Abstract:

Background: Hepatitis D virus infection may worsen HBV infection and about 5 % of HBV infected individuals may be infected with HDV infection as these viruses have similar routes of transmission. Severity of HBV infection is worsen by HIV co-infection. Therefore, this study aimed at the determination of prevalence and risk factors of HDV infection among HIV/HBV Co-infected individuals.

Methods: This was cross sectional study in which treatment-naïve HIV infected study participants were screened for HBs Ag. Study participants that were positive for HBs Ag were further screened for anti HDV and HBe Ag and also, they were assessed for CD4⁺ T lymphocytes count, ALT and AST levels. SPSS version 20 was used for the statistical analysis and level of significance was considered at p ≤ 0.05.

Results: About 4(10.8 %) of 37 HIV/HBV co-infected study were positive for anti HDV. There was no statistical association of HDV infection with different tested variables, though numerically higher among females (P≤ 0.587), 41-50 years age group (P≤ 0.671), subjects with history of multiple sexual partners (P≤ 0.557), blood transfusion (p ≤ 0.298) and needle sharing (P ≤ 0.456). Mean ALT and AST levels, mean CD4⁺ T cell counts and HBe Ag prevalence were comparable between anti HDV positive and negative study participants with HIV/HBV co-infection.

Conclusion: Substantial number of HIV/HBV co-infected study participants were observed to be infected with HDV infection. We recommend the screening of HDV infection among HIV/HBV co-infected individuals to ensure their proper management.

Keywords: HIV infection, HBV co-infection, HDV infection.

References:

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Abstract:

A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with the aim to find out the level of knowledge about the risk factors of the cervical cancer among the women attending VIA room of Gynae Out Patient Department, BSMMU on 106 patients selected by purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using pretested, semi-structured questionnaire by face to face interview in May, 2008. Mean age of the respondents was 42.9+6.5 years, 83.0% were Muslim. Majority (17.0%) of the respondents had Primary education. More than one third of the respondents’ monthly income was taka 5001-10,000. Mean age at first marriage was 13.96+2.4 years and 26.4% of them were married for 20-24 years ,40.6% of the patients had history of first birth during their adolescence period. High parity (more than 2 children) was present in 65.0%. Child birth at lower age (94.44%), Multiparity (96.29%) and smoking (66.66%) were the major risk factors mentioned by the respondents. Thirteen percent gave history of Sexually transmitted diseases which is another remarkable risk factor & among them (42.8%) took treatment from MBBS doctor and by Doah-Tabiz (28.6%). The respondents mentioned as main symptoms were lower abdominal pain (98.0%), irregular per vaginal bleeding (57.69%), postcoital bleeding (32.69%) followed by post-menopausal vaginal discharge (26.92%). The findings suggest that programmatic approaches to increase the age at first marriage and first child birth, health education about cervical cancer, its risk factors, symptoms and its treatment will be more effective to reduce cervical cancer in Bangladesh.

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Abstract:

Background: Regardless of devastating trend of inclusive education, students with disabilities are not being accepted by the typical developing students as well as teachers. Somehow the rejection by their peers and teachers hinder in their social inclusion, achieving academic success, and becoming more independent.

Objective: The aim of the study was to see the effect of disability awareness education program on a regular school.

Methods: This study develops and implements a disability awareness program in 8^th to 12^th grade students and their teachers, through action research, determines whether the program was influential in shaping attitudes towards students with disabilities. The students were exposed to 21 disabilities and more focused on physical disabilities, and blindness, and accessibility. The program was designed and implemented in three steps beginning, middle and end, began with questionnaires on disability knowledge.

Result: As regard to attitude, the school environment became more inclusive, more welcoming environment for disabled students, and nurtured better friendships among all students. After getting knowledge about different disabilities, students without disabilities became more accepting and understanding of individual differences. The individual activities and discussions enabled students to think critically about how to deal with disabled individuals and the significance of inclusion to enhance their overall development.

Conclusion: Disability awareness programs are powerful to overall environment of a school. These programs foster acceptance, understanding and promote knowledge about different disabilities. Therefore, disability awareness programs must be incorporated into the regular school curriculum and received by the all individuals to create a more accepting and positive environment for disabled students which in turn will help them to achieve emotional wellbeing, social inclusion and academic success.

Keywords: Disability awareness program, Regular school, Inclusion, Typical developing students, Students with disabilities.

References:

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Abstract:

Introduction: Hypertension have become of medical and public health concern globally. It is a known major risk factor for stroke, coronary artery disease and heart failure. Important risk factors contributing to hypertension are lifestyle and genetic factors. With rapid urbanization and increasing sedentary lifestyle of our rural populace, an explosion in the prevalence of hypertension becomes inevitable. Therefore, the importance of this study to assess the burden and risk factors of hypertension in these rural communities cannot be over emphasized. Objectives: 1. To determine the prevalence of diabetes in rural communities in Abuja FCT Nigeria. 2. To determine the prevalence of and associated risk factors of hypertension in rural communities in Abuja. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed in this study which was conducted between July and December 2017. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to recruit 420 willing adult participants from rural communities, in four political wards, selected from three area councils of FCT Abuja. Data were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire while measurements were done with standardized instruments for blood pressure and blood sugar as well as weight and height measurements following recommended techniques and guidelines. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 version. Univariate analyses were performed to evaluate the distribution for each variable. Binomial test was used to test the hypothesis. Multivariate analyses were done to identify the risk factors of hypertension. Results were considered significant at p-value < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of 38.3% and 25.2% were reported for hypertension and obesity in rural communities in Abuja respectively. Risk factors such as female sex, age 45 years and above, overweight/Obesity, physical inactivity, family history of hypertension and family history of diabetes were independent predictors of hypertension. Conclusion: This study has highlighted the fact that hypertension in addition to obesity is on the increase in the rural communities of Abuja, Nigeria. Therefore, concerted and coordinated effort from all stakeholders is urgently required to tame and reverse this ugly trend in view of the debilitating morbidity and mortality associated with hypertension.

Keywords: Hypertension, prevalence, risk factors, obesity, rural communities, Abuja.

References:

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Abstract:

Life skill development is a comprehensive approach to measuring skills outcome that evaluates an individual’s level of skills that develops. A cross sectional study was done among purposively selected 158 respondents and age range of autistic child was 5 to 20 years old who attended PROYASH specialized school-based treatment in Dhaka city from January to December 2016. All the respondents were school teachers, class teacher assistant and parents of 5 to 20 years old previously diagnosed autistic children with male predominance which was almost 68%. Among 158 cases more than 90% child were diagnosed as autistic within 2 to 3 years of e and 99.4% autistic children get formal education. After getting special intervention in specialized school 61.39% could utter words but couldn’t make sentences, 37.97% could communicate with sentences and 0.63% had no verbal communication. In this study 99.4% children get the treatment for autism. Medicines also help in the regeneration of nerves. In this study 61.4% autistic child only utter words, 38% child make sentences and only 0.6% with autism do not talk at all after therapy. The study identified the apparent situation of skills and relationship among variables and daily living skills could be improved by intervention therapies like SCERTS (Social communication, Emotional regulation, Transactional support) model, Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), Auditory Integration Training (AIT), Daily Life Therapy, THE HANDLE Institute (Holistic Approach To Neurological Development and Learning Efficiency), Integrated Play Therapy, Picture Exchange Communication Systems (PECS) and so on.

Keywords: Life skill Development, Autistic Children, Education Therapy.

References:

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Abstract:

Introduction : High maternal mortality is an increasing challenge for the achievement of the 5th millennium development goal in sub Saharan African countries particularly in Nigeria where maternal mortality has decreased from 580/100000 live births in 1999 through 570/100000 live births in 2005 and back to 580/100000 live births in 2015. Institutional delivery service utilization ensures safe birth and a key to reduce maternal mortality. In the pilot phase of Performance Based Financing in Ondo, Nasarawa and Adamawa, the trend of deliveries moved from 20% coverage in June 2012 to 64% coverage in June 2016. In Nasarawa state delivery coverage moved from 24% in June 2012 to 45% as of June 2016 but below national rate. We aim to assess socio-behavioural factors associated with low utilization of delivery services in Nasarawa State Nigeria.

Methods : A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. Barrier analysis was carried out to analyse the differences in determinants between doers and non-doers (ratio 1:1) for possible interventions when combined in a matrix table and used to identify community priorities

Result: We identified key messages that will be used to design interventions using the BEHAVE Framework to improve on utilization of skilled deliveries. Messages stemmed from identified barriers: Financial barriers, Refusal to allow women to “squat” during delivery, Poor attitudes of staff, Poor conditions of the delivery bed and disapprovals.

Conclusion : Barrier analysis and the application of BEHAVE framework can eliminate socio-behavioural factors associated with low utilization of delivery services within the context of Performance-Based Financing.

Keywords: Institutional Delivery, Skilled Delivery Normal Assisted Delivery, Maternal and child Health indicators, Performance-Based Financing, BEHAVE and communication for behaviour change.

References:

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