Abstract:

Argyreia nervosa, commonly known as Hawaiian baby woodrose or wooly morning glory, is a plant native to India and is also found in various parts of the world. It is known for its seeds, which have been used traditionally in Ayurvedic and traditional medicine systems for various diseases. The study was aimed at assessing the effect of Argyreia nervosa on insulin signaling molecules of the liver in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced experimental type-2 diabetic rats. Healthy adult male Wistar albino rats -150-180 days old weighing 180-200g was used for the study and divided as Group I - Normal rats; Group II – type-2 diabetic rats; Group III -Diabetic rats + A. nervosa 500 mg/kg b.wt; Group IV-Normal rats + A. nervosa 500 mg/kg b.wt. Fasting blood glucose, and fasting serum insulin were measured by calorimetric methods. Further mRNA expression analysis of insulin receptor (IR) was measured in control and treated animals by quantitative Ream Time PCR analysis. A. nervosa root extract significantly reduced fasting blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations in STZ-induced rats compared with control. In addition, mRNA expression of IR showed a one-fold increase in the expression which shows that A. nervosa is involved in the regulation of insulin signaling in the liver and thereby reduces insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. Our study concludes that A. nervosa root extract has a significant role on insulin signaling molecules thereby it reduces hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia via insulin receptor-mediated pathways. Hence, A. nervosa may be considered as one of the therapeutic natural antidiabetic drugs.

References:

[1] Vieira, R.F., Genetic Resources of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants from Brazil. Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science 2004; 502–505.

[2] Vishaka, S., Sridevi, G., & Selvaraj, J. (2022). An in vitro analysis on the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of Kaempferia galanga rhizome using different solvent systems. Journal of AdvancedPharmaceutical Technology and Research, 13 (6):505-509

[3] Bayat, E., Rahpeima, Z., Dastghaib, S., Gholizadeh, F., Erfani, M., Asadikaram, G., & Mokarram, P. (2020). Stevia rebaudiana extract attenuate metabolic disorders in diabetic rats via modulation of glucose transport and antioxidant signaling pathways and aquaporin-2 expression in two extrahepatic tissues. Journal of food biochemistry, 44(8), e13252. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13252

[4] Sneka, S, Sinduja, P., & Priyadharshini. (2022). A Comparative Study On Salivary Ph In Diabetic Patients With Periodontitis And Without Periodontitis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 2022, 13:1253–1258.

[5] Vikraman, K.S., Abilasha, & Kavitha, S. (2020). Knowledge about the effects of medicinal plants against COVID-19 among dental students-A questionnaire study. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 12: S97–S108.

[6] Warrier, V.P.K., Nambiar, & Ramankutty, C. (2011). Indian Medicinal Plants. A Compendium of 500 Species.  https://search.worldcat.org/title/indian-medicinal-plants-a-compendium-of-500-species/oclc/29791294

[7] Salehi, B., Ata, A., V Anil Kumar, N., Sharopov, F., Ramírez-Alarcón, K., Ruiz-Ortega, A., Abdulmajid Ayatollahi, S., Tsouh Fokou, P. V., Kobarfard, F., Amiruddin Zakaria, Z., Iriti, M., Taheri, Y., Martorell, M., Sureda, A., Setzer, W. N., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Santini, A., Capasso, R., Ostrander, E. A., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2019). Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components. Biomolecules, 9(10), 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100551.

[8] Priyadharshini, R., & Sinduja, P. (2022). Knowledge, Attitude, And Awareness Of Warning Signs And Risk Factor Of Liver Cirrhosis And Diabetes Mellitus Among Second Year Dental Students-A Survey. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results,13: 1490–1499.

[9] Menon, G.R., Malaiappan, S., & Kumar, K. (2021). Association Between Right Upper Molar Involvement and Diabetes Mellitus In Subjects With Chronic Periodon-titis. International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Science, 8: 2879–2884.

[10] Paulke, A., Kremer, C., Wunder, C., Wurglics, M., Schubert-Zsilavecz, M.,  & Toennes, S.W. (2015). Studies on the alkaloid composition of the Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Argyreia nervosa, a common legal high. Forensic Sci. Int. 249, 281–293.

[11] Subramanyam, G.K., Gaddam, S.A., Kotakadi, V.S., Palithya, S., Penchalaneni, J., & Challagundla, V.N. (2021). Argyreia nervosa (Samudra pala) leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial activity, in vitro anticancer and apoptotic studies in KB oral cancer cell lines. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 1, 635–650.

[12] Singhal, A.K., Gupta, H., & Bhati, V.S. (2011). Wound healing activity of Argyreia nervosa leaves extract. Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res. 1:36–39.

[13] Milimita, P., Sujata, M., Janyanaranjan, P., & Nikunja, M.K. (2013). Traditional uses and phytopharmacological aspects of Argyreia nervosa. J. Adv. Pharm. Res. 4, 23–32.

[14] Meher, A., & Padhan, A.R. (2011). A Literature Review on Argyreia Nervosa (Burm. F.) Bojer. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 5, 1501–1504.

[15] Prasad, M., Jayaraman, S., Rajagopal, P., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Kumar, P. K., Piramanayagam, S., & Pari, L. (2022). Diosgenin inhibits ER stress-induced inflammation in aorta via iRhom2/TACE mediated signaling in experimental diabetic rats: An in vivo and in silico approach. Chemico-biological interactions, 358, 109885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109885

[16] Roy, J. R., Janaki, C. S., Jayaraman, S., Periyasamy, V., Balaji, T., Vijayamalathi, M., & Veeraraghavan, V. P. (2022). Carica papaya Reduces Muscle Insulin Resistance via IR/GLUT4 Mediated Signaling Mechanisms in High Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 11(10), 2081. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11102081.

[17] Khan, H. L. A., Sridevi, G., Selvaraj, J. and Preetha, S. (2021). In vitro Anti-inflammatory Properties in Various Extracts (Ethanol, Chloroform and Aqueous) of Kaempferia galanga Linn Rhizome”, Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(47B), 476–481. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i47B33146.

[18] Prathap, L., Jayaraman, S., Roy, A., Santhakumar, P., & Jeevitha, M. (2021). Molecular docking analysis of stachydrine and sakuranetin with IL-6 and TNF-α in the context of inflammation. Bioinformation, 17(2), 363–368. https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630017363.

[19] Roy, J. R., Janaki, C. S., Jayaraman, S., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Periyasamy, V., Balaji, T., Vijayamalathi, M., Bhuvaneswari, P., & Swetha, P. (2023). Hypoglycemic Potential of Carica papaya in Liver Is Mediated through IRS-2/PI3K/SREBP-1c/GLUT2 Signaling in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Male Rats. Toxics, 11(3), 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030240.

[20] Mithil Vora., Vishnu Priya, V., Selvaraj,J., Gayathri, R., & Kavitha, S. (2021). Effect of Lupeol on proinflammatory Markers in Adipose Tissue of High-Fat Diet and Sucrose Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 9(10):116-121.

[21] Salehi, B., Ata, A., V Anil Kumar, N., Sharopov, F., Ramírez-Alarcón, K., Ruiz-Ortega, A., Abdulmajid Ayatollahi, S., Tsouh Fokou, P. V., Kobarfard, F., Amiruddin Zakaria, Z., Iriti, M., Taheri, Y., Martorell, M., Sureda, A., Setzer, W. N., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Santini, A., Capasso, R., Ostrander, E. A., Sharifi-Rad, J. (2019). Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components. Biomolecules, 9(10), 551. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100551.

[22] Jayaraman, S., Krishnamoorthy, K., Prasad, M., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Krishnamoorthy, R., Alshuniaber, M.A., Gatasheh, M.K., Elrobh, & M., Gunassekaran. (2023). Glyphosate potentiates insulin resistance in skeletal muscle through the modulation of IRS-1/PI3K/Akt mediated mechanisms: An in vivo and in silico analysis. Int J Biol Macromol, 242(Pt 2):124917. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124917.

[23] Chandran, D., Jayaraman, S., Sankaran, K., Veeraraghavan, V. P., & R, G. (2023). Antioxidant Vitamins Attenuate Glyphosate-Induced Development of Type-2 Diabetes Through the Activation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 β and Forkhead Box Protein O-1 in the Liver of Adult Male Rats. Cureus, 15(12), e51088. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.51088.

[24] Yasothkumar. D., Jayaraman, S., Ramalingam, K., & Ramani, P. (2023). In vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Seed Ethanolic Extract of Pongamia pinnata. Biomed Pharmacol J.16(4).

[25] Prasad, M., Jayaraman, S., Natarajan, S.R., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Krishnamoorthy, R., Gatasheh, M.K., Palanisamy, C.P., & Elrobh, M. (2023). Piperine modulates IR/Akt/GLUT4 pathways to mitigate insulin resistance: Evidence from animal and computational studies. Int J Biol Macromol, 253(Pt 5):127242. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127242.

[26] Jayaraman, S., Devarajan, N., Rajagopal, P., Babu, S., Ganesan, S.K., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Palanisamy, C.P., Cui, B., Periyasamy, V., & Chandrasekar K. (2021). β-Sitosterol Circumvents Obesity Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by down-Regulating IKKβ/NF-κB and JNK Signaling Pathway in Adipocytes of Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Molecules. 26(7), 2101. doi: 10.3390/molecules26072101.

[27] Kiruthigha, T., Gayathri, R., Vishnu Priya, V., Selvaraj Jayaraman, & Kavitha, S. (2023). Piperine Modulates High Fat Diet - Induced Renal Damage by Regulating Kim-1 and Igf-1 Beta Signaling Molecules in Male Wistar Rats”. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44 (S5):246-54.

[28] Thana Lakshme, P.S., Gayathri, R., & Vishnu Priya V. (2021). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Estimation of Total Phenolic Content of Aqueous Cladode Extract of Opuntia dilleniid. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 9(2): 254-257.

[29] Kalaiselvi, K., Selvaraj, J., Rajapandiyan K.,  Salim, M.,, Mohammad, A., Alshuniaber, Biba V., & Vishnu Priya, V. (2023). Green synthesis and evaluation of anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic activities of silver nanoparticles from Argyreia nervosa leaf extract: An invitro study. Journal of King Saud University – Science, 35(10):102955.

[30] Ojastha, B.L., Selvaraj, J., Kavitha, S., Veeraraghavan Vishnu Priya., & Gayathri. ( Effect Of Argyreia Nervosa On The Expression Of Growth Factor Signaling In The Skeletal Muscle Of Streptozotocin-Induced Experimental Diabetic Rats. ournal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture, 33: 5942-5950. https://doi.org/10.59670/jns.v33i.4474.

[31] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

[32] Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

[33] Prakash S, Balaji JN, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK (2022) Telehealth: Is It a Post-COVID Reality in Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer? J Contemp Dent Pract 23:1181–1182

[34] Ealla KKR, Veeraraghavan VP, Ravula NR, Durga CS, Ramani P, Sahu V, Poola PK, Patil S, Panta P (2022) Silk Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 23:467–477

[35] Patil S, Sujatha G, Varadarajan S, Priya VV (2022) A bibliometric analysis of the published literature related to toothbrush as a source of DNA. World J Dent 13:S87–S95

Abstract:

Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide and the active ingredient in Monsanto's Roundup, among other herbicide formulations. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (tocopherol) are both antioxidants that play important roles in reducing oxidative DNA damage and protecting cells from the harmful effects of free radicals. The study aimed to analyse the effect of antioxidant vitamins (vitamins C and E) on the expression of IGF-1 and KIM-1 molecules in the kidneys of glyphosate-exposed rats. Adult male Albino Wistar rats were grouped into 3. Group I: Control; Group II: Glyphosate treated (100mg); Group III: Glyphosate+ vitamin E & C treated. Serum, insulin, and mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and kidney injury molecules (KIM-1) mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Serum insulin was measured by the ELISA method. Glyphosate-exposed rats developed hyperglycaemia and hyper compared to control but antioxidant vitamins (Vitamin C and E) supplementation, reduced the glyphosate mediate increased fasting blood glucose and insulin near to that of the control level. Similarly, mRNA expression of both IGF-1 and KIM-1 were also significantly altered due to glyphosate induction whose effects were found to be reduced when vitamins C and E were treated. It is concluded that glyphosate exposure causes renal damage and develops diabetic nephropathy by modulating the expression of IGF-1 and KIM-1 molecules in the kidney. Vitamin C and E potentially were able to reduce the detrimental changes caused by glyphosate. Hence, vitamin C and E supplements could be considered therapeutic drugs for diabetic nephropathy.

References:

Abstract:

Chronic Rhino Sinusitis (CRS) is one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses affecting people of all ages. The various etiological causes and challenging diagnostic techniques have a role in misdiagnosis and severity of sinusitis. There is no typical sinusitis therapy. There are many new and developing treatments, both natural and developed, and staying up to date on these therapies and their effectiveness is still difficult. As new CRS treatment alternatives, low-level laser therapy and near-infrared laser therapy have generated some interest. According to certain research, these photo-therapies use various light wavelengths and intensities to decrease the production of biofilms and enhance the in vitro activity of antibiotics against sinus infections. On contrast to this, some studies concluded that phototherapy for CRS is still in its relative infancy and that better studies are required to accurately evaluate its therapeutic impact. The goal of this review was to gather data regarding how Laser therapy affected chronic sinusitis.

References:

Abstract:

Graphene-loaded polymannose-chitosan scaffolds have emerged as promising candidates for drug screening applications due to their unique properties. The combination of polymannose and chitosan, supplemented with graphene, offers a versatile platform with potential applications including drug screening. The aim of this study is to fabricate and characterize the biocompatible graphene oxide loaded polymannose chitosan scaffold (PM-Chi-GO) for potential drug screening applications. The scaffold was meticulously prepared by combining oxidized polymannose with chitosan hydrochloride and graphene oxide, employing gelation techniques. Characterization involved Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for functional group analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for morphological studies. The biocompatibility of the scaffold was assessed using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). FTIR analysis revealed distinctive peaks at 3296, 1624, 1528, 1389, 1060, and 808 cm-1, corresponding to specific functional groups within the scaffold. SEM displayed a porous morphological structure. Biocompatibility testing with PBMCs demonstrated favorable responses, confirming the scaffold's potential for in vitro drug screening applications. The synthesized PM-Chi-GO is characterized by its unique structural and biocompatible properties and holds significant promise for future drug screening endeavors. This study establishes a foundation for the utilization of this scaffold in drug screening applications.

References:

[1] Muzzarelli, Riccardo AA., 1983, Chitin and its derivatives: new trends of applied research, Carbohydrate Polymers 3(1): 53-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(83)90012-7.

[2] Agnihotri, SA., Mallikarjuna, NN., Aminabhavi, TM., 2004, Recent advances on chitosan-based micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery. J. Control. Release, 100(1), 5–28,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.08.010.

[3] Thomas, S., Pius, A., Gopi, S., 2020, Handbook of Chitin and Chitosan: Volume 1: Preparation and Properties. Elsevier, 1-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817970-3.00001-8.

[4] Duraisam, R., Ganapathy, D., Shanmugam, R., 2021, Applications of Chitosan in Dental Implantology - A Literature Review. International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Science (IJDOS), 8, 4140–6.

[5] Raslan, A., Saenz Del Burgo, L., Ciriza, J., Pedraz, JL., 2020, Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide-based scaffolds in regenerative medicine, Int. J. Pharm, 580, 119226.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119226.

[6] Nasim, I., Rajesh Kumar, S., Vishnupriya, V., Jabin, Z., 2020, Cytotoxicity and anti-microbial analysis of silver and graphene oxide bio nanoparticles, Bioinformation 16, 831–6.

[7] Nasim, I., Rajeshkumar, S., Vishnupriya, V., 2021, Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles, its characterization and antimicrobial properties against common oral pathogens. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci,8,1670–5.

[8] Gao, W., 2015, Graphene Oxide: Reduction Recipes, Spectroscopy, and Applications. Springer.

[9] Aiswaria, P., Naina Mohamed, S., Singaravelu, DL., Brindhadevi, K., Pugazhendhi, A., 2022, A review on graphene / graphene oxide supported electrodes for microbial fuel cell applications: Challenges and prospects. Chemosphere, 296, 133983.

[10] Georgakilas, V., ed 2014, Functionalization of Graphene, John Wiley & Sons.

[11] Subramanian, AK., Prabhakar, R., Vikram, NR., Dinesh, SS., Rajeshkumar, S., 2022, In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of silymarin/hydroxyapatite/chitosan nanocomposites and its cytotoxic effect using brine shrimp lethality assay, J. Popul. Ther. Clin. Pharmacol, 28, e71–7.

[12] Gama, M., Gatenholm, P., Klemm, D., 2016, Bacterial NanoCellulose: A Sophisticated Multifunctional Material. CRC Press.

[13] N’deh, KPU., Kim, GJ., Chung, KH., Shin, JS., Lee, KS., Choi, JW., et al, 2020, Surface-Modified Industrial Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene 3D Scaffold Fabrication by Gold Nanoparticle for Drug Screening, Nanomaterials, 10 (3), 529, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030529

[14] Francis, AP., Gurudevan, S., Jayakrishnan, A., 2018, Synthetic polymannose as a drug carrier: synthesis, toxicity and anti-fungal activity of polymannose-amphotericin B conjugates, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed, 29, 1529–48.

[15] Miguel Oliveira, J., Pina, S., Reis, RL., Roman, JS., 2018, Osteochondral Tissue Engineering: Nanotechnology, Scaffolding-Related Developments and Translation, Springer, Vol 1058.

[16] Rieshy, V., Priya, J., Arivarasu, L., Kumar, SR., 2020, Enhanced antimicrobial activity of herbal formulation mediated copper nanoparticles against clinical pathogens, Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 21(53-54), 52-56.

[17] Rajeshkumar, S., Lakshmi, T., Tharani, M., 2021, Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles synthesized using black tea and its antibacterial activity against oral pathogens, Int. J. Dent. Oral Sci, 8, 4156–9.

[18] Thakur, VK., Thakur, MK., Kessler, MR., 2017, Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Biodegradable Materials. John Wiley & Sons, vol 5.

[19] Mi, XJ., Choi, HS., Perumalsamy, H., Shanmugam, R., Thangavelu, L., Balusamy, SR., et al., 2022, Biosynthesis and cytotoxic effect of silymarin-functionalized selenium nanoparticles induced autophagy mediated cellular apoptosis via downregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in gastric cancer. Phytomedicine,99, 154014.

[20] Nasim, I., Jabin, Z., Kumar, SR., Vishnupriya, V., 2022, Green synthesis of calcium hydroxide-coated silver nanoparticles using Andrographis paniculata and Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaf extracts: An antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity, J. Conserv. Dent, 25, 369–74.

[21] Rajeshkumar, S., Lakshmi, T., 2021, Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using kalanchoe pinnata and its free radical scavenging activity, Int J Dentistry Oral Sci, 8,2981–4.

[22] Campana-Filho, SP., de Almeida Pinto, LA., 2017, Chitosan-Based Materials and its Applications. Bentham Science Publishers, vol 3.

[23] Danhier, F., Ansorena, E., Silva, JM., Coco, R., Le Breton, A., Préat, V., 2012, PLGA-based nanoparticles: an overview of biomedical applications, J. Control. Release, 161(2), 505–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.043.

[24] Roy, S., Rhim, JW., 2021, Fabrication of bioactive binary composite film based on gelatin/chitosan incorporated with cinnamon essential oil and rutin, Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces, 204, 111830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111830.

[25] DeSimone, RW., Currie, KS., Mitchell, SA., Darrow, JW., Pippin, DA., 2004, Privileged structures: applications in drug discovery, Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen, 7(5), 473–94. https://doi.org/10.2174/1386207043328544.

[26] Mao, JS., Cui, YL., Wang, XH., Sun, Y., Yin, YJ., Zhao, HM., et al., 2004, A preliminary study on chitosan and gelatin polyelectrolyte complex cytocompatibility by cell cycle and apoptosis analysis, Biomaterials, 25, 3973–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.080

[27] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

[28] Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

[29] Prakash S, Balaji JN, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK (2022) Telehealth: Is It a Post-COVID Reality in Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer? J Contemp Dent Pract 23:1181–1182

Abstract:

Ruthenium-doped manganese oxide nanoflowers (denoted as Ru-Mn3O4 NFs) were synthesized via microwave-assisted hydrothermal (MW-HT) method. The prepared NFs were evaluated for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and hemolytic assays. Because of their unique physicochemical features, low cytotoxicity, excellent stability, exceptional antibacterial action, and significant interest in biomedical field. Various analytical techniques were used to assess the related phase constitution, elemental content, and surface morphology. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) micrographs revealed that the Ru-Mn3O4 NFs had a tetragonal phase with a nanoflowers-like shape and Ru mainly existed as the metallic state. It has been found that Ru-Mn3O4 NFs hold higher microbial activities against various pathogens, making them ideal options for fighting bacterial infections.

References:

[1] Beknalkar, S. A., Teli, A. M., Bhat, T. S., Pawar, K. K., Patil, S. S., Harale, N. S., Shin, J. C., Patil, P. S., 2022, Mn3O4 based materials for electrochemical supercapacitors: Basic principles, charge storage mechanism, progress, and perspectives. Journal of Materials Science & Technology 130, 227-248.

[2] Jain, P., Jangid, A.K., Kulhari, D.P. and Kulhari, H., 2024, Designing of manganese-based nanomaterials for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 12, 577-608.

[3] Ding, B., Zheng, P., Ma, P. A., Lin, J., 2020, Manganese oxide nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, and theranostic applications. Advanced Materials, 32, 1905823.

[4] Spiro, T. G, Bargar, J. R, Sposito, G., Tebo, B. M., 2010, Bacteriogenic manganese oxides. Accounts of Chemical Research., 43, 2-9.

[5] Sukhdev, A., Challa, M., Narayani, L., Manjunatha, A. S., Deepthi, P. R., Angadi, J. V., Kumar, P. M., Pasha, M., 2020, Synthesis, phase transformation, and morphology of hausmannite Mn3O4 nanoparticles: photocatalytic and antibacterial investigations. Heliyon, 6, e03245.

[6] Shaik, M. R., Syed, R., Adil, S. F., Kuniyil, M., Khan, M., Alqahtani, M. S., Shaik, J. P., Siddiqui, M. R. H., Al-Warthan, A., Sharaf, M. A., Abdelgawad, A., 2021, Mn3O4 nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and their antimicrobial and anticancer activity against A549 and MCF-7 cell lines. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28, 1196-1202.

[7] Bhattacharya, P., Swain, S., Giri, L., Neogi, S., 2019, Fabrication of magnesium oxide nanoparticles by solvent alteration and their bactericidal applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 7, 4141–4152.

[8] Hoseinpour, V., Ghaemi, N., 2018, Green synthesis of manganese nanoparticles: Applications and future perspective—A review. Journal of Photochemistry Photobiology B Biology, 189, 234–243.

[9] Yadav, P., Bhaduri, A., Thakur, A., 2023, Manganese oxide nanoparticles: An insight into structure, synthesis and applications. Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Reviews 10, 510-528.

[10] Perachiselvi, M., Bagavathy, M. S., Samraj, J. J., Pushpalaksmi, E., Annadurai, G., 2020, Synthesis and characterization of Mn3O4 nanoparticles for biological studies. Applied Ecology Environmental Science, 8, 273-277.

[11] Gupta, P. K., Mishra, L., 2020, Ecofriendly ruthenium-containing nanomaterials: synthesis, characterization, electrochemistry, bioactivity and catalysis. Nanoscale Advances, 2,1774-1791.

[12] Gopinath, K., Karthika, V., Gowri, S., Senthilkumar, V., Kumaresan, S. and Arumugam, A., 2014, Antibacterial activity of ruthenium nanoparticles synthesized using Gloriosa superba L. leaf extract. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 4, 1-6.

[13] Anjum, S. M., Riazunnisa, K., 2022. Fine ultra-small ruthenium oxide nanoparticle synthesis by using Catharanthus roseus and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and their efficacy towards in vitro assays, antimicrobial activity and catalytic: adsorption kinetic studies using methylene blue dye. Journal of Cluster Science, 33, 1103–1117.

[14] Pradeep, V., Veerakumar, P., Veeraraghavan, V. P. 2024, Facile microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of copper oxide nanoneedle arrays for practical biomedical applications. Cureus, 16, e51678.

[15] Khan, S., Ansari, A. A., Khan, A. A., Abdulla, M., Al-Obeed, O., Ahmad, R., 2016, In vitro evaluation of anticancer and biological activities of synthesized manganese oxide nanoparticles. Medicinal Chemistry Communications, 7, 1647-1653.

[16] Pandiyan, I., Sri, S. D., Indiran, M. A., Rathinavelu, P. K., Prabakar, J., Rajeshkumar, S., 2022, Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity of Thymus vulgaris-mediated selenium nanoparticles: An in vitro study. Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 25, 241.

[17] Adeyemi, J. O., Onwudiwe, D. C., Oyedeji, A.O., 2022, In vitro α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition and anti-inflammatory studies of Mn3O4 nanoparticles mediated using extract of Dalbergiella welwitschia. Results in Chemistry, 4, 100497.

[18] Liu, X., Chen, Z., Sun, H., Chen, L., Peng, Z. and Liu, Z., Investigation on Mn3O4 coated Ru nanoparticles for partial hydrogenation of benzene towards cyclohexene production using ZnSO4, MnSO4 and FeSO4 as reaction additives. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10: 809.

[19] Perachiselvi, M., Bagavathy, M. S., Samraj, J. J., Pushpalaksmi, E., Annadurai, G., 2020, Synthesis and characterization of Mn3O4 nanoparticles for biological studies. Applied Ecololgy Environmental Sciences, 8, 273-277.

[20] Rajeshkumar, S., Lakshmi, T., Tharani, M., 2021, Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles synthesized using black tea and its antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. International Journal of Dentistry Oral Science 8, 4156-4159.

[21] Nasim, I., Kumar, S. R., Vishnupriya, V. Jabin, Z., 2020, Cytotoxicity and anti-microbial analysis of silver and graphene oxide bio nanoparticles. Bioinformation, 16, 831.

[22] Rajeshkumar, S., Sandhiya, D., 2020, Biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using eco-friendly method. Nanoparticles and their biomedical applications, pp-65-93.

[23] Agarwal, H., Nakara, A., Shanmugam, V. K., 2019, Anti-inflammatory mechanism of various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles synthesized using plant extracts: A review. Biomedical Pharmacotherpy, 109, 2561–2572.

[24] Nasim, I., Rajeshkumar, S. and Vishnupriya, V., 2021, Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles, its characterization and antimicrobial properties against common oral pathogens. International Journal of Dentistry Oral Science, 8, 1670-1675.

[25] Ibrahim, A., Hammadi, M., 2023, Green synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles using chia seeds extract, characterization, and cytotoxicity on the HL-60 cells. History of Medicine, 9, 1537-1542.

[26] Nasim, I., Jabin, Z., Kumar, S. R., Vishnupriya, V., 2022, Green synthesis of calcium hydroxide-coated silver nanoparticles using Andrographis paniculata and Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaf extracts: An antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. Journal Conservation Dentistry 25, 369.

[27] Prasad, A.S. Green synthesis of nanocrystalline manganese (II,III) oxide, 2017, Material Sciences. Semiconductor Process. 71, 342–347.

[28] Sharma, J. K., Srivastava, P., Ameen, S., Akhtar, M. S., Singh, G., Yadava, S., 2016, Azadirachta indica plant-assisted green synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles: Excellent thermal catalytic performance and chemical sensing behavior, Journal of Colloid Interface Sciences. 472, 220–228.

[29] Pazos-Ortiz, E., Roque-Ruiz, J. H., Hinojos-Márquez, E. A., López-Esparza, J., Donohué-Cornejo, A., Cuevas-González, J. C., Espinosa-Cristóbal, L. F., Reyes-López, S. Y., Dose-dependent antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles on polycaprolactone fibers against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2017. Article ID 4752314.

[30] Kumar, G. S., Venkataramana, B., Reddy, S. A., Maseed, H., Nagireddy, R.R., 2020, Hydrothermal synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles by evaluation of pH effect on particle size formation and its antibacterial activity. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 11, 035006.

[31] Navada, K. M., G. K, N., D’Souza, J. N., Kouser, S., D. J, M., 2021, Synthesis, characterization of phyto-functionalized CuO nano photocatalysts for mitigation of textile dyes in waste water purification, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer evaluation. Applied Nanoscience, 11, 1313-1338.

[32] Mohapatra, S., Leelavathi, L., Rajeshkumar, S., Sakthi, D. S., Jayashri, P., 2020, Assessment of cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using clove and cinnamon formulation-an In-vitro study. Journal of Evolution Medical Dental Science, 9, 1859-1865.

[33] Mansi, K., Kumar, R., Narula, D., Pandey, S. K., Kumar, V., Singh, K., 2022, Microwave-induced CuO nanorods: a comparative approach between curcumin, quercetin, and rutin to study their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects against normal skin cells and human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and T-47D. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 5, 5762-78. 

[34] Ealla KKR, Veeraraghavan VP, Ravula NR, Durga CS, Ramani P, Sahu V, Poola PK, Patil S, Panta P (2022) Silk Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 23:467–477

[35] Patil S, Sujatha G, Varadarajan S, Priya VV (2022) A bibliometric analysis of the published literature related to toothbrush as a source of DNA. World J Dent 13:S87–S95

[36] Ganesan A, Muthukrishnan A, Veeraraghavan V (2021) Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose in Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Contemp Clin Dent 12:294–300

[37] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

Abstract:

The most employed scaffolds in tissue engineering are alginate and chitosan due to their properties like biodegradability, compatibility, and structural similarity to that of the ECM. Curcumin, together with scaffolds such as alginate and chitosan, can improve wound healing properties by tissue repair and regeneration. This study aims to load curcumin into alginate chitosan scaffolds and to analyze their potential wound healing properties by characterization and checking their biocompatibility. Curcumin was loaded into the alginate-chitosan scaffold. It was then characterized using Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Annexin V PI apoptotic assay and Hemolytic assay were done to screen its biocompatibility. FT-IR has strong absorption bands at 3237, 2359, 1597, 1406, 1025, and 947 cm⁻¹. SEM analysis of the curcumin-loaded alginate-chitosan scaffold showed the dispersed curcumin on the surface of the porous scaffold. Our results suggest that the curcumin-loaded alginate-chitosan scaffold possesses greater biocompatibility towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) which was confirmed by Annexin V - PI assay and hemolytic assay. Curcumin loaded onto an alginate-chitosan scaffold is reported to be biocompatible using flow cytometry and hemolytic assay. However a more detailed study must be done before using it for potential wound healing applications.

References:

[1] Palombo, E. A., 2011, Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts and Natural Products with Activity against Oral Bacteria: Potential Application in the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Diseases, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2011, 680354. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nep067

[2] Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L., Piao, G., 2016, The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products, Molecules,21(5), 559, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050559

[3] Lakshmi, T., 2021, Medicinal value and oral health aspects of acacia catechu-an update. Int J Dent Oral Sci, 8(1),1399–401.

[4] Maheswari, T. N. U., Dhanvanth, M., 2022, Topical herbal therapeutic formulation used in the management of oral potentially malignant disorders – A systematic review, J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol, 34(2):223.

[5] Divyadharsini, V., UmaMaheswari, T.N., 2022, Comparison of Antifungal Activity of Probiotics, Coconut Oil and Clotrimazole on Candida Albicans–An In Vitro Study, Journal of Indian, 34(4), 385-389.

[6] Twaij, B. M., Hasan, M. N., 2022, Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Plant Sources: Types, Synthesis, and Their Therapeutic Uses, International Journal of Plant Biology, 13(1), 4–14.

[7] Rajeshkumar, S., Lakshmi, S., 2021, Anticariogenic Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Fresh Leaves Extract Of Kalanchoe Pinnata, Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 8(7), 2985–7.

[8] Rajeshkumar, S., Lakshmi, T., Tharani, M., 2021, Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Black Tea and Its Antibacterial Activity Against Oral Pathogens, Int J Dent Oral Sci, 8(9), 4156–9.

[9] Kocaadam, B., Şanlier, N., 2017, Curcumin, an Active Component of Turmeric (Curcuma longa), and its Effects on Health, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 57(13), 2889–95.

[10] Kumari, A., Raina, N., Wahi, A., Goh, K. W., Sharma, P., Nagpal, R., et al., 2022, Wound-Healing Effects of Curcumin and Its Nanoformulations: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics,14(11), 2288

[11] Priyadarsini, K. I, 2013, Chemical and Structural Features Influencing the Biological Activity of Curcumin, Curr Pharm Des, 19(11), 2093–100.

[12] Emiroglu, G., Ozergin Coskun, Z., Kalkan, Y., Celebi Erdivanli, O., Tumkaya, L., Terzi, S., et al., 2017, The Effects of Curcumin on Wound Healing in a Rat Model of Nasal Mucosal Trauma, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2017, 9452392.

[13] Heydari, P., Zargar Kharazi, A., Asgary, S., Parham, S., 2022, Comparing the wound healing effect of a controlled release wound dressing containing curcumin/ciprofloxacin and simvastatin/ciprofloxacin in a rat model: A preclinical study, J Biomed Mater Res A, 110(2), 341–52.

[14] Kim, J., Park, S., Jeon, B. S., Jang, W. S., Lee, S. J., Son, Y., et al., 2016, Therapeutic Effect of Topical Application of Curcumin During Treatment of Radiation Burns In A Mini-Pig Model, J Vet Sci, 17(4), 435–44.

[15] Rafiee, Z., Nejatian, M., Daeihamed, M., Jafari, S.M., 2019, Application of Curcumin-Loaded Nanocarriers For Food, Drug And Cosmetic Purposes, Trends Food Sci Technol, 88, 445–58.

[16] Duraisamy, R., Ganapathy, D. M., kumar Shanmugam, R., 2021, Nanocomposites Used In Prosthodontics And Implantology-A Review, Int J Dentistry Oral Sci, 8(9),4380–7.

[17] Sultankulov, B., Berillo, D., Sultankulova, K., Tokay, T., Saparov, A., 2019, Progress in the Development of Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Biomolecules, 9(9), 470, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9090470

[18] Duraisam, R., Ganapathy, D., Shanmugam, R., 2021, Applications of Chitosan in Dental Implantology - A Literature Review, International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Science (IJDOS), 8(9), 4140–6.

[19] Cattelan, G., Guerrero Gerbolés, A., Foresti, R., Pramstaller, PP., Rossini, A., Miragoli, M., et al., 2020, Alginate Formulations: Current Developments in the Race for Hydrogel-Based Cardiac Regeneration, Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 8, 414.

[20] Fang, Y., Zhang, T., Song, Y., Sun, W., 2020, Assessment of Various Crosslinking Agents On Collagen/Chitosan Scaffolds For Myocardial Tissue Engineering, Biomed Mater, 15(4), 045003.

[21] Rajeshkumar, S., Lakshmi, T., 2021, Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Kalanchoe Pinnata and Its Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Int J Dentistry Oral Sci, 8(7), 2981–4.

[22] Noh, H. K., Lee, S. W., Kim, J. M., Oh, J. E., Kim, K. H., Chung, C. P., et al., 2006, Electrospinning of Chitin Nanofibers: Degradation Behavior and Cellular Response To Normal Human Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts, Biomaterials, 27(21), 3934–44.

[23] Nasim, I., Jabin, Z., Kumar, S. R., Vishnupriya, V., 2022, Green Synthesis of Calcium Hydroxide-Coated Silver Nanoparticles Using Andrographis Paniculata And Ocimum Sanctum Linn. Leaf extracts: An antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activitu, J Conserv Dent, 25(4), 369–74.

[24] Ahmed Ismail, K., El Askary, A., Farea, M. O., Awwad, N.S., Ibrahium, H. A., Eid Moustapha, M., et al., 2022, Perspectives on Composite films of Chitosan-Based Natural Products (Ginger, Curcumin, and Cinnamon) as Biomaterials for Wound Dressing, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 15(4), 103716.

[25] Kibungu, C., Kondiah, PPD., Kumar, P., Choonara, Y.E., 2021, This Review Recent advances in Chitosan and Alginate‐Based Hydrogels for Wound Healing Application, Front Mater Sci, 8, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2021.681960..

[26] Duraisamy, R., Ganapathy, D., Shanmugam, R., 2021, Biocompatibility and Osseointegration of Nanohydroxyapatite, Int J Dent Oral Sci, 8(9),4136–9.

[27] Francis, AP., Jayakrishnan, A., 2019, Conjugating Doxorubicin to Polymannose: a New strategy for Target Specific Delivery to Lung Cancer Cells, J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 30(16), 1471–88.

[28] Francis, A. P., Gurudevan, S., Jayakrishnan, A., 2018, Synthetic Polymannose As A Drug Carrier: Synthesis, Toxicity And Anti-Fungal Activity of Polymannose-Amphotericin B Conjugates, J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 29(13), 1529–48.

[29] Shah, S.A., Sohail, M., Khan, S., Minhas, M.U., de Matas, M., Sikstone, V., et al., 2019, Biopolymer-based biomaterials for accelerated diabetic wound healing: A critical review,  Int J Biol Macromol,  139, 975–93.

[30] Sideek, S. A., El-Nassan, H. B., Fares, A. R., ElMeshad, A. N., Elkasabgy, N. A., 2022, Different Curcumin-Loaded Delivery Systems for Wound Healing Applications: A Comprehensive Review, Pharmaceutics, 15(1), 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010038

[31] Zhao, W. Y., Fang, Q. Q., Wang, X. F., Wang, X. W., Zhang, T., Shi, B. H., et al., 2020, Chitosan-calcium Alginate Dressing Promotes Wound Healing: A Preliminary Study, Wound Repair Regen, 28(3),326–37.

[32] Matson, W. L., McKinstry, H. A., Johnson (Jr), G. G., White, E. W., McMillan, R. E., 1970, Computer Processing of Sem Images by Contour Analyses. Pattern Recognition, 2(4), 303-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(70)90020-8

[33] Abidi, N., 2021, FTIR Microspectroscopy: Selected Emerging Applications, Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

[34] Ray, A., 2016, Effects of Sample Processing Procedures on PBMC Gene Expression (Doctoral dissertation). 

[35] Patil S, Sujatha G, Varadarajan S, Priya VV (2022) A bibliometric analysis of the published literature related to toothbrush as a source of DNA. World J Dent 13:S87–S95

[36] Ganesan A, Muthukrishnan A, Veeraraghavan V (2021) Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose in Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Contemp Clin Dent 12:294–300

[37] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

[38] Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

Abstract:

Claustrophobia is a form of anxiety that is caused due to the fear of closed spaces. The person will be psychologically affected because of it. Claustrophobia can be analyzed with the help of Agoraphobia. Agoraphobia means getting fear of what would happen to them in public places. Claustrophobia will cause severe breathing difficulties as well. The treatment for the claustrophobia was given according to analyzing the patients and by referring to many previous studies. The aim of this study is to know the effects of claustrophobia and its perspective among the students. A survey has been created through Google forms and it has been circulated through social networking and the results obtained through the responses from the survey obtained from the students were put in the form of the pie chart. From the results obtained, we would come to know that 41.5% of students have mentioned that it does not affect their studies and a majority of the students have told that by having good ventilation they could get rid of claustrophobia. We would like to conclude that the majority of the students are aware of claustrophobia and it does not affect your studies.

References:

Abstract:

Background: Diosmin is a natural compound with a wide range of biological activity, e.g., it improves lymphatic drainage, supports microcirculation, and increases venous tone, and venous elasticity, hence, it is applied in the pharmacotherapy of chronic venous disorders (CVD). This work aims to analyze the effect of diosmin on mTOR and Akt-signaling molecules in NDEA-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: Healthy adult rats were split into four groups randomly. Each group consisted of 6 animals. Group I: Control, Group II: NDEA-induced hepatocellular carcinogenic rats, Group III: Cancer-bearing animals treated with diosmin (200 mg) orally for 28 days. Group IV: Control animals treated with diosmin (200 mg) alone for 28 days. Liver function markers (ALP and AST) were measured by biochemical analysis while mTOR and Akt mRNA expression were analyzed by q-PCR analysis. Results:  ALP and AST concentration in the serum and mRNA expression of the transcription factor, mTOR  were found to be upregulated in HCC bearing rats but Akt mRNA expression was reduced. However, a 200 mg dose of diosmin controls the altered levels of liver function markers and signalling molecules. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that diosmin may be one of the pharmacological and therapeutic natural compounds against hepatocellular carcinoma.

References:

Abstract:

Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of several illnesses, and the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway, including SMAD2 and SMAD3, regulates inflammatory responses. Aspalathin, a naturally-occurring compound extracted from several plant sources, has shown potential anti-inflammatory properties. This study uses computational methods to investigate how aspalathin affects SMAD2, SMAD3, and TGF-β in order to understand how it regulates inflammation. We use molecular docking to analyze how aspalathin binds with important components of the TGF-β pathway. Our research reveals promising information about the potential of aspalathin, which shows a strong ability to bind with the inflammatory regulator (SMAD2, SMAD3, and TGF-β). Aspalathin may offer therapeutic benefits for treating inflammatory diseases. Further testing in both controlled laboratory environments (in vitro) and inside live creatures (in vivo) are required to validate the computational findings and prove aspalathin's potential as a viable option for inflammation management.

References:

[1] Johnson, R., Beer, D.D., Dludla, P., Ferreira, D., Muller, C., Joubert, E., McKee, F., Hawkins, B., Swain, T., Geissman, T. and Idris, I., 2018. Aspalathin from rooibos (Aspalathus linearis): a bioactive C-glucosyl dihydrochalcone with potential to target the metabolic syndrome. Planta medica, 84(09/10), pp.568-583. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29388183/#:~:text=Aspalathin%20is%20a%20C%2Dglucosyl,of%20rooibos%2C%20a%20herbal%20tea.

[2] Greten, F.R. and Grivennikov, S.I., 2019. Inflammation and cancer: triggers,    mechanisms, and consequences. Immunity, 51(1), pp.27-41. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6831096/

[3] Dludla, P.V., Muller, C.J., Louw, J., Mazibuko-Mbeje, S.E., Tiano, L., Silvestri, S., Orlando, P., Marcheggiani, F., Cirilli, I., Chellan, N. and Ghoor, S., 2020. The combination effect of aspalathin and phenylpyruvic acid-2-o-β-d-glucoside from rooibos against hyperglycemia-induced cardiac damage: An in vitro study. Nutrients, 12(4), p.1151. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7231041/pdf/nutrients-12-01151.pdf.

[4] Brusini, R., Varna, M. and Couvreur, P., 2020. Advanced nanomedicines for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Advanced drug delivery reviews, 157, pp.161-178. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169409X20300946 .

[5] Harini, M., Devi, G. and Gayathri, R., 2020. Awareness among college students towards covid-19 and its effects on the cardiovascular system-a survey. International Journal of Current Research and Review, pp.S-43.  https://ijcrr.com/uploads/2952_pdf.pdf.

[6] Prasath, R. and Sinduja, P., 2023. Knowledge And Awareness on Various Treatment Modalities of Diabetes Mellitus-A Observational Survey.  Journal for Educators, Teachers and Trainers, 13(6), 190-198,  https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/79933.

[7] Daniel-E-mail, P., Vijayalakshmi–E-mail, T.M. and Krishnan-E-mail, M., 2023. Effect of lupeol on insulin resistance in adipose tissue by modulating the expression of insulin and inflammatory signaling molecules in high-fat diet and sucrose-fed diabetic rats. Bioinformation, 19(4), pp.445-453, https://www.bioinformation.net/019/97320630019445.pdf.

[8] Arora, D., Gayathri, R., Selvaraj, J., Vishnu Priya, V. and Kavitha, S., 2021. Vitamin C and E Down Regulates the Expression of C-JNK, IKKB, NF-kB in Adipose Tissue of PCB-Exposed Rats. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 9(11), pp.39-44, https://www.jrmds.in/articles/vitamin-c-and-e-down-regulates-the-expression-of-cjnk-ikkb-nfkb-in-adipose-tissue-of-pcbexposed-rats.pdf

[9] Monica, K., Rajeshkumar, S., Ramasubramanian, A., Ramani, P. and Sukumaran, G., 2022. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of herbal formulation using karpooravalli, mint, and cinnamon on wound pathogens. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 13(Suppl 2), p.S369-S373, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9926607/.

[10] Prathap, L., Jayaraman, S., Roy, A., Santhakumar, P. and Jeevitha, M., 2021. Molecular docking analysis of stachydrine and sakuranetin with IL-6 and TNF-α in the context of inflammation. Bioinformation, 17(2), p.363-368, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34234397/.

[11] Maleki, S.J., Crespo, J.F. and Cabanillas, B., 2019. Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids. Food chemistry, 299, p.125124. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31288163/.

[12] Yang, Q., Ren, G.L., Wei, B., Jin, J., Huang, X.R., Shao, W., Li, J., Meng, X.M. and Lan, H.Y., 2019. Conditional knockout of TGF-βRII/Smad2 signals protects against acute renal injury by alleviating cell necroptosis, apoptosis and inflammation. Theranostics, 9(26), p.8277-8293, https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6857044/.

[13] Chen, B., Li, R., Hernandez, S.C., Hanna, A., Su, K., Shinde, A.V. and Frangogiannis, N.G., 2022. Differential effects of Smad2 and Smad3 in regulation of macrophage phenotype and function in the infarcted myocardium. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 171, pp.1-15, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35780861/.

[14] Wu, W., Wang, X., Yu, X. and Lan, H.Y., 2022. Smad3 signatures in renal inflammation and fibrosis. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 18(7), p.2795-2806, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9066101/.

[15] Prathap, L. and Jayaraman, S., 2022. Identification of Endogenous Superoxide Dismutase as a Potential Inhibitor for Pi3k/Akt Signaling In Colorectal Cancer-A Molecular Docking Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, pp.1374-1379, https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/1227.

[16] Mathivadani, V., SMILINE GIRIJA, A.S. and Priyadharsini, J.V., 2020. Targeting Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) with Murraya koengii bio-compounds: An in-silico approach. Acta virologica, 64(1), 93–99, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32180423/.

[17] Smiline Girija, A.S., 2020. Delineating the Immuno-Dominant Antigenic Vaccine Peptides Against gacS-Sensor Kinase in Acinetobacter baumannii: An in silico Investigational Approach. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, p.2078, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7506167/.

[18] Kuppusamy, S.P., 2021. Lakshmi. T. Bioactive Compounds from Clove against Oral biofilm drug targets-An insilico Analysis. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci, 8(1), pp.1395-1398, http://dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000276.

[19] Ugwu, D.I., Okoro, U.C., Ukoha, P.O., Gupta, A. and Okafor, S.N., 2018. Novel anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents: synthesis, molecular docking and in vivo studies. Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, 33(1), pp.405-415, https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2018.1426573.

[20] Dayakar, C., Kumar, B.S., Sneha, G., Sagarika, G., Meghana, K., Ramakrishna, S., Prakasham, R.S. and Raju, B.C., 2017. Synthesis, pharmacological activities and molecular docking studies of pyrazolyltriazoles as anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 25(20), pp.5678-5691, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28927905/.

[21] Malhotra, N. and Kang, J., 2013. SMAD regulatory networks construct a balanced immune system. Immunology, 139(1), pp.1-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23347175/.

[22] Liang, B., Zhang, X.X. and Gu, N., 2023. Guanxin V relieves ventricular remodeling by inhibiting inflammation: implication from virtual screening, systematic pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 29(12), pp.1077-1086. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37528325/.

[23] Zou, X.Z., Zhang, Y.W., Pan, Z.F., Hu, X.P., Xu, Y.N., Huang, Z.J., Sun, Z.Y., Yuan, M.N., Shi, J.N., Huang, P. and Liu, T., 2022. Gentiopicroside alleviates cardiac inflammation and fibrosis in T2DM rats through targeting Smad3 phosphorylation. Phytomedicine, 106, p.154389, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36037771/.

[24] Chen, X., Liu, Q., Yang, J., Kan, M., Jin, R., Pu, T., Yang, Y., Xing, T., Meng, X. and Zang, H., 2021. Eleutheroside B‐loaded poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles protect against renal fibrosis via Smad3‐dependent mechanism. Phytotherapy Research, 35(11), pp.6401-6416, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34585457/.

[25] Anjum, I., Mobashar, A., Jahan, S., Najm, S., Nafidi, H.A., Bin Jardan, Y.A. and Bourhia, M., 2023. Spasmolytic and Uroprotective Effects of Apigenin by Downregulation of TGF-β and iNOS Pathways and Upregulation of Antioxidant Mechanisms: In Vitro and In Silico Analysis. Pharmaceuticals, 16(6), p.811. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/16/6/811.

[26] Rai, A., Qazi, S. and Raza, K., 2020. In silico analysis and comparative molecular docking study of FDA approved drugs with transforming growth factor beta receptors in oral submucous fibrosis. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, pp.1-11, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36452628/. 

[27] Poleboyina, P.K., Naik, U., Pasha, A., Ravinder, D., Bhanothu, S., Poleboyina, S.M., Amineni, U. and Pawar, S.C., 2023. Virtual screening, molecular docking, and dynamic simulations revealed TGF-β1 potential inhibitors to curtail cervical cancer progression. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 196 (3), pp.1-34, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37392324/.

[28] Wang, Z., Sun, P., Zhao, T., Cao, J., Liu, Y., Khan, A., Zhou, W. and Cheng, G., 2023. E Se tea extract ameliorates CCl4 induced liver fibrosis via regulating Nrf2/NF-κB/TGF-β1/Smad pathway. Phytomedicine, 115, p.154854, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37156058 / .

[29] Renu, K., Pureti, L.P., Vellingiri, B. and Valsala Gopalakrishnan, A., 2022. Toxic effects and molecular mechanism of doxorubicin on different organs–an update. Toxin Reviews, 41(2), pp.650-674. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15569543.2021.1912099.

[30] Gu, Y.Y., Liu, X.S., Huang, X.R., Yu, X.Q. and Lan, H.Y., 2020. Diverse role of TGF-β in kidney disease. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 8, p.123, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32258028/#:~:text=Inflammation%20and%20fibrosis%20are%20two,that%20negatively%20regulates%20renal%20inflammation.

[31] Gao, M., Zheng, J., Zheng, C., Huang, Z. and Huang, Q., 2020. Theacrine alleviates chronic inflammation by enhancing TGF-β-mediated shifts via TGF-β/SMAD pathway in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant-induced rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 522(3), pp.743-748. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31791581/.

[32] Ealla KKR, Veeraraghavan VP, Ravula NR, Durga CS, Ramani P, Sahu V, Poola PK, Patil S, Panta P (2022) Silk Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 23:467–477

[33] Patil S, Sujatha G, Varadarajan S, Priya VV (2022) A bibliometric analysis of the published literature related to toothbrush as a source of DNA. World J Dent 13:S87–S95

[34] Ganesan A, Muthukrishnan A, Veeraraghavan V (2021) Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose in Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Contemp Clin Dent 12:294–300

[35] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

Abstract:

EGCG is the main catechin present in green tea. Fatty acids can be categorized as saturated or unsaturated depending on the hydrocarbon chain and terminal carboxyl group they contain, typically with an even number of carbons. EGCG has attracted considerable interest because of its several health benefits, such as its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer characteristics. Yet, the precise molecular targets and mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Exploring the potential interaction of EGCG with fatty acids and carnitine transporters, which play a vital role in lipid metabolism and energy production, could provide insights into its physiological effects. Analysis of molecular docking between EGCG and fatty acid and carnitine transporters, and their interactions. A contact and binding occur between the fatty acid transporters (FABP) and VLCAD and CPTII. EGCG was subjected to molecular docking simulations with active sites of transporter families such as FABP, CPT2, and VLCAD. The docking analysis showed that EGCG has favourable binding interactions with the target transporters, involving important hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. EGCG showed a strong ability to bind to the active sites of FABP and CPT2, indicating its potential to influence their functions.

References:

[1] Nagle, D.G., Ferreira, D. and Zhou, Y.D., 2006. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): chemical and biomedical perspectives. Phytochemistry, 67(17), pp.1849-1855.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16876833/.

[2] Mokra, D., Joskova, M. and Mokry, J., 2022. Therapeutic effects of green tea polyphenol (‒)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) in relation to molecular pathways controlling inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(1), p.340.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/1/340.

[3] Mokra, D., Adamcakova, J. and Mokry, J., 2022. Green tea polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (egcg): a time for a new player in the treatment of respiratory diseases?. Antioxidants, 11(8), p.1566.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/8/1566.

[4] Bartlett, K. and Eaton, S., 2004. Mitochondrial β‐oxidation. European Journal of Biochemistry, 271(3), pp.462-469.https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03947.x

[5] Akar, H.T., Yıldız, Y., Mutluay, R., Tekin, E. and Tokatlı, A., 2023. Adult-onset carnitine palmitoyl transferase II (CPT II) deficiency presenting with rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. CEN Case Reports, pp.1-5. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13730-023-00804-8.

[6] Palaniappan, C.S., Mohanraj, K.G. and Mathew, M.G., 2021. Knowledge And Awareness On The Association Between Physical Inactivity, Junk Food Consumption And Obesity Among Adolescent Population-A Survey Based Analysis. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci, 8(03), pp.1946-1951.https://paper.researchbib.com/view/paper/336893

[7] Daniel-E-mail, P., Vijayalakshmi–E-mail, T.M. and Krishnan-E-mail, M., 2023. Effect of lupeol on insulin resistance in adipose tissue by modulating the expression of insulin and inflammatory signaling molecules in high-fat diet and sucrose-fed diabetic rats. Bioinformation, 19(4), pp.445-453,https://www.bioinformation.net/019/97320630019445.pdf.

[8] Arora, D., Gayathri, R., Selvaraj, J., Vishnu Priya, V. and Kavitha, S., 2021. Vitamin C and E Down Regulates the Expression of C-JNK, IKKB, NF-kB in Adipose Tissue of PCB-Exposed Rats. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 9(11), pp.39-44, https://www.jrmds.in/articles/vitamin-c-and-e-down-regulates-the-expression-of-cjnk-ikkb-nfkb-in-adipose-tissue-of-pcbexposed-rats.pdf

[9] El-Ryalat, S.W., Irshaid, Y.M., Abujbara, M., El-Khateeb, M. and Ajlouni, K.M., 2023. Adipocyte “Fatty Acid Binding Protein” Gene Polymorphisms (and) in Jordanians with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics, 25(2), pp.63-70.https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37265971.

[10] Prasath, R. and Sinduja, P., 2023. Knowledge And Awareness on Various Treatment Modalities of Diabetes Mellitus-A Observational Survey.  Journal for Educators, Teachers and Trainers, 13(6), 190-198,  https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/79933.

[11] Menon, G.R. and Sankari Malaiappan, K.K., 2021. Association Between Right Upper Molar Involvement And Diabetes Mellitus In Subjects With Chronic Periodon-titis. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci, 8(6), pp.2879-2884. https://paper.researchbib.com/view/paper/337088.

[12] Shah, P.M. and Chaudhary, M., 2020. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among dental patients undergoing extractions-An institutional study. Journal of Complementary Medicine Research, 11(3), pp.278-278.https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Prevalence-of-diabetes-mellitus-among-dental-An-Shah-S./5a09ddcc56aecb40ba7ff3de3557f440189bf9f1

[13] Wan, C., Ouyang, J., Li, M., Rengasamy, K.R. and Liu, Z., 2022. Effects of green tea polyphenol extract and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications: Recent advances. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, pp.1-29.https://www.maxapress.com/article/doi/10.48130/BPR-2023-0032.

[14] Mathivadani, V., SMILINE GIRIJA, A.S. and Priyadharsini, J.V., 2020. Targeting Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) with Murrayakoengii bio-compounds: An in-silico approach. Acta virologica, 64(1), 93–99,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32180423/.

[15] McNutt, A.T., Francoeur, P., Aggarwal, R., Masuda, T., Meli, R., Ragoza, M., Sunseri, J. and Koes, D.R., 2021. GNINA 1.0: molecular docking with deep learning. Journal of cheminformatics, 13(1), pp.1-20.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34108002/.

[16] Smiline Girija, A.S., 2020. Delineating the Immuno-Dominant Antigenic Vaccine Peptides Against gacS-Sensor Kinase in Acinetobacter baumannii: An in silico Investigational Approach. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, p.2078, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7506167/.

[17] Kuppusamy, S.P., 2021. Lakshmi. T. Bioactive Compounds from Clove against Oral biofilm drug targets-An insilico Analysis. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci, 8(1), pp.1395-1398, http://dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000276.

[18] Prathap, L. and Jayaraman, S., 2022. Identification of Endogenous Superoxide Dismutase as a Potential Inhibitor for Pi3k/Akt Signaling In Colorectal Cancer-A Molecular Docking Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, pp.1374-1379,https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/view/1227.

[19] Padhi, S., Nayak, A.K. and Behera, A., 2020. Type II diabetes mellitus: a review on recent drug based therapeutics. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 131, p.110708.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32927252/.

[20] Lee, J., Hyon, J.Y., Min, J.Y., Huh, Y.H., Kim, H.J., Lee, H., Yun, S.H., Choi, C.W., Ha, S.J., Park, J. and Chung, Y.H., 2020. Mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 is involved in Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine-mediated diabetic nephropathy. Pharmacological research, 152, p.104600.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10080702/.

[21] Xiang, J., Raka, R.N., Zhang, L., Xiao, J., Wu, H. and Ding, Z., 2022. Inhibition of three diabetes-related enzymes by procyanidins from Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seedpods. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 77(3), pp.390-398.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35781857/.

[22] Ganesan A, Muthukrishnan A, Veeraraghavan V (2021) Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose in Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Contemp Clin Dent 12:294–300

[23] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

[24] Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

Abstract:

Metabolic inflammation is an essential event in obesity-induced diabetes and insulin resistance. An extract of the active phenolic component of black pepper (Piper nigrum), piperine, is well known to provide beneficial physiological effects. This study aims to assess the regulation of inflammatory signalling molecules in adipose tissue by Piperine using a high diet and sucrose-induced type II diabetic experimental model. Our results suggest that piperine has the potential as a therapeutic drug or dietary supplement.

References:

Abstract:

In this study we have used a computational method to investigate how caffeic acid affects important regulators in lipid metabolism, such as the DGAT, GPAT, and PAP genes. Studying how natural substances interact with important regulatory genes is key to understanding lipid metabolism, especially in the setting of metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. We used molecular docking to find out how strongly caffeic acid binds to lipogenic regulators and how these regulators interact with each other. The findings indicate that caffeic acid can directly affect DGAT, GPAT, and PAP. We used predictive models to assess how caffeic acid-binding may influence enzyme activity, gene expression, and signalling pathways related to lipid metabolism. Our computer results give us important information about how caffeic acid might affect lipid metabolism (DGAT, GPAT, and PAP), but it is very important to stress that these interactions and their importance in the body need to be confirmed in experiments. In conclusion, because cellular and metabolic processes are so complicated, it is important to do both in vitro and in vivo studies to fully understand how caffeic acid affects lipid balance and how it might be used to treat metabolic diseases. This study establishes the foundation for the next research, highlighting the capacity of natural chemicals to impact crucial regulators of lipid metabolism.

References:

Abstract:

The development of insulin resistance and diabetes in obese people is caused by metabolic inflammation. In adipose tissues in the abdomen, macrophages infiltrate and cause insulin resistance. As a result of the macrophages adopting an M1 polarization, pro-inflammatory cytokines are released. Piperine, known for its potent anti-inflammatory properties, is being studied as a potential treatment for inflammatory diseases. Our findings suggest that piperine, an immunomodulator, can effectively treat obesity-related diabetes.

References:

[1] Matafome P, Seiça R (2017) Function and Dysfunction of Adipose Tissue. Obesity and Brain Function 3–31.

[2] Gray SL, Vidal-Puig AJ (2007) Adipose Tissue Expandability in the Maintenance of Metabolic Homeostasis. Nutr Rev 65:S7–S12.

[3] Roy PK, Islam J, Lalhlenmawia H (2023) Prospects of potential adipokines as therapeutic agents in obesity-linked atherogenic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Egypt Heart J 75:24.

[4] Suwana J, Mahidon M, Mahāwitthayālai Mahidon. Faculty of Science (2005) Effects of Piperine on Wistar Rats.

[5] BrahmaNaidu P, Nemani H, Meriga B, Mehar SK, Potana S, Ramgopalrao S (2014) Mitigating efficacy of piperine in the physiological derangements of high fat diet induced obesity in Sprague Dawley rats. Chem Biol Interact 221:42–51.

[6] Vm AE (2019) Epidemics and Pandemics in India throughout History: A Review Article. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development.

[7] Sivakumar N, Geetha RV, Priya V (2021) Gayathri R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Targeted Phytotherapy For Reactive Oxygen Species Linked Oral Cancer. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:1425–1429.

[8] Nasim I, Rajesh Kumar S, Vishnupriya V, Jabin Z (2020) Cytotoxicity and anti-microbial analysis of silver and graphene oxide bio nanoparticles. Bioinformation 16:831.

[9] Tripathi AK, Ray AK, Mishra SK (2022) Molecular and pharmacological aspects of piperine as a potential molecule for disease prevention and management: evidence from clinical trials. Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 11:16.

[10] Sama V, Nadipelli M, Yenumula P, Bommineni MR, Mullangi R (2012) Effect of piperine on antihyperglycemic activity and pharmacokinetic profile of nateglinide. Arzneimittelforschung 62:384–388.

[11] Pingale PL (2022) Drug Delivery Technology: Herbal Bioenhancers in Pharmaceuticals. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.

[12] Vishaka S, Sridevi G, Selvaraj J (2022) An in vitro analysis on the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of Kaempferia galanga rhizome using different solvent systems. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 13:S505.

[13] Padmapriya A, Preetha S, Selvaraj J, Sridevi G (2022) Effect of Carica papaya seed extract on IL-6 and TNF-α in human lung cancer cell lines-an In vitro study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 15:5478–5482.

[14] Pratheebha C, Devi RG, Priya AJ EFFECT OF PEPPERMINT AND ROSEMARY OIL ON CONSTIPATION. Plant Cell Biotechnol. Mol. Biol.

[15] Knowledge about the effects of medicinal plants against COVID-19 among dental students-A questionnaire study.

[16] Lakshmi T Medicinal value and oral health aspects of acacia catechu-an update. Int. J. Dent. Oral Sci.

[17] Liu C, Yuan Y, Zhou J, Hu R, Ji L, Jiang G (2020) Piperine ameliorates insulin resistance via inhibiting metabolic inflammation in monosodium glutamate-treated obese mice. BMC Endocr Disord 20:152.

[18] Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang W, Che H, Zhang Y (2022) Piperine attenuates hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obesity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Nutr Res 108:9–21.

[19] Woo H-M, Kang J-H, Kawada T, Yoo H, Sung M-K, Yu R (2007) Active spice-derived components can inhibit inflammatory responses of adipose tissue in obesity by suppressing inflammatory actions of macrophages and release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 from adipocytes. Life Sci 80:926–931.

[20] Dinda B (2022) Natural Products in Obesity and Diabetes: Therapeutic Potential and Role in Prevention and Treatment. Springer Nature.

[21] Koodathil J, Venkatachalam G, Bhaskaran K (2023) and antidiabetic activity of bitter honey in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic Wistar rats. J Med Life 16:91–100.

[22] Abijeth B, Ezhilarasan D (2020) Syringic acid induces apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells through mitochondrial pathway. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 24:40–45.

[23] Heidari H, Bagherniya M, Majeed M, Sathyapalan T, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A (2023) Curcumin-piperine co-supplementation and human health: A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies. Phytother Res. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7737.

[24] Kumar Seetharaman P, Ramalingam P, Chandrika M, Rajan R, Chelliah J, Bo L (2023) Antidiabetic potential of Gymnemic acid mediated gold nanoparticles (Gym@AuNPs) on Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats-An implication on in vivo approach. Int J Pharm 636:122843.

[25] Muller CJF, de Beer D, Joubert E, Louw J, Gabuza K, Fey SJ (2011) Assessment of the Antidiabetic Potential of an Aqueous Extract of Honeybush (Cyclopia Intermedia) in Streptozotocin and Obese Insulin Resistant Wistar Rats.

[26] Kishore SOG, Priya AJ, Narayanan L Controlling of oral pathogens using turmeric and tulsi herbal formulation mediated copper nanoparticles. Plant Cell Biotechnol. Mol. Biol.

[27] Bhupatiraju L, Bethala K, Wen Goh K, et al (2023) Influence of extract on diabetes induced rat brain aging. J Med Life 16:307–316.

[28] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

[29] Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

[30]   Ganapathy D, (2021) Awareness of hazards caused by long-term usage of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Int J Dent Oral Sci 2976–2980 

Abstract:

Phytochemicals are secondary metabolites which act as antioxidants and possess various protective role.Alpha Amylase and Alpha Glucosidase enzymes catalyse hydrolysis of starch to simple sugars. Abelmoschus esculentus is a flowering plant of the Malvaceae family and is valued for its green seed pods. It naturally possesses anti-diabetic property, acts as a starch blocker as it prevents the absorption of starch in the body. Abelmoschus esculentus was cut vertically to open and added to 50ml of water. Soaked overnight and the aqueous extract was decanted and used for the phytochemical screening test followed by the evaluation of antioxidant and antidiabetic potential. The data were analysed statistically by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. Overnight soaked extract of Abelmoschus esculentus exhibited a significant antioxidant potential (IC50=280 µg/ml) and compared with standard vitamin C. Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory potential of Abelmoschus esculentus was analysed (IC50=380µg/ml and 320µg/ml respectively) and compared with standard acarbose. Though Abelmoschus esculentus is a common vegetable, its efficiency increases when soaking overnight.

References:

[1] Anjani PP, Damayanthi E, Rimbawan, Handharyani E (2018) Antidiabetic potential of purple okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 196:012038

[2] Ibrahim MA, Koorbanally NA, Islam MS (2014) Antioxidative Activity and Inhibition of Key Enzymes Linked to Type-2 Diabetes (α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase) by Khaya Senegalensis. Acta Pharmaceutica 64:311–324.

[3] Assefa ST, Yang E-Y, Chae S-Y, Song M, Lee J, Cho M-C, Jang S (2019) Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Plants with Focus on Common Vegetables. Plants 9:2.

[4] Kazeem MI, Adamson JO, Ogunwande IA (2013) Modes of Inhibition ofα-Amylase andα-Glucosidase by Aqueous Extract of Morinda lucida Benth Leaf. BioMed Research International 2013:1–6.

[5] Ogundajo A, Kazeem M, Owoyele O, Ogunmoye A, Ogunwande I (2016) Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase by Acanthus montanus Leaf Extracts. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 9:1–8.

[6] Mahindrakar KV, Rathod VK (2020) Antidiabetic potential evaluation of aqueous extract of waste Syzygium cumini seed kernel’s by in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition. Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 1–10.

[7] Oboh G (2013) Inhibition of -amylase and -glucosidase activities by ethanolic extract of Amaranthus cruentus leaf as affected by blanching. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 7:1026–1032.

[8] Chipiti T, Ibrahim MA, Singh M, Islam MS (2015) In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects and cytotoxic activity of Albizia antunesiana extracts. Pharmacogn Mag 11:S231–6.

[9] Wu F, Zhu J, Li G, Wang J, Veeraraghavan VP, Krishna Mohan S, Zhang Q (2019) Biologically synthesized green gold nanoparticles from Siberian ginseng induce growth-inhibitory effect on melanoma cells (B16). Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 47:3297–3305.

[10] Chen F, Tang Y, Sun Y, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Cui C (2019) 6-shogaol, a active constiuents of ginger prevents UVB radiation mediated inflammation and oxidative stress through modulating NrF2 signaling in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). J Photochem Photobiol B 197:111518.

[11] Li Z, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, et al (2020) Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 203:111773.

[12] Babu S, Jayaraman S (2020) An update on β-sitosterol: A potential herbal nutraceutical for diabetic management. Biomed Pharmacother 131:110702.

[13] Malaikolundhan H, Mookkan G, Krishnamoorthi G, Matheswaran N, Alsawalha M, Veeraraghavan VP, Krishna Mohan S, Di A (2020) Anticarcinogenic effect of gold nanoparticles synthesized from Albizia lebbeck on HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 48:1206–1213.

[14] Han X, Jiang X, Guo L, Wang Y, Veeraraghavan VP, Krishna Mohan S, Wang Z, Cao D (2019) Anticarcinogenic potential of gold nanoparticles synthesized from Trichosanthes kirilowii in colon cancer cells through the induction of apoptotic pathway. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 47:3577–3584.

[15] Gothai S, Muniandy K, Gnanaraj C, et al (2018) Pharmacological insights into antioxidants against colorectal cancer: A detailed review of the possible mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 107:1514–1522.

[16] Hassan A, Akmal Z, Khan N (2020) The Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidants Potential of Schoenoplectus triqueter L. Palla. Journal of Chemistry 2020:1–8.

[17] Nishi Y, Hatano S, Aihara K, Kihara M (1989) [Significance of copper analysis in clinical tests]. Nihon Rinsho 48 Suppl:771–774.

[18] Ademiluyi AO, Oboh G, Agbebi OJ, Akinyemi AJ (2013) Anthocyanin - Rich Red Dye of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Calyx Modulates Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Rats. Int J Biomed Sci 9:243–248.

[19] Jepkorir M, Ambundo T, Ngule C, Ndungu J, Njuguna D, Mbugua R, Chepngetich J, Mwitari P (2018) Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Antiproliferative Activity of the Fruit of Annona muricata and Abelmoschus esculentus Pods against Selected Cancer Cell Lines. Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research 5:1–11.

[20] Khan TA, Fariduddin Q, Yusuf M, Ahmad A (2015) Low-Temperature Triggered Varied Antioxidant Responses in Tomato. International Journal of Vegetable Science 21:329–343.

[21] Rashmi P, Scholar PD, P. G. Dept. of Dravyaguna Vigyan, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur (2017) Anti diabetic potential of some selected traditionally used Medicinal Plants in Western Ghats of India w.s.r to Prameha. International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijahm/v7i4.05

[22] Ponnulakshmi R, Shyamaladevi B, Vijayalakshmi P, Selvaraj J (2019) In silico and in vivo analysis to identify the antidiabetic activity of beta sitosterol in adipose tissue of high fat diet and sucrose induced type-2 diabetic experimental rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 29:276–290.

[23] Indumathi D, Jayashree S, Selvaraj J, Sathish S, Mayilvanan C, Akilavalli N, Balasubramanian K (2013) Effect of bisphenol-A on insulin signal transduction and glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle of adult male albino rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 32:960–971.

[24] Rajesh P, Sathish S, Srinivasan C, Selvaraj J, Balasubramanian K (2013) Phthalate is associated with insulin resistance in adipose tissue of male rat: role of antioxidant vitamins. J Cell Biochem 114:558–569.

[25] Srinivasan C, Khan AI, Balaji V, Selvaraj J, Balasubramanian K (2011) Diethyl hexyl phthalate-induced changes in insulin signaling molecules and the protective role of antioxidant vitamins in gastrocnemius muscle of adult male rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 257:155–164.

[26] Williams AA, Selvaraj J, Srinivasan C, Sathish S, Rajesh P, Balaji V, Arunakaran J, Balasubramanian K (2013) Protective role of lycopene against Aroclor 1254-induced changes on GLUT4 in the skeletal muscles of adult male rat. Drug Chem Toxicol 36:320–328.

[27] Satyanarayana K, Sravanthi K, Shaker IA, Ponnulakshmi R, Selvaraj J (2015) Role of chrysin on expression of insulin signaling molecules. J Ayurveda Integr Med 6:248–258.

[28] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

[29] Ganapathy D, (2021) Awareness of hazards caused by long-term usage of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Int J Dent Oral Sci 2976–2980

Abstract:

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are manmade chemicals which are highly reactive and cause disorders such as diabetes, and cancer and conditions such as breathing difficulties etc., It is endocrine receptors and environmental pollutants. IL1-β and TNF-α are pro-inflammatory markers. Vitamin C and E are antioxidants that have therapeutic effects on PCB. They also protect the body from free radicals, pollutants and toxins. They also help in the defence system and protect the body against cancer, arthritis, etc. The harmful effects and the changes induced by PCBs on pro-inflammatory markers and the therapeutic role of vitamin C and E on PCB were studied using Adult male albino rats. Adipose tissues from control and treated animals were dissected out and used for the assessment of pro-inflammatory markers. The IL1-β and TNF-α mRNA expression levels were measured using the RT-PCR method. The data were analyzed statistically. The results showed that the IL1-β and TNF-α mRNA expression levels of PCB-induced rats were significantly increased (p<0.05). Treatment with Vitamin C and E could effectively reduce the expression of the pro-inflammatory signalling molecules in adipose tissue.

References:

Abstract:

Illicium verum is a dark-coloured spice found in tropical areas of Asia. It is known for its medicinal value, flavoring properties and cosmetic properties. It helps in dispelling cold and relieving pain. Gout is a form of arthritis that is characterized by severe pain, redness and tenderness of joints. This is due to accumulation of uric acid crystal. Anti-gout activity of the herbal extract can be analyzed by its xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential.

References:

[1] Wang G-W, Hu W-T, Huang B-K, Qin L-P (2011) Illicium verum: a review on its botany, traditional use, chemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 136:10–20.

[2] Dzamic A, Sokovic M, Ristic MS, Grijic-Jovanovic S, Vukojevic J, Marin PD (2009) Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Illicium verum and Eugenia caryophyllata essential oils. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 45:259–261.

[3] Yang J-F, Yang C-H, Chang H-W, Yang C-S, Wang S-M, Hsieh M-C, Chuang L-Y (2010) Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of Illicium verum against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. J Med Food 13:1254–1262.

[4] Benmalek Y, Yahia OA, Belkebir A, Fardeau M-L (2013) Anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activities of Illicium verum, Crataegus oxyacantha ssp monogyna and Allium cepa red and white varieties. Bioengineered 4:244–248.

[5] Roddy E, Doherty M (2010) Epidemiology of gout. Arthritis Res Ther 12:223.

[6] Bennett LM (1859) GOUT AND ITS CAUSES. The Lancet 74:599.

[7] Tausche A-K, Jansen TL, Schröder H-E, Bornstein SR, Aringer M, Müller-Ladner U (2009) Gout--current diagnosis and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int 106:549–555.

[8] Wu F, Zhu J, Li G, Wang J, Veeraraghavan VP, Krishna Mohan S, Zhang Q (2019) Biologically synthesized green gold nanoparticles from Siberian ginseng induce growth-inhibitory effect on melanoma cells (B16). Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 47:3297–3305.

[9] Rødevand E, Sletvold O, Kvande KT (2004) [Side effects off allopurinol]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 124:2618–2619.

[10] Yasuda T, Yoshida T, Goda AE, Horinaka M, Yano K, Shiraishi T, Wakada M, Mizutani Y, Miki T, Sakai T (2008) Anti-Gout Agent Allopurinol Exerts Cytotoxicity to Human Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer Cells in Combination with Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand. Molecular Cancer Research 6:1852–1860.

[11] Ganesan A, Muthukrishnan A, Veeraraghavan V (2021) Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose in Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Contemp Clin Dent 12:294–300

[12] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

[13] Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

[14] Umamaheswari M, AsokKumar K, Somasundaram A, Sivashanmugam T, Subhadradevi V, Ravi TK (2007) Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of some Indian medical plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 109:547–551.

[15] Ganapathy D, (2021) Awareness of hazards caused by long-term usage of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Int J Dent Oral Sci 2976–2980

[16] Hussaini J, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Mara UT, Buloh 47000 Sg, Selangor, Malaysia, Maziz MN (2012) Antiulcer and Antibacterial Evaluations of Illicium Verum Ethanolic Fruits Extract (Ivefe). International Journal of Scientific Research 2:410–412.

[17] Wang Y, Liu T, Li M-F, Yang Y-S, Li R, Tan J, Tang S-H, Jiang Z-T (2019) Composition, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of polyphenols in the leaves of star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.). ScienceAsia 45:532.

[18] Yang C-H (2012) Investigation of the antioxidant activity of Illicium verum extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr11.983

[19] Umamaheswari M, Asokkumar K, Sivashanmugam AT, Remyaraju A, Subhadradevi V, Ravi TK (2009) In vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the fractions of Erythrina stricta Roxb. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 124:646–648.

[20] Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Theoduloz C, Franco L, B EF, De Arias AR (1987) Preliminary pharmacological studies on Eugenia uniflora leaves: Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21:183–186. 

Abstract:

Myristica fragrans is commonly named as nutmeg or mace. It is native to Moluccas of Indonesia. It is used in folk medicine. Phytochemicals present in the plant are responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant. Antioxidants neutralise the free radicals that are produced in our body due to various biochemical reactions .Gout is a clinical condition caused due to accumulation of Uric acid crystals in one or more joints leading to inflammation. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential of the extract helps in preventing excess production of uric acid. The extract was found to be rich in phytochemicals such as saponin, alkaloid, terpenoids and flavonoids. The IC50 for the antioxidant potential of the extract was 280µg/ml and the IC 50 for the xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential of the extract was 320 µg/ml.

References:

[1] Jaiswal A (2018) Traditional Health Care and Traditional Medicine in India. Archaeology & Anthropology: Open Access. https://doi.org/10.31031/aaoa.2018.02.000537

[2] Kayne SB (2010) Traditional Medicine: A Global Perspective.

[3] Ross IA (2001) Myristica fragrans. Medicinal Plants of the World 333–352.

[4] Singh DK, Jaiswal P, Kumar P, Singh VK (2009) Biological Effects of Myristica fragrans. Annual Review of Biomedical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5016/1806-8774.2009v11p21

[5] Gupta E (2020) Elucidating the Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg). Ethnopharmacological Investigation of Indian Spices 52–61.

[6] J S, Sethi J (2018) Myristica Fragrans (MF): Potential Role as an Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agent. Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine. https://doi.org/10.23880/jonam-16000120

[7] Liu S, Gao J, He L, Zhao Z, Wang G, Zou J, Zhou L, Wan X, Tang S, Tang C (2021) Myristica fragrans promotes ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux in THP-1-derived macrophages. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 53:63–71.

[8] Erowid Nutmeg Vault : Myristica fragrans: An Exploration of the Narcotic Spice. https://erowid.org/plants/nutmeg/nutmeg_article1.shtml. Accessed 9 Jun 2021.

[9] Chatterjee S, Niaz Z, Gautam S, Adhikari S, Variyar PS, Sharma A (2007) Antioxidant activity of some phenolic constituents from green pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and fresh nutmeg mace (Myristica fragrans). Food Chemistry 101:515–523.

[10] Thakur M, Paul A, Chawla S (2014) Qualitative phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in methanolic extracts of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Mace). Food Science Research Journal 5:135–138.

[11] Ealla KKR, Veeraraghavan VP, Ravula NR, Durga CS, Ramani P, Sahu V, Poola PK, Patil S, Panta P (2022) Silk Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 23:467–477

[12] Patil S, Sujatha G, Varadarajan S, Priya VV (2022) A bibliometric analysis of the published literature related to toothbrush as a source of DNA. World J Dent 13:S87–S95

[13] Caputi L, Aprea E (2011) Use of terpenoids as natural flavouring compounds in food industry. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 3:9–16.

[14] Kapoor B, Kaur G, Gupta M, Gupta R (2017) Indian Medicinal Plants Useful In Treatment of Gout: A Review For Current Status And Future Prospective. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10:407.

[15] Yasuda T, Yoshida T, Goda AE, Horinaka M, Yano K, Shiraishi T, Wakada M, Mizutani Y, Miki T, Sakai T (2008) Anti-gout agent allopurinol exerts cytotoxicity to human hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells in combination with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Mol Cancer Res 6:1852–1860.

[16] Wu F, Zhu J, Li G, Wang J, Veeraraghavan VP, Krishna Mohan S, Zhang Q (2019) Biologically synthesized green gold nanoparticles from Siberian ginseng induce growth-inhibitory effect on melanoma cells (B16). Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 47:3297–3305.

[17] Chen F, Tang Y, Sun Y, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Cui C (2019) 6-shogaol, a active constiuents of ginger prevents UVB radiation mediated inflammation and oxidative stress through modulating NrF2 signaling in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). J Photochem Photobiol B 197:111518.

[18] Ganapathy D, (2021) Awareness of hazards caused by long-term usage of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Int J Dent Oral Sci 2976–2980

[19] Yoshida T, Mori K, Hatano T, Okumura T, Uehara I, Komagoe K, Fujita Y, Okuda T (1989) Studies on inhibition mechanism of autoxidation by tannins and flavonoids. V. Radical-scavenging effects of tannins and related polyphenols on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37:1919–1921.

[20] Ginting B, Maira R, . M, Helwati H, Desiyana LS, Mujahid R (2018) Isolation Of Essensial Oil of Nutmeg (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) and Antioxidant Activity Test With Dpph. Jurnal Natural 18:11–17.

[21] Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

[22] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967. 

Abstract:

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Type 2 diabetics are insulin resistant. Insulin acts on AKT signaling molecules which then act on GLUT 4 which increases glucose uptake and glucose in the case of diabetic patients this pathway is absent to indicate that the pathway piperine is used. This study aims to evaluate the effect of piperine on Ir/ IRS-1/AKT signalling molecules in high-fat diet and sucrose-fed type 2 diabetic rats. Healthy adult male albino rats of Wister strain weighing 180 to 200 g were used for the evaluation of the effect of piperine. Fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels are decreased with piperine administration. From this study, it is proved that piperine activates the insulin signaling pathway thus proving the potential anti-diabetic role.

References:

[1] Qaid MM, Abdelrahman MM (2016) Role of insulin and other related hormones in energy metabolism—A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture 2:1267691

[2] Himsworth H, Kerr R (1939) Insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types of diabetes mellitus. Clin Sci 4:119–152

[3] Rauscher FM, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd (2000) Effects of piperine on antioxidant pathways in tissues from normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 14:329–334

[4] Sun X, Veeraraghavan VP, Surapaneni KM, Hussain S, Mathanmohun M, Alharbi SA, Aladresi AAM, Chinnathambi A (2021) Eugenol-piperine loaded polyhydroxy butyrate/polyethylene glycol nanocomposite-induced apoptosis and cell death in nasopharyngeal cancer (C666-1) cells through the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 35:e22700

[5] Prasad M, Jayaraman S, Natarajan SR, Veeraraghavan VP, Krishnamoorthy R, Gatasheh MK, Palanisamy CP, Elrobh M (2023) Piperine modulates IR/Akt/GLUT4 pathways to mitigate insulin resistance: Evidence from animal and computational studies. Int J Biol Macromol 253:127242

[6] Mitra S, Anand U, Jha NK, Shekhawat MS, Saha SC, Nongdam P, Rengasamy KRR, Proćków J, Dey A (2022) Anticancer Applications and Pharmacological Properties of Piperidine and Piperine: A Comprehensive Review on Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Front Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.772418

[7] Yang W, Chen Y-H, Liu H, Qu H-D (2015) Neuroprotective effects of piperine on the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson’s disease mouse model. Int J Mol Med 36:1369–1376

[8] Jayachandran P, Gayathri R, Jayaraman S, Vishnu Priya V, Kavitha S (2023) Antioxidative Stress Potential of Piperine in the Gastrocnemius Muscle of High Fat Diet and Sucrose Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats. HIV AIDS 23:81–89

[9] Karthika, J., Rajeev, Chandran, K. (2019). Morphological Comparison of the Changes in the Gingiva of Albino Wistar Rats on Administering Tacrolimus and Sirolimus Separately: An Experimental Study. The journal of contemporary dental practice, doi: 10.5005/JP-JOURNALS-10024-2532.

[10] Histomorphometric effects of energy drink consumption on pancreatic tissue of albino wistar rats. The professional medical journal, (2023). doi: 10.29309/tpmj/2023.30.06.7399

[11] Deenadayalan A, Subramanian V, Paramasivan V, Veeraraghavan VP, Rengasamy G, Coiambatore Sadagopan J, Rajagopal P, Jayaraman S (2021) Stevioside Attenuates Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle by Facilitating IR/IRS-1/Akt/GLUT 4 Signaling Pathways: An In Vivo and In Silico Approach. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247689

[12] Deshpande KC, Kulkarni MM, Rajput DV (2018) Evaluation of glutathione peroxidase in the blood and tumor tissue of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 22:447

[13] Ravikumar D, R M, Ningthoujam S, Robindro W, R G, Priya V V (2018) Genotypic characterization of Streptococcus mutans in child-mother pair-A PCR based study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 8:225–230

[14] Daniel P (2023) Effect of lupeol on insulin resistance in adipose tissue by modulating the expression of insulin and inflammatory signaling molecules in high-fat diet and sucrose-fed diabetic rats. Bioinformation. https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630019445

[15] Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang W, Che H, Zhang Y (2022) Piperine attenuates hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obesity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Nutr Res 108:9–21

[16] Jiang S, Ma F, Lou J, Li J, Shang X, Li Y, Wu J, Xu S (2024) Naringenin reduces oxidative stress and necroptosis, apoptosis, and pyroptosis in random-pattern skin flaps by enhancing autophagy. Eur J Pharmacol 176455

[17] Longevity OMAC (2023) Retracted: Activation of PTEN/P13K/AKT Signaling Pathway by miRNA-124-3p-Loaded Nanoparticles to Regulate Oxidative Stress Attenuates Cardiomyocyte Regulation and Myocardial Injury. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2023:9768785

[18] Atal S, Agrawal RP, Vyas S, Phadnis P, Rai N (2012) Evaluation of the effect of piperine per se on blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Acta Pol Pharm 69:965–969

[19] [No title]. https://www.pnrjournal.com/index.php/home/article/download/1227/1008. Accessed 21 Nov 2023

[20] Vishaka S, Sridevi G, Selvaraj J (2022) An in vitro analysis on the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of Kaempferia galanga rhizome using different solvent systems. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 13:S505

[21] Jwa H, Choi Y, Park U-H, Um S-J, Yoon SK, Park T (2012) Piperine, an LXRα antagonist, protects against hepatic steatosis and improves insulin signaling in mice fed a high-fat diet. Biochem Pharmacol 84:1501–1510.

[22] Yuan Y, Zhou J, Hu R, Zou L, Ji L, Jiang G (2021) Piperine protects against pancreatic β-cell dysfunction by alleviating macrophage inflammation in obese mice. Life Sci 274:119312.

[23] Ealla KKR, Veeraraghavan VP, Ravula NR, Durga CS, Ramani P, Sahu V, Poola PK, Patil S, Panta P (2022) Silk Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 23:467–477

[24] Patil S, Sujatha G, Varadarajan S, Priya VV (2022) A bibliometric analysis of the published literature related to toothbrush as a source of DNA. World J Dent 13:S87–S95

[25] Ganesan A, Muthukrishnan A, Veeraraghavan V (2021) Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose in Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Contemp Clin Dent 12:294–300

[26] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

[27] Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

[28] Ganapathy D, (2021) Awareness of hazards caused by long-term usage of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Int J Dent Oral Sci 2976–2980

Abstract:

Myristica fragrans (mace) and Cinnamomum verum are traditional medicinal plants which are used as spices in flavouring of food. They exhibit various medicinal properties. Diabetes is a condition that impairs the body’s ability to process blood sugar levels. Anti-diabetic drugs are used to stabilize and control blood glucose levels. From the study, it was evident that the methanolic extract of Myristica fragrans (mace) exhibited significantly increased antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential when compared to that of Cinnamomum verum.

References:

Abstract:

Lupeol has anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-protozoal, anti-proliferative, anti-invasion, anti-angiogenic and cholesterol-lowering properties. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of lupeol on neuroinflammatory signalling molecules have not yet been identified. The study was designed to study the effect of lupeol on the expression of inflammatory signalling molecules in brain tissue of high-fat diet and sucrose-fed type-2 diabetic rats. Adult male albino rats of Wistar 150–180 days old with 180–200 g body weight (b.wt) were divided into four groups of six rats each. Group I: Control (vehicle-treated): Group II: High fat diet-induced type-2 diabetic rats; Group III: Type-2 diabetic rats treated with lupeol (25 mg/kg b.wt/day) orally for 30 days and Group IV: Type-2 diabetic rats treated with metformin (50 mg/kg, b.wt/day orally for 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, the animals were anaesthetized, and brain tissue was dissected and used for the assessment of mRNA expression analysis. Type-2 diabetic animals showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA levels in brain tissue in high-fat diet-induced type-2 diabetic animals. However, lupeol treatment, effectively reduced (p<0.05) the neuroinflammatory signaling molecules (TNF- α and IL-6 mRNA) showing that lupeol has significant role over the control of neuroinflammatory signaling. Our present findings clearly show that lupeol has a significant role in reducing neuroinflammation via the downregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 in brain tissues and hence, lupeol can be a potential natural drug for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.

References:

[1] Forbes, J. M., Cooper, M. E., 2013, Mechanisms of diabetic complications." Physiological Reviews, 93,1.

[2] Jayaraman, S., Krishnamoorthy, K., Prasad, M., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Krishnamoorthy, R., Alshuniaber, M.A., Gatasheh, M.K., Elrobh, M., Gunassekaran., 2023, Glyphosate potentiates insulin resistance in skeletal muscle through the modulation of IRS-1/PI3K/Akt mediated mechanisms: An in vivo and in silico analysis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 242(Pt 2), 124917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124917.

[3] Selvaraj, J., Muthusamy, T., Srinivasan, C., Balasubramanian, K., 2009, Impact of excess aldosterone on glucose homeostasis in adult male rat. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry, 407(1-2), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2009.06.030.

[4] Beilharz, J. E.,  Maniam, J., 2017, Neuroprotective effects of clinically relevant doses of N-acetylcysteine against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Pharmacology, 809.

[5] Edwards, J. L., Vincent, A. M., Cheng, H. T., Feldman, E. L., 2008, Diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms to management. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 120(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.05.005

[6] Gan, Y., 2021, Progress in phytotherapy for diabetic neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 279, 114334.

[7] Javed, S., Al-Hashmi, S., Moallem, S. A., Batiha, G. E., 2021, Role of Phytochemicals in the Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy. Journal of Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 12(2), 10-17.

[8] Amanat, S., Rezaei, N., Beheshti, F., 2021, Phytotherapy in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy: a review. Acta Medica Iranica, 59(11), 709-717.

[9] Kannan, R., Manickam, V., 2018, Lupeol—a novel anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer dietary triterpene. Food and Function, 9(12), 6081–6095.

[10] Salehi, B., Venditti, A., Sharifi-Rad, M., Kręgiel, D., Sharifi-Rad, J., Durazzo, A., Lucarini, M., Santini, A., Souto, E. B., & Novellino, E. 2019, The therapeutic potential of apigenin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(6), 1305.

[11] Salehi, B., Fokou, P. V. T., Sharifi-Rad, M., Zucca, P., Pezzani, R., Martins, N., Sharifi-Rad, J., & Trincone, A., 2020, The therapeutic potential of naringenin: A review of clinical trials. Pharmaceuticals, 13(1), 12.

[12] Seidell, J.C., 2000, Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes — a worldwide epidemic [Internet]. Vol. 83, British Journal of Nutrition, p. S5–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711450000088x

[13] Venkatesh, S., Dayanand Reddy, G., Madhava Reddy, B.,2003, Antihyperglycemic Activity of Helicteres isora Roots in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats [Internet].  Pharmaceutical Biology, 41,  p. 347–350. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/phbi.41.5.347.15937

[14] Lakshmi, V., Mahdi, A.A., Ahmad, M.K., Agarwal, S.K., Srivastava, A.K., 2015, Antidiabetic Activity of Lupeol and Lupeol Esters in Streptozotocin- Induced Diabetic Rats [Internet].  Bangladesh. Pharmaceutical Journal,17,p.138–46.Availablefrom: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v17i2.22330

[15] Wu, F., Zhu, J., Li, G., Wang, J., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Krishna Mohan, S., 2019, Biologically synthesized green gold nanoparticles from Siberian ginseng induce growth-inhibitory effect on melanoma cells (B16). Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 47(1),3297–305.

[16] Chen, F., Tang, Y., Sun, Y., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Mohan, S.K., Cui, C., 2019, 6-shogaol, a active constiuents of ginger prevents UVB radiation mediated inflammation and oxidative stress through modulating NrF2 signaling in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). J Photochem Photobiol B, 97:111518.

[17] Li, Z., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Mohan, S.K., Bolla, S.R., Lakshmanan, H., Kumaran, S., 2020, Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway [Internet]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 203,   p. 111773. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773

[18] Babu, S., Jayaraman, S., 2020, An update on β-sitosterol: A potential herbal nutraceutical for diabetic management. Biomed Pharmacother, 131,110702.

[19] Malaikolundhan, H., Mookkan, G., Krishnamoorthi, G., Matheswaran., N., Alsawalha, M., Veeraraghavan, V.P.,  2020, Anticarcinogenic effect of gold nanoparticles synthesized from Albizia lebbeck on HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 48(1),1206–1213.

[20] Han, X., Jiang, X., Guo, L., Wang, Y., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Krishna Mohan, S., 2019, Anticarcinogenic potential of gold nanoparticles synthesized from Trichosanthes kirilowii in colon cancer cells through the induction of apoptotic pathway. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol,47(1),3577–3584.

[21] Gothai, S., Muniandy, K., Gnanaraj, C., Ibrahim, I.A.A., Shahzad, N., Al-Ghamdi, S.S., 2018, Pharmacological insights into antioxidants against colorectal cancer: A detailed review of the possible mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother, 107,1514–1522.

[22] Veeraraghavan, V.P., Hussain, S., Balakrishna, J.P., Dhawale, L., Kullappan, M.,2021, Ambrose JM, et al. A Comprehensive and Critical Review on Ethnopharmacological Importance of Desert Truffles: Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia boudieri, and Tirmania nivea [Internet]. Food Reviews International,1–20. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1889581

[23] Sathya, S., Ragul, V., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Singh, L., Niyas Ahamed, M.I., 2020, An in vitro study on hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] remediation using iron oxide nanoparticles based beads. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management., 1,14,100333.

[24] Yang, Z., Pu, M., Dong, X., Ji, F., Priya Veeraraghavan, V., Yang, H., 2020 , Piperine loaded zinc oxide nanocomposite inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway via attenuating the development of gastric carcinoma: In vitroandin vivostudies. Arabian Journal of Chemistry,1,13(5):5501–5516.

[25] Rajendran, P., Alzahrani, A.M., Rengarajan, T., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Krishna Mohan, S., 2020, Consumption of reused vegetable oil intensifies BRCA1 mutations. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 27,1–8.

[26] Barma, M.D., Muthupandiyan, I., Samuel, S.R., Amaechi, B.T., 2021, Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans, antioxidant property and cytotoxicity of novel nano-zinc oxide varnish. Arch Oral Biol,126,105132.

[27] Samuel, S.R., 2021, Can 5-year-olds sensibly self-report the impact of developmental enamel defects on their quality of life? Int J Paediatr Dent,31(2),285–286.

[28] Samuel, S.R., Kuduruthullah, S., Khair, A.M.B., Shayeb, M.A., Elkaseh, A., Varma, S.R., 2021, Dental pain, parental SARS-CoV-2 fear and distress on quality of life of 2 to 6 year-old children during COVID-19. Int J Paediatr Dent, 31(3),436–441.

[29] Tang, Y., Rajendran, P., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Hussain, S., Balakrishna, J,P., Chinnathambi,A., 2021, Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Scutellaria baicalensis on human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells [Internet].  Materials Science and Engineering, 119, C.p. 111656. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111656

[30] Yin, Z., Yang, Y., Guo, T., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Wang, X.,  2021, Potential chemotherapeutic effect of betalain against human non-small cell lung cancer through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Environ Toxicol,36(6),1011–1020.

[31] Veeraraghavan, V.P., Periadurai, N.D., Karunakaran, T., Hussain, S., Surapaneni, K.M., Jiao, X., 2021, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Scutellaria barbata and coating on the cotton fabric for antimicrobial applications and wound healing activity in fibroblast cells (L929). Saudi J Biol Sci, 28(7),3633–3640.

[32] Mickymaray, S., Alfaiz, F.A., Paramasivam, A., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Periadurai, N.D., Surapaneni, K.M., 2021. Rhaponticin suppresses osteosarcoma through the inhibition of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Saudi J Biol Sci,28(7),3641–3649.

[33] Teja, K.V., Ramesh, S., 2020.Is a filled lateral canal – A sign of superiority? [Internet]. Vol. 15, Journal of Dental Sciences,562–563. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jds.2020.02.009

[34] Balaji, V., Priya, V.V., Gayathri, R., 2017, Awareness of risk factors for obesity among College students in Tamil Nadu: A Questionnaire based study. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 10, 1367–1369. https://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/rjpt/article/view/155904.

[35] Kadanakuppe, S., Hiremath, S., 2016, Social and Behavioural Factors Associated with Dental Caries Experience among Adolescent School Children in Bengaluru City, India [Internet]. Vol. 14, British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research,  1–10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2016/24021

[36] Williams, K.V., Price, J.C., Kelley, D.E.,  2001, Interactions of impaired glucose transport and phosphorylation in skeletal muscle insulin resistance: a dose-response assessment using positron emission tomography. Diabetes,50(9),2069–2079.

[37] Bertoldo, A., Price, J., Mathis, C., Mason, S., Holt, D., Kelley, C., 2005, Quantitative assessment of glucose transport in human skeletal muscle: dynamic positron emission tomography imaging of [O-methyl-11C]3-O-methyl-D-glucose. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,90(3),1752–1759.

[38] Lee, J.Y., 2008, Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between herbs andwestern drugs [Internet].  Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 8,207–214. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3742/opem.2008.8.3.207

[39] Sahu, D., Kannan, G. M., Vijayaraghavan, R., 2014, Size-dependent effect of zinc oxide on toxicity and inflammatory potential of human monocytes. Journal of toxicology and environmental health, Part A, 77(4), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2013.853224.

[40] Jayaraman, S., Devarajan, N., Rajagopal, P., Babu, S., Ganesan, S. K., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Palanisamy, C. P., Cui, B., Periyasamy, V., Chandrasekar, K, 2021, β-Sitosterol Circumvents Obesity Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance by down-Regulating IKKβ/NF-κB and JNK Signaling Pathway in Adipocytes of Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(7), 2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072101.

[41] Mithil, Vora., V. Vishnu Priya, J. Selvaraj., Gayathri ,R., Kavitha, S.,2021, Effect of Lupeol on Pro-inflammatory Markers in Adipose Tissue of High-Fat Diet and Sucrose Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats.Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 9(10) ,  116-121.

[42] Ealla KKR, Veeraraghavan VP, Ravula NR, Durga CS, Ramani P, Sahu V, Poola PK, Patil S, Panta P (2022) Silk Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 23:467–477

[43] Patil S, Sujatha G, Varadarajan S, Priya VV (2022) A bibliometric analysis of the published literature related to toothbrush as a source of DNA. World J Dent 13:S87–S95.

[44] Vasconcelos, J.F., Teixeira, M.M., Barbosa-Filho, J.M., A S S, J R G, de Queiroz, L.P., 2008, Corrigendum to “The triterpenoid lupeol attenuates allergic airway inflammation in a murine model.” International Immunopharmacology, 8,  1216–1221.  1714. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2008.07.008.

[45] Ganesan A, Muthukrishnan A, Veeraraghavan V (2021) Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose in Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Contemp Clin Dent 12:294–300

[46] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

[47] Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

Abstract:

Glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, has gained popularity due to its broad-spectrum effects and use in genetically modified, glyphosate-resistant crops. Recent data, however, points to possible adverse effects of glyphosate and herbicides based on glyphosate, such as genotoxic and cytotoxic effects, elevated stress levels, disturbance of the hormones such as estrogen pathway and possible associations with specific cancer types. This has raised concerns about the widespread use of glyphosate and its impact on human health and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine whether antioxidants vitamin C and E could shield experimental rats' livers from the damaging effects of glyphosate. Animals were grouped as Group I-control, 30 days of oral glyphosate-treated rats as Group II, and Rats that received simultaneous glyphosate treatment and oral administration of vitamins C and E were for 30 days as Group III. We used the user's manual to figure out the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, the histomorphology of liver tissue using H&E staining, and the liver and kidney function tests using Diatek Greiner kits. The study revealed that prolonged exposure to glyphosate can alter the SREBPI and HNF1 pathways, leading to diabetes. As an herbicide, glyphosate can cause harmful changes in vital organs, leading to diabetes and other disorders.

References:

[1] Tsuda T, Sasaki Y, Kawashima R (2012) Physiological Aspects of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants: Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology. Academic Press.

[2] Pabst MJ, Habig WH, Jakoby WB (1973) Mercapturic acid formation: The several glutathione transferases of rat liver. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 52:1123–1128.

[3] Ozkan F, Gündüz SG, Berköz M, Hunt AO, Yalın S (2012) The protective role of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) against chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Physiol Biochem 38:635–643.

[4] Halliwell B (1999) Antioxidant defence mechanisms: From the beginning to the end (of the beginning). Free Radical Research 31:261–272.

[5] Bhattacharya S (2015) Reactive Oxygen Species and Cellular Defense System. In: Rani V, Yadav UCS (eds) Free Radicals in Human Health and Disease. Springer India, New Delhi, pp 17–29.

[6] El-Missiry MA, Shalaby F (2000) Role of ?-carotene in ameliorating the cadmium-induced oxidative stress in rat brain and testis. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 14:238–243.

[7] Venkateshwaran V, Vishnu Priya V, Jayaraman S, Gayathri R, Kavitha S (2023) Role of Antioxidant Vitamins on the Expression on the Sparc, Munc. 18 and Syntaxin Mrna in the Gastrocnemius Muscle of Glyphosate Induced Experimental Rats. HIV AIDS 23:157–167.

[8] Jayaraman S, Krishnamoorthy K, Prasad M, Veeraraghavan VP, Krishnamoorthy R, Alshuniaber MA, Gatasheh MK, Elrobh M, Gunassekaran (2023) Glyphosate potentiates insulin resistance in skeletal muscle through the modulation of IRS-1/PI3K/Akt mediated mechanisms: An in vivo and in silico analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 242:124917.

[9] Stahl W, Sies H (1997) Antioxidant defense: vitamins E and C and carotenoids. Diabetes 46 Suppl 2:S14–8.

[10] Vishnupriya P, Padma V (2017) A Review on the Antioxidant and Therapeutic Potential of Bacopa monnieri. Reactive Oxygen Species. https://doi.org/10.20455/ros.2017.817

[11] Harini P, Veeraraghavan VP, Selvaraj J, Gayathri R, Kavitha S (2022) Antidiabetic activity of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 13:S383–S386.

[12] Prasad M, Gatasheh MK, Alshuniaber MA, Krishnamoorthy R, Rajagopal P, Krishnamoorthy K, Periyasamy V, Veeraraghavan VP, Jayaraman S (2022) Impact of Glyphosate on the Development of Insulin Resistance in Experimental Diabetic Rats: Role of NFκB Signalling Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122436

[13] Jayaraman S, Priya VV, Gayathri R, Others (2023) Effect of Antioxidant Vitamins on Protein Kinase-C And Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase 1b Expression In The Liver Of Glyphosate-Induced Experimental Diabetic Rats. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture 33:5951–5962.

[14] Chandrasekaran P, Weiskirchen R (2024) The Role of SCAP/SREBP as Central Regulators of Lipid Metabolism in Hepatic Steatosis. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021109

[15] PriyaTanaka S, Kobayashi T, Tomura H, Okubo M, Nakanishi K, Takeda J, Murase T (2000) A Novel Dominant-Negative Mutation of the Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1α Gene in Japanese Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes. Horm Metab Res 32:373–377.

[16] Ealla KKR, Veeraraghavan VP, Ravula NR, Durga CS, Ramani P, Sahu V, Poola PK, Patil S, Panta P (2022) Silk Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 23:467–477

[17] Patil S, Sujatha G, Varadarajan S, Priya VV (2022) A bibliometric analysis of the published literature related to toothbrush as a source of DNA. World J Dent 13:S87–S95

[18] Ganesan A, Muthukrishnan A, Veeraraghavan V (2021) Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose in Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Contemp Clin Dent 12:294–300

[19] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

[20] Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

[21] Ganapathy D, (2021) Awareness of hazards caused by long-term usage of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Int J Dent Oral Sci 2976–2980

Abstract:

Glyphosate is used as an herbicide in agriculture. At sub-agriculture concentrations, glyphosate-based herbicide inhibits cell proliferation. Glyphosate is a chelating agent that interferes with the metabolic activities in plants thereby adversely affecting its metabolism. The study aimed to determine the glyphosate-induced detrimental changes in SREBP-1c and PPAR-γ mRNA expression in adipose tissue of adult male rats. Adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups, each consisting of 6 animals. Group I served as normal control rats; Group II-IV consisted of rats exposed to glyphosate at different concentrations (50, 100, and 250 mg/kg body weight respectively) orally for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks of treatment, the animals were sacrificed, and adipose tissue was dissected out for the assessment of SREBP-1c and PPAR-γ mRNA by real-time PCR using gene-specific down-regulated primers. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. The results showed a significant dose-dependent increase (P <0.05) in the expression of SREBP-1c in all the glyphosate-exposed rats compared to control rats and PPAR-γ mRNA expression was found to be significantly reduced in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05) compared to normal control animals. The current findings for the first time report that glyphosate had detrimental changes in the expression of transcription factors such as SREBP-1c and PPAR-γ mRNA in adipose tissue and thereby glyphosate may lead to the development of type-2 diabetes or insulin resistance.

References:

1. Avigliano, E., Schenone, N.F., 2015, Human health risk assessment and environmental distribution of trace elements, glyphosate, fecal coliform and total coliform in Atlantic Rainforest mountain rivers (South America), Microchemical Journal, 122, p. 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.05.004

2. Battaglin, W.A., Meyer, M.T., Kuivila, K.M., Dietze, J.E., 2014, Glyphosate and Its Degradation Product AMPA Occur Frequently and Widely in U.S. Soils, Surface Water, Groundwater, and Precipitation, JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 50, 275–290. 

3. Maqueda,C., Undabeytia, T., Villaverde, J., Morillo, E., 2017, Behaviour of glyphosate in a reservoir and the surrounding agricultural soils, Science of The Total Environment, 787–95. 

4. Gianessi, L.P., 2008, Economic impacts of glyphosate-resistant crops, Pest Manag Sci, 64(4), 346–52.

5. Dill, G.M., Cajacob, CA., 2008, Padgette SR. Glyphosate-resistant crops: adoption, use and future considerations, Pest Manag Sci, 64(4), 326–31.

6. Peruzzo, P.J., Porta, A.A., Ronco, A.E., 2008, Levels of glyphosate in surface waters, sediments and soils associated with direct sowing soybean cultivation in north pampasic region of Argentina, Environ Pollut, 156(1), 61–66.

7. Acquavella, J.F., Alexander, B.H., Mandel, J.S., Gustin, C., Baker, B., Chapman, P., 2004, Glyphosate biomonitoring for farmers and their families: results from the Farm Family Exposure Study, Environ Health Perspect, 112(3), 321–6.

8. Benachour, N., Sipahutar, H., Moslemi, S., Gasnier, C., Travert, C., Séralini G.E., 2007, Time- and dose-dependent effects of roundup on human embryonic and placental cells, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol, 53(1), 126–33.

9. Gasnier, C., Dumont, C., Benachour, N., Clair, E., Chagnon, M.C., Séralini, G.E., 2009, Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines, Toxicology, 21, 262(3),184–91.

10. Mesnage, R., Bernay, B., Séralini, G.E., 2013, Ethoxylated adjuvants of glyphosate-based herbicides are active principles of human cell toxicity, Toxicology, 16, 313(2-3),122–8.

11. Foretz, M., Guichard, C., Ferré, P., Foufelle, F., 1999, Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c is a major mediator of insulin action on the hepatic expression of glucokinase and lipogenesis-related genes, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 26, 96(22), 12737–42.

12. Shimomura, I., Shimano, H., Korn, B.S., Bashmakov, Y., Horton, J.D., 1998, Nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding proteins activate genes responsible for the entire program of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in transgenic mouse liver, J Biol Chem, 25, 273(52), 35299–306.

13. Foretz, M., Foufelle, F., Ferré, P., 1999, Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit fatty acid synthase and spot-14-protein gene expression in cultured rat hepatocytes by a peroxidative mechanism, Biochem J, 15, 341 (Pt 2), 371–6.

14. Wu, F., Zhu, J., Li, G., Wang, J., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Krishna Mohan, S., 2019, Biologically synthesized green gold nanoparticles from Siberian ginseng induce growth-inhibitory effect on melanoma cells (B16), Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 47(1), 3297–305.

15. Chen, F., Tang, Y., Sun, Y., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Mohan, S.K., Cui, C., 2019, 6-shogaol, a active constiuents of ginger prevents UVB radiation mediated inflammation and oxidative stress through modulating NrF2 signaling in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), J Photochem Photobiol B,197, 111518.

16. Li, Z., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Mohan, S.K., Bolla, S.R., Lakshmanan, H., Kumaran, S, et al., 2020, Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway 203, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 111773. 

17. Babu, S., Jayaraman, S., 2020, An update on β-sitosterol: A potential herbal nutraceutical for diabetic management, Biomed Pharmacother, 131, 110702.

18. Malaikolundhan, H., Mookkan, G., Krishnamoorthi, G., Matheswaran, N., Alsawalha, M., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Anticarcinogenic effect of gold nanoparticles synthesized from Albizia lebbeck on HCT-116 colon cancer cell lines, Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 48(1),1206–13.

19. Han, X., Jiang, X., Guo, L., Wang, Y., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Krishna Mohan, S, et al., Anticarcinogenic potential of gold nanoparticles synthesized from Trichosanthes kirilowii in colon cancer cells through the induction of apoptotic pathway, Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol, 47(1), 3577–84.

20. Gothai, S., Muniandy, K., Gnanaraj, C., Ibrahim, I.A.A., Shahzad, N., Al-Ghamdi, S.S., et al., 2018, Pharmacological insights into antioxidants against colorectal cancer: A detailed review of the possible mechanisms, Biomed Pharmacother, 107, 1514–22.

21. Veeraraghavan, V.P., Hussain, S., Balakrishna, J.P., Dhawale, L., Kullappan, M., Ambrose, J.M, et al., 2021, A Comprehensive and Critical Review on Ethnopharmacological Importance of Desert Truffles: Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia boudieri, and Tirmania nivea, Food Reviews International, 1–20. 

22. Sathya, S., Ragul, V., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Singh, L., Niyas Ahamed, M.I., 2020, An in vitro study on hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] remediation using iron oxide nanoparticles-based beads, Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 2020, 14, 100333.

23. Yang, Z., Pu, M., Dong, X., Ji, F., Priya Veeraraghavan, V., Yang, H., 2020, Piperine loaded zinc oxide nanocomposite inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway via attenuating the development of gastric carcinoma: In vitroandin vivostudies. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 13(5), 5501–16.

24. Rajendran, P., Alzahrani, A.M., Rengarajan, T., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Krishna Mohan, S., 2020, Consumption of reused vegetable oil intensifies BRCA1 mutations, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 27,1–8.

25. Barma, M.D., Muthupandiyan, I., Samuel, S.R., Amaechi, B.T., 2021, Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans, antioxidant property and cytotoxicity of novel nano-zinc oxide varnish. Arch Oral Biol, 126, 105132.

26. Samuel, S.R., Can 5-year-olds sensibly self-report the impact of developmental enamel defects on their quality of life? Int J Paediatr Dent, 31(2), 285–6.

27. Samuel SR, Kuduruthullah S, Khair AMB, Shayeb MA, Elkaseh A, Varma SR. Dental pain, parental SARS-CoV-2 fear and distress on quality of life of 2- to 6-year-old children during COVID-19. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2021 May;31(3):436–41.

28. Tang, Y., Rajendran, P., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Hussain, S., Balakrishna. J.P., Chinnathambi, A., et al. 2020, Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Scutellaria baicalensis on human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 119, 111656. 

29. Yin Z, Yang Y, Guo T, Veeraraghavan VP, Wang X. Potential chemotherapeutic effect of betalain against human non-small cell lung cancer through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Environ Toxicol. 2021 Jun;36(6):1011–20.

30. Veeraraghavan, V. P., Periadurai, N. D., Karunakaran, T., Hussain, S., Surapaneni, K. M., Jiao, X., 2021, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Scutellaria barbata and coating on the cotton fabric for antimicrobial applications and wound healing activity in fibroblast cells (L929), Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(7), 3633–3640.

31. Mickymaray, S., Alfaiz, F. A., Paramasivam, A., Veeraraghavan, V. P., Periadurai, N. D., Surapaneni, K. M., Niu, G., 2021, Rhaponticin suppresses osteosarcoma through the inhibition of PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(7), 3641–3649.

32. Teja, K.V., Ramesh, S., 2020, Is a filled lateral canal – A sign of superiority? Journal of Dental Sciences, 15, 562–3.

33. Kadanakuppe, S., Hiremath, S., 2016, Social and Behavioural Factors Associated with Dental Caries Experience among Adolescent School Children in Bengaluru City, India, British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research. 14, 2016. p. 1–10. 

34. Yan, S., Meng, Z., Tian, S., Teng, M., Yan, J., Jia, M., Li, R., Zhou, Z., Zhu, W., 2020, Neonicotinoid insecticides exposure cause amino acid metabolism disorders, lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in ICR mice, Chemosphere, 246, 125661.

35. Hong, Y., Huang, Y., Yan, G., Pan, C., Zhang, J., 2019, Antioxidative status, immunological responses, and heat shock protein expression in hepatopancreas of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis under the exposure of glyphosate, Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 86, 840–845.

36. Jia, R., Du, J., Cao, L., Li, Y., Johnson, O., Gu, Z., Jeney, G., Xu, P., Yin, G., 2019, Antioxidative, inflammatory and immune responses in hydrogen peroxide-induced liver injury of tilapia (GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus), Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 84, 894–905.

37. Shimano, H., Sato, R., 2017, SREBP-regulated lipid metabolism: convergent physiology - divergent pathophysiology. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 13(12), 710–730.

38. Knight, B. L., Hebbachi, A., Hauton, D., Brown, A. M., Wiggins, D., Patel, D. D., Gibbons, G. F. 2005, A role for PPARalpha in the control of SREBP activity and lipid synthesis in the liver. The Biochemical Journal, 389(Pt 2), 413–421.

39. Martini CN, Gabrielli M, Brandani JN, Vila MDC. Glyphosate Inhibits PPAR Gamma Induction and Differentiation of Preadipocytes and is able to Induce Oxidative Stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2016 Aug, 30(8):404–13.

40. Jagadheeswari, R., Vishnu Priya, V., Gayathri, R., 2020, Awareness of Vitamin-C Rich Foods Among South Indian Population: A Survey, Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 8(7), 330-338.

41. Ojastha, B.L., Selvaraj, J., Kavitha, S., Veeraraghavan Vishnu Priya., Gayathri R., 2023, Effect of Argyreia Nervosa on The Expression of Growth Factor Signaling in The Skeletal Muscle of Streptozotocin-Induced Experimental Diabetic Rats. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture, 33, 5942-5950. https://doi.org/10.59670/jns.v33i.4474.

42. Selvi, V.T., Devi, R.G., Jothipriya, A. (2020). Prevalence of dental anxiety among the OP patients in Saveetha Dental College. Drug Invention Today, 14(1).

43. Vishaka, S., Sridevi, G., Selvaraj, J., 2022, An in vitro analysis on the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of Kaempferia galanga rhizome using different solvent systems. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 13(2), S505–9.

44. Karthik, E.V.G., Priya, V.V., Gayathri. R., 2021. PDhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits of Annona Muricata-A Review. International Journal of Oral Science, 8(7), 2965–7.

45. Mithil Vora., Vishnu Priya, V., Selvaraj, J., Gayathri, R., Kavitha, S., 2021, Effect of Lupeol on proinflammatory Markers in Adipose Tissue of High-Fat Diet and Sucrose Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 9(10),116-121.

46. Sadasivam, P., Ganapathy, D.M., Sasanka, L.K.,2023, Assessment of Depressive Behaviour among the Undergraduate Dental students-A Survey. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32, 2.

47. Yasothkumar, D., Jayaraman, S., Ramalingam, K., Ramani, P., 2023. In vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Seed Ethanolic Extract of Pongamia pinnata. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 16(4).

48. Ealla KKR, Veeraraghavan VP, Ravula NR, Durga CS, Ramani P, Sahu V, Poola PK, Patil S, Panta P (2022) Silk Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 23:467–477 

49. Patil S, Sujatha G, Varadarajan S, Priya VV (2022) A bibliometric analysis of the published literature related to toothbrush as a source of DNA. World J Dent 13:S87–S95

50. Ganesan A, Muthukrishnan A, Veeraraghavan V (2021) Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose in Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Contemp Clin Dent 12:294–300

51. Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

52. Prakash S, Balaji JN, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK (2022) Telehealth: Is It a Post-COVID Reality in Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer? J Contemp Dent Pract 23:1181–1182

Abstract:

Glyphosate, a commonly used herbicide in agricultural and residential settings, has sparked concerns regarding its potential health impacts. Despite numerous studies exploring potential associations between glyphosate exposure and diabetes, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) are implicated in insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction, playing crucial roles in diabetes pathogenesis, especially Type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to assess the effect of glyphosate on TNF-α and IGF-1 expression in male Wistar rats. The results revealed a dose-dependent increase (p<0.05) in TNF-α and IGF-1 expression in adipose tissue following glyphosate exposure compared to the control group. These findings suggest that glyphosate exposure may contribute to the development of diabetes by altering the expression of IGF-1 and TNF-α.

References:

Abstract:

Illicium Verum commonly called star anise, which is indigenous to northeast Vietnam and Southwest China. Illicium verum is one of the vital ingredients of Chinese medicinal herbs. Principal component (Trans-anethol) exhibits antimicrobial activity such as antiviral, anti-bacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activities. Cholesterol, a waxy or fat like substance which is found in each and every cell of our body. Cholesterol helps our metabolism work efficiently, but if our body has too much cholesterol in blood, it causes several harmful effects. Anti-cholesterol drugs are useful in reducing the blood cholesterol level. Ethanolic extract of Illicium verum was found to be rich in phytochemicals such as Alkaloids, terpenoids and steroids. The ethanolic extract of illicium verum exhibited a significant antioxidant potential (Ic50 = 300 µg/ml) and anti-cholesterol potential (Ic50 = 400 µg/ml) as compared to standard drugs.

References:

[1] Rocha L, Tietbohl LAC (2016). Staranise (Illicium verum Hook) Oils. Essential Oils in Food Preservation, Flavor and Safety 751–756.

[2] Lim TK (2013). Illicium verum. Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants 151–160.

[3] Hussaini J, Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Department, Mara UT, Buloh 47000 Sg, Selangor, Malaysia, Maziz MN (2012). Antiulcer and Antibacterial Evaluations of Illicium Verum Ethanolic Fruits Extract (Ivefe). International Journal of Scientific Research 2:410–412.

[4] Damayanti R, Tamrin, Eddyanto, Alfian Z (2019). Illicium verum Essential Oil as Antibacterial Agent. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation. https://doi.org/10.5220/0008855200960099

[5] Yu C, Yang W, Jiang S, Wang T, Yang Z (2021). Effects of star anise (illicium verum hook.f.) essential oil administration under three different dietary energy levels on growth performance, nutrient, and energy utilization in broilers. Anim Sci J. 92: e13496.

[6] Gayathri V, Kiruba, D. (2014). Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Leaf Powder Extracts of Psidium Guajava L. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical.

[7] Patil BR, Madhu CS, Manukumar HM, Tribhuvan (2014). Phytochemical, Nutritional and Mineral Constituents of Illicium Verum Hook (Star anise). World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 3:2888–2896.

[8] Patra JK, Das G, Bose S, Banerjee S, Vishnuprasad CN, Rodriguez‐Torres MP, Shin H (2020). Star anise (Illicium verum): Chemical Compounds, Antiviral Properties, and Clinical Relevance. Phytotherapy Research 34:1248–1267.

[9] Shankar P, Gayathri R, Selvaraj J, Priya VV (2021). Antidiabetic and Antiinflammatory Potentials of Sida Acuta Leaf Ethanolic Extract. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 33:8.

[10] Jayaraman S, Priya VV, Gayathri R, Others (2023). Effect of Antioxidant Vitamins on Protein Kinase-C And Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase 1b Expression in The Liver of Glyphosate-Induced Experimental Diabetic Rats. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture 33:5951–5962.

[11] Xu Z, Hileuskaya K, Kraskouski A, Yang Y, Huang Z, Zhao Z (2024) Inhibition of α-glucosidase activity and intestinal glucose transport to assess the in vivo anti-hyperglycemic potential of dodecyl-acylated phlorizin and polydatin derivatives. Food Funct. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3fo05233h

[12] Banu KS, Cathrine L (2015). General techniques involved in phytochemical analysis. International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science 2:25–32.

[13] Subaraman M, Gayathri R, Priya VV (2020). In vitro antidiabetic activity of crude acetone leaf extract of Annona muricata. Drug Invention Today.

[14] Rosenfeld ME (2013). Inflammation and atherosclerosis: direct versus indirect mechanisms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 13:154–160.

[15] Vijayakumar K, Rengarajan RL, Radhakrishnan R, Vijaya Anand A (2018). Hypolipidemic Effect of Psidium guajava Leaf Extract Against Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Pharmacogn Mag 14:4.

[16] Harini P, Veeraraghavan VP, Selvaraj J, Gayathri R, Kavitha S (2022) Antidiabetic activity of Kabasura Kudineer Chooranam. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 13: S383–S386.

[17] Das MP, Selva Kumar S (2013) Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Illicium verum and Wedelia chinensis. International Journal of PharmTech Research 5:974–4304.

[18] Eveline, Eveline E, Novita A (2020) Antibacterial Potential of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook. f.) Against Food Pathogen Bacteria. Microbiology Indonesia 14:3.

[19] Venkateshwaran V, Vishnu Priya V, Jayaraman S, Gayathri R, Kavitha S (2023) Role of Antioxidant Vitamins on the Expression on the Sparc, Munc. 18 and Syntaxin Mrna in the Gastrocnemius Muscle of Glyphosate Induced Experimental Rats. HIV AIDS 23:157–167.

[20] Ganapathy D, (2021) Awareness of hazards caused by long-term usage of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. Int J Dent Oral Sci 2976–2980

[21] Karthik EVG, Priya V (2021) Gayathri. R, Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci 8:2965–2967

[22] Ganesan A, Muthukrishnan A, Veeraraghavan V (2021) Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose in Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Contemp Clin Dent 12:294–300

Abstract:

Natural resources, ranging from herbs like neem and clove to minerals like fluoride, are harnessed for their antimicrobial properties in oral care products. These resources provide sustainable alternatives to synthetic chemicals, offering effective yet eco-friendly solutions against oral microorganisms. The present study aims to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of two toothpaste formulations derived from the extracts of Cocos nucifera. Two toothpaste preparations were made from the pulp extracts of Cocos nucifera. Group 1 was prepared from milk extracted from freshly ground coconut pulp. The second extract was obtained by the lyophilization process. Both toothpaste formulations were then analyzed for their antimicrobial efficacy by assessing the zone of inhibition for the following oral pathogens; Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Candida albicans by agar well diffusion assay. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software. It was found that the toothpaste derived from the extracts of coconut milk had antimicrobial efficacy against S.mutans, S.aureus and C.albicans in the various dilutions tested and the toothpaste made from the lyophilized extract exhibited antimicrobial efficacy against P.aeruginosa in various dilutions. Toothpaste derived from the coconut milk extract demonstrated significant efficacy against tested oral pathogens, suggesting its suitability for incorporation into oral care products. Its antimicrobial properties highlight its potential for combating oral infections and enhancing oral hygiene routines. Further research and development could optimize its utilization in various dental formulations.

References:

Abstract:

The current research endeavors to assess the biological reactions induced by two newly formulated tooth creams from Cocos nucifera. Freshly harvested coconut from the Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu underwent processing to create two distinct formulations: one utilizing coconut milk and the other lyophilized coconut extract. Tooth cream samples were prepared and tested against commercial tooth cream following ISO 10993-5 recommendations. Human gingival fibroblast cells were isolated and cultured according to approved protocols, and cytotoxicity evaluations were conducted through MTT assay and live/dead staining. Results indicated high cell viability in both coconut-based formulations, comparable to the commercial tooth cream. Live/dead staining revealed predominantly live cells with minimal cytotoxic effects. Novel coconut-derived tooth creams exhibit comparable biocompatibility to commercial formulations, showing high cell viability and minimal cytotoxicity with human gingival fibroblasts. This suggests coconut-based tooth creams as safe alternatives for oral care, advocating further investigation into their efficacy and tissue safety. Overall, our findings endorse natural compound utilization in dental care formulations.

References:

Bernardini S, Tiezzi A, Laghezza Masci V, Ovidi E. Natural products for human health: an historical overview of the drug discovery approaches. Nat Prod Res 2018;32:1926–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1356838.

[2] Rigano D, Bontempo P. Functional Properties of Natural Products and Human Health. MDPI AG; 2023.

[3] Troy E, Tilbury MA, Power AM, Wall JG. Nature-Based Biomaterials and Their Application in Biomedicine. Polymers 2021;13. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193321.

[4] Tatullo M. MSCs and Innovative Biomaterials in Dentistry. Springer; 2017.

[5] Joyce K, Fabra GT, Bozkurt Y, Pandit A. Bioactive potential of natural biomaterials: identification, retention and assessment of biological properties. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021;6:122. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00512-8.

[6] Shanmugam PST, Sampath T, Jagadeeswaran I. Biocompatibility Protocols for Medical Devices and Materials. Elsevier; 2023.

[7] Franca CM, Balbinot G de S, Cunha D, Saboia V de PA, Ferracane J, Bertassoni LE. In-vitro models of biocompatibility testing for restorative dental materials: From 2D cultures to organs on-a-chip. Acta Biomater 2022;150:58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.060.

[8] Muthuswamy Pandian S, Subramanian AK, Ravikumar PA, Adel SM. Biomaterial Testing in Contemporary Orthodontics: Scope, Protocol and Testing Apparatus. Semin Orthod 2023;29:101–8. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sodo.2022.12.011.

[9] Adel SM, El-Harouni N, Vaid NR. White Spot Lesions: Biomaterials, Workflows and Protocols. Semin Orthod 2023;29:68–78. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sodo.2023.01.002.

[10] Maliael MT, Subramanian AK, M S. Effectiveness of a fluoride-releasing orthodontic primer in reducing demineralization around brackets – a systematic review. Orthod Waves 2021;80:218–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13440241.2021.2007678.

[11] Sruthi MA, Gurunathan D. An evidence-based classification on the location of White Spot lesions in primary teeth: A pilot study. World J Dent 2022;13:261–5. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-2044.

[12]Jain RK, Verma P. Visual Assessment of Extent of White Spot Lesions in Subjects treated with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: A Retrospective Study  World Journal of Dentistry 2022, 13(3):245-249.https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-2042

[13] Vashisht R, Kumar A, Indira R, Srinivasan MR, Ramachandran S. Remineralization of early enamel lesions using casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium Phosphate: an ex-vivo study. Contemp Clin Dent 2010;1:210–3. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-237X.76385.

[14] Nayik GA, Gull A. Antioxidants in Vegetables and Nuts - Properties and Health Benefits. Springer Nature; 2020.

[15] Rodrigues S, Pinto GAS. Ultrasound extraction of phenolic compounds from coconut (Cocos nucifera) shell powder. J Food Eng 2007;80:869–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.08.009.

[16] Rahamat SF, Manan WNHWA, Jalaludin AA, Abllah Z. Enamel subsurface remineralization potential of virgin coconut oil, coconut milk and coconut water. Materials Today: Proceedings 2019;16:2238–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.116.

[17] Appaiah P, Sunil L, Prasanth Kumar PK, Gopala Krishna AG. Composition of coconut Testa, coconut kernel and its oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2014;91:917–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-014-2447-9.

[18] Balakrishnan N, Subramanian AK, Eeswaramoorthy R, Kandasamy D. Enamel Remineralization Efficacy of Coconut Milk and Lyophilized Coconut Extract in Different Concentrations on Demineralized Enamel Surfaces: An In-Vitro Study. Cureus 2023;15:e44712. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.44712.

[19] Ghasemi M, Turnbull T, Sebastian S, Kempson I. The MTT Assay: Utility, Limitations, Pitfalls, and Interpretation in Bulk and Single-Cell Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021;22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312827.

[20] Berridge MV, Herst PM, Tan AS. Tetrazolium dyes as tools in cell biology: new insights into their cellular reduction. Biotechnol Annu Rev 2005;11:127–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-2656(05)11004-7.

[21] Eliades T. Orthodontic materials research and applications: part 2. Current status and projected future developments in materials and biocompatibility. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2007;131:253–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.12.029.

[22] Subramanian AK, Lalit H, Sivashanmugam P. Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of cytotoxic activity of a novel titanium dioxide nanoparticle-infiltrated orthodontic adhesive: An in vitro study. World J Dent 2023;14:882–7. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-2319.

[23] Camargo SEA, Jóias RP, Santana-Melo GF, Ferreira LT, El Achkar VNR, Rode S de M. Conventional and whitening toothpastes: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and effect on the enamel surface. Am J Dent 2014;27:307–11.

[24] Tadin A, Gavic L, Zeravica A, Ugrin K, Galic N, Zeljezic D. Assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of conventional and whitening kinds of toothpaste on oral mucosa cells. Acta Odontol Scand 2018;76:64–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016357.2017.1384567.

[25]       Tabatabaei MH, Mahounak FS, Asgari N, Moradi Z. Cytotoxicity of the Ingredients of Commonly Used Toothpastes and Mouthwashes on Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Front Dent 2019;16:450–7. https://doi.org/10.18502/fid.v16i6.3444

Abstract:

The word atherosclerosis consists of two parts: atherosis (accumulation of fats accompanied by several macrophages) and sclerosis (fibrosis layer comprising smooth muscle cells. The presence of hyperlipaemia is the major risk issue factor for coronary artery disease. In 2016 advances in atherosclerosis research were focused on the discovery and validation of newly targeted genetics and mechanistic connection to atherothrombotic heart diseases. The Survey on awareness about the risk factors and complications of liver cirrhosis among college students was conducted using a Google form link. We have distributed our survey among 100 college students. Pie charts and Bar diagrams were used to represent output variables. Results showed that the knowledge of cardiovascular 54.00 % said No and 46.00 % said yes. Stroke caused due to lack of blood supply to 44.00 % said heart, 50.00 % said brain, and 6.00 % said I don’t know. These findings conclude that the majority of the population is unaware of the risk factors such as obesity, LDL, and family history, which lead to the development of atherosclerosis, but only a few populations are aware of stress, smoking, coronary heart attack, cholesterol, sleep apnea, HDL, work pressure, physical activity, heart disease, and coronary disease that leads to atherosclerosis.

References:

[1] Rafieian-Kopaei, M., Setorki, M., Doudi, M., Baradaran, A., Nasri, H., 2014, Atherosclerosis: Process, Indicators, Risk Factors and New Hopes. Int J Prev Med. 5(8), 927.

[2] Wilson, W. H., Tang, S .L. H., 2017, Advances In New Therapeutic Targets For Atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 14(2), 71.

[3] Babu, S., Jayaraman, S., 2020, An Update on β-sitosterol: A Potential Herbal Nutraceutical For Diabetic Management, Biomed Pharmacother, 131, 110702.

[4] Yasothkumar, D., Jayaraman, S., Ramalingam, K., Ramani, P., 2023. In vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Seed Ethanolic Extract of Pongamia pinnata. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 16(4).

[5] Gianturco, L., 2018, Atherosclerosis: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. BoD – Books on Demand, 128 p.

[6] Luepker, R. V., Evans, A., McKeigue, P., Srinath, Reddy, K., 2004, Cardiovascular Survey Methods. World Health Organization, 185 p.

[7] Insull, W, Jr., 2009, The Pathology of Atherosclerosis: Plaque Development and Plaque Responses To Medical Treatment. Am J Med. 122(1), S3–14.

[8] Dutta, P., Courties, G., Wei, Y., Leuschner, F., Gorbatov, R., Robbins C, et al. 2012, Myocardial Infarction Accelerates Atherosclerosis. Nature. 487(7407), 325.

[9] Singh, P., Goncalves, I., Tengryd, C., Nitulescu, M., Persson, A.F., To, F., et al. 2021, Correction to: Reduced oxidized LDL in T2D Plaques is Associated with A Greater Statin Usage but not with Future Cardiovascular Events. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 20(1), 61.

[10]   Pastori, D., Sciacqua, A., Marcucci, R., Del Ben, M., Baratta, F., Violi, F., et al. 2021. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld), metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. A prospective multicenter cohort study. Intern Emerg Med.  16(8), 2063-2068.

[11]   Kamalli, M.K., Kavitha, S., Sangeetha, A., Vishnupriya, V., Gayathri, R., 2020, Awareness on Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Working Women - A Questionnaire Survey. Vol. 11, International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences. 11, 616-25.

[12]   Sathya, S., Ragul, V., Veeraraghavan, V.P., Singh, L., Niyas Ahamed, M.I., 2020, An in vitro study on hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] remediation using iron oxide nanoparticles-based beads, Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 2020, 14, 100333.

[13]   Veeraraghavan, V. P., Hussain, S., Balakrishna, J. P., Dhawale, L., Kullappan, M., Ambrose, J. M, et al., 2021, A Comprehensive and Critical Review on Ethnopharmacological Importance of Desert Truffles: Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia boudieri, and Tirmania nivea, Food Reviews International, 1–20.

[14]   Libby, P., 2021, Atherosclerosis: from biology to therapeutics. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.06.443593.

[15]   Kotseva, K., De Backer, G., De Bacquer, D., Rydén, L., Hoes, A., Grobbee, D., . & Wood, D. (2019). Lifestyle and impact on cardiovascular risk factor control in coronary patients across 27 countries: Results from the European Society of Cardiology ESC-EORP EUROASPIRE V registry. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 26(8), 824-835.

[16]   Rohatgi, A., Khera, A., Berry, J. D., Givens, E. G., Ayers, C. R., Wedin, K. E., de Lemos, J.A., 2014, HDL Cholesterol Efflux Capacity And Incident Cardiovascular Events. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(25), 2383-2393.

[17]   Huang, T. T-K., Huang, T. T., Shimel, A., Lee, R. E., Delancey, W., Strother, M. L., 2007, Metabolic Risks among College Students: Prevalence and Gender Differences. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. 5, 365–72.

[18]   Burke, J.D., Reilly, R.A., Morrell, J.S., Lofgren, I.E., 2009, The University of New Hampshire’s Young Adult Health Risk Screening Initiative. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 109, 1751–8.

[19]   Jagadheeswari, R., Vishnu Priya, V., Gayathri, R., 2020, Awareness of Vitamin-C Rich Foods Among South Indian Population: A Survey, Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 8(7), 330-338.

[20]   Ojastha, B.L., Selvaraj, J., Kavitha, S., Veeraraghavan Vishnu Priya., Gayathri R., 2023, Effect Of Argyreia Nervosa On The Expression Of Growth Factor Signaling In The Skeletal Muscle of Streptozotocin-Induced Experimental Diabetic Rats. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture, 33, 5942-5950. https://doi.org/10.59670/jns.v33i.4474

[21]   Vishaka, S., Sridevi, G., Selvaraj, J., 2022, An in vitro analysis on the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of Kaempferia galanga rhizome using different solvent systems. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 13(2), S505–9.

[22]   Bhalge,U., Gaikwad, B., Kulkarni, P., Takalkar, A.A., Bhise, M.D., 2018. Assessment of awareness about cardiovascular diseases risk factors amongst first year medical students [Internet]. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health. 6, 105.

[23]   Karthik, E.V.G., Priya, V.V., Gayathri. R., 2021. Dhanraj Ganapathy. Health Benefits Of Annona Muricata-A Review. International Journal of Oral Science, 8(7), 2965–7.

[24]   Mithil Vora, Vishnu Priya, V., Selvaraj,J., Gayathri, R., Kavitha, S., 2021, Effect of Lupeol on proinflammatory Markers in Adipose Tissue of High-Fat Diet and Sucrose Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 9(10),116-121.

[25]   Sadasivam, P., Ganapathy, D.M., Sasanka, L.K.,2023, Assessment of Depressive Behaviour among the Undergraduate Dental students-A Survey. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32, 2.

[26]   Ealla KKR, Veeraraghavan VP, Ravula NR, Durga CS, Ramani P, Sahu V, Poola PK, Patil S, Panta P (2022) Silk Hydrogel for Tissue Engineering: A Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 23:467–477

[27]   Patil S, Sujatha G, Varadarajan S, Priya VV (2022) A bibliometric analysis of the published literature related to toothbrush as a source of DNA. World J Dent 13:S87–S95

[28]   Ganesan A, Muthukrishnan A, Veeraraghavan V (2021) Effectiveness of Salivary Glucose in Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Contemp Clin Dent 12:294–300

[29]   Priya DV, (2020) Knowledge and awareness on HIV/AIDS among college students in A university hospital setting. Int J Dent Oral Sci 1182–1186

[30]   Prakash S, Balaji JN, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK (2022) Telehealth: Is It a Post-COVID Reality in Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer? J Contemp Dent Pract 23:1181–1182