Abstract:

Aside from the FIFA men’s World cup, fewer other global sporting events have the potential to attract the undivided attention of global leaders and citizens. It is arguable the most influential global sporting event. Thus, the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 has been themed “Healthy 2022 World Cup - Creating Legacy for Sport and Health”, and the goal is to make the event the most successful, healthiest, and safest sporting event in recent human history. The event is meant to rekindle the global conversation around the double disease pandemic that is presently ravaging the world. The fast and furious Covid-19 and the subtle and steadily progressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The event organizers also intend to use the platform to provide and implement health promotional strategies that will successfully prevent and control the spread and progression of these diseases and influence most global football enthusiasts to cultivate healthy and sustainable lifestyle changes. A successful event may likely be a model and legacy for future sporting or social events. However, for the FIFA World cup Qatar 2022 to be effective in changing unhealthy behaviours and in promoting safe and healthy lifestyles, it should have some vital components. The planning and execution of such a project need to be systematic, comprehensive, and evidence-based. This review briefly discussed the global impacts of Covid-19 and NCDs, the importance of combating these diseases through the FIFA World cup Qatar 2022, and finally suggested strategies that will likely ensure the event achieves its set goals and objectives.

References:

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Abstract:

Vaccination is undoubtedly one of the foremost important preventive measures of modern times; epidemics are feared as one of the most damaging phenomena in human societies. Aim: The thesis unveiled how the interplay between the probability of infection, vaccine effectiveness, and cost gives rise to non–linear responses in vaccine uptake. The study design was a cross-sectional descriptive study that used pretested closed-ended questionnaire that was distributed to the respondents. The sample size of 375 was adopted, which was calculated from the target population using the Cochrane formula for sample size calculation. Parents/guardians that strongly believe politicians should be role models that encourage vaccination were 61.87%, while 50.67% of mothers/caregivers were not sure if there is still a link between MMR vaccination and autism. The majority of parents/guardians (55.47% + 29.87%) strongly agree plus agree that media reports on vaccination programmes encourage them to vaccinate their children. 32.80% strongly agree, and 22.40% agree that the media exaggerates reports about disease outbreaks. Conclusion: The level of education plays an important role in the level of knowledge and attitude towards epidemics and vaccination. Income and Cost of vaccines affect vaccination uptake because of the present economic situation in Nigeria. Media plays a key role in vaccination campaigns, awareness, and intervention and should be promoted more to achieve the goal of ensuring all children are vaccinated properly. Doctors and Public Health Nurses have a major role to play in terms of influencing parents/guardian’s vaccination uptake.

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Abstract:

A rapidly increasing population is a threat to national development, family stability and social security. This study aimed at assessing family size preferences and its predictors among married men in urban slums in Enugu, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study that involved household survey of 381 married men living in urban slums of Enugu, Nigeria was carried out. Data was collected using pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data aanalysis was done with IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The average actual family size was 6 people, with an average of 4 children. 62.5% had their children mixed, 27% had all males, while 10.5% had all girls. However, over 50% of respondents desired to have a family size of 8 or more, with 52.8% of them preferring to have at least 3 sons and 3 daughters. The predictors of family size were: age of respondent (AOR 2.951; CI=1.343-3.314), sex distribution (AOR 2.905; CI= 1.960-4.306), number of twins (AOR 4.720 CI= 1.821-12.231), desired number of children (AOR 7.566; CI=2.334-24.522), desire to continue childbirth (AOR 0.202; CI=0.084-0.482) and desire to have more children if income is increased (AOR 0.403; CI= 0.176-0.919). Actual and desired family size, as well as male sex preference, were high among married men in Enugu urban slums. Family size was predicted by the age of respondent, sex distribution, number of twins, the desired number of children and desire to have more children. Health education programs on population control should target urban slum dwellers to enhance human and economic development.

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Abstract:

The knowledge of caregivers is an important factor when it comes to the maintenance of both the nutritional status of children and protection of their nutritional needs to ensure a sound foundation and secure future of any healthy society. This research thus aimed at investigating the trends in Infant and Young Child Feeding practices for children aged 0 to 23 months to evaluate how the nutrition education and counselling received during contact with health workers have contributed to the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of the caregivers regarding appropriate nutrition in Ekiti State. The assessment was done using a cross-sectional survey method, and FAO’s guideline for assessing nutrition related KAP5 was adopted and used. Cochran’s equation was used to calculate the sample size, and three households were randomly picked in each political ward. Data was collected and analysed using EPI Info 7. 94.3% of the respondents breastfeed their children on demand, and 47.2% of the mothers had skin contact with their babies after delivery. 78.2% believed that exclusive breastfeeding is very good. 68.2% believed that their children could get diarrhoea from the use of a feeding bottle. 88.3% are aware that 5-9 months are the appropriate age for the introduction of semi-solid and solid food. There is a high level of knowledge, attitude and practice among the caregivers and an improvement was observed in most of the infant and young child feeding practices in Ekiti State.

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[62] Osrin, D., Tumbahangphe, K., Shrestha, D., Mesko, N., Shrestha, B., Manandhar, M., Costello, A. (2002). Cross-sectional, community-based study of care of new-born infants in Nepal. BMJ, 325(7372):1063.

[63] Fikree, F., Ali, T., Durocher, J., & Rahbar, M. (2005). New-born care practices in low socio-economic settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. Soc Sci Med., 60(5): 911-921.

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[66] Weldesamuel, G., Atalay, H., Zemichael, T., Gebre, H., Abraha, D., & Amare, A. (2018). Colostrum avoidance and associated factors among mothers having children less than 2 years of age in Aksum town Tigray, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC research notes, 11(1):601.

[67] Shewasinad, S., Manjura, M., Bolesh, A., Sisay, D., & Negash, S. (2017). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards colostrum feeding among antenatal care attendant pregnant mothers in Mizan Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Bench Maji Zone, SNNPR, South West Ethiopia. J Preg Child Health., 4:348.

[68] Legesse, M., Demena, M., Mesfin, F., & Haile, D. (2015). Factors associated with colostrum avoidance among mothers of children aged less than 24 months in Raya Kobo district, North-eastern Ethiopia: community-based cross-sectional study. Journal of tropical pediatrics, 61(5):357–63.

[69] Ayalew, T. (2020). Exclusive breastfeeding practice and associated factors among first-time mothers in Bahir Dar city, north West Ethiopia, removed: a community-based cross-sectional study. Heliyon, 6:9.

[70] Ozelci, P., Elmaci, N., & Ertem, M. S. (2006). Breastfeeding beliefs and practices among migrant mothers in slums of Diyarbakir, Turkey, 2001. European Journal of Public Health, 16(2): 143-148.

[71]Petit, A. (2008). Perception and Knowledge on Exclusive Breastfeeding among Women Attending Antenatal and Postnatal Clinics A Study from Mbarara Hospital – Uganda. Tanzania: Tanzania Medical Students’ Association.

[72] Ojong, n., & Chukwudozie, C. (2019). Exclusive Breastfeeding Perception and Practice among Nursing Mothers Attending Infant Welfare Clinic in a Secondary Health Facility in Southern Nigeria. African Journal of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, 2(1): 22-34.

[73] WHO. (1991). Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices. Washington D.C: World Health Organization.

[74] Ogbo, F., Page, A., Idoko, J., Claudio, F., & Agho, K. (2016). Diarrhoea and suboptimal feeding practices in Nigeria: evidence from the national household surveys. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 30:346–55.

[75] Ogbo, F., Agho, K., Ogeleka, P., Woolfenden, S., Page, A., & Eastwood, J. (2017). Infant feeding practices and diarrhoea in sub-Saharan African countries with high diarrhoea mortality. PLoS One., 12(2):e017179276.

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[78] Pahhani, Z., Salem, R., Lassi, Z., Siddiqui, F., Keats, E., Das, J., Bhutta, Z. (2021). Optimal Timing of Introduction of Complementary feeding: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Research Square, 1-14.

[79] Chiang, K., Hamner, H., Li, R., & Perrine, C. (2020). Timing of Introduction of Complementary Foods - United States, 2016-2018. Washington: US Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

[80] Inoue, M., & Binns, C. (2014). Introducing solid foods to infants in the Asia Pacific region. Nutrients., 6(1):276-88.

[81] Dhami, M., Ogbo, F., Osuagwu, U., & Agho, K. (2019). Prevalence and factors associated with complementary feeding practices among children aged 6–23 months in India: a regional analysis. BMC public health, 19(1):1034.

[82] Saaka, M., Larbi, A., Mutaru, S., & Hoeschle-Zeledon, I. (2016). Magnitude and factors associated with appropriate complementary feeding among children 6–23 months in northern Ghana. BMC Nutrition., 2(1):2.

[83] Sisay, W., Edris, M., & Tariku, A. (2016). Determinants of timely initiation of complementary feeding among mothers with children aged 6–23 months in Lalibela District, Northeast Ethiopia. BMC public health., 16(1):884.

[84] English, L., Obbagy, J., Wong, Y., Butte, N., Dewey, K., & Fox, M. (2019). Types and amounts of
complementary foods and beverages consumed and growth, size, and body composition: a systematic review. The American journal of clinical nutrition., 109(Supplement_1):956S-77S.

Abstract:

In sub-Saharan Africa, a large proportion of children lack basic necessity and support for optimum development. In Nigeria, the estimated number of children who are orphans and vulnerable and in need of essential care is 17.5 million as of 2008. Major causes of orphaning and vulnerability include poverty, conflicts, HIV/AIDS, road accidents, communicable and non-communicable diseases, and harmful cultural practices. Hence, the Case management approach has been adopted as a community service delivery strategy for addressing the needs of orphans and vulnerable children at the household level. This study investigated vulnerable households in Enugu State who have been ever enrolled into Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) donor-funded programs and received services that are geared toward enhancing their socio-economic stability. The standard OVC custom indicators were used in measuring the results and outcomes of services provided to OVC and their caregivers. The results show significant effect and impact of the case management approach in OVC program service delivery as over 50,000 beneficiaries from over 14,000 households were served from four domains of Healthy, Safe, Schooled and Stable. Households received these services after enrolment and were moved from a state of vulnerability to self-resiliency. Also, results show strong collaboration between OVC implementing NGOs and government stakeholders in terms of capacity building and systems strengthening in addressing the need of OVC and their caregivers. Conversely, results indicated a week synergy between local and state government OVC officials – hampering on their oversight capabilities of OVC programs. This can be improved with increased funding and coordination.

References:

[1] Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development, (2007). National Plan of Action on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nigeria.

[2] Ibeh, Esther Ngozi (2011), Services Available for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Enugu State, Department of Social Work, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

[3] Tom Lantos and Henry J. Hyde (2016), Civic Impulse H. R. 5501 –110th Congress: United States Global Leadership Against HIV and AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Reauthorization Act of 2008 Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/hr5501.

[4] Aften Beeler and Kelley Bunkers (2017), Pathways for Exiting Programs for Children Orphaned or Made Vulnerable by HIV, Coordinating Comprehensive Care for Children (4Children), Catholic Relief Services https://ovcsupport.org/resource/pathways-for-exiting-programs-for-children-orphaned-or-made-vulnerable-by-hiv-ovc/.

[5] The Report of the National Guidelines and Standards of Practice on Orphans and Vulnerable Children (2007). A Publication of the Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and Social Development, Abuja: The Child Development Unit.

[6] Catholic Relief Services, 2017, Good Practices in Case Management, 4 Children Project Site Improvement and Monitoring Systems; https://ovcsupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/17OS388-SIMS-case-management_FINAL_ONLINE.pdf.

[7] PEPFAR (2012). Guidance for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Programming: Section 3.2.1 Determining Program Beneficiaries. Retrieved from http://www.pepfar.gov/documents/organization/195702.pdf, pages 20-21.

[8] OVC Technical Working Group et al. (2017). Consensus Conference Technical Report on the Role of OVC Programs Supported by PEPFAR in Extending Access to HIV Testing Services: Rationale, General Considerations and Most Immediate Actions. Retrieved from: http://ovcsupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2016-01-23-Consensus-conference-report-OVCHTS_Jan-23_FINALwformat.pdf.

[9]  The Girl Roster Toolkit, Population Council; used within DREAMS programming(2015): http://www.popcouncil.org/ uploads/pdfs/Girl_Roster_flyer.Popcouncil.2015.pdf.

[10] Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children Household Vulnerability Prioritization Toolkit (2017) -Republic of Uganda Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development / Measure Evaluation; https://www.measureevaluation.org/our-work/ovc/2022-orphans-and-other-vulnerable-children-household-vulnerability-prioritization-toolkit/identifying-households-needing-services-for-orphans-and-vulnerable-children-pdf/at_download/file.

[11] Vulnerability Assessment Methodologies: A Review of the Literature http://www.fhi360.org/sites/ default/files/media/documents/Vulnerability%20 Assessment%20Literature%20Review.pdf.

[12] Washington Group on Disability Statistics/UNICEF. Module on Child Functioning and Disability https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/washington_group/ meeting13/wg13_unicef_child_disability_background. pdf.

[13] Anthony S.F., 2016, Operational Considerations for Strengthened Targeting in PEPFAR OVC Program. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health, https://differentiatedservicedelivery.org/Portals/0/adam/Content/Hdfg2kwHzEK8j343nxXI_A/File/252263.pdf.

[14] Catholic Relief Services, 2018, Good Practices in Case Management, 4 Children Project Site Improvement and Monitoring Systems; https://ovcsupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/17OS388-SIMS-case-management_FINAL_ONLINE.pdf.

[15] Catholic Relief Services, 2018, 4Children Project. Referral Mechanisms within OVC Programming. https://ovcsupport.org/resource/referral-mechanisms-for-children-orphaned-or-made-vulnerable-by-hiv/.

[16] MEASURE Evaluation (2014). Strengthening the Monitoring and Evaluation of Referral Systems. https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/publications/ fs-14-117.

[17] Institute of Development Studies (2012). Responding to the needs of vulnerable children in Eastern and Southern Africa; https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/inf29.pdf.

[18] Tegan George, 2021, An Introduction to Mixed Method Research

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/mixed-methods-research/.

[19] Babbie, Earl R., 2010, The Practice of Social Research. Doing Quantitative Research in Education with SPSS, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; London: Cengage Learning, London: Sage Publications. 12(2), https://www.worldcat.org/title/practice-of-social-research/oclc/662584565.

[20] Creswell, J. W. (2013). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Sage publications.

[21] Allen, M. (2017). The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods (Vols. 1-4). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc doi: 10.4135/9781483381411.

[22] Collins K.J., du Plooy G.M., Globbelaar M.M., Puttergill C.H., Terre Blanche M.J., van Eeden R., van Rensburg G.H. and Wigston D.J., (2000). Research in the Social Sciences, University of South Africa: RSA.

[23] Durrheim K. & Terre Blanche M. (1999). Research in Practice: Applied Methods for the Social Sciences. 2nd Edition. Cape Town. UCT Press.

[24] Zilungile Pearl Mbatha (2015), Investigating the effectiveness of orphans and vulnerable children
(ovc) programmes in schools: a case of ntuzuma g-section in Durban, College of Humanities at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.

[25] John Dudovskiy,2018, The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: A Step-by-Step Assistance.

https://www.researchmethodology.net/about-us/ebook/.

Abstract:

Enrollment into any form of insurance is very low in Katsina State, with the majority of people paying out of pocket for health care. Knowledge of Community Health Insurance (CHI) has been found to influence enrolment into the scheme. To compare differences in Knowledge between community-based health insurance member households and non-member households and to identify factors associated with the knowledge. A comparative cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among household heads in Katsina State, Nigeria. A sample size of 300 was determined, and respondents were selected using the multistage sampling technique, data was analyzed using SPSS. The mean age of respondents was 46.82±13 and 44±12.5 years for ensured and non-ensured groups, respectively. Heads of the households were predominantly males and currently married, with 97.3% and 93.3% for CBHI members compared to 82.7% and 99.3% in non-member households, respectively. A greater proportion of the sampled households had Quran education only. The majority of respondents in both groups have heard about CHI, and the source of information was from community leaders. There was no statistically significant difference in the level of knowledge of CBHI between insured (56. %7) and uninsured (47.3%) households (t Stat =4.642, p= 0.07). Knowledge of CHI is higher in an insured group than non-insured but there is still a knowledge gap in both groups. To ensure that health care is accessible to all, CHI should be promoted, and more people should be encouraged to join.

References:

[1] The World Health Report: Health System Financing: The Path to Universal Coverage, 2010, http://www.who.int/whr/2010/whr10_en.pdf. Accessed 2^nd August 2020.

[2] WHO 2020. Community-Based Health insurance Scheme. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/community-based-health-insurance-2020.

[3] Onwujekwe.O, Valenyi. E. Feasibility of voluntary health insurance in Nigeria. 2006. The World Bank.

[4] National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2017 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17, Survey Findings Report. Abuja, Nigeria: National Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Children’s Fund.

[5] Nasiru, L., Mohammed, T.S., Hassan, A., Shamsuddeen, Y (2021). Health Care Access and Utilization among Households in Katsina State Northwestern, Nigeria. International Journal of Tourism and Hotel Management: 2641-6948.

[6] The World Health Report 2000: Health Systems: Improving Performance, 2000 http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf. Accessed 2nd August 2020.

[7] Yusuf HO, Kanma-Okafor OJ, Ladi-Akinyemi TW, Eze UT, Egwuonwu CC, Osibogun AO. Health Insurance Knowledge, Attitude and the Uptake of Community Based Health Insurance Scheme Among Residents of a Suburb in Lagos, Nigeria. The West African Journal of Medicine. 2019; 36(2):103-111.

[8] Carrin G, Waelkens MP, Criel B: Community-based health insurance in developing countries: a study of its contribution to the performance of health financing systems. Trop Med Int Health, 2005, 10 (8): 799-811.

[9] Dror DM, Hossain SA, Majumdar A, Pérez Koehlmoos TL, John D, Panda PK. What Factors Affect Voluntary Uptake of Community-Based
Health Insurance Schemes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Plos One. 2016 Aug 31;11(8): e0160479. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160479. PMID: 27579731; PMCID: PMC5006971.

Abstract:

The purpose of the study was to analyse factors that affect food choices of accommodated female students at the university of Zambia. The sample for the study was 249 female students selected using the proportional stratified simple random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used in collecting data. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, t- test and factor analysis. The factor analysis showed that food choices could be grouped into six groups accounting for 58.765% of the variance. The average mean of 2.0180 indicated that respondents have limited Nutrition Knowledge. It was also noted that; there was no difference in Nutrition Knowledge between the young ones and the older ones. The non-vegetarians ate more food groups than the vegetarians. The vegetarians spent more time on exercise and drank more water per day. Respondents also differed in their food choices and cooking methods according to their socio-economic status. The main recommendation that emerged from the study was that Food Science and Nutrition should be added to one of the first-year core courses at the University of Zambia. In addition, outsourcing experts such as dieticians and nutritionists to address students on importance of safe clean water and good food hygiene practices would be invaluable in ensuring healthy lifestyles and enhanced academic productivity.

References:

[1] WHO. 2000, Preventing and managing global epidemic. Global epidemics, 2(5). 1-253. www.kichendaily.com.

[2] Kabayashi, F., 2007, Assessing body type, type, exercise, and sedentary behaviour of students. Health and Nutrition, 37 (5) 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1108/00346650710828352.

[3] Mudambi, S, &Rajagopal, M. V., 2006, Fundamentals of foods and nutrition. New Delhi: New Age International Publisher.

[4] WHO. 2008, Obesity prevention and managing global epidemic: A report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva: WHO.

[5] Payne, W. A, Hahn, D. B., & Lucas, E. B., 2009, Understanding your health, tenth edition. New York: McGraw Hill.

[6] Habidzadel, N., 2010. Prevention of Osteoporosis among underweight and obese sedentary women. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical activity, 2 (2), 97-103. https://yadda.icm.edu.pl› yadda › element.

[7] King, H. (2020). Hippocrates in Quotes. In Hippocrates Now: The ‘Father of Medicine’ in the Internet Age (pp. 95–110). London: Bloomsbury Academic. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350005921.ch-005.

[8] Komaniyets, Lyudmyla, et al., 2021, Underlying medical conditions associated with severe COVID- 19 illness among children. JAMA Network Open, 4 (6), doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11182.

[9] Donatelle, R. J., 2011. Health, the basics. Singapore: Pearson.

[10] Astridge, V. & Florence, M. D., 2008, Diet, quality, and academic performance. Journal of School health, 78 (4), 209-215. DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2008.00288. x.

[11] Nieman, D.C., 2007, Exearcise testing and Perception, Sixth Edition. Toronto: McGraw Hil.

[12] FAO. 2010, Food-based approaches for improving diets and raising levels of nutrition. International symposium on food and security, Rome: FAO.

[13] Fox E.L, Kirty T, Fox A.R., 2006, Bases of fitness, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.

[14] Richards, L., 1999, Psychological stress and coping process. New York: McGraw Hill.

[15] Insel, M. I, & Roth, W. T., 2000, Core concepts in health, tenth edition. London: McGraw Hill.

[16] Shaffer, D. R. 2002, Childhood and Adolescence, Development psychology, sixth edition. Singapore: Wadsworth.com.

[17] Tull, A, Jackson, L & Shally, S., 2010, Food and nutrition. London: Oxford: University Press.

[18] Nicholson, L., 2007, Healthy diet means a better school perfomance. Reuters, http://www.reuters.com.

[19] Goma, F. M., 2011, Prevalence of obesity and overweight at University of Zambia. Lusaka: UNZA Press.

[20] Wardlaw, G, Insel, P. M & Seyer, M. F.,1994, Understanding nutrition. London: Mosby.

[21] Awoniyi, S. A., Aderanti, R. A., &Tayo, A. S., 2011, Introduction to research methodology. Sango: Ababa Press Ltd.

Abstract:

The increasing attention on the indices around low vision and blindness globally is worth noting. With strategic interventions aimed at preventing avoidable blindness and reducing the burden of low vision, research is being carried out to reveal the magnitude, characteristics, and available interventions for low vision. This study was aimed at characterizing low vision among populations in the South-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria. A total of 1473 persons were screened in outreaches across the zone. Clinical assessments, including external examination, refraction and ophthalmoscopy, were carried out, and 239 persons (16.2%) were identified with vision impairment with the various categories established. Data were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 24.0) and presented using frequencies, percentages, and tables. Statistical significance was based on p<0.05. The prevalence of moderate and severe vision impairment was 8.6% and 3.7%, respectively, while blindness was 3.9%. Cataracts (32.6%) and glaucoma (22.2%) were the most common causes of vision impairment and blindness. There was no positive relationship between age, sex and occupation of individuals and level of vision impairment with P values of 0.52, 0.21 and 0.11, respectively. Living in a rural area was not significantly associated with a higher degree of visual impairment than living in an urban area with P=0.81.

References:

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[5] Pascolini, D. & Mariotti, S.P.M. (2011). Global estimates of visual impairment. British Journal of Opthalmology, 10, 1136.

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[7] Achigbu, E.O. & Ezeanosike, E. (2017). Visual Impairment and Blindness in 5 Communities in Imo State, South-East Nigeria. Annals of Medical and Health Science Research, 7, 106-110.

[8] Isawumi, M.A., Ubah, J.N., Olomola, B.V. & Afolabi, O.M. (2014). Blindness and visual impairment among adults in a tertiary eye clinic, in Osogbo S W Nigeria. Annals of Medical and Health Science Research, 4, 594-597.

[9] Kyari, F., Gudlavalleti, M.V.S., Sivsubramaniam, S., Gilbert, C.E., Abdul, M.M., Entekume, G. & Foster, A. (2009). Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in Nigeria: The National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey. Journal of Investigative Ophthalmology and Vision Science, 50, 2033-2039.

[10] Akano, O.F. (2017). Vision health disparities in blindness and visual impairment in Nigeria: A review of the Nigerian National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey. African Vision and Eye Health, 76(1), 345-354.

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[12] Adamu, M.D. & Muhammad, N. (2014). Low vision services in Sokoto State Nigeria. Borno Medical Journal, 11(1), 33-40.

[13] Ekpenyong, B. & Ndukwe, O. (2010). Provision of low vision service in the Department of Ophthalmology University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. Journal of the Nigerian Optometric Association, 16(1), 34-38.

[14] Bourne, R.R., Jonas, J.B., Flaxman, S.R., Keeffe, J., Leasher, J. & Naidoo, K. (2014). Vision loss expert group of the global burden of disease study. Prevalence and causes of vision loss in high-income countries and in Eastern and Central Europe. British Journal Ophthalmology, 98, 629-638.

[15] Cicinelli, M.V., Marmamula, S., Khanna, R.C. (2020). Comprehensive eye care- Issues, challenges, and way forward. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 68(2), 316-323.

[16] Lam, N. & Leat, S.J. (2015). Reprint of: Barriers to accessing low vision care: The patient’s perspective. Canadian Journal Ophthalmology, 50, 34-39.

[17] Lim, E.Y., Vukicevic, M., Koklanis, K. & Boyle, J. (2014). Low vision services in the Asia-Pacific region: Models of low vision service delivery and barriers to access. Journal of Vision Impairment & Blindness, 108(4), 311-312.

[18] Sunness, J.S. & El Annan, J. (2010). Improvement of visual acuity by refraction in a low vision population. Ophthalmology, 117, 1442-1446.

[19] Trillo, A.H. & Dickinson, A.M. (2012). The impact of visual and non-visual factors on quality of life and adaptation in adults with visual impairment. Investigative Ophthalmology & Vision Science, 53(7), 4234-4241.

[20] Whittaker, S.G., Scheiman, M. & Sokol-McKay, D.A. (2016). Low vision rehabilitation- A practical guide for occupational therapists. (2nd ed). Slack Incorporated, New Jersey, USA: pp. 143-160.

[21] Wolffsohn, J.S. & Cochrane, A.L. (2000). Design of the low vision quality-of-life questionnaire (LVQOL) and measuring the outcome of low-vision rehabilitation. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 130 (6), 793-802.

Abstract:

This article evaluates the effect of cultural beliefs on the effective utilization of immunization on childhood killer diseases among parents living in some remote areas in Kuje Area Council in FCT. Relevant cultural factors hindering effective utilization of immunization were discovered; likewise, Universal immunization of children against six preventable diseases (tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, and measles) is crucial to diminish childhood mortality and morbidity across the world. Improving access to and utilization of routine immunization services are the best option for the prevention and control of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD). The expanded program on immunization (EPI) was launched in 1994 as a global program for controlling and reducing death from vaccine-preventable diseases. A recent report from the world health organisation (WHO) revealed that the number of children under one year of age who did not receive the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP3) worldwide was estimated to be 21.8 million in 2013 compared to 22.8 million in 2012. Three hundred and eighty-four (384) questionnaires were administered to parents using the house to house strategy in the Kuje community. Of those surveyed, (30.2%) had basic education, and the level of illiteracy could have contributed greatly to noncompliance. (80.2%) believed that only immunization can protect children against childhood killer diseases, while (19.8%) disagreed. (32.0%) believed that immunization could lead to HIV infection, (30.5%) of the respondents assumed that immunization causes a child to be sterile and (20.6%) agreed that immunization is forbidden by God, while (16.9%) believed that it causes some mental, spiritual, and physical deformity in children.

References:

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Abstract:

The study aimed to determine the readability level and assess the design layout of medicine information leaflets in packages of Artemisinin-based Combination (ACT) antimalarials used as over-the-counter medicines in Nigeria where malaria is endemic with higher adverse events in under-five children and pregnant women. A cross-sectional study design was adopted to evaluate thirty-two medicine information leaflets of ACTs obtained from community pharmacies. Texts in selected passages of the leaflets were subjected to the Flesch-Kincaid (F-K) formula to determine the F-K score and the corresponding reading-grade level. The Baker Able Leaflet Design (BALD) assessment tool was employed to assess the medicine information leaflets design layout. The mean Flesch-Kincaid score for the MILs was 14.22 ±5.06. A proportion of 15.63% of the MILs were readable at the postgraduate level, 28.13% at the undergraduate level, 37.5% at the senior secondary school level and 18.76% at the junior secondary school level. This represented the total proportion of leaflets readable at the junior secondary school level which is the average level of education in Nigeria. On the BALD tool, 46.28% of the MILs were rated ‘above standard’ and 53.72% were ‘poor’ in design. The dimension of the longest MIL was 80cm by 36cm. A large proportion of the MILs were written above the reading level of average Nigerians and were poorly designed. Most Nigerians are not likely to be able to read these leaflets for reference purposes and to serve as reminder for instructions obtained during medication counselling.

References:

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[2] Liu F, Abdul-Hussain S, Mahboo S, Rai V, Kostrzewski A. How useful are medication patient information leaflets to older adults? A content, readability, and layout analysis. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36(4):827-834.

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[7] Adepu R, Swamy, MK. Development and Evaluation of Patient Information Leaflets (PIL) Usefulness. Ind J Pharm Sci. 2012;74(2):174–178.

[8] Munsoh EE, Awaisu A, Hassali MAA, Darwish S, Abdoun E. Readability and Comprehensibility of Patient Information Leaflets for Antidiabetic Medications in Qatar. J Pharm Technol. 2017;33(4):128–136.

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Abstract:

Drug-resistant Tuberculosis (DRTB) occurs when the drugs used to treat TB are misused or mismanaged by, WHO 2018 Examples of misuse or mismanagement include People who do not complete a full course of TB treatment, Health care providers prescribing the wrong treatment (the wrong dose or length of time), Drugs for proper treatment are not available, and poor quality of drugs. The study aimed at determining the treatment outcome of Community-Initiated Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients registered between January 2017 and December 2020.in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The study design was a retrospective cohort study; a total sampling technique was employed to review patients that were diagnosed and registered during the period of study. The demographic and clinical data of each patient were retrieved from the DR-TB patient treatment cards, DR-TB patient treatment progress notes from directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) providers in the community, the state DR-TB central register, and treatment card. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Software (Version 23; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). The median age of clients that participated in the study was 34 years [27- 49.5]. Most of the participants were male (56.2%), and a greater proportion of the enrollees were all new cases (76.3%). The study determined some of the sociodemographic characteristics of patients that received treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis using the Community-Initiated model, their health outcomes, and assessed the predictors of some of the health outcomes.

References:

Abstract:

New technologies are considerably influencing companies for information system implementation every year. This trend has led many people, including business managers and researchers, to question the benefits of technology to business. While Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries, particularly those in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), are gradually digitalizing their information systems, To our knowledge, very few studies to analyze the benefits of technologies on DRC SMEs have been conducted. This study, therefore, sought to place itself in the Congolese context to find out about the benefits of digitalized information system. 119 SMEs that have been using information system technologies for at least two years were selected for data collection. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation were used for the data analysis. The findings from the study show that SMEs derive certain benefits from the use of technology and have improved organizational system performance that including an increase in profit, optimized time management, reduced paperwork, improved information quality, and improved financial reporting quality. The results also reveal that the more a company invests in technology, the more benefits it receives.

References:

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Abstract:

The advent of technology has become inevitable in today’s world, and every industry is on the frontline of incorporating the technology. The healthcare industry has not been an exception, as it has also integrated the essential components of technology into its functioning. Patient records are no longer stored manually but are instead stored electronically, and this has benefited the industry by increasing the productivity of patient care. It has also assisted healthcare in having easy accessibility and usage. The current technological innovation that has occurred in the health care industry is the innovation of cloud computing. However, there are many fears and various security measures that have come up in the health industry concerning patient records being stored remotely. Therefore, a person needs to understand what benefits are attached to the application of cloud computing in the health industry and the fears associated with the same. Besides, one also needs to be aware of both the merits and the disadvantages that are come in because of the newly invented technology. After a lot of advancements and developments, the usage of cloud computing has been increasing steadily. Therefore, cloud computing is the right time to explore the use of this technology to improve on the healthcare industry’s services to the public. Lastly, the main purpose of the paper is to evaluate the various factors that healthcare organizations should consider when implementing cloud computing technology.

References:

[1].   Dang, L. M., Piran, M., Han, D., Min, K., & Moon, H. (2019). A survey on the internet of things and cloud computing for healthcare. Electronics, 8(7), 768.

[2].   Alam, T. (2021). Cloud Computing and its role in Information Technology. IAIC Transactions on Sustainable Digital Innovation (ITSDI), 1, 108-115.

[3].   Branco Jr, T., De Sá-Soares, F., & Rivero, A. L. (2017). Key issues for the successful adoption of cloud computing. Procedia Computer Science, 121, 115-122.

[4].   Darwish, A., Hassanien, A. E., Elhoseny, M., Sangaiah, A. K., & Muhammad, K. (2019). The impact of the hybrid platform of the internet of things and cloud computing on healthcare systems: opportunities, challenges, and open problems. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 10(10), 4151-4166.

[5].   Ali, O., Shrestha, A., Soar, J., & Wamba, S. F. (2018). Cloud computing-enabled healthcare opportunities, issues, and applications: A systematic review. International Journal of Information Management, 43, 146-158.

[6].   Devadass, L., Sekaran, S. S., & Thinakaran, R. (2017). Cloud computing in healthcare. International Journal of Students’ Research in Technology & Management, 5(1), 25-31.

[7].   Ahmadi, M., & Aslani, N. (2018). Capabilities and advantages of cloud computing in the implementation of the electronic health record. Acta Informatica Medica, 26(1), 24.

[8].   El Mhouti, A., Erradi, M., & Nasseh, A. (2018). Using cloud computing services in e-learning process: Benefits and challenges. Education and Information Technologies, 23(2), 893-909.

[9].   Kumari, A., Tanwar, S., Tyagi, S., & Kumar, N. (2018). Fog computing for healthcare 4.0 environment: Opportunities and challenges. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 72, 1-13.

[10].  Lo’ai, A. T., Bakhader, W., Mehmood, R., & Song, H. (2016, December). Cloudlet-based mobile cloud computing for healthcare applications. In 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[11].  Gao, F., Thiebes, S., & Sunyaev, A. (2018). Rethinking the meaning of cloud computing for health care: a taxonomic perspective and future research directions. Journal of medical Internet research, 20(7), e10041.

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Abstract:

Globally, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Universal Health Coverage (UHC) are designed to ensure equity and quality health care. In South Africa, National Health Insurance (NHI) is the vehicle for it. Strategic purchasing and contracting private general practitioners (GPs) are key strategies. Skills training will prepare GPs for NHI. However, it is not clear as to which GP skills and competencies are currently implemented in practice. The study assessed GPs’ agreement on skills and competencies in urban South Africa. A descriptive cross-sectional design and the online semi-structured survey was undertaken between 30 September to 14 October 2020. We targeted 5,212 private GPs registered on Medpages in Gauteng Province. Respondents who answered all questions were conveniently sampled. Data analysis was performed using SAS institute software, version 9.4. A four-point Likert scale was categorized as agree or disagree. A Wald Chi-square test evaluated associations between variables. Findings revealed that most had no government contract (84.3%, n=97) and were solo (53%, n=61). The majority were agreeable to the eye, ear, nose, and throat skills (93.3%, n=207). The least agreeable was the abdominal skill (32.7%, n=72). Logistic regression showed qualifications, work experience and type of practice were significant predictors. The GP contracts affected the skills range. Surveyed GPs did not agree on many listed skills. Significant predictors of an agreement to skills in the current practice were identified. The findings highlight the need to fast-track GP skills training in South Africa.

References:

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[17] Von Pressentin K, Mash R, Esterhuizen T. Examining the influence of family physician supply on district health system performance in South Africa: An ecological analysis of key health indicators. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2017; 9(1). doi:10.4102/phcfm. v19i1.1298.

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Abstract:

Patient’s satisfaction with pain management is vital for quality care. Therefore, pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions do contribute significantly to pain control. The aim was to determine patients’ satisfaction with non-pharmacological pain management in labour. A descriptive, cross-sectional design was conducted from June 2017 to March 2019. Participants were conveniently sampled to include 311 women three days after normal delivery. The research tools were Pain Satisfaction and American Pain Society Outcome Questionnaires were used to collect data. Univariate logistic regression was used to test for associations between variables. Findings of the study revealed a mean age of the women was 26.9 years, and 90.4% were Black, IsiZulu speakers, having two children and had secondary education. Moderate pain was experienced in 49.2%, and herbs or prayer were used by 55.3%. To relieve pain, participants reported deep breathing (26.2%), walking (22%), massage (21%) and prayer (14%). Effective pain relief was in 53.1%, while satisfaction was by 56.3%. The only statistically significant predictor of dissatisfaction was the number of live births (p=0.003). One live birth compared to four live births was more likely to be dissatisfied (OR=11.5; 95% CI 1.4-97.2). Findings suggest that non-pharmacological interventions are effective. The moderate pain experienced by a significant proportion may signify the need for pharmacological treatments. The association between low parity and dissatisfaction warrants further research.

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Abstract:

In the history of the human race, power has more often been wielded through terror and inciting fear. The use of terror began at the very birth of organized society as a means of discretion or punishment. Terrorism has become a song to be sung in Nigeria with the emergence of dreaded Boko Haram terrorising old and young, male and female, rich and poor, spearing nobody in the area of their operation, most especially in Northern Nigeria; hence collateral killing is their watchword. The study examines the efficacy of the political and military approach in combatting the menace. It employs a mixed approach, which mostly relies on both primary and secondary data collection to elicit information. To meet the security challenges posed by this dreaded sect, the researcher advocates the use of intelligence-led policing, counter-insurgency and trust-building strategies between the government and citizenry.

References:

[1] Forest, J.J.F. (2012). Confronting Terrorism of Boko Haram in Nigeria. The JSOU Press, Mac DILL, Air Force Base, Florida.

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[6] Wałek, T. (2018). Concept, Origin and Classification of Terrorist Phenomena. University of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland ORCID: No 2. http://www.ejournals.eu/Securitologia/Securitologia

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[49] Soniyi, T (2011). “Nigiera: Boko Haram – Why Security Agencies Have Failed, “This Day (July 20), online at: http://allafrica.com/stories/201107201234.html. Adetona, S.O and Salawu, R.I (2006). Electronic Security System. Institute of Security, Nigeria. Concept Publications, Lagos.

[50] United States of America (2006). Counterinsurgency. Marine Corps, War Fighting Publication, Washington, D.C, USA.

[51] United States of America (2006). Counterinsurgency. Marine Corps, War Fighting Publication, Washington, D.C, USA.

[52] Ogundipe, O.T (2011). “Forensic Science and Criminal Investigation” in Ogundipe, T.O and Adebayo, A (Ed) the Science and Skills of Security Investigation. Institute of Security, Nigeria. Concept Publications, Lagos.

Abstract:

The issue of changing cultural values and grassroots transformation is the concern of every Nigerian, and as such, grassroots communities should embrace change. Some people refuse to embrace change for so many reasons. This could be due to the complexity of values and beliefs which are prevailing in a society. This forms the basis for justifying people’s actions which are termed ideologies. Ideology is a crucial device for the sustenance of the community as it has the capacity to shape how community people perceive and interact with society about grassroots transformation. Hence a society without a clear-cut development ideology or agenda risks stagnation. It is on this assumption that this article suggests that Nigeria should embrace cultural change for transformation at the grassroots for national and global benefits. Against this background, the article examines the cultural value and the transformation of people at the grassroots with a view to understanding how changes in cultural values will affect transformation at the grassroots in Nigerian communities. Based on this, the article believes that there is a connection between changing cultural values and grassroots transformation capable of avoiding stagnation and enhancing innovation; increasing understanding, improve productivity, community services and socio-economic activities. The article recommends the provision of acculturation to keep up with emerging global demands and survive future uncertainties. We need to change what is termed “normal and acceptable” and educate people to master our environments and acquire new skills from other societies for innovation to enhance a higher standard of living and growth at the grassroots.

References:

[1] Pappas, S. and McKelvie (2021). What is culture. Dec 15, www.Livescience.com.

[2] Baran, S. (2002). Introduction to mass communication. Media literacy and culture (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Higher Education.

[3] Asemah. E. S. Ekhareafo, D. & Olaniran, S. (2013). Nigeria’s core values and the use of social media to promote cultural values. International Journal of Information and communication technology education: an official publication or the Information Resources Management Association. Vol. 9, No. 4: 58- 69.

[4] YWEE, (2019) The effect of social media on our cultural values. https://smum.com/the-effect-of-social-media-on-our-cultural-values. Muhammed K. & Aremu. F. (2021). Cultural values: Shifting or tumbling? Nigerian Tribune. 19 September. https://tribuneonline.com

[5] Uzorka, M. L. & Deekor, L. (2013). Changing cultural values and political development in Nigeria. Research on humanities and social science. Online. Vol. 3. No. 20.

[6] Oyira, E. Duke, E.U. Essien, N. & Onoyom, A. E. (2015). Changing the opinions, beliefs, and attitudes of the Efiks, Quas and Efuts of Calabar Manuciplality towards the practice of female circumcision. Journal of Hospital Administration. Vol. 4 No. 3 DOI:10.5430/jha. v4n3p61

[7] Cole, N. L. (2020). “Understanding acculturation and why it happens.” ThoughtCo, Dec. 30.

[8] Karem. (2017). Social media effects on our culture. https://sites.chapman.edu/2016s-eng103-akali100/2016/11/28/social-media-effects-on-our-culture/

[9] Oruka, H.O. (1982). Ideology and Culture: The African Experience. Journal of Eastern African Research & Development. Vol. 12. www.jstor.org/stable/24355715

[10] Henley, M. (2018). A road map grassroots digital transformation. https://cmswire.com Retrieved: 2^nd February 2022.

Abstract:

Innovation in the educational sector brings something new to enhance pedagogy using technological tools in teaching and learning globally. This study explored the actual impact of daily use of social media platforms in learning among students in selected institutions in Nigeria. A descriptive research design was utilized to gain an accurate profile of situations. Six hundred (600) University of Ibadan and Emmanuel Alayande College of Education students actively using social media are the respondents of the study. The research respondents cut across 6 faculties in the University of Ibadan and 3 Schools in Emmanuel Alayande College of Education. Summing up, social networks became an integral part of the students’ full life and took up most of their free time. Undoubtedly, in social networks, there are also things useful for the development of the students. Social media is the most preferred online learning platform for students across Nigerian institutions. In addition, Students in Nigerian institutions during learning have limited access to free data. Thus, it can be concluded that social media have a dual impact on student achievement, and it is necessary to approach adolescents’ use of social networks with ultimate responsibility. The findings of this research can be used to propose effective plans for improving students’ learning in such a way that a balance in leisure, information exchange, and students’ learning can be maintained. To this end, the researchers recommended that social media be used for educational purposes and Social Networking. Cite should be expanded, and new pages should be created to enhance academic activities and avoid students’ learning setbacks.

References:

[1]Rolls, E. T. (2016). Pattern separation, completion, and categorisation in the hippocampus and neocortex. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 129, 4-28.

[2] Govender, DW & Kayode, AE (2020). Examining Availability and Frequency use of Computer-Based Technology Resources among Students in Nigerian Universities. PONTE, Academic Journal. Apr.2020, Vol.76, Issue 4. doi.org/10.21506/j.ponte.2020.4.26.

[3] Kayode, AE & Rapeane-Mathonsi, M. (2021). An examination of naming systems amongst the Yoruba of Southwestern Nigeria. A lead paper presented at Names Society of Southern African Congress, Conference theme: Current trends in names and naming organized by Durban University of Technology, South Africa. 3 – 5 November 2021.

[4] Alaimo, C., & Kallinikos, J. (2017). Computing the every day: Social media as data platforms. The Information Society, 33(4), 175-191.

[5] Kayode AE & Linganiso LZ. (2022): The Importance of Systemic Support for Student-driven Social Media Learning on Campus in Nigerian Universities. Ponte Academic Journal. Jan. 2022, Vol. 78 Issue 1.

[6] Cohen-Blankshtain, G., & Rotem-Mindali, O. (2016). Key research themes on ICT and sustainable urban mobility. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 10(1), 9-17.

[7] Alonge, A. J. (2020). Library Markers Space in Academic and Public Libraries. In Handbook of Research on Digital Devices for Inclusivity and Engagement in Libraries (pp. 258-277). IGI Global.

[8]   Cohen-Blankshtain, G., & Rotem-Mindali, O. (2016). Key research themes on ICT and sustainable urban mobility. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 10(1), 9-17.

[9] Kayode AE & Ekpenyong M. (2021). Social media, university communication and e-learning platforms: a focus on educators and learners’ accessibility during post-covid-19 era, in Nigerian Universities. A lead paper was presented at 7th Annual International Interdisciplinary Conference on Raising Girl’s Ambition (RAGA, 2021). 12 – 15, October 2021.

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[13] Anshari, M., Almunawar, M. N., Shahrill, M., Wicaksono, D. K. & Huda, M. (2017). Smartphone’s usage in the classrooms: Learning aid or interference? Education and Information Technologies, 22(6), 3063 – 3079.

[14] Asoro, O. B., & Osunade, O. (2020). Attitude of Nigerian students to online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. eLearn, 2020(12).

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[18] Kayode, A. E. (2019). Examining Computer-based Technology Skill and Academic Performance of Students in Nigerian Universities. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Upload on university website accessed from https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za+KayodeAderinsola.

[19] Delello, J. A., McWhoRteR, R. R., & Camp, K. M. (2015). Integrating augmented reality in higher education: A multidisciplinary study of student perceptions. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 24(3), 209-233.

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[27] Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business horizons, 53(1), 59-68.

[28] Kayode, A. E. (2019). Examining Computer-based Technology Skill and Academic Performance of Students in Nigerian Universities. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer Science Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Upload on university-website: accessed from https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za+Kayode.

Abstract:

Face masks have been an essential part of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Protective masks are pieces of kit or equipment worn on the head and face to afford protection to the wearer. They are usually worn for providing a supply of air or filtering the outside air (respirators and dust masks). In the past two years while coping with the pandemic, one of the most significant changes that have been part of our wardrobes is a face mask. The Covid-19 pandemic disrupted our normal to give rise to a post-pandemic new normal where the focus has shifted to multi-functional clothing that provides a multidimensional experience to the wearer. Safety, functionality, comfort and aesthetics are at the core of this fashion. However, what continues through the pandemic as well is the ability to communicate visually. Thus, making fashion as a major contributor towards the perception and interpretation of identities. With this as the base, the authors studied the semiotic discourse in perceiving a community’s identity in the times of pandemic with respect to performance clothing. The authors conducted an in-depth qualitative analysis of workers using a questionnaire based on a Likert scale and open-ended questions from process industries and Original Equipment Manufacturers (n=50) of Northern and Western India to explore creating mask designs to communicate their work identities. The face masks were designed, which not only help protect against covid-19 and the work hazards but also projected the area and potential hazards of the job profile for better compliance in the workers.

References:

[1] Wise, H., 2020, When Life Felt Normal: Your Pre-Pandemic Moments. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at:

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/world/coronavirus-before-pandemic-memories.html [Accessed 7 October 2021].

[2] Green, R., 2020, Face masks: the newest form of self-expression. [online] Palatinate. Available at: https://www.palatinate.org.uk/face-masks-the-newest-form-of-self-expression/ [Accessed 3 September 2021].

[3] Ramesh, A., 2020, The Evolution of Face Masks. [online] Maskela. Available at: https://www.maskela.com/blogs/news/the-evolution-of-face-masks [Accessed 8 September 2021].

[4] Spooner, J. L. 1967, History of surgical face masks: the myths, the masks, and the men and women behind them, AORN J , 5, 76-80.

[5] Byrne, J.P., 2006, Daily life during the Black Death, Greenwood Publishing Group.

[6] Ruisinger, M. M., 2020, The “Plague Doctor's Mask” in the German Museum for the History of Medicine, Ingolstadt. NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin, 28, 235–252.

[7] George H. W., 1919, Droplet Infection and its Prevention by the Face Mask, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 24(3), 218–230, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/24.3.218.

[8] Spinney, L., 2017, Pale rider: The Spanish flu of 1918 and how it changed the world. Public Affairs.

[9] Barthes, R., 2013, The Language of Fashion. Bloomsbury Academic.

[10] Baldwin, J., 2013, Intercultural Communication for Everyday Life. Wiley-Blackwell.

[11] Goodenough, W.H., 1965, Rethinking status and role. The relevance of models for social anthropology,1-14.

[12] Muhaimin, A. 2014, OSHA takes the initiative on hazard communication: Anti Corrosion methods and materials, Vol 53.

[13] Smith, T., DeJoy, D., 2014, Safety climate, safety behaviors and line-of-duty injuries in the fire service. International Journal of Emergency Services, 3(1), 49- 64.

[14] McCann, J., 2005, End-user based design of innovative smart clothing. Wales: University of Wales Newport.