Abstract:

The objective of this study was to assess Community health workers (CHW) compliance to WHO guideline of safe injection steps in community settings. The cross sectional descriptive study design using structured observation checklist was adopted to collect injection safety steps data. The CHWs trained to provide injectable contraceptive were direct observed by reproductive health nurse while administering intramuscular injection to women in need of injectable contraceptiveas part of family planning program in Kilombero district, Tanzania. About 1704 women received injection from 35 trained CHW. In this study we assessed if intramuscular injection and infection prevention steps taken complied to WHO based best practices for safe injections when CHW interacted with client.

Results: Majority of CHW complied to WHO best practice for safe injection: Over 89 % steps for infection prevention measures and over 91% steps for intramuscular injection technical performance complied to WHO safe injection guideline. The result also shows that CHW are likely to comply to WHO safety when they conduct injection at their own homes compared to other locations; infection prevention at CHW’s home -90.7%, health centre -80%, client home - 77% and 59.4% in other settings, while intramuscular injection steps; CHW’s home -89.6%, health centre- 83.1%, patient’s home -84% and other places -81%. Young CHW aged 18-25 years are highly likely to comply to the guideline for infection prevention steps by 79.3% compared to 77.2% CHWs aged 25 years and above, while for safe intramuscular steps -91.7% for CHW aged 17-24, and 82.4% for CHW aged over 25 years.

Keywords: WHO Compliance, Safe injection procedures, community health workers, Blood borne infection, intramuscular injection technical performance, infection prevention.

References:

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[2]. Brunie A, Hoke TH, Razafindravony B. (2011). Community-based distribution of injectable contraceptives in an African setting: community trial in Madagascar. Sante.2011 Jan-Mar; 21(1):21-6. doi: 10.1684/san.2011.0232.

[3]. Coffey PS¹, Sharma J, Gargi KC, Neupane D, Dawson P, Pradhan YV. (2012) Feasibility and acceptability of gentamicin in the Uniject prefilled injection system for community-based treatment of possible neonatalsepsis: the experience of female community health volunteers in Nepal. J Perinatol. 2012 Dec; 32(12):959-65. doi: 10.1038/jp.2012.20.

[4]. Gyawali S¹, Rathore DS, Shankar PR, Kumar KV. (2013). Strategies and challenges for safe injection practice in developing countries. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2013 Jan; 4(1):8-12. doi: 10.4103/0976-500X.107634.

[5]. Kate Ramsey^1,2*, Ahmed Hingora², Malick Kante^1,2, Elizabeth Jackson¹, Amon Exavery², Senga Pemba³, Fatuma Manzi², Colin Baynes^1,2, Stephane Helleringer, James F Phillips (2013). The Tanzania Connect Project: a cluster randomized trial of the child survival impact of adding paid community health workers to an existing facility-focused health system. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13 Suppl 2:S6. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-S2-S6.

[6]. Nilsson J, Andrea B. Pembe, Miriam Urasa, and Elisabeth Darj (2013). Safe injections and waste management among healthcare workers at a regional hospital in northern Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v15i1.8 Volume 15, Number 1, January 2013.

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[8]. Prüss-Üstün A, Rapiti E, Hutin Y. Estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to contaminated sharps injuries among health-care workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2005, 48(6):482–490. Retrieved from 

http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/global/7sharps.pdf.

[9]. Tanzania (2004) National Infection Prevention and Control Guidelines for Health Care Services in Tanzania. Ministry of Health and Social welfare, The United Republic of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam.

[10]. World Health Organization, 2010. WHO Best Practices for Injections and Related Procedures Toolkit Geneva: 2010 Mar. ISBN-13: 978-92-4-159925-2. Retrieved from 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138491/PubMed.

World Health Organization, 2015. WHO Guideline on the Use of Safety-Engineered Syringes for Intramuscular, Intradermal and Subcutaneous Injections in Health-Care Settings. Geneva: Retrieved from 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305368/

Abstract:

Purpose: The study examines how welcoming the staff of public hospitals in Nigeria will find the introduction and implementation of new ways of working to satisfy the yearnings of hospital patients for flexibility in receiving health care services in these public hospitals in Nigeria.

Methodology: The study was done in a General Hospital in Nigeria. Staff preference for a way of working was assessed by self-administered and pretested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics to elucidate on the demography of the respondents were done; mean score and standard deviation values were used to examine the variables. Spearman’s rho correlation was used to identify the association in the responses.

Findings: The mean score of the traditional ways of working (TWW) and the new ways of working (NWW) were 2.66 ± 1.27 and 3.88± 1.73 respectively and with a negative relationship (r= −0.926, p < 0.001).

Research Limitations: More General Hospitals should be involved in new studies for more generalizability.

Practical implications: The benefits of NWW have to be more preached to health workers, since probably because of the fear of the unknown they still prefer their traditional way of working.

Social implications: ‘New Ways of Working’ will allow patients to access care anywhere, while staff will have the opportunity of combining work and home life better.

Value of the Paper: The introduction and successful implementation of ‘New Ways of Working’ will be able to meet the satisfaction of both staff and their patients in terms of flexibility to the work and clinic appointments of both respectively.

Keywords: New Ways of Working, Traditional Ways of Working, Public Hospitals, Staff, Patients, Satisfaction.

References:

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[19]. Memish ZA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Makhdoom HQ, Al-Rabeeah AA, Assiri A, Alhakeem RF, Alrabiah FA, Alhajjar S, Albarrak A, Flemban H, Balkhy H, Barry M, Alhassan S, Alsubaie S, & Zumla A., (2014). Screening for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in hospital patients and their healthcare worker and family contacts: a prospective descriptive study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014, 20: 469-474. 10.1111/1469-0691.12562.

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[23]. UK Department of Health (2010). Responsibility and accountability: Moving on for new ways of working to a creative, capable workforce best practice guidance. London: UK Department of Health, 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/Responsibility%20and%20Accountability%20Moving%20on%20for%20New%20Ways%20of%20Working%20to%20a%20Creative,%20Capable%20Workforce.pdf

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Abstract:

The objective of this study was to assess Depo-Provera injection practice among health care workers (HCW) in primary health care facilities in kilombero district, Tanzania. The cross sectional descriptive design using structured observation checklist was used to collect data. About 261 HCWs participated in the study to assess best practise of intramuscular injection technics and infection prevention measures. The SPSS descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyze data. Results indicate that majority of HCWs had adequately practiced infection prevention and intramuscular technics but did not perform well hand washing steps before and after giving injection. Many of them didn’t check labels or shake vials before giving injection. Three quarter practiced critical steps of using sterile syringes, avoiding recapping the needle and use of safety box to discard contaminated sharps, while three quarter of HCW could not practice steps of hand wash before and after giving injection. Three quarter of participants correctly practiced filling drug into syringes, expel air from it, injected deep muscles, aspirated and pushed all drug into the muscles, Secondary graduates and nurse officer with diploma have significantly performed well in injection practice to ensure that before injecting the drug, aspirated through syringes and needle to ensure that the injecting needle is in the muscle and not in the vein. In conclusion, healthcare workers showed adequate practice of injection technics and infection prevention. However hand washing, drug label check and Depo-Provera preparation needs in house training and supervision.

Keywords: injection practice, contaminated waste, Blood borne infection, intramuscular injection technics, infection prevention.

References:

[1]. Bartley N, 2014. Guidelines on the Administration of Intramuscular and Sub-Cutaneous Injections, Retrieved January 16, 2016 from http://www.olchc.ie/Healthcare-Professionals/Nursing-Practice-Guidelines/Intramuscular-and-Sub-Cutaneous-Injections-Administration.pdf.

[2]. Calvert C, Ronsmans C. (2015). Pregnancy and HIV disease progression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health, 20(2):122-45. Retrieved June 5, 2016, from PubMed.

[3]. Gyawali S¹, Rathore DS, Shankar PR, Kumar KV. (2013). Strategies and challenges for safe injection practice in developing countries. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2013 Jan; 4(1):8-12. doi: 10.4103/0976-500X.107634.

[4]. Hutin Y, Anja Hauri, Linda Chiarello, Mary Catlin, Barbara Stilwell, Tesfamicael Ghebrehiwet, Julia Garner & the Members of the Injection Safety Best Practices Development Group (2003). Best infection control practices for intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular needle injections, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2003;81:491-500. Retrieved January 20, 2016 from

http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/81/7/Hutin0703.pdf.

[5]. Hunter J. Intramuscular injection techniques. Nurs Stand. 2008 Feb 20-26;22(24):35-40.

[6]. Nilsson J, Andrea B. Pembe, Miriam Urasa, and Elisabeth Darj (2013). Safe injections and waste management among healthcare workers at a regional hospital in northern Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v15i1.8 Volume 15, Number 1, January 2013.

[7]. Pharmacia and Upjohn Company DEPO-PROVERA®, 2009. Medroxyprogesterone acetate injection, suspension: Physician Information. Retrieved from https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=1156.

[8]. Laxmaiah Manchikanti, MD, Yogesh Malla, MD, Bradley W. Wargo, DO, and Bert Fellows, M, 2011. Infection Control Practices (Safe Injection and Medication Vial Utilization) for Interventional Techniques: Are They Based on Relative Risk Management or Evidence? Pain Physician 2011; 14:425-434 • ISSN 1533-315.

[9]. Pepin J, Abou Chakra CN, Pe´pin E, Nault V, 2013. Evolution of the Global Use of Unsafe Medical Injections, 2000–2010. PLoS ONE 8(12): e80948.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080948.

[10]. Prüss-Üstün A, Rapiti E, Hutin Y. Estimation of the global burden of disease attributable to contaminated sharps injuries among health-care workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2005, 48(6):482–490. Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/global/7sharps.pdf.

[11]. PMTCT Tanzania. National resource centre for prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (2016). Retrieved June 15, 2016 from http://pmtct.or.tz/pmtct-tanzania/pmtct-in-tanzania/.

[12]. Susan A. Dolan, Kathleen Meehan Arias, Gwen Felizardo, Sue Barnes, Susan Kraska, Marcia Patrick, Amelia Bumsted (2016). APIC POSITION PAPER: SAFE INJECTION, INFUSION, AND MEDICATION VIAL PRACTICES IN HEALTH CARE. Retrieved 20 March, 2016 from http://www.apic.org/Resource_/TinyMceFileManager/Position_Statements/2016APICSIPPositionPaper.pdf.

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[16]. World Health Organization. (2008). Revised injection safety assessment tool. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/injection_safety/Injection_safety_final-web.pdf

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted to find out the ultrasonographic evaluation in pregnancy and sex preference among rural pregnant mother. A semi structured questionnaire was used for data collection and face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data regarding socio-demographic characteristics, ultrasonographic evaluation in pregnancy and sex preference related information. The result showed that the mean age of the respondents was 22.60 (±4.5) years. In this study according to ultrasound scan about 55% pregnant women were come for USG in third trimester and among the respondents about 66% were done USG for the purpose of sex detection. There was significant association between personal income and sex preference of the respondent. This study found that there was significant association between parity and sex preference of the respondents. This study revealed that about 55% of the respondents had preference about sex of the child before child birth, on the other hand about 76% respondent’s husband had preference about sex of the children. The present study detected son preference 41% whereas daughter preference only 14%, son preference was higher than the daughter preference among the respondents and also son preference was more high among the respondents husband than daughter.

Keywords: Sex Preference, Ultrasonogram, Respondent

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Abstract:

McDowell, McKenna, and Naylor (1997) research article entitled “Factors that influence practice nurses to promote physical activity”, which appeared in the British Journal of Sports Medicine number 31, pages 308-313 had as objective to investigate what factors may influence practice-nurses to promote physical activity. The study is of paramount importance because there is a worldwide concern about increasing rates of obesity and decreasing population levels of physical activity. Yet, it has been argued that primary healthcare professionals are ideally placed to promote physical activity within local communities (Douglas et al 2006).Though it has been argued that primary healthcare professionals are ideally placed to promote physical activity within local communities (Douglas et al 2006), Steptoe et al. (1999) stated that in Catalonia in the United Kingdom, there was a lack of evidence regarding the levels of physical activity promotion. There are various constraints that impede the success of physical activity promotion programmes. Nevertheless, this study showed that the two stage measures (activity promotion and personal behaviour) of the health care professional are associated with important differences in patient and practice factors for physical activity promotion.Their view will be presented in the following order: summary of the article; structure; critique that will focus on: the authority of the authors/ researchers, accuracy of style of writing, relevance of the study subject or topic, objectivity of the research and its stability. Finally, the review will analyze the graph and draw a conclusion on the whole article.

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Abstract:

References:

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Abstract:

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Abstract:

Problem: Adolescent reproductive health has become a major public health concern as the number one killer of adolescent girls worldwide is unwanted pregnancy and childbirth-related deaths. The adolescence period is characterized by the inclination towards risky behaviors. Among these risky behaviors is unprotected sexual intercourse that can lead to unwanted pregnancy and infections from HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases, STDs.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the perception of parents on adolescents’ use of contraceptives in Igbogbo district in Ikorodu Local Government of Lagos State, in Southwest Nigeria.

Method: A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 120 secondary school students, the parents of the selected students were given a self developed questionnaire that has already been validated and tested for reliability to fill and return and out of 120 questionnaires only 110 was properly filled and returned. A descriptive analysis was used to describe the data generated and out of the respondents.

Outcome: The findings from this study showed that 74 (67.3%) of the respondents were females and 36 (32.7) were males. It was deduced from this study that parents are aware of adolescent engagement in sexual relations, have a fair knowledge on modern forms of contraceptives, communicate well with their children but have a low perception on adolescents’ use of contraceptives. The findings from this study did not show any association between parents’ socio-demographic characteristics and their perception. This study revealed the fear of serious side effects, promiscuity tendency, cultural beliefs and religion beliefs as the major factors that might have contributed to this low perception. This study also showed that parents want adolescents to abstain from any form of sexual relation but wants them to be educated on the uses and benefits of contraceptives. This study therefore concluded that parents should be educated on the types, uses, and benefits of contraceptives and be encouraged to pass the knowledge across to their children.

References:

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Abstract:

Background: Vertical Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a cause for alarm in the course of new HIV infections in newborns in Sub-Saharan Africa. Poor utilization of PMTCT services accounts for the high HIV burden recorded in Anambra State of Nigeria. Aiming pregnant women attending antenatal clinics provide a unique opportunity for implementing prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs against HIV infection of newborn babies.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate obstacles and implications associated with the poor access and utilization of PMTCT services in selected teaching hospitals in Anambra State.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was employed using interviews with 128 adult pregnant HIV-infected women attending antenatal care clinics of two teaching hospitals in Anambra State of Nigeria. Trained data collectors administered structured questionnaires to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge about HIV and PMTCT, satisfaction with service care providers and obstacles to utilization of PMTCT services.

Results: 99% of the study participants knew that HIV was a deadly virus transmitted through sex and other blood contact routes. 76% of the participants knew that HIV could be transmitted from mother to child and about 53% of them actually knew the major ways of MTCT of HIV. 41% of the participants did not know how HIV could be passed from mother to child. Lack of awareness and knowledge about HCT, late presentation at ANC clinics, low numbers of PMTCT centers within locality of respondents, poor involvement of male partners/spouses and stigma were the main reasons cited for poor utilization of PMTCT programs in the state.

Conclusion: In order to overcome the obstacles highlighted in this study, strong political and economic commitments need to be incorporated in PMTCT service provider delivery. HIV counselling and testing among ANC attendees and creating knowledge/awareness about MTCT of HIV ought to be a priority. Further research should be conducted qualitatively to augment the quantitative data.

Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus, Prevention of mother to child transmission HIV counselling and testing, Antenatal Care

References:

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Abstract:

Since the start of Zika epidemic this year, till date there are more than 45 countries with active Zika virus transmission. Considering its spread at an alarming rate with large clusters of microcephaly and neurological complications, the Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) under the International Health Regulations (IHR) announced that Zika constitutes Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on February 1, 2016. Countries in Central America and South America show a decreasing trend of cases where as there is an increasing number of cases in USA and some Caribbean states. Recently after careful review of the existing evidence the scientists at CDC concluded that Zika virus causes Microcephaly a condition in which the size of baby’s brain and head is smaller than the normally expected. For planning more effective disease control and prevention activities for Zika fever there is great need for a functional and intensified Public Health Surveillance system Preparedness for the prevention and control of Zika virus infection. Risk communications should be enhanced in countries with Zika virus transmission to address population concerns, enhance community engagement, improve reporting, and ensure application of vector control and personal protective measures. Vector control measures and appropriate personal protective measures should be aggressively promoted and implemented to reduce the risk of exposure to Zika virus. Attention should be given to women of childbearing age and particularly pregnant women so that they have the necessary information and materials to reduce risk of exposure

References:

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Abstract:

Introduction: Forgetfulness is often cited as a cause for non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy. High cell phones usage has provided opportunities for utilization of mhealth to improve health outcomes. Short message reminders can be used as a behavioral intervention to remind clients to take medication. It is against this background that we investigated the willingness of HIV clients on ART at Rimuka Clinic to receive SMS reminders for adherence.

Method: We used a cross sectional study design. We randomly selected 522 respondents from HIV clients registered at Rimuka Health Centre. Data were collected by means of a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire and analyzed using Epi-Info 7 statistical software. Independent factors were identified using a stepwise backward logistic regression model.

Results: Five hundred and twenty-two respondents were recruited into the study. Respondents who reported owning a cell phone were 512 (92.75%). Ninety-seven (17.8%) reported a lost or damaged cell phone12 months prior to the study. Four hundred and ninety-nine respondents (97.4%) thought a text message could be useful in adherence to ART. However, 496 (97.06%) among those with cellphones were willing to be reminded by SMS to take their ART medication .Independent factors for willingness to receive SMS reminders were perceiving anti-retroviral therapy to be of benefit (a OR=0.2 p=0.04), having disclosed HIV status to family (a OR=5.37; p=0.04), indicating review schedules at 3 months (a OR=6.59; p=0.04), thinking text messages are helpful in adherence to ART (a OR=185.7; p<0.05), and using a cellphone as a medication reminder (a OR=4.8; p=0.03).

Conclusion: Clients attending Rimuka Clinic are willing to receive SMS reminders for adherence.

Keywords: Cellphone, SMS, ART, Rimuka Kadoma Adherence

References:

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Abstract:

While increase in urbanization and industrialization has brought many social benefits, including high living standard, economic prosperity, and education. Regrettably, it has also “invited” many material and social problems, diseases, epidemics from poor environmental awareness and behaviour-which all lead invariably to reduce health status of the population; by way of increased air pollution from vehicular congestion, and industrial revolution with their attendant noise pollution, human activities tampering with the eco system and ozone depletion just among others.

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Abstract:

HIV/AIDS management keeps on evolving since its discovery, so also are the ethical issues surrounding it. Policies formulated and laws enacted by various nations also keep on changing like the mutant variants of the virus itself. International organisations (WHO, UNHCR) guidelines have been instrumental to streamline the ethical issues about HIV/AIDS worldwide. Disparities in implementation of the guidelines still exist among nations despite the guidelines. To certain extent, this may be due to cultural differences. This article explains the ethical issues on HIV/AIDS in relation to “Individual vs. Group/community rights”

Keywords: HIV/AIDS; mutant; WHO; UNHCR; ethical issues; guidelines.

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Abstract:

Background: Obesity has reached an epidemic proportion in the developing and developed countries. It contributes or serves as risk factors to many non-communicable diseases. Knowledge and attitude of adolescent needs be assessed as childhood obesity has been found to translate to obesity in adulthood.

Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study to investigate knowledge about obesity risk factors and attitudes of students of secondary school, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.

A pretested 34 item, purpose designed and structured, self-administered questionnaire were used to collect information on knowledge and attitudes of the respondent on knowledge and attitudes towards obesity. Data were collated and analyzed based on descriptive and inferential study design.

Results: The result showed that the total percentages of respondents with good level of knowledge is 58.2% (232), and 42.2% (168) respondents having poor knowledge level. About 24.1% of the respondents had favorable attitude to obesity, 531.9% had moderate favorable attitude and 22% had unfavorable attitude toward obesity. In addition, the result showed no significant association between demographic variables and knowledge scores and significant association between attitude scores and class and type of housing composition of secondary school students (p <0.05). The results also showed significant correlation between knowledge score and attitude score of the students (p <0.05).

Conclusion: It was, therefore, concluded that the secondary school students of Royal Crystal College, Ile- Ife have good knowledge and favorable attitude towards obesity.

Keywords: Obesity, knowledge, attitude.

References:

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[2]. Adeleke S.A, Abioye-kuteyi E.A. Sikuade O.O, Olusayo A. I (2016); knowledge of obesity among the staff of the international institute of tropical agriculture, Nigeria: Int J Cur Res

[3]. Artur Mazur, Paweł Matusik, Krista Revert, Sergey Nyankovskyy, Piotr Socha, Monika Binkowska-Bury, Joanna Grzegorczyk, Margherita Caroli, Sandra Hassink, Grzegorz Telega, Ewa Malecka-Tendera (2013): Childhood Obesity: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of European Pediatric Care Providers. Pediatrics, July, Volume 132 / Issue1

[4]. Aurelie Bocquier, Pierre Verger, Arnaud Basdevant, Gerard Andreotti, Jean Baretge, Patrick Villani and Alain Paraponaris (2005): Overweight and Obesity: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of General Practitioners in France. Obesity research, 13:787-795. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.89

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Abstract:

Introduction: In Zimbabwe, clients are not supposed to pay for HIV services. However, it is common for clients to purchase medical sundries from the private sector. This is in addition to other opportunity costs like transport. Of late, there is decreasing funding for HIV programs and the health system is constrained. We therefore, assessed the willingness to pay for HIV treatment in case there is a policy change.

Method: We used a cross sectional study design. The contingency valuation method was used to assess the willingness to pay. We randomly selected 552 respondents from the ART database. We used an interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data. Analysis was done using Epi-Info 7 software. Independent factors were identified using stepwise backward logistic regression.

Results: Among the 552 respondents interviewed, 336 (66.4%) were willing to pay for HIV treatment. The independent factors predicting positive willingness to pay for ART services were being employed, (aOR=3.7; p=0000), satisfaction with health workers, (aOR=6.23; p=0.04) and disclosure of HIV status to a friend (aOR=1.59; p=0.02). Having a household budgetary change due to being on ART (aOR=0.6; p=0.05); practicing no religion (aOR=0.33; p=0.01) were negatively associated with willingness to pay for HIV treatment.

Conclusion: The majority of the people interviewed at RITHS are willing to pay for HIV treatment. However, whilst people on HIV treatment may be willing to pay for treatment we recommend sourcing extra funding from charity and donations in order to maintain equity in providing healthcare services to the population. We, therefore, recommend that treatment should continue to be free.

Keywords: ART, Rimuka, Kadoma

References:

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Abstract:

HIV patients have increased life expectancy due to the access to antiretroviral drugs treatment. However the increasing age comes with increased risk to non communicable diseases which include diabetes mellitus. However the prevalence of diabetes mellitus amongst HIV patients has not been extensively studied in Zimbabwe. Thus we sought to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus amongst HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy treatment attending Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals Opportunistic Infections Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe.

A cross-sectional study was conducted at Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals Opportunistic Infections Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe. All HIV patients (18 years and older) on antiretroviral therapy attending Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals Opportunistic Infections Clinic during the study period were given information on the study. Only those who consented to participate in the study were recruited. Demographic data was obtained from patients by administration of questionnaires. Blood samples were collected for glycosylated haemoglobin analysis on a Mispa-i2 Chemistry Analyser.

A total of 60 HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy were recruited into the study, 33 (55%) were females and 27 (45%) were males. The mean age was 43.48 ± 10.3 years. Majority of the patients (33.3%) were on tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 8.3%.

Diabetes mellitus prevalence amongst the HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy treatment was 8.3%. There is need for need to investigate the factors associated with diabetes mellitus in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy treatment and confirm the prevalence in a study with a large sample size.

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Abstract:

Background: Food safety is a global public health concern. The problem of food safety not only affects human health but also causes the economic damage of nations. School children have been the foremost victim of food borne illnesses due to their unsafe behavior in food consuming. Knowledge and practices of food safety is very important among students since they are also consumers.

Objective: The objectives of this study were to assess the level of knowledge and practices of food safety; to investigate the association of certain demographic characteristics with the level of food safety knowledge and practices and to determine the correlation between the food safety knowledge and practices among senior secondary school students of International School, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.

Methods: This is a cross- sectional study which used a pre-tested 27- item, purpose designed, self- administered questionnaires to collect information on knowledge and practices of the respondents on food safety. Data were collated and analyzed based on descriptive and inferential study design.

Results: The result showed that the total percentages of respondents with good level of food safety knowledge is 86.0% (339) with only 14.0% (55) respondents having poor food safety knowledge level as majority of the respondents 97.7% (385) also have high level of food safety practices with only 2.3% (9) of them having low practices on food safety. In addition, the result showed significant association between religion of the respondents and food safety knowledge scores and significant association between food safety practice scores and class of the students (p <0.05). The results also showed significant correlation between food safety knowledge and practices of the students (p <0.05).

Conclusion: It was, therefore, concluded that the senior secondary school students of International School, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile- Ife, have good food safety knowledge and high food safety practices.

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