Abstract:

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is one of the most infectious diseases globally. Nigeria is among the endemic countries for HBV, with a National prevalence of 11%. The Primary Healthcare Center (PHC) is critical for interrupting the transmission of HBV infection. Consequently, the baseline information concerning the prevalence, associated risk factors, and vaccination status of the health workers for HBV is required for the system strengthening, hence, the need for this study. To determine the prevalence of HBV among health workers in PHCs in AMAC, Abuja. 2. To identify the risk factors associated with HBV infection amongst this cohort. A hospital-based cross-sectional descriptive study involving 168 randomly selected PHC health workers. Data was collected with a structured questionnaire, and participants were screened for HBsAg. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 with results significant at p-value < 0.05. 168 respondents participated in the study, 65.5% were females, and the mean age was 34 +/- 9 years. The full vaccination rate was 44%, while the prevalence of HBV infection was 4.8%. The history of dental procedure was the only significant predictor of HBV infection, and those who had the dental procedure were thrice more likely to be infected with HBV than their counterparts (OR: 3.077). The prevalence of HBV in this study is low, per, National prevalence, but high for this cohort of health workers with a considerable Hepatitis B vaccination rate. There is a need to strengthen health workers' HBV screening and vaccination in addition to improving infection prevention and control in dental clinics/surgeries.

Keywords: HBV Infection, Health-worker, Primary Healthcare Center, Prevalence, Risk Factors.

References:

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Abstract:

The health district of Mfou is one of the 29 health districts for the Central region of Cameroon. In 2014, the attendance rate of its facilities was 41%, lower than the 80% norm of the Togolese Ministry of Health in 2013. Questioning the factors associated with this low attendance necessitated the identification of links and associations between it and social demographic factors, health satisfaction, and the perception of facilities by the population. To identify factors associated with low attendance in the Mfou Health District. This is a quanti-qualitative, descriptive cross-sectional study that took place from June 15 to September 22, 2018, in the 32 health facilities in the Mfou Health District. The data collection was based on medical consultation records for 84231 enrolled persons, 372 questionnaires administered to patients in health facilities, and 5 patients who underwent interviews. The data analysis was carried out using CSPro 6.2, Survey CTO Collect v2.41, and SPSS 21 software and the manual operation of the audio content of the interviews. This study shows that the attendance rate of health facilities in the health district of Mfou remains low: 39% in 2015 and 42% in 2017. The factors associated with low attendance at health facilities are the lack of health insurance, the rural environment, the poor quality of reception, the low dynamism of community health workers, the high cost of care and services, the need to have a family relative or an acquaintance working in the Hospital and going to the Hospital only when the illness seems serious with a (P˂ 5%). The low attendance of health facilities in the Mfou health district remains a major public health concern. This is associated with many factors for which the involvement of communities is necessary and their inclusion in the development of health policies.

Keywords: Factors Associated with Low Attendance of Health Facilities, Health Facilities, and Health Districts.

References:

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Abstract:

Adhesions are a major cause of acute abdomen in previously operated patients. The presence of a retained foreign body in the abdomen is a leading factor in the development of post-operative adhesion. It is, therefore important to take all necessary measures to avoid retained foreign bodies in the abdomen, as this increases the risk of developing post-operative adhesions and complications. A 32yr old female with a relevant past surgical history of an emergency laparotomy indicated for a ruptured ectopic pregnancy presented as an emergency 3 months after the above surgery at a tropical regional hospital with signs of generalized peritonism, following a brief history of sudden onset of lower abdominal pains. A diagnosis of bowel obstruction was made. Resuscitation was done, followed by an emergency exploratory laparotomy. It revealed the presence of a retained foreign body (gauze in our case), surrounded by multiple adhesion around the ileo-cecal junction with 2 meters of ischemic small bowel. Adhesion lysis was done, foreign body was extracted, the ischemic bowel was resected, and an end-to-end anastomosis was performed using Lambert’s technique. The patient had a smooth recovery. Implementing the effective use of the WHO surgical checklists before incision and before closing the abdomen will prevent foreign body retention, hence reducing post-operative complications.

References:

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Abstract:

Natural medicinal products and home-based remedies have been in use for centuries by people across the world. Tradition, belief, cultural practice, and previous experience are associated with the use of herbal products. The trend is observed to be on the increase since covid-19 Pandemic hit the global stage. In the early days of the Pandemic, people protected themselves by practicing measures that would safeguard them from getting infected with the deadly virus. This study evaluated prevalence, risks, harms, benefits, and other issues associated with using herbs and home-based remedies to prevent and treat Covid-19. It highlights various measures of prevention and treatment practiced by employees and customers of a Regional Corporation by capturing the demographic characteristics, reasons, and associated factors for using alternative medical products. A descriptive cross-sectional survey in a hybrid online was carried out from February 2022 to April 2022. Data of independent and dependent variables was collected using a well-structured hybrid (online and paper and pencil) questionnaire. Prevalence of steam inhalation was 51%, essential oils, including menthol crystal vapour inhalation, was 61%, herbal supplements was 20.6%, and natural health products was 100% (n = 286). Non-allopathic medicinal products, home-based remedies, and other preventive health measures were on the increase in prevalence during covid-19 Pandemic. Large studies are required to assess the efficacy and safety of herbal supplements and home-based remedies to protect users from unnecessary dangers inherent in their use.

References:

[1] Boozariet, M., and Hosseinzadeh, H. (2020). Natural products for Covid-19 prevention and treatment regarding to previous coronavirus infections and novel studies. Phytotherapy research: PTR. 35. 10.1002/ptr.6873. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.6873.

[2] Singla R, K., Xuefei, H., Hitesh, C., Christos, T., Shen L., Amjad, K, K., Bairong, S. (2021). Natural Products for the Prevention and Control of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Sustainable Bioresources: Journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology, Volume=12, Year=2021. ISSN=1663-9812. DOI=10.3389/fphar.2021.758159 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.758159.

[3] Shahrajabian, M, H., Sun, W., and Cheng, Q. (2019) Clinical aspects and health benefits of ginger (Zingiberofficinale) in both trad-itional Chinese medicine and modern industry, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science, 69:6, 546-556, DOI: 10.1080/09064710.2019.1606930 https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2019.1606930.

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Abstract:

Collaborative partnerships are key components to reinforce biomedical and clinical research capacity and are characterized by enormous challenges though important in promoting the institutional exchange of ideas and capacities that potentially fill knowledge and research gaps. An observational analysis was conducted from 2014 to 2022 between the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, and the Centre for the Study of Communicable Diseases (CSCCD), Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon. Despite constraints, affiliations with institutes from developed economies are often established within the framework of North-South collaborations. Since 2014, a strong bilateral South-South research partnership between the two institutions has been developed and consolidated for sustainable coexistence. In this paper, we report on qualitative research within our leading collaborative scientists involved in major institutional research, our views on South-South collaboration, and the factors that consolidate our decision-making about joining and participating actively in research networks.

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Abstract:

Female Traditional Healthcare Givers’ (FTHGs) knowledge, attitude, and practice on maternal and infant survival from pregnancy, delivery, and after birth has been a contextual matter throughout the globe, especially where the incidence of infant mortality rate is high. This often poses questions as to why, what happened, and where women of childbearing go for health seeking when pregnant, at birth, and after delivery? The impact of FTHGs activities to mothers and infants on their education and referral of mothers and children for treatment and immunization was studied in the three Senatorial Districts of Adamawa State. Self-structured questionnaires with both open and closed-ended responses and oral interviews were used for the purpose of the study and analyzed electronically on SPSS version 25.0. Approaches to improve the knowledge and practice of Female Traditional Healthcare Givers include seminars and workshops by Non-Governmental Organizations’, Antenatal Care at government health facilities, and health professionals’ effort in-home visits and formal education. These have improved FTHGs knowledge, skills, and acceptance of immunization programme against childhood killer diseases in most of the Senatorial District communities. Maternal and infant morbidity and mortality has experienced a great reduction in the process as FTHGs made referrals to health facilities on cases needing treatment and immunization. This underlies the need for training in epidemiological findings to prevent the incidence of infant morbidity and mortality since education is the key to a healthy live.

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Abstract:

Tuberculosis is a communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, considered a major risk to global health security. This study determined the prevalence, treatment outcomes, and factors associated with tuberculosis among 737 presumptive tuberculosis patients in Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria from 1^st April 2019 to 30^th May 2021 through retrospective cross-sectional study and multi-stage sampling. From Non-Municipal Area Councils, Bwari was selected while from Health Facilities, General Hospital Bwari and Gwarimpa were selected from Bwari and Abuja Municipal Area Council respectively by simple random sampling and data abstractions were done and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0 Software. The prevalence of tuberculosis amongst the patients was 19.4%. The tuberculosis treatment outcome showed that 66.4% were cured, 14.7% completed treatment, 7.0% failed treatment, 5.6% lost to follow-up and 0.7% removed from the Register. The prevalence of tuberculosis in the Bwari Area Council was 8.2%. The association between Area Council of Resident and tuberculosis was significant (p = 0.001). Patients that reside in Bwari Area Council were 0.078 times less likely to have tuberculosis compared to those who reside in Abuja Municipal Area Council and, Area Council of Residence was a predictor of tuberculosis (aOR = 0.001; 95% C.I. = 0.043 - 0.141). The prevalence of tuberculosis amongst patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus was 29.6%. The association was significant (p = 0.001) but not a predictor of tuberculosis (aOR = 0.840; 95% C.I. = 0.617 - 1.810).

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[37] Mamo, A., Mama, M., Solomon, D., & Mohammed, M. (2021).

Treatment Outcomes and Predictors Among Tuberculosis Patients at Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Southeast Ethiopia

Abstract:

The success of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) over the years is attributed to the immunization supply chain, effective logistics systems, and the health professionals who run them. Gaps in knowledge and practices still exist in developing countries and countries with conflict. Due to the paucity of information regarding the subject in humanitarian settings, this study was carried out. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among health workers at the four levels of the healthcare system in 6 governorates in Yemen. A total of 536 health workers provided responses to the online questionnaire between February and May 2022. The study showed that 515(96.1%) and 521(97.2%) of the respondents, respectively, knew the recommended temperature range for storage of Rota and pentavalent vaccines at the health facility. Most respondents, 415(77.4%) and 413(77.0%) knew the recommended storage temperature for measles and BCG, respectively, and 466(86.9%) knew they could be stored at a negative temperature when the need arises. Over two-thirds of respondents only receive vaccines 411(76.7%), and 124(23.1%) receive and distribute vaccines. Vaccine distribution included the use of refrigerated vehicles (15.2%), cold boxes (32.8%), and vaccine carriers (41.6%), both with conditioned ice packs. Despite the protracted and complex humanitarian situation in Yemen, Health workers demonstrated good knowledge and practices of vaccine storage, distribution, and cold chain management, which contributed to the sustenance of immunization services. There is a need for required investment in a cost-effective and sustainable last-mile vaccine distribution approach to ensure equitable availability of vaccines at health facilities and prevent any missed opportunity.

References:

[1] Osei, E., Ibrahim, M., & Kofi Amenuvegbe, G., 2019, Effective Vaccine Management: The Case of a Rural District in Ghana. Advances in preventive medicine, 2019, 5287287. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5287287.

[2] WHO., & UNICEF., 2016, WHO/UNICEF joint statement: Achieving immunization targets with the comprehensive effective vaccine management (cEVM) framework https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254717/WHO-IVB-16.09-eng.pdf.

[3] World Health Organization. (WHO)., ‎2017, Guideline for establishing or improving primary and intermediate vaccine stores. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67807/WHO_V-B_02.34_eng.pdf.

[4] Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (CDC)., 2021, Vaccine Storage and Handling Toolkit https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/admin/storage/toolkit/storage-handling-toolkit.pdf.

[5] Nwankwo, B., Joga, S.J., Olorukooba, A.A. et al., 2018, Knowledge, attitude, and practice of cold chain management among primary health care workers in Giwa, Northwestern Nigeria. Arch Med Surg 2018; 3:71-6. https://www.archms.org/text.asp?2018/3/2/71/254575.

[6] Mohammed, S.A., Workneh, B.D., & kahissay, M.H., 2021, Knowledge, attitude and practice of vaccinators and vaccine handlers on vaccine cold chain management in public health facilities, Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0247459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247459.

[7] Zayer, J., & Chiad, I., 2020, Evaluation of Application of Effective Vaccine Management in Wassit Governorate, Iraq. International journal of pharmaceutical quality assurance. 11. 242-246. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348780491_Evaluation_of_Application_of_Effective_Vaccine_Management_in_Wassit_Governorate_Iraq.

[8] Al Abri, S., Al-Rawahi, B., Abdelhady, D., & AL abaidani, Idris., 2018, Effective vaccine management and Oman’s healthcare system’s challenge to maintain high global standards. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 11. 10.1016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325210133_Effective_vaccine_management_and_Oman’s_healthcare_system’s_challenge_to_maintain_high_global_standards/citation/download.

[9] Gebretnsae, H., Hadgu, T., Ayele, B. et al., 2022, Knowledge of vaccine handlers and status of cold chain and vaccine management in primary health care facilities of Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia: Institutional based cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE. 17. e0269183. 10.1371/journal.pone.0269183.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0269183.

[10] Ministry of Public Health & Population, Yemen., 2016, Comprehensive Multi-year Plan (cMYP) 2016-2020.

[11] Charan, J., & Biswas, T., 2013, How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian journal of psychological medicine, 35(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.116232.

[12] World Health Organization (WHO)., 2005, Vaccine Management Assessment. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69616/WHO_IVB_05.02_eng.pdf?sequence=1.

[13] Ameen H.A., Salaudeen A.G., Bolarinwa O.A. et al., 2014, Vaccine Storage and Handling Practices among routine immunization service providers in a metropolitan city of North-Central Nigeria. Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care. 26 (2) 18–28. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jcmphc/article/view/125356.

[14] Feyisa, D., Ejeta, F., Aferu, T. et al., 2022, Adherence to WHO vaccine storage codes and vaccine cold chain management practices at primary healthcare facilities in Dalocha District of Silt’e Zone, Ethiopia. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 8, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-022-00167-5.

[15] Mohammed, S.A., Workneh, B.D., & kahissay, M.H., 2021, Knowledge, attitude and practice of vaccinators and vaccine handlers on vaccine cold chain management in public health facilities, Ethiopia: Cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 16(2): e0247459. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247459.

[16] Daud, Norwati., 2014, Knowledge, Attitude and Adherence to Cold Chain among General Practitioners in Kelantan, Malaysia. https://internalmedicine.imedpub.com/knowledge-attitude-and-adherence-to-cold-chain-amonggeneral-practitioners-in-kelantan-malaysia.php?aid=6257.

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[22] PATH Optimize., Aug.2013, Preventing in cold boxes and vaccine carrier. https://media.path.org/documents/TS_opt_handout_freeze_safe.pdf.

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[24] WHO., & UNICEF., 2015, Introducing solar powered vaccine refrigerator and freezer system: A guide for managers in national immunization programmes https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/195778/9789241509862_eng.pdf.

[25] Grasso, M., Ripabelli, G., Sammarco, M. L., Manfredi Selvaggi, T. M., & Quaranta, A, 1999, Vaccine storage in the community: a study in central Italy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77(4), 352–355. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10327715/.

[26] Yakum, M.N., Ateudjieu, J., Walter, E.A. et al. Vaccine storage and cold chain monitoring in the Northwest region of Cameroon: a cross sectional study. BMC Res Notes 8, 145 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1109-9.

[27] UNICEF Supply Division., July 2018, Cold Chain Equipment - Solar Direct Drive and Mains Powered Refrigerator Systems: Product Profiles, Availability, and Guidance UNICEF Supply Division. https://www.unicef.org/supply/sites/unicef.org.supply/files/2019-06/cold-chain-equipment-sdd-drive-and-mains-powered-refrigerators.pdf .

[28] Ministry of Public Health & Population, Yemen. (2020). Application for Country led service bundle under Cold Chain Equipment Optimization Platform (CCEOP) Application.

[29] UNICEF Supply., 2015, Using the Sun to Keep Vaccines Cool: A collaboration to develop an environmentally-friendly, affordable, battery-free
refrigeration system: Solar Direct Drive Technology https://www.unicef.org/innovation/stories/using-sun-keep-vaccines-cool.

[30] WHO., & UNICEF., 2017, Evidence brief Solar power refrigerator and Freezer https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254715/WHO-IVB-17.01-eng.pdf;sequence=1.

[31] Department of Health., National Immunization Program Manila, Philippines., 2018, Vaccines, Cold Chain and Logistics Management Manual of Operations 5th edition. https://doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/publications/NIP-MOP-Booklet%2010.pdf.

Abstract:

This study is a response to the challenge of malaria infections, which remain a major public health in South Africa. Reports of malarial outbreaks in the country have been predominant in KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, and Limpopo provinces. Currently, combination therapy referred to artemisinin-based combination treatments (ACTs) has been recommended both by the World Health Organization and the National Department of Health of South Africa. However, due to widespread reports of artemisinin resistance, other alternative treatment options were explored. The aim of the study was thus to establish the efficacy of plasmoquine as an alternative treatment option among malaria patients in Johannesburg, the economic capital of South Africa, found in the Gauteng Province. The study adopted a quantitative approach, and a purposive retrospective investigation was adopted. Patient data from 2018-2022 was analyzed to determine the incidence of malaria in the study location and the efficacy of treatment with plasmoquine. The results of this study, therefore, indicate that P. falciparum is still the main cause of malaria in the study area. A total of 322 patient files were included in the study, with P. falciparum determined to be the main cause of infection over the four-year data assessed. Furthermore, plasmoquine was determined to be effective in treating malaria among 298 of the study population, with only 24 (7.5%) experiencing the development of vomiting after the treatment course. The findings of the study offer government makes policymakers the opportunity to develop policies that enhance the re-introduction of plasmoquine to combat malaria in South Africa.

References:

[1] Domingues, W., Dos Santos, E. H., Yamamoto, L., Di Santi, S. M., Kanunfre, K. A., & Okay, T. S. (2022). Single-round multiplex PCR with species-specific mitochondrial primers of P. falciparum, P. vivax/P. simium and P. malariae/P. brasilianum: Comparison with standard techniques. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 193, 106398.

[2] Akilimali, A., Bisimwa, C., Aborode, A. T., Biamba, C., Sironge, L., Balume, A., ... & Fajemisin, E. A. (2022). Self-medication and Anti-malarial Drug Resistance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): A silent threat. Tropical Medicine and Health, 50(1), 1-5.

[3] Weiss, D. J., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Rumisha, S. F., Amratia, P., Arambepola, R., Battle, K. E., & Gething, P. W. (2021). Indirect effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on malaria intervention coverage, morbidity, and mortality in Africa: a geospatial modelling analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 59-69.

[4] Macharia, P. M., Giorgi, E., Noor, A. M., Waqo, E., Kiptui, R., Okiro, E. A., & Snow, R. W. (2018). Spatio-temporal analysis of Plasmodium falciparum prevalence to understand the past and chart the future of malaria control in Kenya. Malaria journal, 17(1), 1-13.

[5] White, N. J. (2019). Triple artemisinin-containing combination anti-malarial treatments should be implemented now to delay the emergence of resistance. Malaria journal, 18(1), 1-3.

[6] Carman (1935)

[7] Gilles HM. Management of severe malaria: a practical handbook. 2nd Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000.

[8] van der Pluijm, R. W., Amaratunga, C., Dhorda, M., & Dondorp, A. M. (2021). Triple artemisinin-based combination therapies for malaria–a new paradigm? Trends in parasitology, 37(1), 15-24.

[9] Wicht, K. J., Small-Saunders, J. L., Hagenah, L. M., Mok, S., & Fidock, D. A. (2022). Mutant PfCRT Can Mediate Piperaquine Resistance in African Plasmodium falciparum With Reduced Fitness and Increased Susceptibility to Other Antimalarials. The Journal of Infectious Diseases.

[10] McLean, A. R., Indrasuta, C., Khant, Z. S., Phyo, A. K., Maung, S. M., Heaton, J., ... & Smithuis, F. M. (2021). Mass drug administration for the acceleration of malaria elimination in a region of Myanmar with artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria: a cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(11), 1579-1589.

[11] Naing, C., Whittaker, M. A., Htet, N. H., Aye, S. N., & Mak, J. W. (2019). Efficacy of anti-malarial drugs for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Asian region: A network meta-analysis. Plos one, 14(12), e0225882.

[12] Njau, J., Silal, S. P., Kollipara, A., Fox, K., Balawanth, R., Yuen, A., ... & Moonasar, D. (2021). Investment case for malaria elimination in South Africa: a financing model for resource mobilization to accelerate regional malaria elimination. Malaria journal, 20(1), 1-16.

[13] Martineau, P., Behera, S., Nonaka, M., Jayanthi, R., Ikeda, T., Minakawa, N., ... & Mabunda, Q. (2022). Predicting malaria outbreaks from sea surface temperature variability up to 9 months ahead in Limpopo, South Africa, using machine learning. Frontiers in public health, 10.

[14] Craig et al. (2004), Malaria Research Programme, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa

[15] Raman, J., Morris, N., Frean, J., Brooke, B., Blumberg, L., Kruger, P., ... & Moonasar, D. (2016). Reviewing South Africa’s malaria elimination strategy (2012–2018): progress, challenges, and priorities. Malaria journal, 15(1), 1-11.

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Abstract:

Frailty and ageing are bound together, and frailty is linked with reduced capacity and low ability to survive adverse health outcomes. While ageing is glowing globally, in Burundi, a lot has been done to protect and improving the lives of old people, however, multiple challenges persist and limit them from benefiting from their human rights. We, therefore, thought to assess for factors influencing their quality of life, and then to discuss about measures to be taken to ensure ageing in good health. A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in three hospice care sites in Burundi and 57 participants were interviewed using a questionnaire between 16 February and 28th March 2022. Data were analyzed using the Computer Software Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS 20.0). The relationship was considered significant when the P-value was less than the level of significance (<0.05) at 95% confidence interval. The research found that social status is linked with physical frail (p=0.029), and marital status was associated with the apparition of physical signs of frailty (p=0.005); In addition, 47.32 % with the underlining condition were without medication, 90% attended to a clinic 2 times and plus while 28.07% were admitted, 50.87% complained about the limited access to medicine and medical care and 61.40% complained about the variety and the quality of food. These factors can impact ageing in good health, and we recommend that comprehensive support for elderly people be in place and future research compare home-based support and support from hospice care.

References:

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[7] WHO, Ageing and Health, 01/10/2022., https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health.

[8] Republique Du Burundi, Rapport des Projections Démographiques 2008-2030, ministère des Finances et de la Planification Economique, Institut de Statistiques et d’Etudes Economiques du Burundi (ISTEEBU) Bujumbura, 11/12/2021, https://www.isteebu.bi/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Projection-de-la-population-bdi-2008-2030.pdf.

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[13] Republique Du Burundi, Commission Nationale de protection Sociale/Secrétariat Exécutif Permanent (SEP/CNPS), 2019, Livret Synthèse de la restitution de l’Etude sur la Situation des Personnes Agées dans les Provinces de Gitega, Muramvya et Mwaro, rapport définitif.

[14] UN, HelpAge International, Ageing, Older Persons and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 17/2/2022, https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2017/08/Ageing-Older-Persons-and-2030-Agenda_Issues-Brief-low-resolution-.pdf.

[15] Republique Du Burundi, ministère de l’Intégration Nationale, des Affaires Sociales, des Droits de la Personne Humaine et du Genre, Stratégie de la Protection Sociale au Burundi, 03/02/2022, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/110614/137626/F444053803/BDI-110614.pdf.

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Abstract:

Maternal utilization has been low over the years in Kenya. Approaches to establish safe motherhood through promotion of health facility have been equally fronted. This study applied certain aspects of community education approach encompassing group discussion and community dialogue to provide a clear insight of how the approach is a vital tool. Community based cross sectional study was conducted in Kanamai sub-location, Kilifi County to recruit 232 women selected by simple random sampling technique. The data were collected using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires and the collected data was coded, entered, cleaned, and analysed using R for Windows (version 4.0.3). Sixty-nine percent (69%) of women advocated for the delivery at the designated health facilities. Independent factors that were found to influence health facility based delivery in this study were being employed (OR = 12.42, 95% CI: 6.25 - 24.70, p<0.0001), having given birth to 3-4 children, (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 6.25 - 24.70, p=0.0062) and rating of both group discussion (OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03 -0.66, p=0.0041) and community dialogue (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.08 - 0.59, p=0.0013) to be low. Leading by the example set by the government of offering free maternal services, engaging the key stakeholders through approaches such as group discussion and community dialogue could go a long way in increasing delivery in the health facilities thus tremendously lowering mortality rate for both the baby and the mother which could otherwise occur when the mother doesn’t get services of a specialized personnel.

References:

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[2] Wanjira, C., Mwangi, M., Mathenge, E., Mbugua, G. & Ng’ang’a, Z., 2011, Delivery Practices and Associated factors among Mothers Seeking Child welfare Services in selected Health Facilities in Nyandarua South District, Kenya. BMC, Public Health, 11-360. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-360.

[3] World Health Organization & United Nations Children’s Fund (‎UNICEF)‎., ‎2010‎. Countdown to 2015-decade report (‎2000-2010) ‎ with country profiles: taking stock of maternal, newborn and child survival. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44346.

[4] World Health Organization, International Confederation of Midwives & Fédération internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique., 2004, Making pregnancy safer: the critical role of the skilled attendant: a joint statement by WHO, ICM and FIGO. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42955.

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[6] UNICEF., 2008, Maternal and Newborn health. https://www.unicef.org/health/maternal-and-newborn-health.

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[11] Owiti, A., Oyugi, J., & Essink, D. 2018, Utilization of Kenya’s free maternal health services among women living in Kibera slums: a cross-sectional study. The Pan African medical journal, 30, 86. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.30.86.15151.

[12] HERA., 2013, Health Partners Ghana. Evaluation of the free maternal health care initiative in Ghana, Accra & Reet.

[13] Zhao, Q., Kulane, A., Gao, Y. & Xu, B., 2009, Knowledge and attitude on maternal health care among rural-to-urban migrant women in Shanghai, China. BMC Womens Health, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-9-5.

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[16] Campbell, O., Graham, W., 2006, Strategies for reducing maternal mortality: getting on with what works. Lancet, 368: 1284-1299. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69381-1. PMID: 17027735.

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[18] Moore, M., Alex, B., & George, I., 2011, Utilization of Health Care Services by Pregnant mothers during Delivery. A community Based Study in Nigeria. Journal of Medicine and Medical Science. 2(5), 864-867. PMID: 22066284.

[19] Pradhan, A., Aryal, R.H., Regmi, G., Ban, B. & Govindasamy, P., 1996, Nepal Family. Health Survey 1996. Kathmandu, Ministry of Health, Nepal; New Era; Macro International.

[20] Babalola, S., & Fatusi, A., 2009, Determinants of use of maternal health services in Nigeria-looking beyond individual and household factors. Bio Med Central Pregnancy and Childbirth, 9 (43), 1471-2393. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-9-43.

[21] Gabrysch, S., & Campbell, O.M., 2009, Still too far to walk: Literature review of the determinants of delivery service use. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 9(34), 1471-2393. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-9-34.

[22] Manyiwa, J.S., Yuko O.W. & Opiyo, B.O., 2018, Major Predisposing Factors to Utilization of Traditional Birth Attendants by Expectant Mothers in Mombasa County, Kenya. Texila International Journal of Public Health, 6(3), 2520-3134. DOI: 10.21522/TIJPH.2013.06.03. Art016.

[23] Miltenburg S.A., van Pelt S., de Bruin W., & Shields-Zeeman L., 2019, Mobilizing community action to improve maternal health in a rural district in Tanzania: lessons learned from two years of community group activities. Glob Health Action. 2019;12(1),1621590. Doi: 10.1080/16549716.2019.1621590. PMID: 31190635; PMCID: PMC6566771.

Abstract:

Cervical cancer is a cancer of the cervix, the organ connecting the uterus and the vagina. It is predominantly caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), which is a sexually transmittable infection-causing pathogen. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes toward cervical cancer screening among women of the reproductive age group in the Chawama compound Lusaka district. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used to collect data. The researcher used a questionnaire that included both structured and open-ended questions. Results: Results of this study showed knowledge 59 (73.75%) out of 80 respondents had good knowledge on cervical cancer. The study also revealed that (22%) 18 out of 80 respondents have been screened for cervical cancer, and (78%) 62 out of 80 respondents had never been screened for cervical cancer. The respondents who agreed that cultural beliefs could hinder women from going for cervical cancer were, 18 (22%) out of 80, and 62 (78%) out of 80 denied that cultural beliefs cannot hinder women from going for cervical cancer screening. There is therefore needed to create proper awareness and sensitization of cervical cancer screening as well as improve cervical cancer screening services.

References:

[1] Altaian, R., and Sarg, M.J., (2000). The Cancer Dictionary- Revised Edition. Checkmark Books, facts on file Inc. New York.

[2] Black, M. J. and Hawks, H.J, (2005). Medical-Surgical Nursing, Clinical Management for Positive Outcomes. 7th Edition, Elsevier, USA.

[3] Centers for disease control CDC (2013), Cervical cancer screening among women aged 18-30 years, united states US Department of health and human services. 2013/61c51:1038- 1042.

[4] Gulanick, M., & Myers, J. L. (2017). Nursing care plans: diagnoses interventions, & outcomes. 9th edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

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[6] World Health Organization, (2018). Cervical Cancer, Human Papilomavirus and HPV Vaccines: Key Points to Policy - Makers and Health Professionals. WHO/RHR/08.14, Geneva, Switzerland.

[7] Mkumba, G. (2006). A study to assess the safety, acceptability, feasibility of implementation of a cervical cancer screening program using Visual Inspection with Acetic acid in Zambia, http://www.cidrz.org/cervical-cancer-screening.

[8] Parkin, D.M. (2010). Global Cancer Statistics in the Year 2000. Lancet Oncol. 2:533-543.

[9] Balogun, M., Odukoya, O. and Ujomu, P. (2012). Knowledge of cervical cancer and its risk factors among women residing in two urban slums in Lagos, Nigeria. Nig Med Pract.

[10] Macha, S. (2008). Cervical Cancer Screening. Published by CIDRZ, Lusaka.

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[12] Xinhua News, (2011). More Zambian Women Undergo Cervical Cancer Screening. Available on www.highbeam.com/doc/lP2-28029094.htm.

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[14] Adanu, R. (2002). Cervical Cancer Knowledge and Screening in Accra. Ghana Journal of Women’s Health and Gender-Based Medicine. 11 (6); 487-8.

[15] Walraven, G. (2003). Prevention of Cervical Cancer in Africa, a Daunting Task? African Journal of Reproductive Health. Volume 7:2, 7-12.

[16] Ashford. L, and Collymore. Y. (2005). Prevention of Cervical Cancer Worldwide, Population Reference Bureau, Washington.

[17] Aniebue, P.U. and Aniebue, U.U. (2010). Knowledge and Practice of Cervical Cancer Screening among Female Undergraduate Students in a Nigerian University. Springer 2010.

[18] Sanghvi, H., Lacoste, M., and McCormick, (2005). Preventing Cervical Cancer in Low-Resource Settings: from research to Practice. Conference report, Bangkok, Thailand.

[19] Wong, C. (2009). International Union for Health Promotion and Education-Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control in Zambia Professional Development Exchange Program. Lusaka, Zambia.

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Abstract:

The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of pictorial representation on product packs of NSAIDs on their self-medication among adults in Alimosho Local Government Area (LGA) of Lagos State. The study is a descriptive inferential cross-sectional study that involved the collection of data from adults and secondary data from a regulatory authority. The data collected from questionnaires administered to adults who were randomly selected across the LGA was analyzed to evaluate the association between pictorial representation on product packs and the practice of self-medication. A time series analysis was conducted with secondary data obtained from the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Nigeria’s medicine regulatory agency, to determine the possible changes or trends that may have occurred with the availability of NSAIDs with pictorial representation. The respondents who participated in the research were adults who were 18 years and above. Of the 652 respondents, 50.8% were males, and 49.2% were females. Demographic profiles, Information sources, and pictorial influence on product packs of NSAID were tested for association with self-medication. Among respondents, 80.6% admitted that they are self-medicated, and 50.6% of them responded that pictorial representation influenced their decision to purchase NSAIDs. A binary logistic regression was performed to ascertain the association between demographic profile and the influence of pictorial representation on product packs of NSAIDs. The overall model was statistically significant, χ² (9) = 33.097, p< 0.005. The model explained 1.05% (Nagelkerke R²) of the variance in a pictorial representation and correctly classified 62.3% of cases.

References:

[1] Bennadi, D. 2013 Self-medication: A current challenge. Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy, 5(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-0105.128253.

[2] Esan D.T. 2018 “Assessment of Self-Medication Practices and Its Associated Factors among Undergraduates of a Private University in Nigeria”, Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 2018, Article ID 5439079, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5439079.

[3] Shafie, M., Eyasu, M., Muzeyin, K., Worku, Y., and Martín-Aragón, S. 2018 Prevalence, and determinants of self-medication practice among selected households in Addis Ababa community. PloS one, 13(3), e0194122. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194122.

[4] Cline R.J. and Haynes K. M. 2001 Consumer health information seeking on the Internet: the state of the art, Health Education Research, 16(6):671–692, https://doi.org/10.1093/her/16.6.671.

[5] NAFDAC 2019 Drug and related product labelling regulations 2019 https://www.nafdac.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/Files/Resources/Regulations/All_Regulations/Drug-and-Related-Product-Labelling-Regulations-2019.pdf.

[6] NAFDAC 2021 Drug And Related Products Labelling Regulations, 2021 https://www.nafdac.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/Files/Resources/Regulations/Regulations_2021/Drug-and-Related-Product-Labelling-Regulations-2021.pdf (Accessed 27 May 2022).

[7] ALG (n.d) Alimosho Local Government Area in Metro Lagos https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-metrolagos.php?cid=NGA025003.

[8] LSG 2013 Lagos State Government Digest of Statistics 2013 http://mepb.lagosstate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2017/01/2013-Digest-ofStatistics.pdf.

[9] Wejnert, C., Pham, H., Krishna, N., Le, B., and DiNenno, E. 2012 Estimating design effect and calculating sample size for respondent-driven sampling studies of injection drug users in the United States. AIDS and behavior, 16(4), 797–806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0147-8.

[10] Charan J., and Biswas T. 2013 How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research, Indian journal of psychological medicine, 35(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.116232.

[11] CSPro 2022 Census and Survey Processing System (CSPro) Online Available https://www.census.gov/data/software/cspro.html (Accessed April 2021).

[12] FAO and ADB 2020 Conducting Tablet-Based Field Data Collection with CSPro: A Handbook. Bangkok. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca7690en.

[13] Bruce N., et al. 2008 Quantitative research methods for health research: a practical interactive guide to epidemiology and statistics. Chichester, UK: Wiley.

[14] Boelsterli U. 2002 Mechanisms of NSAID-induced hepatotoxicity: focus on Nimesulide. Drug Safety, 25(9):633-648. DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200225090-00003. PMID: 12137558.

[15] Masubuchi Y., Yamada S., Horie T. 2000 Possible mechanisms of hepatocyte injury induced by diphenylamine and its structurally related NSAIDS. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 292:982–987.

[16] Motola D., Vaccheri A., Silvani M. C., et al. 2004 Pattern of NSAID use in the Italian general population: a questionnaire-based survey. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 60(10):731–8.

[17] Ek, S. 2013 Gender differences in health information behaviour: a Finnish population-based survey Online available at: http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/08/28/heapro.dat063.full.pdf+html (Accessed 01 October, 2022).

[18] Bidmon, S. and Terlutter, R. 2015 Gender Differences in Searching for Health Information on the Internet and the Virtual Patient-Physician Relationship in Germany: Exploratory Results on How Men and Women Differ and Why Journal of Medical Internet Research 2015, Volume 17, No 6: e156 (Accessed 01 October 2022).

[19] NAFDAC 2020 NAFDAC Green Book https://greenbook.nafdac.gov.ng/ (Accessed 11 October 2022).

[20] Asakitikpi, A. E. 2019 Healthcare Coverage and Affordability in Nigeria: An Alternative Model to Equitable Healthcare Delivery. In (Ed.), Universal Health Coverage. Intech Open. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85978.

[21] Bart J. and Por M. et al. 2012 Addressing access barriers to health services: an analytical framework for selecting appropriate interventions in low-income Asian countries, Health Policy, and Planning, 27(4):288–300, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czr038.

[22] McLeod S. 2019 What’s the difference between qualitative and quantitative research? https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-quantitative.html.

[23] Akinyuli, D. 2010 The Challenges Faced by NAFDAC in the National Regulatory Process as it relates to Essential Drugs for the prevention of Maternal and Newborn Deaths in Nigeria Tropical Journal Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol 27 (1), April 2010 file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/85148-Article%20Text-208263-1-10-20130201.pdf.

Abstract:

Diagnosis is the establishment of a disease condition affecting an individual by a clinician. It is the end result of a process in which a clinician synthesis various combinations of symptoms and signs exhibited by a patient to make a list of possible disease conditions afflicting the patient. This study aimed to ascertain whether Primary Health Care Workers In the Ikere Local Government of Ekiti State were making diagnoses or classifications of diseases before giving treatments. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether Primary Health Care Workers In the Ikere Local Government of Ekiti State were making diagnoses or classifications of diseases before giving treatments. The study was a retrospective cross-sectional in nature and used secondary data from eight (8) primary health centers within the Local Government, comprising of two (2) Comprehensive and six (6) Basic Health Centers. A total of 513 out-patient cards were examined in the eight selected health facilities. Data was collected and analysed using SPSS version 2.0. Attempt at making a diagnosis were made in 206(40.2%), while no diagnosis were made in 307 (59.6%). 40 different diagnoses were made with malaria alone, 113 (54%) been the most diagnosed. Other diagnoses included wound 17 (8.1%), road traffic accident 10 (4.8%), malaria in combination with typhoid 8 (3.8%), malaria with peptic ulcer and malaria with infection at 2 (1%) each, dysentery, and typhoid 4 (1.9%) each. The uses of physical examination and laboratory investigation as well as diagnosis/ classification before treatment, were low.

References:

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[2] Adama Ekenna, Ijeoma Uchenna Itanyi, Ugochukwu Nwokoro, Lisa R Hirschhorn and Benjamin Uzochukwu: How ready is the system to deliver primary healthcare: Results of primary health facility assessment in Enugu State, Nigeria. Health Policy and Planning, 2020; 35(suppl1): 97-106.

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[21] Victoria Wurcel, Americo Cicchetti, Louis Garrison, Michelle M. A Kip, Hendrik Koffijberg, Anne Kolbe, Mariska M. G Leeflang, Tracy Merlin, Jorge Mestre-Ferrandiz, Wija Oortwijn, Cor Oosterwijk, Sean Tunis and Bernarda Zamora: The value of Diagnostic Information in Personalized Healthcare: A Comprehensive Concept to Facilitate
Bringing This Technology into Healthcare System.Public Health Genomics, 2019; 22: 8-15. DOI: 10.1159/000501832.

Abstract:

An adverse event following immunization (AEFI) is any untoward medical occurrence that follows immunization and does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the usage of the vaccine. Reporting of AEFI is suboptimal amongst healthcare workers (HWs). This study aimed to determine predictors of HW’s reporting of AEFI. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among HWs in selected health facilities (HFs) in Jigawa State using an open data kit self-administered questionnaire to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, training, knowledge, and their practices on AEFI reporting. Analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for frequencies, proportions, and associations using bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis using logistic regression to determine predictors of AEFI reporting with statistical significance set at p<0.05 and 95% confidence interval. Of the 400 respondents, 280 (70%) respondents had good knowledge of AEFI, 328(82%) sends routine AEFI reports and of 212 (53%) who recently encountered an AEFI, 174 (82.1%) exhibited some good reporting practices. Female gender (AOR 0.46, p=0.035), full-time employees (AOR 0.227, p=0.019), a recent encounter with an AEFI (AOR 3.087, p=0.007) and being trained on AEFI (AOR 5.54, p=0.011), reporting to elicit training (AOR 2.70, p=0.031) were predictors of routine reporting from health facility and reporting an encountered AEFI respectively. Overall, gender, employment status, being trained, and recent AEFI encounter to elicit training were predictors of AEFI reporting. To improve reporting of AEFI, there is a need to engage and train health workers on AEFI surveillance.

References:

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Abstract:

Frequent engagement of men in sexual encounters with female sex workers (FSWs) while not using condoms places them at high risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. HIV testing has been noted to be among the necessary methods to stop HIV transmission and acquisition. However, it’s illustrious that not all men voluntarily test for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), take a look at how to stop Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and/or acquisition. This study aimed to spot barriers to accessing Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing services among men. World Health Organization square measure shoppers of female sex workers (clients) in Ogoja Cross River North, South-South Nigeria. A comprehensive search of recent literature uncovered a fancy array of social, Personal, and behavioural barriers, as well as knowledge/awareness of the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection’s existence, perception of human immunodeficiency (HIV) risk, stigma from care suppliers or family/partners/friends, distrust of care providers/systems. The purpose of this study is to explore possible barriers to HIV counseling and testing uptake among clients of Female Sex Workers in the Ogoja Local Government area of Cross River State, Nigeria, and to see possible ways of mitigating the barriers to epidemic control. This study was conducted in Ogoja Cross River State, Nigeria, with a sample size of 100 male clients of female sex workers, via random sampling technique through an online survey system known as Mwater for data collection. Frequency counts and percentages were used for data analysis. Vital findings of the study conclude: stigma and trust impact uptake of HIV test among male clients of female sex workers.

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Abstract:

The study determined the extent to which health workers in hospitals in Uganda integrate social determinants into clinical practice. This will provide a baseline for improvement interventions and act as a starting point for elucidating the factors influencing the integration of social determinants into clinical practice. This was a multi-method cross-sectional study conducted at 12 hospitals in Uganda. Data was collected between September and November 2021 involving 1042 health workers, 21 key informants, 2119 medical records, and six focus groups. The extent of integration was measured using an eight-item Likert scale for health workers (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.794, inter-item correlation 0.15 to 0.5;) 24-item Likert scale for key informants (Cronbach’s alpha was 0.973, inter-item correlation 0.18 to 0.936), and medical records. The study was approved by the research and ethics committee of Makerere University School of Health Sciences and by the Texila American University Faculty and registered by the National Council of Science and Technology. The aggregate extent of integration was 66%, computed as the average health workers score (66%), key informants score (65%), and medical records score (66%). There were variations across hospitals and social demographics of health workers. The extent of integration of social determinants into clinical practice was successfully determined. Further investigations are required to explain the variations across hospitals. The study did not take into consideration carry-over effects from health workers working in non-hospital healthcare settings.

References:

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Abstract:

The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) is a key indicator for measuring improvements in access to reproductive health. In Nigeria, the average CPR remains low at 17%, with wide variability in the knowledge of family planning (FP) methods across the states and communities. Thus, this study set out to 1. Determine the Contraceptive prevalence rate among women of the reproductive age groups (WRAGs) in Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) in Abuja. 2. Assess the knowledge of family planning and its methods among WRAGs in PHCs in Abuja. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among WRAG in two PHCs in Abuja. A simple random method was used to select 400 WRAGs, and the information from participants was captured with a pre-tested structured questionnaire. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis, the hypothesis was tested with chi-square, and the results were significant at p-value < 0.05. The study analyzed 375 valid and complete questionnaires; the mean age was 30 ± 6.29 years, and 90.7% of respondents had at-least secondary school education. The CPR was 36%, and the most common FP methods were male condoms (11.6%), injectable birth control (5.4%), female condoms (4.7%), and implants (4.0%). About 66% of participants had good knowledge of FP methods, and this was associated with increased uptake of contraceptives. The CPR found in this study is considerably higher than the Nigeria national average. The finding aligns with the reported good knowledge of family planning and high literacy level. Furthermore, good knowledge of FP methods was significantly associated with increased contraceptive uptake.

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Abstract:

Equitable access to safe and efficacious vaccines is essential to the fight against Covid-19. Low vaccine acceptance poses a challenge to controlling the Covid-19 pandemic. Young people are key in the fight against Covid-19, as they are a majority in most African populations. A cross-sectional study was used to assess the knowledge and attitude toward Covid-19 vaccines among university students in Zambia. This study comprised a total of 160 respondents with an average age of 21.0 + 3.6 years, ranging from 18 to 46 years. The study was done between January and February 2022. Random sampling was used for participant enrollment, and an interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Spearman’s Rank Correlation test and Binary Logistic Regression were performed to establish relationships among the study variables. The study revealed a knowledge score of 61.3%, and a Covid-19 vaccine acceptance score of 28.0%. Knowledge was also found to be associated with Covid-19 vaccine acceptance (p<0.05). Covid-19 vaccine acceptance showed an association with history of having a relative or close friend who had Covid-19 infection (OR=2.041, C.I. 95%, 1.010-4.127; p<0.05), as well as knowledge (OR=1.275, C.I. 95%, 1.045-1.556; p<0.05). The results showed good knowledge of Covid-19 vaccines among students. The attitude was however found to be negative, as indicated by a vaccine acceptance score of 28.0%. Evidence-based health education on the importance of Covid-19 vaccination is needed to counter myths and conspiracy beliefs about the disease to improve vaccine uptake.

References:

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[13] Sallam, M., Dababseh, D., Eid, H., Hasan, H., Taim, D., Al-Mahzoum, K., Al-Haidar, A., Yaseen, A., Ababneh, N. A., Assaf, A., Bakri, F. G., Matar, S., & Mahafzah, A. (2021). Low Covid-19 Vaccine Acceptance Is Correlated with Conspiracy Beliefs among University Students in Jordan. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(5), 2407. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/5/2407/pdf.

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Abstract:

Globally, vaccines are the most cost-effective medical intervention to prevent death and disease. The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of access to immunization information on vaccine acceptance amongst parents/caregivers visiting the major health facilities within Wushishi Local Government Area, Niger State. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for this study. The result of the study showed a mean age of respondents was 26.88 years. 96.5% of the respondents were females, 45.5% had no formal education, 30.7% were unemployed, and 35.5% were of Hausa ethnicity. 65.1% of respondents obtain information on routine immunization within 12 months before the study. 54.5% had satisfactory knowledge of immunization, while 71.5% exhibited a favorable attitude toward immunization. The major source of information was health workers. Those who had access to information were more likely to have good knowledge of immunization (X⁶²=127.246, DF=1, p=0.001) and a more favorable attitude towards immunization (X⁶²=14.155, DF=1, p=0.001). This study has demonstrated that access to information on immunization greatly affects the knowledge and, consequently, the attitude of parents toward making a positive decision to accept vaccination. Efforts should be made to understand the content and effect of information sources on knowledge and attitudes toward vaccination by relevant stakeholders involved in the implementation of immunization programs.

References:

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[9] Sondagar, C., Xu, R., MacDonald, N. E., & Dubé, E. (2020). Vaccine acceptance: How to build and maintain trust in immunization. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 46(5), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v46i05a09.

[10] Obasohan, P. E., Mustapha, M. A., Makada, A., & Obasohan, D. N. (2018). Evaluating the reasons for partial and non-immunization of children in Wushishi local government area, Niger state, Nigeria: Methodological comparison. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 22(4), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2018/v22i4.12.

[11] Hogue, M. D., & Meador, A. E. (2016). Vaccines and Immunization Practice. Nursing Clinics of North America, 51(1), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2015.10.005.

[12] Durán-Méndez, A., Jardínez-Vera, A. C., Jiménez-Muñoz, E., & Peón, A. N. (2021). A brief history of vaccines and an overview of their benefits. Revista de La Sociedad Española de Beneficencia, 2(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.46295/2:1.vachi

[13] Filia, A., Bella, A., Ancona, F. D., Fabiani, M., Giambi, C., Rizzo, C., Ferrara, L., Pascucci, M. G., & Rota, M. C. (2019). Childhood vaccinations : knowledge , attitudes and practices of paediatricians and factors associated with their confidence in addressing parental concerns , Italy , 2016. Eurosurveillance, 24(6). https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.6.1800275.

[14] Taiwo, L., Idris, S., Abubakar, A., Nguku, P., Nsubuga, P., Gidado, S., Okeke, L., Emiasegen, S., & Waziri, E. (2017). Factors affecting access to information on routine immunization among mothers of under 5 children in Kaduna state Nigeria, 2015. Pan African Medical Journal, 27, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.27.186.11191.

[15] Lewandowska, A., Lewandowski, T., Rudzki, G., & Rudzki, S. (n.d.). Opinions and Knowledge of Parents Regarding Preventive Vaccinations of Children and Causes of Reluctance toward Preventive Vaccinations.

[16] Larson Williams, A., Mitrovich, R., Mwananyanda, L., & Gill, C. (2019). Maternal vaccine knowledge in low- and middle-income countries—and why it matters. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, 15(2), 283–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1526589.

[17] Jones, A. M., Omer, S. B., Bednarczyk, R. A., Halsey, N. A., Moulton, L. H., & Salmon, D. A. (2012). Parents’ Source of Vaccine Information and Impact on Vaccine Attitudes, Beliefs, and Nonmedical Exemptions. Advances in Preventive Medicine, 2012 (February 2004), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/932741.

[18] Adedokun, S. T., Uthman, O. A., Adekanmbi, V. T., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2017). Incomplete childhood immunization in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis of individual and contextual factors. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4137-7.

[19] GebreEyesus, F., Amlak, T., Tarekegn, T., Shiferaw, B., Mewahegn, M., Emeria, O., Agerie, A., & Chanie, D. (2021). Knowledge , Attitude , and Practices of Parents About Immunization of Infants and Its Associated. Dovepress, 12(223), 223–238. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8121275/pdf/phmt-12-223.pdf

[20] Sallam, M. (2021). Worldwide Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccines, 1–14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7920465/.

Abstract:

The discovery of stem cells in dental pulp has expanded our understanding concerning the various mechanisms that play a substantial role in the maintenance of dental pulp homeostasis to improve health and also regarding the pulp response to injury. Stems cells play a pivotal role in the physiology of the dental pulp tissue throughout the entire lifespan of the tooth. The ideology that these cells are intimately associated with regulating pulp angiogenesis as a response to cariogenic challenges is also inferred. In recent times, we are witnessing an increasing number of passionate individuals showing enthusiasm in the field of regenerative endodontics as stem cells exhibit potential benefits in dental pulp tissue engineering. The article here focuses predominantly on stem cells—the dental stem cells and non-dental stem cells which play an active part in benefitting pulpal necrosis tooth, the cardinal objective of these cells in the field of endodontic therapy, and the current, as well as the future role, stem cells could play in the clinical practice of endodontics eventually.

References:

[1] Fischbach, G. D., Fischbach, R., L., 2004, Stem cells: science, policy, and ethics. The Journal of clinical investigation, 114(10):1364-1370.

[2] Ashri, N. Y., Ajlan, S. A., & Aldahmash, A. M., 2015, Dental pulp stem cells. Biology and use for periodontal tissue engineering. Saudi medical journal, 36(12), 1391–1399.

[3] Almeida, P. N., Cunha, K. S., 2016, Dental stem cells and their application in Dentistry: a literature review. Revista Brasileira de Odontologia, 73(4):331.

[4] Rao M. S., 2004, Stem sense: a proposal for the classification of stem cells. Stem cells and development, 13(5), 452–455.

[5] Rai, S., Kaur, M., & Kaur, S., 2013, Applications of stem cells in interdisciplinary dentistry and beyond: an overview. Annals of medical and health sciences research, 3(2), 245–254.

[6] Lin, L. M., & Kahler, B., 2017, A review of regenerative endodontics: current protocols and future directions. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry, 51(3 Suppl 1), S41–S51.

[7] De Ugarte, D. A., Morizono, K., Elbarbary, A., Alfonso, Z., Zuk, P. A., Zhu, M., Dragoo, J. L., Ashjian, P., Thomas, B., Benhaim, P., Chen, I., Fraser, J., & Hedrick, M. H., 2003, Comparison of multi-lineage cells from human adipose tissue and bone marrow. Cells, tissues, organs, 174(3), 101–109.

[8] Takahashi, K., & Yamanaka, S., 2006, Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell, 126(4), 663–676.

[9] Caplan A. I., 1991, Mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Orthopaedic Research: official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, 9(5), 641–650.

[10] Bluteau, G., Luder, H. U., De Bari, C., & Mitsiadis, T. A., 2008, Stem cells for tooth engineering. European cells & materials, 16, 1–9.

[11] Mitsiadis, T. A., Orsini, G., & Jimenez-Rojo, L., 2015, Stem cell-based approaches in dentistry. European cells & materials, 30, 248–257.

[12] Huang, Y. H., Yang, J. C., Wang, C. W., Lee, S. Y., 2010, Dental stem cells and tooth banking for regenerative medicine. J ExpClin Med, 2(3):111-117.

[13] Ravindran, S., Huang, C. C., & George, A., 2014. Extracellular matrix of dental pulp stem cells: applications in pulp tissue engineering using somatic MSCs. Frontiers in physiology, 4, 395.

[14] Alongi, D. J., Yamaza, T., Song, Y., Fouad, A. F., Romberg, E. E., Shi, S., Tuan, R. S., & Huang, G. T., 2010, Stem/progenitor cells from inflamed human dental pulp retain tissue regeneration potential. Regenerative medicine, 5(4), 617–631.

[15] Xiong, J., Gronthos, S., & Bartold, P. M., 2013, Role of the epithelial cell rests of Malassez in the development, maintenance, and regeneration of periodontal ligament tissues. Periodontology 2000, 63(1), 217–233.

[16] Cai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, P., Chen, S., Wu, X., Sun, Y., Li, A., Huang, K., Luo, R., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Zhou, T., Wei, S., Pan, G., & Pei, D., 2013, Generation of tooth-like structures from integration-free human urine induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell regeneration (London, England), 2(1), 6.

[17] Laird, D. J., De Tomaso, A. W., & Weissman, I. L.,2005, Stem cells are units of natural selection in a colonial ascidian. Cell, 123(7), 1351–1360.

[18] Chrepa, V., Henry, M. A., Daniel, B. J., & Diogenes, A., 2015, Delivery of Apical Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Root Canals of Mature Teeth. Journal of dental research, 94(12), 1653–1659.

[19] Huang, G. T., Yamaza, T., Shea, L. D., Djouad, F., Kuhn, N. Z., Tuan, R. S., & Shi, S., 2010, Stem/progenitor cell-mediated de novo regeneration of dental pulp with newly deposited continuous layer of dentin in an in vivo model. Tissue engineering. Part A, 16(2), 605–615.

[20] Zhang, X., Li, H., Sun, J., Luo, X., Yang, H., Xie, L., Yang, B., Guo, W., & Tian, W., 2017, Cell-derived micro-environment helps dental pulp stem cells promote dental pulp regeneration. Cell proliferation, 50(5), e12361.

[21] Sanz, J. L., Guerrero-Gironés, J., Pecci-Lloret, M. P., Pecci-Lloret, M. R., & Melo, M., 2021, Biological interactions between calcium silicate-based endodontic biomaterials and periodontal ligament stem cells: A systematic review of in vitro studies. International Endodontic Journal, 54(11), 2025–2043.

[22] Srisuwan, T., Tilkorn, D. J., Al-Benna, S., Abberton, K., Messer, H. H., & Thompson, E. W., 2013, Revascularization and tissue regeneration of an empty root canal space is enhanced by a direct blood supply and stem cells. Dental traumatology: official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology, 29(2), 84–91.

[23] Friedlander, L. T., Cullinan, M. P., & Love, R. M., 2009, Dental stem cells and their potential role in apexogenesis and apexification. International Endodontic Journal, 42(11), 955–962.

[24] Kottoor., J, 2013, Biomimetic endodontics: barriers and strategies. Health Sciences, 2(1):JS007.

[25] Ding, R. Y., Cheung, G. S., Chen, J., Yin, X. Z., Wang, Q. Q., & Zhang, C. F., 2009, Pulp revascularization of immature teeth with apical periodontitis: a clinical study. Journal of endodontics, 35(5), 745–749.

[26] Gandhi, A., Gandhi, T., 2011, Madan N. Dental pulp stem cells in endodontic research: a promising tool for tooth tissue engineering. RSBO. 8(3):335-40.

[27] Harikumar., Kavitha, A., Jayaprada, J., Shetty, S.R.,2010, Regenerative Endodontics. Ind J Dent Adv, 2(2):203-209.

[28] Shi, S., Bartold, P. M., Miura, M., Seo, B. M., Robey, P. G., & Gronthos, S., 2005, The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells to regenerate and repair dental structures. Orthodontics & craniofacial research, 8(3), 191–199.

[29] Arora, V., Arora, P., & Munshi, A. K., 2009, Banking stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED): saving for the future. The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry, 33(4), 289–294.

[30] Goldstein, G., Slizys, I. S., & Chase, M. W., 1961, Studies on fluorescent antibody staining. I. Non-specific fluorescence with fluorescein-coupled sheep anti-rabbit globulins. The Journal of experimental medicine, 114(1), 89–110.

[31] Baranwal, K., A, 2015, Regenerative Stem Cells for Endodontic Tissue Engineering: Past, Present and Future. Ann ProsthodontRestor Dent, 1(1):20-5.

Abstract:

A stem cell is a master of all cells in the body, which can divide and regrow with regeneration and vascularization. The deciduous teeth, which are not infected and vital with pulp stem cells, help in the formation of adult stem cells. The extracted stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) and immature dental pulp stem cells can be harvested as stem cells that form dental tissue regeneration SHED, osteogenic potential 40%, and neurogenic potential either by in vivo or in vitro method. The article here focuses mainly on the stem cell classification of dental stem cells, their characterization, therapeutic application, application in the deciduous tooth procedure, banking of SHED, and recent innovative methods for banking SHED. This review was done to highlight the integral role of pedodontists in educating patients about stem cell banking services and must become a part of such services.

References:

[1] Stem Cells: Past, Present, and the Future https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5.

[2] Stem Cells: https://medlineplus.gov/stemcells.html.

[3] Miura, M., Gronthos, S., Zhao, M., Lu, B., Fisher, L. W., Robey, P. G., & Shi, S., 2003, SHED: stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(10), 5807–5812.

[4] Kerkis, I., Kerkis, A., Dozortsev, D., Stukart-Parsons, G. C., Gomes Massironi, S. M., Pereira, L. V., Caplan, A. I., & Cerruti, H. F., 2006, Isolation and characterization of a population of immature dental pulp stem cells expressing OCT-4 and other embryonic stem cell markers. Cells, tissues, organs, 184(3-4), 105–116.

[5] Popuri S. K., 2018, Concerns of a Pediatric Dentist in Dental Stem Cells: An Overview. The Open Dentistry Journal, 12, 596–604.

[6] Kerkis, I., & Caplan, A. I., 2012, Stem cells in dental pulp of deciduous teeth. Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews, 18(2), 129–138.

[7] Saber S. E., 2009, Tissue engineering in endodontics. Journal of Oral Science, 51(4), 495–507.

[8] Cordeiro, M. M., Dong, Z., Kaneko, T., Zhang, Z., Miyazawa, M., Shi, S., Smith, A. J., & Nör, J. E., 2008, Dental pulp tissue engineering with stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth. Journal of Endodontics, 34(8), 962–969.

[9] Bansal, R., & Jain, A., 2015, Current overview on dental stem cells applications in regenerative dentistry. Journal of Natural Science, biology, and medicine, 6(1), 29–34.

[10] de Mendonça Costa, A., Bueno, D. F., Martins, M. T., Kerkis, I., Kerkis, A., Fanganiello, R. D., Cerruti, H., Alonso, N., & Passos-Bueno, M. R., 2008, Reconstruction of large cranial defects in nonimmunosuppressed experimental design with human dental pulp stem cells. The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 19(1), 204–210.

[11] Papaccio, G., Graziano, A., d’Aquino, R., Graziano, M. F., Pirozzi, G., Menditti, D., De Rosa, A., Carinci, F., & Laino, G., 2006, Long-term cryopreservation of dental pulp stem cells (SBP-DPSCs) and their differentiated osteoblasts: a cell source for tissue repair. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 208(2), 319–325.

[12] Rosa, V., Dubey, N., Islam, I., Min, K. S., & Nör, J. E., 2016, Pluripotency of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth for Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells International, 2016, 5957806.

[13] Arora, V., Arora, P., & Munshi, A. K., 2009, Banking stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED): saving for the future. The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 33(4), 289–294.

[14] Telles, P. D., Machado, M. A., Sakai, V. T., & Nör, J. E., 2011, Pulp tissue from primary teeth: new source of stem cells. Journal of Applied Oral Science: Revista FOB, 19(3), 189–194.

[15] Friedlander, L. T., Cullinan, M. P., & Love, R. M., 2009, Dental stem cells and their potential role in apexogenesis and apexification. International Endodontic Journal, 42(11), 955–962.

[16] Caruso, S., Sgolastra, F., & Gatto, R., 2014, Dental pulp regeneration in paediatric dentistry: the role of stem cells. European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 15(2), 90–94.

[17] Chrepa, V., Pitcher, B., Henry, M. A., & Diogenes, A., 2017, Survival of the Apical Papilla and Its Resident Stem Cells in a Case of Advanced Pulpal Necrosis and Apical Periodontitis. Journal of Endodontics, 43(4), 561–567.

[18] Tsai, A. I., Hong, H. H., Lin, W. R., Fu, J. F., Chang, C. C., Wang, I. K., Huang, W. H., Weng, C. H., Hsu, C. W., & Yen, T. H., 2017, Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Deciduous Teeth Pulp. BioMed Research International, 2017, 2851906.

[19] Yin, Z., Wang, Q., Li, Y., Wei, H., Shi, J., & Li, A., 2016, A novel method for banking stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth: lentiviral TERT immortalization and phenotypical analysis. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 7, 50.

[20] Narang, S., & Sehgal, N., 2012, Stem cells: A potential regenerative future in dentistry. Indian Journal of Human Genetics, 18(2), 150–154.

Abstract:

The skilled and competent attendant is vital in curbing maternal and infant mortality. Promoting the utilization of maternal health services supervised by skilled health professionals greatly aids in bridging the gap in accessing maternal health services such as immunization and postnatal care services. This lack of skilled attendance is one of the major factors responsible for the rising maternal and infant mortality. Thus, there’s still needed to encourage these women to seek out the services of skilled health professionals during childbirth. This study is aimed at investigating the use of an organized public forums approach in influencing the uptake of skilled birth attendants (SBAs) among women of reproductive age in the Kanamai Area, Kilifi County. The study was conducted at Kanamai Area, Kilifi County. A cross-sectional survey was carried out using semi-structured questionnaires as tools of data collection. Simple random sampling was used to recruit the study participants. All analyses were done using R for Windows (version 4.0.3). Both descriptive and inferential analyses were done. Descriptive statistics were used to generate frequency and percentages, while chi-square was used to draw inferences. Association was considered significant if 𝑃 < 0.05. Some of the notable significant factors gathered through our public forum engagement influencing support for delivery assisted by skilled birth attendants (SBAs) were education level, occupation, and parity. There’s a need for the concerned agencies to embrace the use of public forums and other relevant approaches so as to sought out and promote the rate of health services utilization.

References:

[1] World Health Organization. ‎2019. Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division: executive summary. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/327596.

[2] World Health Organization, International Confederation of Midwives & Fédération internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique. 2004‎. Making pregnancy safer: the critical role of the skilled attendant: a joint statement by WHO, ICM and FIGO. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42955.

[3] Bongaarts, J., WHO., UNICEF., & UNFPA., 2016, World Bank Group, & United Nations population division trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015 Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015. Popul Dev Rev.;42(4):726.

[4] Crowe, S., Utley, M., Costello, A., & Pagel, C., 2012, How many births in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia will not be attended by a skilled birth attendant between 2011 and 2015? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-12-4.

[5] Ross, JA., & Blanc, AK., 2012. Why aren’t there more maternal deaths? A decomposition analysis. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(2), 456–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0777-x

[6] UNICEF. Delivery care. 2021. https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/delivery-care/.

[7] Yaya, S., & Ghose, B., 2019, Global Inequality in Maternal Health Care Service Utilization: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals. Health equity, 3(1), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2018.0082.

[8] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., 2006, Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care—United States: A report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. MMWR. 55(RR-06):1–23.

[9] Bajpai N, Dholakia R, & Towle M., 2013, Increasing the availability of Skilled birth attendance in Rural India Mumbai. India. Columbia Global Centers | South Asia, Columbia University. globalcenters.columbia.edu/southasia/.

[10] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) and ICF Macro. 2010. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008-09. Calverton, Maryland: KNBS and ICF Macro.

[11] MoH. Kenya Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health (Rmncah) Investment Framework, 2016, Nairobi, Ministry of Health.

[12] Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS, 2019). 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census. Volume I: Population by County and Sub County. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.

[13] Krejcie and Morgan (1970) Sample determination Table.

[14] Kathuri, N, J, & Pals D. A. (1993). Major causes of outmigration in Mukurueni, Nyeri County.

[15] Chou, D., Daelmans, B., Jolivet, RR., Kinney, M., & Say L., 2015, Ending preventable maternal and new-born mortality and stillbirths. BMJ. 351. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h4255.

[16] MoH. Transforming Health: Accelerating Attainment of Universal Health Coverage. Kenya Health Sector Strategic and Investment Plan 2014–2018 (KHSSP 2014–2018). Edited by Ministry of Health Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Health; 2014.

[17] Moore, M., Alex, B., & George, I., 2011, Utilization of Health Care Servicesby Pregnant mothers during Delivery. A community Based Study in Nigeria. East Afr J Public Health. 8(1):49-51. PMID: 22066284.

[18] Abebe, F., Berhane, Y. & Girma, B., 2012, Factors associated with home delivery in Bahirdar, Ethiopia: A case control study. BMC Res Notes 5, 653. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-653.

[19] Agarwal, S., Sethi, V., Srivastava, K., Jha, P. K., & Baqui, A. H., 2010, Birth preparedness and complication readiness among slum women in Indore city, India. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 28(4), 383–391. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v28i4.6045.

[20] Lawn J, Lule N. & Kerber K., 2005, Achieving the Millennium Development Goal of Improving
Maternal Health: Determinants, Interventions and Challenges. Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) discussion paper. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13744.

[21] Mbugua, S., & Kerry, LD., 2018, Maternal Health Indicators in High-Priority Counties of Kenya: Levels and Inequities. DHS Further Analysis Reports No. 110. Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF.

[22] Singh, P.K., Rai, R.K., Alagarajan, M., & Singh, L. (2012). Determinants of Maternity Care services Utilization among Married adolescents in Rural India. Plos One 7(2): e31666.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.003166.

[23] Pathak, PK., Singh, A., & Subramaman, SV., 2010, Economic Inequalities in Maternal health care: prenatal and Skilled Birth Attendance in India, 1992-2006. PLoS ONE 5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013593.

[24] Khan, YP., Munim, S., & Bhutta, ZA., 2009, Maternal health and survival in Pakistan: issues and options. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 31(10):920-929. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)34321-3. PMID: 19941721.

[25] Gabrysch, S., & Campbell, O.M., 2009, Still too far to walk: Literature review of the determinants of delivery service use. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 9(34). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-9-34.

Abstract:

Evidence from the developed world suggests that healthcare practitioners with greater Interpersonal communication (IPC) skills have better health outcomes after IPC training. There is less evidence from developing nations. This study examined the impact of an IPC training program on the knowledge, attitude, and reinforcing/supporting skills of ART practitioners at public ART hospitals in Gombe state, Nigeria. The study used a quasi-experimental design with two groups and two stages, as well as a multi-stage sampling approach. The knowledge disposition, attitude, and reinforcing and supporting IPC skills of 120 ART practitioners from six randomly selected hospitals were assessed. Then three weeks later, a 2-day IPC training using a self-administered structured questionnaire was carried out. SPSS Software (v. 22) was used to perform descriptive and inferential analyses on the data. At baseline, the Chi-Square test indicated no association between the groups on any of the demographic factors. The pre-intervention mean knowledge score was significantly higher (p = 0.019) in the experimental group than in the control group, although there were no significant differences in attitude (p=0.32) or reinforcing and support skills (p=0.786). After the IPC skills training program, significant differences were noticed between the experimental and control groups in terms of knowledge (p=.000) and attitude (p=0.006), but not in terms of reinforcing and support skills (p=.119). Training in interpersonal communication skills influences the knowledge and attitude of ART health providers in Gombe State. As a result, in-service IPC training is suggested for ART Health Providers in the State.

References:

[1] Siamian, H., Bagheri-Nesami, H., Darvish, .RN, Reza, F.N., Akbari, H., Balaghafari, H., Vahdei, M., 2014, Assessment of interpersonal communication skills among sari health centers’ staff. Mater Sociomed, 26(5), 324-32,8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25568632/.

[2] Brown L. D., De Negri B., Hernandez, O., Dominguez L, Sanchack JH, Roter D., 2000, An evaluation of the impact of training Honduran health care providers in interpersonal communication. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 12(6), 495-501, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11202603/.

[3] Skovdal, M., Wringe, A., Seeley, J., 2017, Using theories of practice to understand HIV-positive persons varied engagement with HIV services: a qualitative study in six Sub-Saharan African countries. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 93(3), 44-55., https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28736396/.

[4] Roemer, M. I., Montoya-Aguilar, C., 1988., Quality assessment and assurance in primary health care. Geneva: WHO Offset Publication, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/40663.

[5] Loevinsohn, B. P., 1990, Health Education Interventions in Developing Countries: A Methodological Review of Published Articles. International Journal of Epidemiology, 19(4), 788-794, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2084004/.

[6] Hall, J., Rote,r D., and Katz, N., 1988, Correlates of provider behavior: a meta-analysis. Medical Care 26(1), 657-675, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3292851/.

[7] Stein, T., Frankel, R. M., Krupat, E., 2005, Enhancing clinician communication skills in a large healthcare organization: a longitudinal case study. Patient Education and Counseling, 58 (1), 4-12, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15950831/.

[8] Stewart, M., Brown, J.B., Boon, H., Galajda ,J., Meredith, L., Sangster, M., 1999, Evidence on patient-doctor communication. Cancer Prevention and Control, 3(1), 25-30, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10474749/.

[9] Levinson, W., Roter, D.L., Mullooly, J.P., Dull, V.T., Frankel, R.M., 1997, Physician-patient communication: the relationship with malpractice claims among primary case physicians and surgeons. J Am Med Assoc, 277(1), 553-559, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9032162/.

[10] City Population., 2022., Gombe State in Nigeria. https://citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/NGA016_gombe/.

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[12] Dickson, D.A. 1989, Interpersonal communication in the health professions: A focus on training. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 2(3):345-366, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09515078908256688.

[13] John Hopkins University, J.H.U., 2008, An Interpersonal and counselling (IPC/C) skills training manual for health facility support staff, https://ccp.jhu.edu/documents/IPC%20Skills%20Training%20Manual%20Facilty%20Support%20Staff.pdf.

[14] Abdullahi, S.A., Smelyanskaya, M., John, S., 2020, Providing TB and HIV outreach services to internally displaced populations in Northeast Nigeria: Results of a controlled intervention study. PLoS medicine, 17(9)14-21, https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003218.

[15] Garland, M.E., 2006, Assessing the Impact of the Interpersonal Communication Course. “Master’s Thesis, University of Tennessee, https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4488.

[16] Hibbard, J.H., 2003, Engaging health care consumers to improve the quality of care. Medical care. 199(1), I61-I70, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10935728_Engaging_Health_Care_Consumers_to_Improve_the_Quality_of_Care.

[17] Kagan C, Evans J, Kay B. Manual of Interpersonal Skills for Nurses: An Experiential approach. J Nurse Edu. 2002; 123(5):32- 38, https://old.amu.ac.in/emp/studym/100016913.pdf.

[18] Garland, M.E., 2006, Assessing the Impact of the Interpersonal Communication Course. “Master’s Thesis, University of Tennessee, https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4488.

[19] Brown, B., Crawford, P., Carter, R., 2006, Evidence-based Health Communication: Interpersonal communication. Jadvnurse, 29(1), 53-60, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286459012_Evidence_based_health_communication.

[20] Bérengère, N., Lori, B,, Orlando, H., Julia, R,, Debra, R., 2000, Quality Assurance Methodology Refinement Series. Improving Interpersonal Communication Between Health Care Providers and Clients, online 102(12), 43-49. http://qam.ipcbhpac.org/content/168/6/721.

Abstract:

The overall objective of this study was to assess the factors influencing the extent of integration of social determinants of health (SDH) into clinical practice in hospitals in Uganda. This was cross-sectional. Data was collected from 1042 health workers using a self-administered questionnaire. The factors influencing integration were elucidated using multiple regression modeling. The final model of the influencing factors contained the factor domains health worker confidence, hospital environment, health worker attitude, adoption level for strategies of integration, disease characteristics, and accreditation to the Nurses and Midwives Council. The study successfully elucidated the model for factors influencing the integration of social determinants into clinical practice. The findings have educational, practice, administrative, and policy implications. The multi-method approach was used to limit social desirability bias among health workers; however, the study did not adjust for carry-over effects arising from health workers who were also practicing in private clinics and medical centres.

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Abstract:

Effort by government in Nigeria to provide effective ways of accessing quality and affordable healthcare service has been contentious with high cost of health care service delivery. The ineffective management of health care funds over the years was observed as key contributor to the rising cost of healthcare services. The need for the establishment of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) whose responsibility as purchasers, was to manage health care services with health facilities providers under the National Health Insurance Authority Scheme (NHIA). However, this research seeks to assess the impact of healthcare purchasers in Kano state Nigeria, as regards knowledge, utilization, and satisfaction of enrollees whose healthcare services they manage. The study utilized analysis of enrollees, HMOs and desk officers under the scheme. Quantitative and qualitative methods using interviewer administered questionnaire and Key stakeholders’ interview was used. Data were recorded in Microsoft Excel 2010 and analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. NVIVO version 12 with verbatim transcription was used for thematic analysis of qualitative data. Chi-square used to test degree of association and Logistic regression utilized to predict factors for the determinants. Results were presented as tables and charts. Statistical significance p-value <0.05 at confidence level of 95% was considered significant. Thus, analysis of the general demographic outcomes showed a significant association between HMOs and enrollees’ level of knowledge, utilization and satisfaction (p<0.05). Conversely, analysis of federal, state and private run facilities separately, revealed varying outcome as regards the three determinants, with the state-run hospitals mostly affected in terms of enrollee’s outcome.

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