729 healthcare professionals from the five zonal offices comprising Thirty-Nine (39) Health facilities across the study area. Data and/or items that assessed job satisfaction with management, supervision, nature of work/profession, work environment, salary, benefits, and promotion were subjected to exploratory factor analysis in order to group the major constraints variables. The results showed two orthogonal factors in management, two factors in supervision, five factors in nature of work/profession, three factors in a work environment, and three factors in rewards/compensation, which were derived with total explanations of 50.54%, 61.30%, 58.32%, 58.82%, and 68.68% respectively, of the Variance. Only variables with constraints loadings of 0.60 and above were used in naming the factors. The results further revealed that rewards, opportunities for career development, working conditions, and promotional schemes of the organizations have high associations with job satisfaction, whereas work environment was found to have low significance towards job satisfaction. This study concludes that the Ogun State Hospitals Management Board needs to improve the work environment; attractive rewards/compensation, opportunities for career development, and promotions.
Keywords: Factors, Healthcare Professionals, Job satisfaction, Nigeria, Ogun State Hospitals.

References:

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Abstract:

The patho-physiology of COVID19 is still not clear. This study investigated the status of coagulation, LDH activity, and inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. One hundred and thirty-four newly diagnosed COVID19 infected patients (age ranged65-82years) attending Mullingar Regional Hospital, Mullingar, Republic of Ireland, volunteered to participate in this study. They all presented with a pulmonary disorder, pyrexia, vomiting, body pains, etc. SARS-CoV-2 confirmatory test was done with RT-PCR molecular test using Cepheid Genexpert System. The data of another 121 plasma samples of apparently normal, non-COVID19 infected individuals taken before the emergence of COVID19 served as controls. Levels of blood platelets was determined in the participants using Siemen ADVIA 2120 Haematological System, and plasma D-dimer was determined in the participants using Star Max-Stago–Automatic Coagulation Analyzer LDH activity, plasma ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined in the participants using Beckman AU680-Chemistry Analyser. SARS-CoV-2 –infected patients showed significantly (p<0.001) higher levels of D-dimer (1522.95+1395.45ng/ml), CRP (125.3+116.4mg/l), ferritin (488.5+514.9pg/l), and LDH activity (574.4+446.7iu/l) compared to controls (78.8+18.1ng/ml, 2.4+1.7mg/l, 61.3+58.2pg/l, 304.1+76.6iu/l respectively). The blood platelet count did not show significant (p>0.05) change in the COVID19 patients (252.2 x 10⁹+101 x 10⁹) compared to controls (256.4 x 10⁹+63.2 x 10⁹). Elevated LDH activity could indicate tissue breakdown in the SARS-Cov-2 infected patients. Hyper-coagulation and inflammation are imminent in the COVID19 patients. Adjuvant anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory therapies may be useful as part of therapeutic regimen in the SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.

Keywords: COVID19, Coagulopathy, CRP and ferritin, LDH.

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Abstract:

The objective of this systematic review was to explore ways of using diet and regular exercise as a means of reducing of reducing high blood pressure levels the world over. High blood pressure is fundamentally associated with high morbidity, mortality rates, and disability. Generally, lifestyle modifications such as exercise and a healthy diet have been seen to lower blood pressure in hypertensive and normotensive. A search of the literature was conducted on the Medline database to identify articles related to the research question. We also obtained the primary studies from the reference list of the retrieved review articles. The search was performed using the following key terms combination; hypertension, diet, and exercise, regular exercise, exercise alone, and lowering high blood pressure. For this project, the Medline database was searched under EBSCO host on 29^th of April 2013, and there was no restriction on the years covered by the search. A total of eight articles were found to be relevant. Of all these articles reviewed, three addressed the issue of diet, and the other five addressed the issue of exercise as an intervention. Lifestyle modifications using exercise and diet was found to have a great effect in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients and normotensive in all the reviewed articles. There is evidence that diet and exercise have a substantial effect in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients and the normotensive in all the reviewed articles.

Keywords: Diet and Exercise, Exercise alone, Hypertension, Lowering High Blood Pressure.

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[20] Abalos E, Carroli G, Mackey ME, Bergel E., (2001). Critical appraisal of systematic reviews: The WHO Reproductive Health Library, No 4, Geneva, The World Health Organization, (WHO/RHR/01.6). Retrieved from

http://www.ijsr.ir/files/site1/files/4Critical_appraisal_of_systematic_reviews.pdf.

[21] Ramsay, J., Carter, Y., Davidson, L., Dunne, D., Eldridge, S., Feder, G., Hegarty, K., Rivas, C., Taft, A., Warburton, A. (2009). Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial wellbeing of women who experience intimate partner abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8; (3): CD005043. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005043.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 12:CD005043. PMID: 19588364.

[22] Young, J., Solomon, M. (2009). How to critically appraise an article. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6, 82–91 (2009). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpgasthep1331.

[23] Public Health Resource Unit, England, (2006). Critical appraisal skill program (CASP). Retrieved from http://cfkr.dk/images/file/CASP20instrumentet.pdf.

Abstract:

Given the nodality of Kumasi, the city attracts migrants from all parts of Ghana into its market space. Notable among such migrants are the female head porters popularly called “Kayayie”. As a result of the expensive rents in urban space, female head porters live in kiosks, verandas, and squatters in any available space. This exposes the porters to a myriad of environmental and health risks amidst poor health-seeking behaviour. This study sought to examine access to health and health-seeking behaviour of female head porters in Kumasi. The study adopted quantitative methods in collecting and analyzing data. The primary units of the investigation were female head porters. The study used a sample size of 250 respondents who were interviewed through self-administered questionnaires. Findings show that only 25.2% of the respondents had access to healthcare, as about 74.8% lacked access to basic healthcare. The majority of those who had access to healthcare (54%) go to the health facility by foot, while about 42.9% access the facility by car. Though 71.4% of the head porters were subscribers of NHIS, only 25.2% resort to professional healthcare givers when they are sick. Generally, access to health and health-seeking was poor among the female head porters. The study recommended the expansion of health facilities, especially in poor urban communities, and education on health-seeking among head porters.
Keywords: Female head porters, Health seeking behaviour, Health conditions, Migration; Urban poor.

References:

[1] Awumbila, M., Kofi Tehe, J., Litchfield, J., Boakye-Yiadom, L., Deshingkar, P. & Quartey, P. (2015). Are migrant households better off than non-migrant households? Evidence from Ghana. Migration Out of Poverty Working Paper No. 28.

[2] UNICEF (2007). The impact of international migration: children left behind in selected countries of Latin America and the Carribean, Division of policy and planning, working paper. University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh.

[3] Deshingkar, P. & Grimm, S. (2005) Voluntary internal migration: An update. Overseas Development Institute.

[4] Owusu, L., & Yeboah, T. (2018). Living conditions and social determinants of healthcare inequities affecting female migrants in Ghana. GeoJournal, 83(5), 1005-1017.

[5] Tufeiru, A. (2014). The Nexus of Female Capital and North–South Labor Migration in Ghana: A Potential Remedy from Microfinance. Journal of Developing Societies (Sage Publications Inc.), 30(1), 91–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X13504680.

[6] Awumbila, M., Manuh,T. Quartey, P., Bosiakoh, T.A and Tagoe, C.A. (2011a) Migration and Mobility in Ghana: Trends, Issues and Emerging Research Gaps. Woeli Publishing: Accra.

[7] Creswell, J.W. (2009). Research Design: A Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Los Angeles: SAGE Publication.

[8] Owusu, A. (2012). The Living Conditions of Female Head Porters in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256932927.

[9] Otieku, E., Ackah, C. G., & Forkuor, D. (2017). Motivations, income determinants and livelihood vulnerability of female teenage head porters in Kasoa, Ghana. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(12), 2396–2408. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2016-0286.

[10] Azumah, F. D. & Onzaberrugu J. N. (2018). The Lifestle of female head porters: the single mother and her coping strategies at Aboabo, Kumasi. International Journal of Innovation Education and Research 6(2).

[11] ILO (2014). World of work report: Developing with jobs.

[12] Kwankye, S.O., Anarfi, J. K., Tagoe, (2011) Migration Impacts within the West African Sub-Region. Unpublished paper prepared for the Research Programme Consortium (RPC) on Migrating out of poverty. Brighton: University of Sussex.

[13] Wilson, A. (2012). Resources for Thriving among Female porters in Accra. A Qualitative study of Migrants from Northern Ghana to Greater Accra Region. A Salutogenic Approach. Retrieved from https://bora.uib.no/handle/1956/5879.

[14] Shamsu–Deen, Z. (2013). Migration and Health Nexus: A Case of Female Porters (Kayayei) in Accra, Ghana. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(3), 103–109.

[15] Nyarko, S. H., & Tahiru, A. M. (2018). Harsh Working Conditions and Poor Eating Habits: Health-Related Concerns of Female Head Porters (Kayayei) in the Mallam Atta Market, Accra, Ghana. BioMed Research International, 2018, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6201837.

[16] Shamsu-Deen, Z., & Adadow, Y. (2019). Health-seeking behaviour among migrant female head porters in the City of Accra, Ghana. Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 16(2), 138-156–156. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjds.v16i2.7.

[17] Opare, J. A. (2003). Kayayei: The women head porters of southern Ghana. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.4314/jsda.v18i2.23825.

[18] Awumbila, M. and Ardayfio-Schandorf, E (2008). Gendered poverty, migration and livelihood strategies of female porters in Accra, Ghana, Norwegian journal of Geography, 62(3):171-179.

[19] Montgomery, M., R. (2009). Urban poverty and health in developing Countries. Population Bulletins Vol. 64, No.2. Stony Brook University.

[20] Owusu, G., Agyei-Mensah, S. and Lund, R. (2008). Slums of hope and slums of despair: Mobility and livelihoods in Nima, Accra, Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 62:180-190.

[21] Owusu-Ansah, J. K., & Addai, M. (2016). Coping with life in a squatter settlement: The case of migrant women in Kumasi, Ghana. Journal of Science and Technology, 33(3).

[22] Awumbila, M., & Ardayfio-Schandorf, E. (2008). Gendered poverty, migration and livelihood
strategies of female porters in Accra, Ghana. Norwegian Journal of Geography, 62(3), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291950802335772.

[23] Potts, D. (2008). Recent trends in rural-urban and urban-rural migration in sub-Saharan Africa: The empirical evidence and implications for understanding urban livelihood insecurity. Paper No. 6, Department of Geography, King’s College London.

[24] Kwankye, S.O., Anarfi, J. K., Tagoe, C. A., and Castaldo, A. (2009) Independent North-South Child Migration in Ghana: The Decision-making Process. Migration DRC Working Paper T29.

[25] Assesfa A., Nash, J., Tefera Tamiru, & Byass, P. (2000). Patterns of health seeking behavior amongst leprosy patients in the former Shao province. Ethiop. J. Health Dev.14(1):43- 47.

[26] Owusu, L. & Yeboah, T. (2017). Living conditions and social determinants of healthcare inequalities affecting female migrants in Ghana. Geo Journal.

[27] Agarwal, S., Attah, M., Apt, N., Grieco, M., Kwakye, E. A., & Turner, J. (1997). Bearing the weight: The kayayoo, Ghana’s working girl child. International Social Work, 40(3), 245–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/002087289704000302.

Abstract:

Unsatisfactory health indices characterize Osun State Nigeria Primary Health Care facilities and poor operational conditions. Residents patronize private health facilities with attendant payment of huge out-of-pocket medical bills. Implementation of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF), a mechanism to increase access to quality health care for all its citizens initiated by the state government, commenced in 2018. The study sought to determine the extent to which capacity building/training of Ward development committees (WDC) in BHCPF supported PHCs has contributed to the provision of quality health services in the BHCPF supported facilities. The study was qualitative in design and used three focus group discussions held in three BHCPF implementing LGAs with thirty-five (27males, 8 females) consenting trained WDC members. Prior to the BHCPF training, the majority of the WDCs were not actively involved in the management of their PHCs, as political appointees and were unclear about their roles and responsibilities to the health facilities in their wards. After the training, most of the trained WDCs engaged with their PHC staff to debrief, review the quality improvement plans for their health facilities, identified immediate needs to address, approached influential people in the community, and mobilized local resources to address identified gaps. Electricity and water supply were restored in most of the facilities, hospital beds and basic equipment for were procured for PHCs, building, and equipping of the laboratory were completed. Building the capacity of the WDC on their roles and responsibilities strengthened them to contribute to the provision of quality health services in their communities.
Keywords: Access, capacity building, quality improvement, Universal Health Coverage, Ward development committees.

References:

[1] National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF. 2019. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF.

[2] World Bank, 2017. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?locations=NG.

[3] World Bank Group 2018: Country focus: Nigeria Biannual Economic Update Investing in Human Capital for Nigeria’s Future http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/346771542864299850/pdf/132316-21-11-2018-17-31-9-NigeriaBEUAMF.pdf.

[4] National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017: Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17, Survey Findings Report. Abuja, Nigeria: National Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Children’s Fund.

[5] Nigeria Health Watch 2018, Official Gazette of the National Health Act- FGN 2014: https://nigeriahealthwatch.com/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2018/07/01_-Official-Gazette-of-the-National-Health-Act-FGN.pdf retrieved 12.09.2020.

[6] Federal Ministry of Health, 2020: Guideline for the Administration, Disbursement, and Monitoring of the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) retrieved 27.2.2021 https://www.health.gov.ng/doc/BHCPF-2020-Guidelines.pdf.

[7] Awal, A., Ezenwa S., Atobatele S., Nzobiwu A., & Uweiza H., 2020. Preliminary learnings from Nigeria’s Basic Health Care Provision Fund, https://r4d.org/blog/preliminary-learnings-from-nigerias-basic-health-care-provision-fund/.

[8] Oginni A. S., 2019. Update on Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) Implementation in Osun State: Report submitted to BHCPF State Steering Committee (Unpublished).

[9] Oyebode O., 2019. Update on Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) Implementation in Osun State: Progress and Challenges. Report submitted to BHCPF State Steering Committee (Unpublished).

[10] National Primary Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA) (2018): Ward Health System, 2nd Ed. August 2018.

[11] National Primary Health Care Development Agency, 2014. Minimum Standards for Primary Health Care in Nigeria 2014.

[12] Iyanda, O. F., & Akinyemi, O. O., 2017. Our chairman is very efficient: community participation in delivering primary health care in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal, 27, 258. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.27.258.12892 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5660304/ 235.2021.

[13] Nigeria Health Watch (2020): The need for women’s leadership in global health – The Nigeria experience; https://nigeriahealthwatch.com/the-need-for-womens-leadership-in-global-health-the-nigeria-experience/ retrieved 21.5.21.

[14] Oyari F.O., Ogbonnaya L.U., Ota M.O., & Azuogu B., 2017: How Ready are the Ward Development Committees to Facilitate Universal Health Coverage in Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Journal of Primary Health Care and General Practice 1 (1) 005

www.scientonline.org https://scientonline.org/open-access/how-ready-are-the-ward-development-committees-to-facilitate-universal-health-coverage-in-ebonyi-state-nigeria.pdf retrieved 21.05.2021.

[15] Azuh D. E., 2017; The Role and Challenges of Ward Development Committees in Promoting Grassroots Health Awareness in Ogun State Nigeria; Journal of Business and Management 19 (7) 41-48 www.iosrjournals.org.

[16] Agofure, O., & Sarki, E., 2017. Utilization of Primary Health Care Services in Jaba Local Government Area of Kaduna State Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of health sciences, 27 (4), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v27i4.5.

[17] Srivastava, A., Gope, R., Nair, N. et al. 2015, Are village health sanitation and nutrition committees
fulfilling their roles for decentralised health planning and action? A mixed-methods study from rural eastern India. BMC Public Health 16, 59 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2699-4.

[18] Abosede O.A, Campbell P.C., Olufunlayo T., Sholeye O.O., 2012 Establishing a Sustainable Ward Health System in Nigeria: Are Key Implementers Well Informed? J Community Med Health Educ 2:164. DOI: 10.4172/2161-0711.1000164.

[19] Mulumba, M., London, L., Nantaba, J., & Ngwena, C. 2018. Using Health Committees to Promote Community Participation as a Social Determinant of the Right to Health: Lessons from Uganda and South Africa. Health and human rights, 20(2), 11–17.

[20] Gupta M.D, Gauri V., Khemani S., 2003, Decentralized Delivery of Primary Health Services in Nigeria. Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2003.

Abstract:

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is one of the primary vector control interventions for reducing and interrupting malaria transmission. In recent years, however, it has received relatively little attention. Just like it is the case in the 17 villages of the Chipushi area of Mpika district in Muchinga province, Zambia. In community work, among the things that attracted my attention are the non-acceptance and perceived negative attitudes towards acceptance for indoor residual spraying. The purpose of this study was to analyze and establish the factors that contribute to none acceptance for Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) in the Chipushi area of Mpika, Zambia. None acceptance, in this case, refers to a widespread negative response to having indoor residual spraying performed in people’s homes at the community level. Simple random sampling was used to come up with the study population. And after executing the study through the questionnaire and semi-structured interviews on the 97 respondents, findings revealed that 12 (12.4%) respondents believed that chemicals used in IRS increase mosquitoes and bed bugs instead of controlling them. Other 22 (22.7%) never believed IRS could reduce the incidence of malaria. 18 (18.6%) respondents avoided being in-convenience by the spray operators and health personnel. 10 (10.3%) respondents don’t want to be seen how wrecked their houses are or fear of being embarrassed due to lack of sanity in their homes. Similarly, 17 (17.5%) respondents believed that by the culture, they could not allow strangers to expose their privacy in their homes. Surprisingly 26 (26.8%) respondents never just wanted to participate in spray operations.

Keywords: Community, Households, Indoor Residual Spraying, Malaria elimination, Prevention.

References:

[1] Health Management Information System., 2020, Health statistics: Information office, 8(2), 36-42, https://www.zambiahmis.org/dhis.

[2] World Health Organization., 2006, Indoor Residual Spraying: Use of indoor residual spraying for scaling up global malaria control and elimination, 12(6), 1- 8,

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/69386.

[3] US President’s malaria initiative., 2019, Zambia malaria operational plan FY 2020: USAIDS, Global malaria strategy, 12(4), 39-46, https://www.pmi.gov.

[4] Zambia Malaria Elimination Centre., 2015, Malaria Overview: Malaria Elimination Strategy, https://www.nmec.org.zm/malaria-overview.

[5] Ingabire, C.M. et al., 2015, Factors impeding the acceptability and use of malaria preventive measures: implications for malaria elimination in eastern Rwanda, 14:136, 1-7, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274707254_Factors_impending_the_acceptability_and_use_of_malaria_preventive_measure_implications_for_malaria_elimination_in_eastern_Rwanda.

[6] Davis, B. G., 1993, The Understanding Approach to Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

[7] Altman, H. B., & Cashin, W. E., 2003, The Research Methodology. London: McMillan Press.

[8] Eberly, M.B., 2001, Research practical obstacles: Journal of research, 50(1), 6- 7.

[9] Daniels, C.K., 1988, The research constraints: Bolton, MA, Anker.

[10] Woolcock, M.J., 2003, The research steps: Journal of research project, 12(2), 1- 9, https://www.iedunote.com/research-process.

[11] Grunert, J., 1997, The seven key Research steps: Bolton, MA, Anker,

https://course.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-eng111/chapter/the-seven-steps-of-the-research-process-revise-customize/.

[12] N’gandu, S.K., 2013, writing a research proposal in educational research, Lusaka: The University of Zambia.

[13] US presidential malaria initiative., 2019, Zambia malaria operational plan FY 2020: US AID- Global malaria strategy, 51- 52, https://www.pmi.gov/where-we-work/zambia.

[14] Lindsay, S.W. & Fillinger, U., 2011, Larval Source management for malaria control in Africa: myths & reality. Malaria journal, 10:383, 5-6, https://www.malariajournal.com/content/10/1/353.

[15] Majambere, S. et al., 2010, Is mosquito larval source management appropriate for reducing malaria in areas of extensive flooding in the Gambia? A crossover intervention trial. American Journal for tropical medicine & Hygiene, 82(2), 176-184.

[16] Steketee, R.W., 2009, Control of malaria: American journal of tropical medicine & hygiene. 80(6), 879-880,

https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/80/6/879.

[17] Castrol, M.C., et al., 2009, community based environmental management for malaria control:
evidence from a small- scale interaction in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Bio-med central malaria journal, 8:57, https://www.malariajournal.com/content/8/1/157.

[18] World Health Organization., 2015, malaria: WHO global technical strategy for malaria 2016-2030, https://reliefweb.int/report/world/who-global-technical-strategy-malaria-2016-2030.

[19] Seidlein, L.V., 2016, Malaria prevention strategies: 17^th international congress on infectious diseases. International journal of infectious diseases, 45S (2016), 1-477, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.069.

[20] Ganiccia, G., 1981, Health education in malaria control: Why has it failed, world health forum, 2, 385- 393.

[21] Hall, B.F. & Fauci, A.S., 2009, Malaria control, elimination, & eradication: The role of the evolving bio-medical research agenda. The journal of infectious diseases, 200:1639-43, https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/200/11/1639/831923.

Abstract:

Unskilled home delivery is a threat to maternal and child health. In Northern Nigeria, many pregnant women attend antenatal care but opt to deliver at home. This study determined knowledge on pregnancy outcome, the burden of home delivery, and factors contributing to the choice of place of delivery. A cross-sectional study was done with the subjects selected by multi-stage sampling. The data was analyzed using SPSS. Results were presented in frequencies and percentages with chi-square used in determining the statistical significance between the socio-demographic characteristics and the choice of a planned place of delivery. The mean age of participants is 27.6±5.0 years. Of the 404 participants and 43.3% are from the lower social status. Most participants were delivered at home due to sudden labour (25.6%), lack of transportation (20.5%), high cost of hospital deliveries (13.7%). Most understand that leg swelling may connote problems in Pregnancy, Hypertension can occur in Pregnancy, and a normal pregnancy may become complicated. Educational status, health worker’s attitudes, previous experience, ease of transportation, and numbers of parity are all significant determinants of the choice of place of delivery (p<0.0001). Most participants delivered in the hospital, but a significant number still delivers at home despite knowing that Hypertension can occur in Pregnancy and that normal Pregnancy can become complicated. Reasons for their decision were lack of transportation means, an attitude of healthcare workers, and high cost of hospital deliveries. The major determinant of choice of delivery place is; educational status, previous experience, and attitude of healthcare workers.
Keywords: Choice, Determining, Delivery, Factors, Place, Pregnant.

References:

[1] World Health Organization, WHO maternal mortality fact sheet 2018.

[2] Dahal RK. 2013. Factors influencing the choice of place of delivery among women in Eastern rural Nepal. International Journal of Maternal and Child Health. 1 (2): 20 – 37. www.semanticscholar.org/paper/factors-influencing-the-choice-of-place-of-delivery-dahal.

[3] Adegoke A.A, Hofman J.J, Kongnyuy E.J, van den Broek N. 2011. Monitoring and evaluation of skilled Birth Attendance: A proposed new framework. Midwifery. 27 (1): 350 – 359. www.academia.edu/24971185/Adegoke.

[4] Thomson A. The joint WHO/ICM/FIGO statement on skilled attendants at birth. Midwifery 2005; 21(1): 1 – 3.

[5] Adegoke A.A, Mani S, Abubakar A, van den Broek N. 2013. Capacity building of skilled Birth Attendants: A review of pre-service education curricula. Midwifery. 29 (7): e64 – e72. www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23199532/.

[6] Oluwadare T, Adegbilero – Iwari O, Fasoro A.A, Oluwafemi F.S. 2021. Determinants of choice of place of delivery among women of childbearing age in Ido – Ekiti Nigeria. Annals of Romanian Society for Cell Biology. 25 (4): 4554 – 4565. www.researchgate.net/publication352017679.

[7] Abubakar S, Adamu D, Hamza R, Galadima J.B. 2017. Determinants of home delivery among women attending ante-natal care in Bagwai town Kano Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 21 (4): 73 – 79. www.ajrh.info/index.php/ajrh/article.

[8] World Health Organization, WHO report on high-rate mortality fact sheet 2017.

[9] Ajayi A.I, Akpan W. 2020. Maternal health care services utilization in the context of ‘Abiye’ (safe motherhood) programme in Ondo State Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 20 (1): 362 – 370. www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

[10] Idris S.H, Gwarzo U.M.D, Shehu A.U. 2006. Determinants of place of delivery among women in a semi-urban settlement in Zaria, Northern Nigeria, Annals of African Medicine. 5 (2): 68 – 72. www.bioline.org.br/pdf.

[11] Abe E, Omo-Aghoja L.O. 2008. Maternal mortality at the Central Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria: A ten-year review. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 12 (3): 17-26. www.scirp.org.

[12] Ewa EE, Lasisi CJ, Maduka SO, Ita AE, Ibor UW and Anjorin OA. 2012. Perceived factors influencing the choice of antenatal care and delivery centers among childbearing women in Ibadan North South-Western, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management. 5 (4): 373 – 383. www.semanticscholar.org/paper.

[13] Reproductive Health resource survey at primary health care level of government facilities FMOH, Abuja; 2002.

[14] Envuladu E.A, Agbo H.A, Lassa S, Kigbu J.H, Zoakah A.I. 2013. Factors determining the choice of a place of delivery among pregnant women in Russia village of Jos North, Nigeria: achieving the MDG s 4 and 5. International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research. 2 (1): 23 – 27. www.researchgate.net/publication/269604857-.

[15] Kifle M.M, Kesete H.F, Gaim H.T, Angosom G.S, Araya M.B. 2018. A health facility or home delivery? Factors influencing the choice of delivery place among mothers living in rural communities of Eritrea. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 37 (1): 22 – 36. www.researchgate.net/publication/328431657-.

[16] Broda A, Kruger J, Schinke S, Weber A. 2018. Determinants of choice of delivery place: Testing rational choice theory and habitus theory. Midwifery. 63(4): 33 – 38. www.daneshyari.com/article/preview.

[17] Kumari B.S, Thompson S. 2016. Choice of Place of Delivery – Home or Hospitals, among mothers of Urban slums of Nalgonda district. Indian Journal of Applied Research. 6 (1): 336 – 338. www.worldwidejournals.com/indian-journal-of-applied-research(IJAR)/fileview.

[18] Uwiduhaye M, Mung’atu J.K. 2016. Modelling factors influencing the choice of Delivery place at birth among pregnant women in Rwanda using Multinomial logistic method. International Journal of Science and Research. 7 (11): 124 – 129. www.ijsr.net/archive.

[19] Okang C.A, Kaseje D. 2015. The Pull and Push factors influencing of place and delivery attendant in Urban slums of Nyalenda, Kisumu East District, Kenya. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 5 (1): 133 – 140. www.ijhssnet.com/journals.

[20] Gebregziabher N.K, Zeray A.Y, Abtew Y.T, Kinfe T.D, Abrha D.T. 2019. Factors determining the choice of place of delivery: an analytical cross-sectional study of mothers in Akordet town Eritrea. BMC Public Health. 19 (1): 924 – 934. www.bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/track.

[21] Nwankwo O.N.O, Ani O.E, Akpoke M, Ugwa E.A. 2019. Determinants of choice of place of delivery among women attending two referrals
Hospitals in Kano North-West Nigeria. Nigeria Medical Journal. 60 (2): 68 – 75. www.nigeriamedj.com/article.

Abstract:

Key Populations are the major drivers of the HIV epidemic in most settings; thus, identifying positive KPs and their sexual partners becomes a strong strategy in the effort to achieve the first UNAID 95 goal. This study describes the level of acceptability and outcome of PNS among HIV-positive KPs using the various approaches for PNS. A descriptive study of all HIV positives KPs initiating ART in 7 One-Stop-Shop facilities that accepted PNS was conducted over 3 months. With the consent of patients who accepted PNS, their partners were reached using any of the PNS approaches. Partners who consented for HTS were tested, and positives partners were linked to ART services. Data were analyzed to describe the acceptability and outcome of PNS among KPs. Only 846/2,486 (34%) positive KPs accepted PNS. The 846 KPs elicited 941 partners, out of which 938 (99.6%) accepted HTS. 421/938 (45%) of the partners tested positive compared to PWIDF (15%), MSM (7%), FSW (4%) and PWIDM (4%). 129/421 (31%) of the positive partners were already known positives, with 61% already on ART. The commonest method of PNS accepted among KPs was the passive method (54%), followed by the contract method (22%), provider-initiated (19%), and dual method (5%). There was poor acceptance of PNS among KPs and, the HIV positivity rate was much higher among their partners than any of the KPs sub-groups. The passive approach was the most preferred method of PNS among KPs. This should be considered strongly as we scale up PNS in Nigeria.
Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Key Populations in Nigeria, Partner notification services, UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets.

References:

[1] World Health Organization Geneva (2016). Guidelines on HIV Self-Testing and Partner Notification: Supplement to Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Testing Services: World Health Organization; 2016 Dec. 3, Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK401676/.

[2] The Global HIV epidemics (2019). Available at https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/global-statistics.

[3] Averts (2020). HIV and AIDS in Nigeria. Available at https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria.

[4] Jennifer L. Weinberg and Carrie L. Kovarik MD. (2010). The WHO Clinical Staging System for HIV/AIDS, American Medical Association Journal Ethics, Volume 12, Number 3: 202-206.

[5] Averts (2020). HIV and AIDS in Nigeria. Available at https://www.avert.org/professionals/hiv-around-world/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria.

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Abstract:

In Nepal, the estimated incident cases are 0.07 million, of them, 0.03 million people are diagnosed and enrolled in the treatment annually, and numbers of undiagnosed people living with tuberculosis (TB) might be a threat to achieving END TB strategy targets. Understanding health-seeking behaviour and care pathways is crucial to reducing missed cases and decreasing TB transmission. The objective of the study was to identify the health-seeking behavior of TB patients and understand the reasons behind TB diagnostic and treatment delays in Nepal. This was a cross-sectional, population-based survey carried out in 99 clusters of 55 districts (total of 77) of Nepal. Primary Sampling Units were Village Development Committees or Municipalities and wards selected using systematic proportional to population size method. Of the total 54,200 people who attended in the survey, 1,825 had a history of TB and asked their health-seeking practice. 62% and 72% of the TB patients utilised the government health facilities for diagnosis and treatment. 18% of the TB patients said that they received diagnosis services, and 16% of patients took their treatment from outside of the country, especially India, due to fear of stigma and easy access to the services. The majority of the TB patients utilised government health facilities to receive diagnosis and treatment services. Some of the participants sought TB services from private health care providers, and a significant proportion of participants received them from India due to difficulty in accessing local services and fear of stigma and discrimination.
Keywords: Community Based Directly Observed Treatment, Health Seeking Behaviour, Prevalence Survey, Tuberculosis.

References:

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[2] Ministry of Health and Population, National Tuberculosis Control Centre, (2020), Annual Progress Report.

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[10] A. L. Cremers, et al., (2013), Perceptions, health care seeking behaviour and implementation of a tuberculosis control programme in Lambaréné, Gabon, Public Health Action, VOL 3, NO 4, http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.13.0038.

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Abstract:

Since after World War II, the world has been grappling with the grumbling rising prevalence and economic burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The rise of these chronic diseases has reached an epidemic proportion and a melting point in many communities of the world. This has been made worse by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. While the world is still battling this debilitating reality, a more gruesome scenario is evolving in low-income and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Although these countries account for the highest poverty index in the world, they also account for a disproportionately higher burden of NCDs. More than 80% of NCD-related deaths are presently recorded among the LMICs. Ironically, although most sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries can be categorized as LMICs, yet communicable diseases (CDs) still constitute the highest disease burden in this region. However, based on global projections, SSA may soon lose this ‘advantage’ and may become the region with the highest burden of NCDs by the year 2030. If the present trajectory is left unshattered, the resulting heavy double burden of CDs and NCDs will likely crumble the already fragile economy of most SSA countries and tilt the region into an unprecedented recession. A critical review of the present disease-centered healthcare management approach and adoption of a more evidence-based health promotion-centered management approach may be vital in salvaging the situation. This article briefly reviewed the global epidemiologic transition, compared the disease- and health promotion-centered healthcare models, and made a case for a change in health management strategy in SSA.

Keywords: Disease-centered approach, Epidemiological transition, Health promotion-centered approach, lifestyle modification, Non-communicable Diseases Risk factors, sub-Saharan Africa.

References:

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Abstract:

Vaccine hesitancy to immunization against the childhood vaccine-preventable diseases is increasingly becoming a concern worldwide, which negatively impacts the parents’ willingness to vaccinate their children. The objective of this study was to establish the current prevalence of vaccine hesitancy and the factors that determine parent’s hesitancy to childhood immunizations in Nansana Municipality, Wakiso District, Uganda. This was a cross-sectional mixed methods study, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Evaluation of the determinants of vaccine hesitancy was carried out on 344 parents of children under 24 months, using simple random sampling on pre-tested structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. Additionally, 2 focus group discussions with parents were also conducted. Vaccine hesitancy was found to be 27.6%. Education level (AOR=4.9, 95% CI, 2.6 -29.5, p=0.01), belief in vaccine effectiveness (AOR= 0.47, 95% CI, 0.17 – 0.97, p=0.01), health workers attitude (AOR=0.22, 95% CI, 0.06 - 0.86, p=0.03), timing of immunization service clinic (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI, 1.8 – 6.4, p=0.01) and adequate information provision (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI, 0.16 – 0.99, p=0.04), were the factors that were independently determining vaccine hesitancy. The vaccine hesitancy prevalence rate is comparatively similar to previous urban area studies. Despite parents overwhelmingly believing in vaccines protecting their children from vaccine-preventable disease, these same parents, express concerns regarding timing of the clinic and the side effects of vaccines. There is a need to improve on communication and information flow to address the many vaccine safety concerns, such as side effects.
Keywords: Childhood, Determinants, Hesitancy, Immunization, Urban.

References:

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036.

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[6] Wolfson et al., 2008 “Estimating the costs of achieving the WHO – UNICEF Global Immunization Vision and Strategy, 2006 – 2015,” https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.07.045096.

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[13] Guay, M., Dubé, E and Laberge, C, 2018 “A Portrait of Vaccine-Hesitant Canadians,” in Public Health in the Age of Anxiety, University of Toronto Press, pp. 165–194.

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[14] Sikder et al., 2020 “Prevalence of vaccine hesitancy and its associated factors in an urban area of West Bengal, India,” Int. J. Community Med. Public Heal., 7 (9), 43–49, http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203905.

[15] Gowda, C, and Dempsey, A. F, 2013 “The rise (and fall?) of parental vaccine hesitancy,” Hum. Vaccine. Immunother., vol. 5515, https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.25085.

[16] Williams, S. E, 2014 “What are the factors that contribute to parental vaccine-hesitancy and what can we do about it?” Hum. Vaccine. Immunother., vol. 5515, https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.28596.

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Abstract:

Health financing is a major pillar in the delivery system. Health care services are financed by governments and non-governmental organizations, all for the ultimate objective of ensuring the delivery of care. Health facilities have the onus to create the enabling environment to ensure that care is in continuum and at least efforts are made at the provision of quality care. The financial healthiness of hospitals certainly affects medical outcomes since it takes money to render every service in the healthcare industry. This study worked on the assumption that financial health affects medical outcomes, and the data has proven to be true that there was a positive/significant correlation (p<0.0001*) of the topic.
Keywords: Clinical Indicators, Financial Health, Health Financing, Hospitals, Healthcare, Medical Outcomes.

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Abstract:

Patients managed for acute exacerbation of asthma in acute settings respond to standard management protocol involving systemic and oral steroids. However, relapses are common due to poor adherence to tapering doses of oral steroids. Intramuscular (IM) administration of corticosteroids has been shown to be equipotent to oral steroids with the added advantage of convenient dosing and improved adherence. However, the role of the route of administration of corticosteroids related to relapse of asthma attacks after acute care has not been fully explored. To find and appraise up-to-date evidence in the literature that compares the effectiveness and safety of IM corticosteroids o a short-course oral corticosteroid in the treatment of asthma patients in acute care settings. The principles of evidence-based medicine (EBM) were used. Suitable articles were identified using MEDLINE, Cochrane library, and Google scholar. Titles and summary texts were reviewed. The full article of the relevant article was downloaded for critical appraisal of methodological quality using a measurement tool to assess systematic review 2 (AMSTAR 2). In applying AMSTAR 2 to the selected systematic review article, it was noted that the investigators followed most of the requirements. However, adequate investigation of publication bias and discussion of its likely impact on the review’s result was not done by the researchers. No significant differences in effectiveness and safety were observed between IM corticosteroids and oral corticosteroids among this category of patients. Additional studies are required to compare different IM and oral corticosteroid preparations.
Keywords: Acute exacerbation of Asthma, AMSTER 2, Evidence-based medicine, Route of administration of corticosteroids.

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Abstract:

As the pandemic was sudden and no time was given to prepare for the lockdown measure, pharmaceutical practices were significantly disrupted in the aspects of manufacturing and supplying drugs, sales, and profit-making. Therefore, this study assessed the impacts of COVID-19 crisis on pharmaceutical practices in Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional design survey was adopted to draw information from the pharmacists (respondents) among the targeted population. 1,200 professional and practice pharmacists were systematically and randomly selected across the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, while 1,118 copies of the administered questionnaire were retrieved, coded, and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics aided by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23 to run the analyses. The findings showed that COVID-19 had negative impacts on pharmaceutical practices, especially in hospital and community practices. A 25%-49% decrease was highly indicated in sales, purchase orders, and profits, while the majority, 347 (31.04%) of the respondents, indicated that they had a 1%-24% decrease in their workforce. Also, total lockdown as a COVID-19 measure increased the level of insecurity and inflation during the pandemic. 75.13% of the pharmacists who represent the targeted population indicated that their place of work largely enforced COVID-19 basic preventive measures during the pandemic. This study concludes that necessary efforts should be put in place to ease the affairs of the pharmaceutical practices before, during, and after the pandemic.
Keywords: COVID-19, Impact, Lockdown, Pharmaceutical Care, Practices, Nigeria.

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

Pharmacies are the frontline of the pandemic and critical to maintaining public health. The emergence of COVID-19 brought unprecedented challenges and changes to all nations of the world. In the light of this, this study assessed the challenges of pharmaceutical practices in Nigeria during COVID-19. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and the data were collected from 1,200 respondents through the interview schedule and structured questionnaire using a systematic random sampling technique. A total of 1,118 copies of the questionnaire were retrieved, coded, and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics aided by the SPSS software version 23. The study discovered different factors that influenced the effective practice of pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of this study revealed that the majority, 591(52.9%) of the pharmacists, encountered difficulties on the road with security personnel while on essential duty and also found it ‘somewhat difficult to work during the pandemic. The results of Factor Analysis grouped the major challenges into material and financial constraints. The results showed two orthogonal factors pharmaceutical practices, which were derived with the total explanation of 65.35% of the variance. Only variables with constraints loadings of 0.70 and above were used in naming the constraints. The material constraint has the greatest impact on effective practices of pharmacists to provide treatment for illnesses during COVID-19 with a 44.16% contribution. There is a need for government and institution supports for better and effective pharmaceutical practices before, during, and after any sort of pandemic, especially in drugs supplies and financial assistance.
Keywords: Assessment, Challenges, COVID-19 Pandemic, Pharmaceutical Practices, Nigeria.

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Abstract:

Self-medication with antibiotics is a threat to global health and becoming increasingly common due to multiple factors. The aim of our study was to evaluate the attitudes, knowledge, and use of self-medication with antibiotics among outpatients of Gbagada General Hospital Gbagada – Lagos, Nigeria. The objective of this research was to access the attitudes, knowledge and use among the Patients that use Self–medication with antibiotics. The study design was a cross-sectional descriptive study. A pretest of a closed-ended questionnaire was distributed to the respondents, corrections were made, and data was collected in February 2021. 402 Outpatients of the Gbagada General Hospital Gbagada city area of Lagos was recruited for the study in the aforementioned time period through multi-stage probability sampling. Thirty–three percent of respondents said antibiotics could cure all infections. Forty-eight percent of respondents said antibiotics might be effective even if they don’t complete their dosage. 94.78% of our respondents have taken antibiotics, and 71.89% have self-medicated with antibiotics. Forty-eight percent of respondents said antibiotics might be effective even if they don’t complete their dosage, Not completing the dosage (49.25%), Using antibiotics repeatedly (43.28%), and Self – medication (34.08%). The percentage of the respondent that have taken antibiotics once and twice between March 2020 and February 2021, which was during the COVID – 19 First and second wave in Nigeria, were (36.07%) and (25.87%) respectively. We recommend the use of media to discourage the masses from self-medication with antibiotics.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Antibiotics, Self – medication.

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