Abstract:

Undergraduates may lower their risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as; diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer which are consistently among the top eight leading causes of death globally by improving their nutrition knowledge and attitude towards nutrition. The study evaluated the effect of nutrition education and mobile phone communication intervention on undergraduates’ knowledge and attitude of a healthy diet in Oyo-state, Nigeria.

This study employed a quasi-experimental research design among 100 undergraduate students selected through a multistage sampling technique from four universities. There were four groups: control, nutrition education alone, mobile phone communication alone, and nutrition education and mobile phone communication intervention. An 8-week follow-up was done after the study implementation. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics to test the effectiveness of the interventions. All statistical tests were at 5% level of significance.

All the respondents were single (100%). Mean age of respondents was 19.80 ± 2.22, knowledge about healthy diet and attitude towards healthy diet among respondents in all four groups at baseline was poor. A combination of the nutrition education and mobile phone communication intervention exhibited significant increase in the respondents’ knowledge of healthy diet by 19.93% from baseline (13.91 ± 3.48) to endline (19.69 ± 2.73), with a big level of effect (ES = 0.602), this is the highest effect size of all the groups. Mobile phone communication alone had the highest increase in attitude mean score by 20.33%.

A combination of educational program with reminder strategies improves knowledge retention and attitude of respondents.

References:

Abstract:

References:

[1].   Goss, R. O., 1990, Economic policies and seaports: strategies for port authorities. Maritime Policy and Management, 17(4), 273-287.

[2].   UNICEF (2015). Adolescent deaths from AIDS tripled since 2000. Press release. 2015. Available from:

https://www.unicef.org/media/media_86384.html

[3].   United Nations Children ‘s Fund (UNICEF) (2019). Global and regional trends. Global AIDS monitoring.

[4].   National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA) (2017). ‘National Strategic Framework on HIV and AIDS: 2017-2021.

[5].   Odo, A. N., Samuel, E. S., Nwagu, E. N., Nnamani, P. O., & Atama, C. S., 2018, Sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS) for adolescents in Enugu state, Nigeria: a mixed methods approach. BioMed Central Health Services Research, 18(1), 92.

[6].   Yaya, S., & Bishwajit, G., 2018, Age at First Sexual Intercourse and Multiple Sexual Partnerships among Women in Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Frontiers in Medicine Journal, 5, 171.

[7].   Denno, D. M., Hoopes, A. J., & Chandra-Mouli, V., 2015, Effective strategies to provide adolescent sexual and reproductive health services and increase demand and community support. Journal of Adolescent Health. 374(1), 22-41.

[8].   Asuquo, P., Ekuri, E., Asuquo, A., & Bassey, D., 2005, Adolescents' perception of HIV/AIDS and their attitude to its prevention in Calabar, Nigeria. The International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 23. 63-72.

[9].   Uwakwe, C. B., 2000, Perceived Vulnerability and Military Invincibility: HIV/AIDS Induced Heterosexual Life Style Changes among Nigerian Law Enforcement Personnel. Nigeria Journal of Clinical and Counselling Psychology, 6(2), 149-161.

[10].  United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) (2018). Epidemiology fact sheet of HIV and AIDS in Nigeria.

[11].  Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) (2012). National HIV/AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey. Abuja, Nigeria.

[12].  Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey (NAIIS) (2019). Preliminary Findings, South West Zone - March 2019.

[13].  Tavakoli, H. R., Dini-Talatappeh, H., Rahmati-Najarkolaei, F., & Fesharaki, M.G., 2016, Efficacy of HBM-Based Dietary Education Intervention on Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior in Medical Students. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 18(11): e23584.

[14].  Li, X., Lei, Y., Wang, H., He, G., & Williams, A.B., 2016, The health belief model: a qualitative study to understand high-risk sexual behavior in Chinese men who have sex with men. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 27(1): 66-76.

[15].  Shojaei, S., Farhadloo, R., Aein, A., & Vahedian, M., 2016, Effects of the Health Belief Model (HBM)Based Educational Program on the Nutritional Knowledge and Behaviors of CABG Patients. The Journal of Tehran University Heart Center, 11(4): 181.

[16].  Tarkang, E.E., & Zotor, F.B., 2015 Application of the health belief model (HBM) in HIV prevention: A literature review. Central African Journal of Public Health, 1(1): 1-8.

[17].  Karimi, M., Ghofranipor, F., & Heidarnia, A., 2009, The effect of health education based on health belief model on preventive actions of AIDS on addict in Zarandieh. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, 18(70): 64-73.

[18].  Zak-Place, J., & Stern, M., 2004, Health belief factors and dispositional optimism as predictors of STD and HIV preventive behavior. Journal of American college health, 52(5): 229-36.

[19].  Pirzadeh, A., Sharifirad, G. R., 2012, Effect of educational program on knowledge and health belief model structures about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among high school female student in Isfahan. Iran. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, 14(3), 66-71.

[20].  Ghafari M., 2007, comparing the efficacy of health belief model and its integrated model in AIDS education among male high school students in Tehran [Thesis]. Tehran, Iran: Tarbiat Modares University.

[21].  Rahmati N. K. F, Niknami S., Amin S. F., Ahmadi F., Jafari M., Rahnama P., 2009, The implication of health belief model in planning educational programms for preventing HIV/AIDS among university students. Payesh, 8(4): 349–59.

[22].  Karimi, M., Ghofranipor, F., & Heidarnia, A., 2009, The effect of health education based on health belief model on preventive actions of AIDS on addict in Zarandieh. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, 18(70): 64-73.

[23].  Sharifirad, G., Entezari, M.H., Kamran, A., & Azadbakht, L., 2009, The effectiveness of nutritional education on the knowledge of diabetic patients using the health belief model. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 14(1): 1.

[24].  Sadeghi, R., Tol, A., Moradi, A., Baikpour, M., & Hossaini, M., 2015, The impacts of a health belief model-based educational program on adopting self-care behaviors in pemphigus vulgaris patients. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 4: 105.

[25].  Vakili, M., Hidarnia, A., Niknami, S., & Mousavinasab S., 2011, Effect of communication skills training on health belief model constructs about AIDS in Zanjan health volunteers. ZUMS Journal, 19(77): 78-93.

[26].  Aghamollaei, T., Eftekhar, H., Mohammad, K., Nakhjavani, M., Shojaeizadeh, D., GhofraniPour, F., & Safa, O., 2005, Effects of a health education program on behavior, HbA1c and health-related quality of life in diabetic patients. Acta Medica Iranica, 43(2): 89-94.

[27].  Tol, A., Majlesi, F., Shojaeizadeh, D., Esmaelee, S. S., Mahmoudi, M. M., & Moradian, M., 2013, Effect of the educational intervention based on the health belief model on the continuation of breastfeeding behavior. Journal of Nursing Education, 2(2): 39-47.

[28].  Mirhaidari M., 2013, The effect of educational intervention on sexual risk behaviors of drug users by health belief model health education. Master thesis. Tarbiyat Modares University. Tehran, Iran.

[29].  Zainali, M., Asadpour, M., Aghamolaei, T., EsmaeiliNadimi, A., Farshidi, H., & Ghanbarnejad, A., 2015, Effect of educational intervention based on health belief model to promote preventive behaviors of cardiovascular disease in people with normal angiographic results. Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1(2): 1-12.

Abstract:

Background: Unsafe abortion practices are of great public health concern as they remain a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. Post-abortion care and management especially post-abortion contraception have been identified as a cost-effective method of preventing unintended pregnancies from occurring thus improving maternal health.

Objective: This study sort to investigate how information, motivation and behavioral constructs influence the management of post-abortion care specifically contraception care giving by healthcare providers (doctors and nurses) in South Western, Nigeria.

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was conducted among 420 participants using a 44-item validated structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis was conducted to give statistical responses to the research questions and hypotheses using SPSS version 25.

Results: Respondents level of information was 9.44 ± 2.351 with a prevalence score of 52.4%, mean score for motivation was 24.62 ± 3.628 with a prevalence of 68.4%, mean score for self-efficacy was 15.76 ± 3.640 with prevalence of 75.0% while mean score for practice was 10.55 ± 2.502 with a prevalence of 70.3%. Motivation level and Self-efficacy level is significantly associated with practice of post abortion contraception (r^2 = 0.23, P <0.001; r^2 = 0.34, P <0.001).

Conclusion: There is need for more sensitization and dissemination of information on post-abortion contraception especially on early return to fertility after an abortion, counselling, importance of ensuring the woman leaves the facility with a method/referral and eliminating provider bias.

References:

[1].   World Health Organization, 2019, Preventing unsafe abortion. Retrieved from

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion

[2].   Guttmacher Institute, 2018, Induced Abortion Worldwide. Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/induced-abortion-worldwide

[3].   Guttmacher Institute, 2017, Worldwide, an Estimated 25 Million Unsafe Abortions Occur Each Year. Retrieved from https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2017/worldwide-estimated-25-million-unsafe-abortions-occur-each-year

[4].   Brink, S., 2017, Nearly half of all abortions are unsafe in developing countries. National Public Radio. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2017/10/03/555317349/nearly-half-of-all-abortions-unsafe-in-developing-countries

[5].   Guttmacher Institute, 2015, Abortion in Nigeria. Retrieve from https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/abortion-nigeria

[6].   Corbett, M. R., and Turner, K. L., 2003, Essential Elements of Post Abortion Care: Origins, Evolution and Future Directions. International family planning perspective, 29(3), 106-111.

[7].   Cutis, C., Huber, D., and Moss-Knight, T., 2010, Post-abortion Family Planning: Addressing the Cycle of Repeat Unintended Pregnancy and Abortion. Guttmacher Institute, 36 (1), 44-48.

[8].   Mielke, E., Huber, D., Curtis, C., & Malarcher, S., 2019, Postabortion family planning: a critical component of postabortion care. High Impact Practices in Family Planning (HIP). Retrieved from https://www.fphighimpactpractices.org/briefs/postabortion-family-planning/

[9].   Lamina, M. A., 2015, Prevalence of Abortion and Contraceptive Practice among Women Seeking Repeat Induced Abortion in Western Nigeria. Journal of pregnancy. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/486203

[10].  Adinma, J. Ikeako, L., Adinma, E. D., Ezeama, C. O., & Ugboaja, J. O., 2010, Awareness and Practice of Post-Abortion Care Services among Health Care professionals in Southeastern Nigeria. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 41(3): 696-704.

[11].  Paul, M., Gemzell-Danielsson, K., Kiggundu, C., Namugenyi, R., & Klingberg-Allvin, M., 2014, Barriers and facilitators in the provision of post-abortion care at district level in central Uganda – a qualitative study focusing on task sharing between physicians and midwives. BMC Health Services Research, 14(28). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-28.

[12].  Tang, L., Wu, S., Li, J., Wang, K., Xu, J., Temmerman, M., Zhang, W., and INPAC Consortium, 2017, Post-abortion family planning counselling practice among abortion service providers in China: a nationwide cross-sectional study. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 22(1), 24-29.

[13].  Wang, L., Puri, M., Rocca, C. H., Blum, M. and Henderson, J. T., 2015, Service provider perspectives on post-abortion contraception in Nepal. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 18(2), 1-13.

[14].  Thompson, K. M., Speidel, J. J., Saporta, V., and Waxman, N. J., 2011, Contraceptive policies affect post-abortion provision of long-acting reversible contraception. Pubmed, 83(1), 41-7.

[15].  Kalu, C. A., Umeora, O., and Sunday-Adeoye, I., 2012, Experiences with Provision of Post-Abortion Care in a University Teaching Hospital in South-East Nigeria: A Five-Year Review. African Journal of Reproductive Health; 16(1), 105

[16].  Faleyimu, O. I., Agbeja, B. O., and Akinyemi, O., 2013, State of forest regeneration in South Western Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural research, 8(26): 3381-3383.

[17].  Action on Armed Violence & Nigeria Working Group on Armed Violence, 2013, The Violent Road: Nigeria’s South West. Retrieved from https://aoav.org.uk/2013/the-violent-road-nigeria-south-west

[18].  Etuk, S. J., Ebong, F. E., and Okonufua, F. E., 2004, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Private Medical Practitioners in Calabar towards Post-Abortion Care. African Journal of Public Health, 7(3):55-64.

[19].  Okonofuna, F. E., Shittu, S. O., Oronsaye, F., Ogunsakin, D., Ogbomwan S. and Zayyan, M., 2005, Attitudes and practices of private medical providers towards family planning and abortion services in Nigeria. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 84: 270–280.

Abstract:

Background: Men’s behaviour influences the reproductive health of both men and women as well as the health of their children. Yet, men are often unable to make informed decision because they have not been involved in Maternal health services and education.

Objective: This study assessed male involvement in Post-Natal healthcare services of their partners and its predictors in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria.

Methods: Multistage sampling technique was used to recruit 350 married adult males whose wives had given birth at least once in the last three years. Descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed. Pretested interview administered semi-structured questionnaires were used for the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 software. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results: Two-thirds of the respondents (66.6%) had good knowledge of Post-Natal healthcare while a little more than half of the respondents (56.3%) were graded as having high overall involvement in the Post-Natal healthcare of their wives. The predictors of male involvement in postnatal care include the employment status (p=0.01) and educational status (p=0.028) of respondents.

Conclusion: Male involvement in postnatal care in Ilorin is fair though it could be better. Being unemployed and not being educated are predictors of male involvement in post-natal care services in Ilorin. There should be increased public enlightenment on the vital roles of men in Post-Natal healthcare services to encourage male involvement, effective service utilization and continuation.

References:

Abstract:

This study sought to assess the psychosocial and health effects of Herdsmen attacks among Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Benue State, Nigeria. Six hundred and twenty-nine (male=305; female 324) internally displaced persons were used as sample. Their age range was between 18 and 65 years respectively with a mean age of 37.5. Instrument used for data collection was the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) which is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. The internal consistency for the BDI ranges from .73 to .92 with a mean of .86. BDI was administered to the participants to measure the psychosocial effects of herdsmen attacks on the victims. Also, standardized General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was adopted to measure the effects of the herdsmen attacks on the health of IDPs in Benue State, Nigeria. Data analysis involved the use of Chi-square and multiple regressions. The study however revealed that victims of herdsmen attacks suffered from psychological trauma including stress, depression, mood swings and health related problems. On the basis of the findings, it was recommended that the Government should work to provide psychosocial support services to victims as well as set up treatment centers to test and treat victims’ ailments and where possible, counseling sessions.

References:

[1].   Abenhaim, L., Dab, W., & Salmi, L. R. (1992). Study of civilian victims of terrorist attacks (France1982^1987). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45,103-109.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p480

[2].   Awogbade, M. O. (1987). Grazing reserves in Nigeria. Nomadic Peoples, 23:18-30.

[3].   American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).

[4].   Beaton, R. & Murphy, S. (2002). Psychosocial responses to biological and chemical terrorist threats and events: implications for the workplace. Journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, 50,182-189.

[5].   Beck, A.T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571.

[6].   Beck, A. T., Steer, R.A., & Garbin, M.G. (1988) Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77-100.

[7].  Camacho, A. (2008). "Stress and Birth Weight: Evidence from Terrorist Attacks." American Economic Review, 98 (2): 511-15.

[8].   Galea, S., Nandi, A., & Vlahov, D. (2005). The epidemiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after disasters. Epidemiologic Review, 27, 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxi003.

[9].   Goldberg, D. P. & Hillier, V. F. (1979). "A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire". Psychological Medicine. Cambridge Univ Press. 9 (1): 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700021644.

[10].  Groth-Marnat G. (1990). The handbook of psychological assessment (2nd ed.). New York.

[11].  Hussain, D., & Sarma, R. P. (2016). Socio-economic and psychological effects of terrorist bomb blasts on the lives of survivors: An exploratory study on affected individuals. Intervention: Journal of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Conflict Affected Areas, 14(3), 189–199.

https://doi.org/10.1097/WTF.0000000000000121

[12].  Imo, C. K. (2017). The demographic implications of nomadic herdsmen and farmers clashes in Nigeria. International journal of development and management review Volume 12, No. 1.

[13].  International Crisis Group (2017). Herders against Farmers: Nigeria’s Expanding Deadly Conflict. Report No. 252.

[14].  Iro, I. (1994). The Fulani Herding System, Washington, African Development Foundation. :6-12.

[15].  Mohammed, I., Ismaila, A. & Bibi, U. (2015). An assessment of farmer-pastoralist conflict in Nigeria using GIS. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention. ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734. Volume 4 (7). PP 23 – 33.

[16].  North, C. S., Nixon, S. J., Shariat, S., Mallonee, S., McMillen, J. C., Spitznagel, E. L., & Smith, E. M. (1999). Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282,755-762

https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.8.755.

[17].  Nwankwo, O. D., Ike, P. R., Officha, R, K., Obi, Y. V. & Peters, A. E. (2019). Psychosocial implications of Fulani herdsmen religio-organizational terrorism in eastern Nigeria (Biafra). British Journal of Psychology Research, Volume 7, No. 3, PP 14 – 27.

[18].  Pesko, M.F. & Baum, C. F. (2016). The Self-Medication Hypothesis: Evidence from Terrorism and Cigarette Accessibility. Economics and Human Biology, Volume 22, PP 94 – 102.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2016.03.007

[19].  Silver, R. C., Holman, E. A., McIntosh, D. N., Poulin, M. & Gil-Rivas, V. (2002). Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1235-1244.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.10.1235

[20].  Tonah, S. (2002). Fulani pastoralists, indigenous farmers and the contest for land in Northern Ghana.

[21].  Woodward, K. (2015), Psychosocial Studies: An Introduction, New York.

Abstract:

Objective: This study sort to assess the factors militating against Lassa fever prevention programs among market traders of Owo LGA Southwest, Nigeria.

Methodology This study employed descriptive cross-sectional design guided by Precede model. A multistage sampling technique was used for the study. A total number of three hundred and sixty-two respondents were involved in the study. A validated semi-structured questionnaire with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.72 was used to collect data. Frequency table, mean, standard deviation correlation, multiple and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to give statistical responses to the research question and hypotheses using SPSS version 23.

Results: Majority of the respondents involved in this study were females 240 (66.6%) while males, 122 (33.7%) responded to the questionnaire. The respondent’s level of knowledge about Lassa fever and lassa fever transmission was 6.558±1.87658. The respondent’s level of attitudinal disposition towards Lassa Fever was 10.041±3.40782. Respondents’ Lassa Fever preventive measures was high with a mean of 31.05±14.698. There was a significant relationship between’ level of knowledge (r=0.219; p <0.05), attitude (r=0.0354; p <0.05) and adherence to Lassa fever prevention program in Owo LGA.

Conclusion: Findings from the study show market traders exhibit predisposing factors of religious believe and enabling factors such Lassa fever preventive measures like dispose and burn waste on daily basis, food items stored in a container at the end of each market day, regular handwashing, ensuring food is properly cooked and preserved, and fruits and drink properly washed before eating.

References:

[1].   World Health Organization. Lassa fever, 2017. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/details/lassa-fever. Accessed 29 March 2010.

[2].   Centre for Disease Control and prevention. Lassa fever outreach. Morbidity and Mortality report, 2019. Accessed 5April 2020

[3].   Yun, N. E., and Walker, D. H., 2012, Pathogenesis of Lassa fever. Journal of virology, 4(10), 2031-2048

[4].   Centre for Disease Control and prevention. Lassa fever disease, control and prevention, 2018. Accessed 10 April 2020

[5].   Adegoke, O., Ajibola, O., and Ogundairo, J., 2017, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of foodstuff sellers on Lassa fever in major Markets in Ibadan, African journal for the psychological studies of social issues, 20-(2), 233-270.

[6].   Adebimpe, W.O., 2015, Knowledge and preventive Practices against Lassa fever among primary health care workers in Oshogbo. University of Mauritus research journal, 6(21), 2022-2150

[7].   Fatiregum, A.A., Isere, E., Dosumu, M., Agunbiade, O., and Onyibe, R., 2019, Lassa fever awareness and knowledge among community residents in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of community medicine and primary health care. 31(2), 26-35.

[8].   Adefinsan, A.K., 2014, The level of awareness that rat is a vector of Lassa fever among the rural people in Ijebpu North local government, Ogun state, Nigeria. Journal of Educational Pracices, 5(166), 70- 85.

[9].   Adeomi, A. A., Adeoye, O.A., and Adefemi, A.K. 2017. Perception of senior residents’ doctors in Nigeria about Lassa fever. American Journal of preventive medicine and public health, 11(5), 27-34.

Abstract:

Objective: The study investigated the determinants of psychoactive substance abuse among commercial motor drivers in Kawo motor park Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: The study is a cross-sectional design guided by Social Cognitive Theory. It used 37-item validated questionnaire to collect data from 270 respondents who consented and multistage sampling technique was adopted. Variables of environmental, cognitive and behavioral factors of substance abuse were measured. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 23 to compute mean, frequencies, standard deviation and way of variance analysis was used to answer the research questions. The null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 significance level using Pearson’s correlation.

Results: Majority of respondents were male drivers 98.8%, female 1.2%, most respondents are within 31 – 40 years (35.5%) and in their productive age. Environmental factors showed mean ±SD of 5.43±2.55, cognitive factors showed mean ±SD of 12.34±3.88, behavioral factors revealed mean ±SD of 16.64±2.95 while the level of practice showed mean ±SD of 1.575±1.42.

Conclusion: Environmental determinants of psychoactive abuse such as peer pressure, parental influence, availability of drugs within the park contribute to drug abuse by commercial drivers. It was discovered that despite awareness of negative consequences of substance abuse, drivers have not been able to refrain from abuse of substances. Urgent attention of government to enact laws and enforce it to control the production and availability of such substances.

References:

Abstract:

Background: Medication Non-adherence in the treatment of patients with Tuberculosis (TB) is a major challenge in community-based clinical therapeutics. This has been attributed, in part, to duration and complexity of treatment regimens and toxic side-effects, which facilitates disease transmission with emerging resistance to anti-TB drugs. This study was undertaken to assess level of adherence to treatment and identify social determinants moderating medication-adherence guided by the PRECEDE framework among patients receiving treatment in South-west zone of Nigeria.

Method: This was a cross-sectional survey design conducted as a community-based study with 226 consenting patients receiving second-line drug treatment based on data obtained from all DR-TB OPD Health facilities within South-west, Nigeria. The study adopted total enumeration sampling technique. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 22. Univariate and multivariate Regression analysis was conducted to validate the association between the independent variables (Reinforcing and Enabling factors) and outcome variables (medication- adherence and appointment keeping behavior). The test of significance was set at 5% for all statistical procedures.

Results: Male participants in this study was 61.3%. Mean treatment-adherence prevalence was 84.75% (20.34±3.37 measured on 24-point scale). Social/Environmental factors correlated positively with treatment -adherence (r=0.165; p<0.01). Enabling factors with OR=1.44 (95% CI=1.08-1.92, p=0.013) predicted treatment-adherence more significantly than reinforcing factors for participants in this study.

Conclusion: Patients’ level of treatment-adherence was fair. Special attention should be given to enabling and reinforcing factors during patient education through social learning and structural support, which the study identified as inadequate, to optimize treatment-adherence in DR-TB patients.

References:

Abstract:

For several decades Cameroon has been experiencing massive challenges with regards to infection prevention and control, as well as the fight against vaccine-preventable diseases and epidemics. The resistance, refusal, and boycott of vaccines by some populations has marred the efficiency and efficacy of vaccination campaigns against diseases of epidemic potential such as Measles, Yellow Fever, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis, and Cholera. This phenomenon has been observed in many regions of Cameroon, particularly the North West, Littoral, Centre, East and West Regions of the country. Recently there have been massive anti-campaigns leading to the boycott of the Ebola Trial Vaccine in Bamenda and Yaoundé. Effective vaccination and immunization coverage in Cameroon, therefore, needs to be reviewed and the root issues addressed.

References:

[1].   Van Lier EA et al (2012). [Immunization coverage National Immunization Programme in the Netherlands: Year of report 2012] (Report No. 201001001) 2012.

[2].   Harmsen IA et al (2012). Factors that influence vaccination decision-making by parents who visit an anthroposophical child welfare center: A Focus Group Study. Adv Prev Med. 2012; 2012:1-7.

[3].   CDC (2010). Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, MMWR2011;60;13-5.

[4].   American Academy of Pediatrics, (2000). Report on the Committee of Infectious Diseases, ed 25. Elk Grove Village, IL.

[5].   CDC Pink Book. (2013) "Tetanus"(PDF). Retrieved 19 January 2014.

[6].   UNICEF. (2000) "Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination by 2005" November 2000. Retrieved 2007-01-26.

[7].   UNICEF (2010) "Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination Initiative"(PDF). Pampers campaign: 2.

[8].   UNICEF (2010) "Elimination of Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus". UNICEF. Retrieved 17 February 2014.

[9].   UNICEF (2011) "Uganda announces elimination of Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus". Unicef Media Centre. Retrieved 19 January 2014.

[10].  AME info.com. (2011). "Pampers and UNICEF aim to eliminate maternal and neonatal tetanus in Yemen". Retrieved 19 January 2014.

[11].  UNICEF (2000) "Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus". UNICEF United States Fund. Retrieved 17 February 2014.

[12].  MMWR (2014) - Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents, 2007–2013, and Post licensure Vaccine Safety Monitoring, 2006–2014 — United States.

[13].  Sarah Boseley (2015) Health editor, Friday 31 July 2015 16.44 BST Last modified on Saturday 1 August 2015 00.02 BST.

[14].  Van Lier EA et al. (2012) [Immunization coverage National Immunization Programme in the Netherlands: Year of report 2012] (Report No. 201001001). 2012.

http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/201001001.html website.

Abstract:

Objective: This study sort to investigate the predictors of insecticide treated nets utilization among pregnant women in Ikenne LGA Ogun State, Nigeria.

Methodology: This study employed descriptive cross-sectional design guided by Information Behavioral Skill model. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 250 respondents. A validated semi-structured questionnaire with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.78 to 0.79 was used to collect data. Frequency table, mean, standard deviation correlation, multiple and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted to give statistical responses to the research question and hypotheses using SPSS version 23.

Results: The respondent’s level of information on ITN use was 7.85 ±1.75. Majority (91.6%) had high level of information on ITN. Motivation to ITN use was moderately high with a mean of 18.96±4.62. Less than half (46.8%) strongly agree that they were motivated using ITN. The behavioral skill was moderately high with a mean of 12.4±4.57. Most (76%) of them reported that they were very confident to use ITN. Respondents’ utilization of ITN was high with a mean of 3.86±1.51. Majority (86.6%) reported that they slept under ITN last night. There was a significant relationship between’ level of information (r=0.260; p=0.000), motivation (r=0.246; p=0.000), behavioral skills (r=0.643; p=0.000) and utilization of ITN.

Conclusion: the respondents had high level of information on ITN with moderately high motivation to ITN use, moderately high behavioral skills. The respondents’ use of ITN was high. This study recommended that ITN use should be guided by the IMB model.

References:

[1].   Federal Ministry of Health. Malaria situation analysis document. Nigeria, 2000. Available at https://www.scirp.org/(S(lz5mqp453edsnp55rrgjct55))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=2093217. Accessed 12 April, 2020

[2].   Snow, R. W., and Marsh, K., 2010, Malaria in Africa: progress and prospects in the decade since the Abuja Declaration. Lancet. 2010, 376(9735), 137-9.

[3].   Ezeama, M., Ezeamah, F., and Akor, Q. G., 2014, Factors militating against the use of insecticide treated nets among pregnant women in Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Medical and Health Sciences, 4(9), 8-14.

[4].   Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). HIV/AIDS Survey, 2013. Available at https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR293/FR293.pdf. Accessed 19 March 2020.

[5].   Fuge, T. G., Ayanto S. Y., and Gurmamo, F. L., 2015, Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice about malaria and ITNs utilization among pregnant women in Shashogo District, Southern Ethiopia. Malar J. 2015, 14, 235.

[6].   Ezire O., Adebayo S., Idogho, O., Bamgboye E., and Nwokolo E., 2015, Determinants of use of insecticide-treated nets among pregnant women in Nigeria International Journal of Womens Health. 7: 655–661.

[7].      Adeniran, A, Goodman, O. O., Olatona, F. A., and Oluwole, E. O., 2016, Malaria prevention in pregnancy among traditional birth attendants in rural Lagos, Nigeria.

[8].      Ifeoma, P., Okafor, Chinonso E., Esther, O., Olanrewaju, O., and Onigbogi, O., 2019, Malaria in pregnancy: A community-based study on the knowledge, perception, and prevention among Nigerian women. J Family Med Prim Care 8, 1359-64.

[9].      Rogerson, S. J., Desai, M., Mayor, A., Sicuri, E., Taylor, S. M., Van, and Eijk A. M., 2018, Burden, pathology, and costs of malaria in pregnancy:

[10].  Adaramola, E. F., and Babalola B. I., 2017, Factors influencing the utilization of insecticide treated nets among children under the age of five in Nigeria. Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria 2015.Available at:

http://uaps2015.princeton.edu/uploads/150778. Accessed 14th Sep 2017.

[11].  Inungu, J. N., Ankiba, N., Minelli, M., Mumford, V., Bolekela, D., and Mukoso, B., 2017, Use of insecticide-treated mosquito net among pregnant women and guardians of children under five in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malar ResTreat, 2017:1–10.

[12].  Seacat, J. D., and Northrup, D., 2010, An information-motivation-behavioral skills assessment of curbside recycling behavior. J Environ Psychol, 30(4):393–401.

[13].  Nganda, R. Y., Drakeley, C., Reyburn, H., and Marchant, T., 2004, Knowledge of malaria influences the use of insecticide treated nets but not intermittent presumptive treatment by pregnant women in Tanzania. Malar J, 3:42.

[14].  Obol, J. H., Ononge, S., and Orach, C. G., 2013, Utilisation of insecticide treated nets among pregnant women in Gulu: a post conflict district in northern Uganda. Afr Health Sci,13:962–9.

[15].  Inungu, J. N., Ankiba, N., Minelli, M., Mumford, V., Bolekela, D., and Mukoso, B., 2017, Use of insecticide-treated mosquito net among pregnant women and guardians of children under five in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malar ResTreat, 2017:1–10.

[16].  Balami, A. D., Salmiah S., Zulkefli, N A., Bachok, N., and Balami, E. L., 2019, An information-motivation-behavioural-skills analysis of long-lasting insecticidal net use among pregnant women in a hospital in North-Eastern Nigeria. BMC Medical Research Methodology 19:157.

Abstract:

References:

Abstract:

To halt HIV new infections, it is important to also understand the gender differences related to disclosure of sero-status among people living with HIV/AIDS. The objective of this study was to understand the trends in disclosure rates of at-risk partners focusing much attention on sexual partners among men and women living with HIV/AIDS. This was in an effort to forge workable strategies towards partner notification bearing in mind the disclosure disparities, if any, inherent in them. Secondary/Archival data analysis of gender variations of 3,990 above 14 years old of People Living with HIV (PLHIV), entered in Facility Information Management System (FIMS), from October 2018 to September 2019 was done. Findings were that from a total of 3,990 PLHIV 23% were males, while 74% were females indicating a higher prevalence of HIV among females than males. Overall acceptance rate of 92% (3,683) PLHIV willing to disclose who their at-risk (sexual) partners to HIV were, with a 7% gender difference (87% of males accepted while 94% females) and only 8% declining to disclose (13% males and 6% females). Further analysis of at-risk (sexual) partners aged 15 years and above, indicated that more males were at-risk of contracting HIV (63% males vs 37% females), and that they may be the most unaware of their sero-status. This prompts for new strategies aimed at reaching out to and promoting more men to know their sero-status as they are both riskier and unaware of their HIV status, unlike females.

References:

[1].   Andrews J, et al. (2013) GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation - determinants of a recommendation’s direction and strength. J Clin Epi.

[2].   Bangsberg DR, et al. (2013) Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: systematic review and meta-synthesis. Journal of the International AIDS Society.

[3].   Brown LB, et al. (2011) HIV partner notification is effective and feasible in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities for HIV treatment and prevention. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[4].   Carpenter L, et al. (1999) Rates of HIV-1 transmission within marriage in rural Uganda in relation to the HIV sero-status of the partners. Aids.

[5].   Farquhar C, et al. (2001) Partner notification by HIV-1 seropositive pregnant women: association with infant feeding decisions. AIDS, London, England.

[6].   Farquhar C, et al. (2004) Antenatal couple counseling increases uptake of interventions to prevent HIV-1 transmission. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[7].   Gari, S. et al. (2012) The critical role of social cohesion on uptake of HIV testing and ART in Zambia' 19th International AIDS Conference, abstract TUAC0105.

[8].   HIVST.org ‘Acceptability and preferences for HIVST in Zambia: A population-based formative study using a discrete choice experiment’ (accessed October 2018).

[9].   Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (2014) Fast-Track - Ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030, Geneva.

[10].  Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (2016) the gap report. Geneva: UNAIDS.

[11].  Marnan S, et al. (2003) High rates and positive outcomes of HIV sero-status disclosure to sexual partners: reasons for cautious optimism from a voluntary counseling and testing clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. AIDS and Behavior.

[12].  Malamba SS, et al. (2005) Couples at risk: HIV-1 concordance and discordance among sexual partners receiving voluntary counseling and testing in Uganda. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes.

[13].  Sigxashe T, et al. (2001) Attitudes to disclosure of HIV status to sexual partners. South African Medical Journal. (Accessed 15 January 2020).

[14].  Smith R, et al (2008) A meta-analysis of disclosure of one's HIV-positive status, stigma and social support. AIDS care.

[15].  UNAIDS 'AIDSinfo' (Accessed 17 January 2020).

[16].  World Health Organization (WHO) (2016) Supplement Guidelines on HIV Self-Testing and Partner Notification to Consolidated Guidelines on HIV Testing Services.

[17].  USAID (2018) Partner Notification: A Handbook for Designing and Implementing Programs and Services, JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. USA.

Abstract:

References:

[1].   Ahmad, M.M, & Alasad, J. A., (2007). Patients’ preferences for nurses’ gender in Jordan. International Journal of Nursing Practice 13:241.

[2].   Ahmad, M.M, & Alasad, J. A., (2017). Patients’ preferences for nurses’ gender in Jordan. International Journal of Nursing Practice 13:241.

[3].   Andria, E. F., (2004). The Midwives of Seventeenth-Century London (review). University of Toronto Quarterly, Volume 74 (1): 419-420.

[4].   Bluff, R. & Holloway, I., (1994). ‘They know best’: Women’s perceptions of midwifery care during labour and childbirth. Midwifery. 10: 157-164.

[5].   Chessar-Smyth, P.A., (2005). The lived experiences of general student nurses on their first clinical placement: a phenomenological study. Nurse Education in Practice (5):323.

[6].   De Koc, J. & Van Der Walt. C., (2014). Maternal and New-born care: A complete guide for midwives and other health professionals. Cape Town: Juta & company limited.

[7].   DE VOS, (1998). Research at Grass Roots. Pretoria: Van Schaik.

[8].   DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH., (1997). White paper for the transformation of the Health system of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Printers.

[9].   Health Sector Strategic Plan (2017-2021). “One maternal death is one too many”. MoH. Juba: South Sudan.

[10].  Human Resource for Health Strategic Plan., (2009-2014). MoH. Juba, South Sudan.

[11].  Meadus, R. & Twomey, J., (2017). Men in Nursing: Making the right choice. The Canadian.

[12].  Mxoli, W., 2017. Women’s perceptions and experiences of antenatal care rendered in South.

[13].  Nurse 2017; 35(3):13-6[pdf] Available at:http://ijahsp.nova.edu/articles/Vol9Num2/pdf/Wolfenden.pdf. [Accessed 12 November 2019] men nurses’ touch. Journal of Advanced Nursing 40(4):2-9.

[14].  Pearsall, J., (1995). Concise Oxford Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[15].  Searle, C., (1997). Professional practice: A South African nursing perspective. Durban: Butterworths.

[16].  South Sudan (REPUBLIC)., (2011). Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan (Act 139 of 2011:46). Juba, South Sudan.

[17].  Towler, J & Bramall, J., (1986). Midwives in history and society. London: Biddles University Press.102.

[18].  United Nations Population Fund., (2017). Annual report on skilled birth attendance in South Sudan.

[19].  United Nations Population Fund., (2018). Annual Report on Maternal Health Indicators in South Sudan.

[20].  Uys, LR., (1999). Fundamental nursing. Cape Town:

[21].  World Bank., (2018). Global Strategy for women and adolescents.

[22].  World Health Organization., (2017). Improve the quality of maternal health services. Division of Reproductive Health (Technical Support) Geneva: WHO.

Abstract:

Obesity prevalence among adolescents in the world is on an alarming rate. Obesity is associated with morbidities such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, cancers, psychosocial and endocrine problems and mortality in significant manner the focus is now on prevention through health educational intervention. This study aimed at assessing the effect of this health education intervention on knowledge and perceptions of health consequences of obesity among secondary school students in Ile Ife, South Western, Nigeria. The study design is quasi experimental which made used of 65 items pre-tested, purpose design, self-administered questionnaire to obtain information on knowledge and perception of health consequences of obesity from the respondents before and after intervention. Data collected were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. The result revealed that knowledge and perception level were low among the selected secondary school students. The results also showed significant difference in the pre-test and posttest knowledge and perception levels of health consequences of obesity among the secondary school students following health educational intervention in the intervention group. The result further showed a significant change overtime, 0 week, 3 weeks and 6 weeks in knowledge and perception of health consequences of obesity in the intervention group. It was therefore concluded that, health educational intervention has positive, significant effect on knowledge and perception of health consequences of obesity among selected secondary school students in Ile Ife, South –west, Nigeria.

References:

[1].   Amir H. Pakpour, Mir saeed Yekaninegad, Hui Chen (2011): Mothers perceptions of obesity in school children: a survey and the impact of an educational intervention. Jornal de Pediatria (Rio.J) Vol 87, No 2, Porto Alegre. Mar/April.

[2].   Aronne L J and Segal K R (2003): Weight gain in the treatment of mood disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 64. Supp. 8: 22-9.

[3].   Awan K.H, Khan S, Abadeen Z, Khalid T (2015): Knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of dental students towards obesity. The Saudi Dental Journal. Vol.48. pg 44-48.

[4].   Azeezat A Oyewande, Amosun Ademola, Taofik A Okuneye, Felix O Sanni, Aderinola M Hassan, Paul A Olaiya (2019): knowledge, attitude and perception regarding risk factors of overweight and obesity in secondary school students in Ikeja local Government Area, Nigeria. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. Vol 8, Issue 4, pg 1391-1395.

[5].   Center for disease control and prevention (CDC) (2018): Overweight and obesity, prevention strategies and guidelines.

www.cdc.gov/obesity/resources/strategies-guidelines.html

[6].   Esteve Llargues, Ma Assumpta, Racasens Joseph-Maria, Manresa, Bjarne Bruum Jensen, Rosa Franco, Anna Nadal, Maria Vila, Isabel Recasens, M. Jose Perz, Cinxq Castell (2017): European Journal of Public Health, Vol 27, Issue 1, Feb, pg 42-47.

[7].   Fadia T shaya, David Flores, Confidence M, Gbarayor, Jing-Shun Wang (2008): school-based obesity intervention: a literature Review. Journal of SCHOOLHEALTH, Vol 78, Issue 4, April pgs 189-196.

[8].   Fayza M Mohammed, A. S Bader El dins, S S Bayomi, M N Elmagrabi (2013): Impact of health education programme about obesity for obese female employee at Assuit University. Assuit Scientific Nursing Journal, Article 15, Vol Iss 2- serial number 1, Autumn, pg 132-142.

[9].   Flegal K M, Carroll M D, Ogden C L (2010): Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 303(3): 235-241.

[10].  Gomez-Ambrosi J, Silva C, Galofre JC, Escalada J, Santos S, Millian D, Vila N, Ibanez P, Gil MJ, Valenti V, Rotella F, Ramirez B, Salvador J, Fruhbeck G (2012): Body mass index classification misses subject with increased cardiometabolic risk factors related to elevated adiposity. International Journal of Obesity. May, 36, 286-294.

[11].  Hae Young Min, Haeryum Cho (2017): Effects of an adolescent obesity management education programme on middle and high school teacher in South Korea. Asian Nursing Research, Vol11, Issue 2, June, pg 84-91.

[12].  Hajian-Tilaki K O and Heidari B (2009): Association of educational level with risk of obesity and abdominal obesity in Iran adult. Journal of Public Health, Vol 32, Issue 2. June. Pages 202-209.

[13].  Hu E Y, Ramachandran S, Bhattacharya K, Nunna S (2018): Obesity among high school students in the United State: Risk factors and their population attributable fraction. Prev Chronic Dis; December. 15: 180122.

[14].  Ibrahim T (2009): Sample size determination. In Research Methodology and Desertation writing for health and allied health professionals. Abuja, Nigeria Cress Global Link Limited, 70-75.

[15].  Jiang J, Xia X, Greiner T, Wu G, Lian G, Rosenqvist U (2007): The effects of a 3 years obesity intervention in school children in Beijing. Child Care health Dev. Sept. Vol 33(5), 641-6.

[16].  Jiang S, Peng S, Yang T, Cottnell R R and Li L (2018): Overweight and obesity among Chinese college students: An exploration of gender as related to external environmental influences.

[17].  Kafatos a, Manios Y, Moschandreas and the preventive medicine and Nutrition Clinic University of Crete Research Team (2005): Health and nutrition education in primary schools of Crete: follow up changes in body mass index and overweight status. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol 59, 1090-1092.

[18].  Karen M von Deneen, Qin Wei, Jie Tian and Yijun Liu (2011): Obesity in China: what are the causes? Current Pharmaceutical Designs. Vol.17, No12, 1132-1139.

[19].  Lamerz A, Kuepper-Nyebelen K, Wehle C, Brunning N, Trost-Brinkhues G, Brenner H, Hebebrand J, and Herpertz Dahlmann B (2005): Social class, parental education, and obesity prevalence in a study of six-year-old children in Germany. International Journal of Obesity Vol 29, 373-380.

[20].  Louis J. Aronne, Donalds Nelinson, Joseph L. Lillo (2009): Obesity as adisease state: A new paradigm for diagnosis and treatment. Clinical Cornerstone. Vol. 9, Issue 4, pg 9-29.

[21].  Meral Kucuk Yetgin, Pervin AvsarEda Agilli Akin Salih Pinar (2019): Educational in terventions to change obesity perceptions among high school students. Turkish Journal of Sport Medicine. Vol 54, Suppl 1, pg028-039.

[22].  Mohammed O. Al-Rukban (2003): Obesity among Saudi male adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. Vol.24(1): 27-33.

[23].  Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson B, Graet N, Margono C, (2013): Global and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013. A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2013. The Lancet(internet). Available from

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673614604608.

[24].  Nirav R. Shah, Eric R, Branerman (2012): Measuring Adiposity in patients: the utility of body mass index (BMI), percents body fat, and Leptin. PLOS ONE. April.

https;//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.00333083.

[25].  Oh, I H, Cho Y, Park S Y, Oh C, Choe B K, Choi J M, Yoon T y (2011): Relationship between socio economic variable and obesity in Korean adolescents. J. Epidemiol; 21(4); 263-70. Epub 2011 Apr 30.

[26].  Puepet F H, Zoakah A L and Chuhwak E K (2002): Prevalence of overweight and obesity among urban Nigeria adult in Jos. Highland Medical Research Journal. Vol.No1: 13-16

[27].  Rebecca Langford, Christopher Bonnel, Hayley Jones and Rona Campbell (2005): Obesity prevention and health promotion schools frame work: essential components and barriers to success. Int. J. Behav. Nutr Phys Act. February. Vol.12:15.

[28].  Reinehr T, Temmefeld M, Kersting M, Sousa G. De and Toschke A M (2007): Four year folloeup of children and adolescents participating in an obesity intervention programme. International Journal of Obesity Vol, 31, 1074-1077.

[29].  Rima Rafiq El Kishaw, Kah Leng Soo, Yehnia AwadAbed and Wan Abdul.Manan Wan Muda (2014): Obesity and overweight: prevalence and associated socio demographic factors among mothers in three different areas in the Gasa Strip-Palestine: a cross-sectional study. BMC Obesity Vol1, Article number 7.

[30].  Roch A Nianogo and Onyebuchi A Arah (2018): impact of public health interventions on obesity and type 2 diabetes prevention: A simulation study. December. Vol 55, Issue 6, pg 795-802.

[31].  Saley Maeed Alotaibi, Awadh Mastour Alharthi, Hashim Hamed Altowairgi, Abduaziz Mastoor Alswat, Meshari Mohammed Altowairgi, Badr Abdor Ghwoidi and Baraa Ali Felemban (2019): Knowledge and attitude towards obesityamong male secondary school students in Taif, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Advanced Research. 4(12),263-272.

[32].  Sally N Akarolo- Anthony, Walter C Willet, Donna Spiegelman and Clement a Adebamowo (2014): Obesity epidemic has emerged among Nigerians. BMC Public Health. May 14:455. Doi (10.1186/1471-2458-14-455).

[33].  Seyed Saeed Mazloomy-Mahmoodabad, Zohrey Sadat Navabi, Alireza Ahmadi and Mohsen Askarishahi (2017): The effect of educational intervention on weight loss in adolescents with overweight and obesity: Application of the theory of planned behavior. ARYA Atheroscler 13 (4) :176-183.

[34].  Sharareh Haghani, Hossein Shahnazi and Akbar Hassanzadeh (2017): Effects of tailored health education programme on overweight elementary school students’s obesity related lifestyle: A school based interventional study. Oman Medical Journal. March. Vol 32(2): 140-147.

[35].  Tabitha Blasingame (2017): Addressing childhood obesity with education. Journal of Childhood Obesity 2:11. Doi:1021767/2572-5394, 100032.

[36].  Titi Xavier Mangalathil, Push Pendra Kumar, Vikas Choughary (2014): Knowledge and attitudes regarding obesity among adolescents of Sikar, Rajesthan. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science. Vol 3, Issue 2, Ver.1(Mar-April), pg 44-48.

[37].  Varsha Shah, Uresh Jayantilal Jain, Nilesh Thakor (2016): Impact of educational intervention regarding hazards of obesity and its prevalence measures among students of commerce colleges of Ahmadabad city, Gujarat, India. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. Vol4. No 9.

[38].  WHO (2019):

who.int/topics/health_education/en.

[39].  World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factssheets/fs311/en/

[40].  Zhang Yi, Ju Liu, Jianliang Yao, Gang Ji, Long Qian, Jing Wang, Guansheng Zang, Jie Tian, YongZhan Nie, Yi Edi. Zhang, Mark S Gold and Yijun Liu (2014): Obesity: Pathophysiology and intervention. Nutrients. November. Vol.6(11): 5153-5183.

Abstract:

Background: Social transitions involving economics and education that has witnessed the global transformation of rural to urban, not sparing Nepal, has resulted in altered population food habits and physical activities. Chronic illnesses are now emerging among adolescents. Risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) diseases can be effectively addressed in early adolescence to prevent por health outcomes. This study assessed the level of risk-factors associated with cardiovascular health status among in-school adolescents of Nepalgunj, Nepal and from the findings develop an intervention to improve CV-health related parameters to improve cardiovascular health outcomes.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Midwestern part of Nepal. Four institutions were selected consisting 2 privates and 2 public secondary schools using simple random sampling from total 7 schools in Nepalgunj municipality. Consenting students (178) from eight and ninth grades were enrolled. Data about demographic information, risk-factors for cardiovascular disease, and CV-health related parameters were collected using anthropometry and validated questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed as frequency distributions means and standard deviations with test of associations between variables at 5% level of significance.

Results: Prevalence of overweight was 10.67%, and alcoholism was 1.12%. Vegetarians were 4.49%. Active smokers were none. Passive smoking was 31% and no active smokers. Extremely sedentary lifestyle was found among 7.8%. Family history for hypertension and CVD present among 8.4% and 2.8% respectively.

References:

[1].  Akther, M., Tabrez, M., Ali, M., Dey, P., Hoque, M., & Alam, S. (2019). Prevalence and Common Risk Factors of Hypertension among School Children Aged 12-16 Years in Sylhet Metropolitan City, Bangladesh. Mymensingh medical journal: MMJ, 28(4), 819-825.

[2].  Armstrong, K. R., Cote, A. T., Devlin, A. M., & Harris, K. C. (2014). Childhood obesity, arterial stiffness, and prevalence and treatment of hypertension. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine, 16(11), 339.

[3].  Dhungana, R. R., Bista, B., Pandey, A. R., & de Courten, M. (2019). Prevalence, clustering and sociodemographic distributions of non-communicable disease risk factors in Nepalese adolescents: secondary analysis of a nationwide school survey. BMJ Open, 9(5), e028263. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028263.

[4].  Furer, A., Afek, A., Sommer, A., Keinan-Boker, L., Derazne, E., Levi, Z., . . . Twig, G. (2020). Adolescent obesity and midlife cancer risk: a population-based cohort study of 2.3 million adolescents in Israel. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30019-x.

[5].  Ip, P., Ho, F. K. W., So, H.-K., Chan, D. F.-y., Ho, M., Tso, W., & Nelson, E. A. S. (2016). Socioeconomic gradient in childhood obesity and hypertension: a multilevel population-based study in a Chinese community. PloS one, 11(6).

[6].  Karki, A., Shrestha, A., & Subedi, N. (2019). Prevalence and associated factors of childhood overweight/obesity among primary school children in urban Nepal. BMC public health, 19(1), 1055. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7406-9.

[7].  Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Hong, Y., Labarthe, D., Mozaffarian, D., Appel, L. J., Van Horn, L., . . . Tomaselli, G. F. (2010). Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation, 121(4), 586-613.

[8].  Mohan, B., Verma, A., Singh, K., Singh, K., Sharma, S., Bansal, R., . . . Prabhakaran, D. (2019). Prevalence of sustained hypertension and obesity among urban and rural adolescents: a school-based, cross-sectional study in North India. BMJ Open, 9(9), e027134. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027134.

[9].  Omisore, A. G., Omisore, B., Abioye-Kuteyi, E. A., Bello, I. S., & Olowookere, S. A. (2018). In-school adolescents' weight status and blood pressure profile in South-western Nigeria: urban-rural comparison. BMC Obes, 5, 2. doi:10.1186/s40608-018-0179-3.

[10]. Organization, W. H. The top 10 causes of death: World Health Organization; 2017 [updated January 2017; cited 2017 February 9, 2017]. World Health Organization Fact Sheets]. Available from:

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en.

[11]. Pastucha, D., Talafa, V., Malincikova, J., Cihalik, C., Hyjanek, J., Horakova, D., & Janout, V. (2010). Obesity, hypertension and insulin resistance in childhood–a pilot study. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub, 154(1), 77-82.

[12]. Paudel, S., Subedi, N., Bhandari, R., Bastola, R., Niroula, R., & Poudyal, A. K. (2014). Estimation of leisure time physical activity and sedentary behaviour among school adolescents in Nepal. BMC public health, 14(1), 637.

[13]. Sigmund, E., Sigmundova, D., Badura, P., Voracova, J., Vladimir, H., Jr., Hollein, T., . . . Kalman, M. (2020). Time-trends and correlates of obesity in Czech adolescents in relation to family socioeconomic status over a 16-year study period (2002-2018). BMC public health, 20(1), 229. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8336-2.

[14]. Washington, R. L. (1999). Interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. American family physician, 59(8), 2211.

[15]. Wickrama, K. A., O'Neal, C. W., & Lott, R. E. (2012). Early community contexts, race/ethnicity and young adult CVD risk factors: the protective role of education. J Community Health, 37(4), 781-790. doi:10.1007/s10900-011-9511-2.

[16]. Witzel, N., Isensee, B., Suchert, V., Weisser, B., & Hanewinkel, R. (2016). [Sedentary Behavior and the health of adolescents]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr, 141(15), e143-149. doi:10.1055/s-0042-110246.

Abstract:

Background: Immunisation is a proven tool for reducing morbidity and mortality associated with vaccine preventable diseases. Routine Immunisation program in Nigeria has been hampered by certain sociocultural such false beliefs, misconceptions and other health system barriers. This study assessed the perception of mothers about childhood routine immunisation services and explored the factors that could affect routine immunisation uptake by mothers.

Methods: Focus group discussions (FGD) were held among mothers in rural areas of Atakumosa west District, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Key informant interviews (KII) were also conducted among Community leaders and health workers located in these communities. The data collected for the FGD and KII were transcribed verbatim and analysed using detailed content analytic approach.

Results: Majority of the mothers have good awareness of vaccine preventable diseases such as Poliomyelitis, Tuberculosis and measles (75-100%), Misperception of benefits of vaccination such vaccination being a cure for diseases as well as being a prevention for all’ diseases, misconceptions such as malaria resulting from vaccination; cultural and religious taboos as well as health system factors such as negative attitudes of routine immunisation providers, vaccine stock-out and access to health care services, were major factors affecting routine immunisation uptake.

Conclusion: Misconceptions about routine childhood immunisation are still common in most rural communities in Osun State, Nigeria. There is a need to raise awareness of benefits of routine immunisation in the communities, ensuring constant availability of vaccines in health facilities and training and retraining of immunisation staffs on clinical ethics will help to achieve the goal of full Immunisation coverage of 80 percent among children under two years of age.

References:

[1].   Abdulraheem, I.S. et al., 2011. Reasons for incomplete vaccination and factors for missed opportunities among rural Nigerian children. J. Public Health and Epidemiology, 3(4), pp.194–203.

[2].   Adebayo, B., Oladokun, R. & Akinbami, F., 2012. Immunisation Coverage in A Rural Community in Southwestern Nigeria. J Vaccines Vacci, 3(143), pp.3–6.

[3].   Aransiola, J. 2013. Providing sustainable support for street children in Nigeria: Stakeholders challenges and the policy options available. Advances in applied sociology, 3(3), pp.172–77.

[4].   Babalola S, Olabisi A. Community and Systematic Factors Affecting the Uptake of Immunisation in Nigeria: A Quantitative Study in Five States. Nigeria; Abuja: Department of International Development (DFID); 2004.

[5].   Babalola S, Adewuyi A. Factors Influencing Immunisation Uptake in Nigeria: A theory-based Research in six States. Abuja: PATHS; 2005.

[6].   Center for Global Development. Making Markets for vaccines: from ideas to actions. Washington DC. Center for Global Development; 2005.

[7].   Etokidem, A. & Wondifon., 2013. Myths and Misconceptions as barriers to uptake of Immunisation services in Nigeria. Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination, 4(7), pp.2–4.

[8].   Jegede AS (1995) Socio-cultural Factors Influencing the use of the Expanded Program on Immunization in the “B” Health Zone of Nigeria.

[9].   Jegede AS, Owumi BE (2013) Factors Influencing Infant Immunization Uptake in the Yoruba Community of Southwestern Nigeria. J Community Med Health Educ 3: 215. doi:10.4172/2161-0711.1000215.

[10].  NDHS, 2008. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008, National Population Commission federal Republic of Nigeria Abuja, Nigeria ICF Macro Calverton, Maryland, USA.

[11].  Odusanya, E. et al., 2008. Determinant of vaccination coverage in rural Nigeria. PubMed, Biomed Central Public health, 8, pp.381–386.

[12].  Ophori, Endurance A et al. “Current trends of Immunisation in Nigeria: prospect and challenges.” Tropical medicine and health vol. 42,2 (2014): 67-75. doi:10.2149/tmh.2013-13.

[13].  UNICEF, 2009. Contribution on the Expanded Programme on Immunisation. Available at: http://www.unicefhq97-0767/lemoyne. [Accessed November 16, 2012].

[14].  Wilson K, Mills E, Boon H, Tomlinson G, Ritvo P (2004) A survey of attitudes towards pediatric vaccinations amongst Canadian naturopathic students. Vaccine 22: 329-334.

[15].  12. WHO, 2005. Immunisation, Vaccines and Biologicals. Immunisation coverage cluster survey. Reference manual. Available at: WHO/IVB/04.23.

Abstract:

Background: One of the barriers to effective HIV response is the HIV-related stigma and discrimination among Healthcare providers towards patients receiving diagnostic procedure or treatment.

In Zambia, there are minimal research that have applied health behavioral models to evaluate the predictors of stigmatizing behavior associated with HIV among healthcare providers. Reducing HIV-related stigma may enhance the quality of HIV prevention and care. Hence reducing HIV related stigma should be a national prevention goal.

Methodology: This study used an analytic cross-sectional research design to investigate predictors of stigmatizing and discriminatory behavior among Healthcare providers in Lusaka urban, Zambia. Questionnaire data was collected and analyzed using SPSS and described using regression analysis to estimate the relationship between HIV related stigmatizing behavior, discriminatory acts, and personal attributes, job, environmental and demographic factors.

Results: 370 health care providers were included in the sample. Levels of stigma were reported by all groups included in the study. This included willingness to prohibit women living with HIV from having children (43%), wearing double gloves (64.5%), using special infection control measures (50%) and avoided physical contact (36.5%) when caring for HIV infected clients.

Conclusion: The study revealed that the stigma and discrimination associated with HIV by Healthcare providers in urban Lusaka was not unusual. Potential care and support for HIV patients should therefore concentrate more on strengthening the cognitions and behaviors of Healthcare providers toward People Living with HIV to ensure that they receive prompt and effective treatment and assistance.

References:

Abstract:

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women especially in developing countries. Cervical cancer screening is a cost-effective method of detecting pre-malignant and malignant lesions of the cervix. Nurses could serve as health educators on cervical cancer screening hence the need to determine their knowledge and uptake of the screening. The objective of the study was to determine the level of awareness and uptake of cervical cancer screening among female nurses in Enugu.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study of 182 eligible female nurses in different health facilities in Enugu was undertaken. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.

Results: Majority of the respondents was aware (98%) and had good knowledge (95.6%) of cervical cancer screening. Only a small proportion (19.8%) of the nurses had cervical cancer screening. More so, a paltry 3.3% of the nurses had cervical cancer screening for the second time. Most (68.7%) of the respondents were aware of the availability of cervical cancer screening facilities in Enugu. Major reasons for non-screening were fear of complications (36.3%) and high cost of screening (16.4%). The respondents suggested that uptake of the cervical cancer screening could be achieved through workshops/seminars (51.1%), religious activities (49.5%), mass media (31.9%) and conferences (28.0%).

Conclusion: Despite the high awareness of cervical cancer screening among female nurses in Enugu, the uptake of cervical cancer screening was low. There is need for policy formulation that is aimed at reversing this ugly trend.

References:

Abstract:

Nigeria contributes the highest morbidity and mortality rate to the global burden of malaria. it a known fact that malaria is one of the major public health issues in developing countries in which about 3.4 billion people are at risk of the disease globally. Pregnant women and children are classified to be the most vulnerable group that is mostly affected in the population.

Methodology: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending ante-natal clinic in a tertiary health institution, using a semi structured questionnaire Scores were used to grade respondent knowledge of malaria infection and preventive seeking behaviour. Data was presented using descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics was used for the association between various variable and preventive seeking behaviour of respondent towards malaria.

Result: The result shows that of 204 respondent interviewed the mean age was 27.6+6.2 years, 93% has good awareness about malaria infection, and a good proportion of the respondent i.e. 60.4% has good preventive seeking behaviour and all socio demographic characteristics are statistically associated with preventive seeking behaviour (p<0.05) except age which is (p>0.05).

Conclusion: This study indicates that socio demographic variable except age affect preventive seeking behaviour towards malaria among pregnant women, preventive seeking behaviour such as drinking traditional concoction should be discouraged so as not to affect the development of the foetus and more awareness campaign on the use of insecticide treated net should be carried out.

References:

[1].   Kenny et al 2010 Sub Saharan Africa’s mothers, newborn, and children where and why do they die?plos ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed 1000294.

[2].   WHO 2013 rural southwest Nigeria.

[3].   Centre for Disease Control and Prevention CDC impact of malaria 2016

http://www.cdc.govtmalaria/malaria-wordwide/impacthtml. Assessed 03, May 2018.

[4].   WHO.2017 Malaria in pregnant women Geneva: world health organization.

http://www.who.int/malaria/malaria-worldwideimpart.html Accessed 07 may 2018.

[5].   Norland GS, Graves PM, Slleu A, Ggege A, Gruukah E, Patterson AE. Malaria prevalence, anaemia and baseline intervention courage pror to mass net distribution in Abia and Pleteau State Nigeria BMC infectious diseases. 14: 168D010.1184/14712334-14-168.

[6].   F and B.2016 challenges in the management of malaria in Nigeria: a healthcare system preview epidemiology (Sunnyvale). 6.253.

[7].   Rakhshani F, Ansri MA, Alemi K, Moradi A 2003. Knowledge, perception and prevention of malaria among women in Sistan Va Baluchesten, Ilamic reoublic of Iran Eastern Meditterranean. Health journal 9248-256.

[8].   Andongo PB, Kirkwood B. 2005, How local community knowledge about malaria affect insecticide treated net use in northern Ghana. Tropical medicine and international Health 10: 366-378. Dollo.1111/.1365.2005.

[9].   Minjah, Obrist B. 2005. Integrating local and biomedical knowledge and communication experience from Kinet project in Southern Tanzania. Human organization 64.157-165.

[10].  Russel T, L, Wetolgera D, Chipwaza B. 2010. Impact of promoting long lasting insecticide treatment of bed net upon malaria transmission in rural Tanzanian setting with pre-existing high coverage of untreated net. Malaria journal 19 (187).

[11].  Federal ministry of health (FMOH)2016 Nigeria and National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP) [Nigeria]: National Malaria Strategic plan 204-2020. Abuja Nigeria.

[12].  Amusan VV, Umar YA, Vantsawa PA,2017 knowledge, attitude and practice on malaria prevention and control among private security guard within Kaduna metropolis Kaduna State Nigeria Sci public health; 3, 240-5.

[13].  Singh R, Musa J, Ebere UV,2014 knowledge attitude and practice on malaria among the rural communities in Ilorin, Northern Nigeria fam med prim care 2014,3:39-44.

[14].  Kelechi EO, Joyce MT, Samuel TY 2019, knowledge of malaria prevention among pregnant women and non-pregnant mothers of children under 5 years in Ibadan southwest Nigeria.

[15].  Ayodeji M. Adebayo, Oluwaseun O. Akinyemi and Eniola Cadmus 2015 knowledge of malaria prevention among pregnant women and female caregiver of under five children in rural southwest Nigeria. Pear> D0110.7717/pear.792.

Abstract:

This study investigated Nutritional Health problems of boarding house students in Idemili North Local Government Area of Anambra State Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The population of the study consists of 1499 boarding house students. The sample consisted of 200 boarding house students. The data for the study was collected using questionnaire. The statistical analysis used was frequency and percentages for the data. The finding revealed that greater percentage of the student experienced nutritional health problems. Female boarding house students experience lots of nutritional problems more than male boarding students. A greater percentage of the students between the age of 10 – 14 years suffer nutritional problems. The study recommended that health education on the nutritional health problems of boarding house students and ways of preventing them should be given to teachers, parents and students. Those nutritional health problems should be taken care of.

Keywords: Nutrition, Health Problems, Boarding House Students.

References:

[1].   Adedokun J.O. and Gabrielfavour Eke (2019). Nigeria’s pollution explosion and its under development imperatives. American journal of humanities, arts and social sciences.1(2); ISSN 2643-0061.

[2].   Akinyemi, O. and Ibraheem, G. (2016). ‘Assessment of nutritional status of Queens College students of Lagos State, Nigeria’, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(7), 937-939, retrieve august 25, 2019 from http://www.pjbs.org/pjnonline/fin1192.pdf

[3].   Asghar, S.A., Gupta, P., Srivastava, M.R., Srivastava, J.P., and Zaidi, Z.H. (2017). Health status of primary school children: study from a rural health block of Lucknow. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 4(7): 2498-2501. Retrieved from http://www.ijcmph.com 14 November 2019.

[4].   Cortez, R., Saadat, S., Edmore, M., and Oluwole, O. (2015). Adolescent and Reproductive Health in Nigeria. Retrieved October 21, 2019 from https://www.definitions.net/definition/boarding+school

[5].   Kolawole, S.E., Agofure, O., and Edeta, R. (2017). Nutritional status of day and boarding female adolescent secondary school students in Warri South Local Government Area of Delta State. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences. 5(3) 131-139. Doi 10.11648/jfns.20170503.20.

[6].   Monarrez-Espino, J., Martinez, H., Martinez, V., and Greiner, T. (2014). Nutritional status of indigenous children at boarding schools in northern Mexico. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 58,532 – 548. Retrieved from http://www.global-breastfeeding.org/pdf/monarrez.EJCN.pdf, 05 September, 2019.

[7].   Nilesh, T., Aparajita, S., Bala, D.V., Mayur, V., and Rakesh, N. (2014). Health status of children of primary and secondary boarding schools of Gandhinagar district. International Journal                of Medical Science and Public Health, 3(7).

[8].   Shahid, A., Siddiqui, F.R., Bhatti, M.A., Ahmed, M., and Khan, M.W. (2009). Assessment of nutritional status of Adolescent College Girls at Rawalpindi. Annals 15(1): 11-16.

[9].   Sunday E.K. (2017). Nutritional status of day and boarding female adolescent secondary school students in warri south L.G.A. of Delta state. Journal of food and nutrition science. 5(3), 131 DOI: 10.116481j.jfns.20170503.20

[10].  World Health Oragnisation (1948). Definition of Health. Retrieved fromhttp://www.euro.wwho.int/--data/assets/pdf_file/0003/152184/RD_Dastein_spee ch_wellbeing_07oct.pdf

Abstract:

Background: Adolescents account for over 50% of all HIV infections occurring worldwide. HIV counseling and testing (HCT) has been identified as the key entry point to prevention, care, treatment and support services. Nevertheless, the coverage of HCT services among adolescents remains low.

Objective: To investigate the psycho-cognitive factors associated with HIV counseling and testing service-utilization among in-school adolescents.

Methodology: This study was a cross-sectional survey design guided by behavioral theory. A total of 292 in-school adolescents were selected for this study through multi stage sampling technique. This study made use of a validated, structured questionnaire. Data analysis was based on aggregate weighted scores of items; descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were conducted. Also, a regression analysis was also conducted.

Results: There were more females (61.0%) than males (39.0%) respondents; the mean age of the respondents was 15.66years. Majority (61%) of the respondents had poor Utilization of HIV Counseling and Testing services. This study also found a significant relationship between knowledge, attitude, perception and HIV counseling and testing service-utilization (p<0.05). It was found that the most significant predictors of HIV Counseling and Testing Service-Utilization was knowledge (B=-0.233; OR=0.792; 95%CI: 0.672-0.934; p=0.006).

Conclusion: Findings from this study proposes knowledge, attitude and perception as the major predictors of HIV Counseling and Testing Service-Utilization. Therefore, there is a need to initiate more health education programs among adolescents to improve their utilization of HIV counseling and testing services.

References:

[1].   World Health Organization. Handbook for improving HIV testing and counseling services, 2010. Available at

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44446/9789241500463_eng.pdf;jsessionid=95B5159613FE6820597C4F8A923B0687?sequence=1. Accessed 17 March 2020.

[2].   United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Progress for Children: A report card on adolescents, 2012. Available at

http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_62280.html. Accessed 16 March 2020.

[3]. World Health Organization. Adolescents: health risks and solutions, 2018. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs345/en/ Accessed 16 March 2020.

[4]. Majelantle, R. G., Keetile, M., Bainame, K., & Nkawana, P. (2014). Knowledge, opinions and attitudes towards HIV and AIDS among Youth in Botswana. Journal of Global Economics, 2 (1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4172/economics.1000108

[5]. UNAIDS. (2019). New Survey. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20190314_PR_Nigeria_en.pdf

[6].   United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Global and regional trends: Statistical Update, 2019. Available at

https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/global-regional-trends/. Accessed 17 March 2020.

[7].   The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Global report: report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. Available at https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-report-unaids-report-global-aids-epidemic-2013. Accessed 10 February 2020.

[8].   World Health Organization. HIV testing and counseling: Consolidated ARV guidelines, 2013. Available at

https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/clinical/testingintro/en/. Accessed 16 March 2020.

[9].   Djan, D., 2018, Factors Affecting the Attitude of Young People towards HIV Testing Uptake in Rural Ghana. Journal of HIV & Retrovirus, 4 (2),13. https://doi.org/10.21767/2471-9676.100045

[10].  National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17, Survey Findings Report. Abuja, Nigeria: National Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Children’s Fund 2017. Available at

https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/reports/multiple-indicator-cluster-survey-2016-17-mics. Accessed 16 March 2020.

[11].  Olowokere, A. E., Adelakun, O. A., and Komolafe, A. O., 2018, Knowledge, perception, access and utilisation of HIV counselling and testing among pregnant women in rural communities of Osogbo town, Nigeria. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 26(1), 33–41.

https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12368.

[12].  Maleche, A., 2015, SDG Series: Are SDGs the vehicle to end AIDS by 2030? Only if driven by human rights. Retrieved from

https://www.hhrjournal.org/2015/09/sdg-series-are-sdgs-the -vehicle-to-end-aids-by-2030-only-if-driven-by-human-rights/

[13].  Park, B. J., Wannemuehler, K. A., Marston, B. J., Govender, N., Pappas, P. G., and Chiller, T. M., 2009, Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS 23 (4), 525-530. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328322ffac.

[14].  Lambert, V., and Lambert, C., 2013, Qualitative descriptive research: an acceptable design. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research,16:255–256.

[15].  Addis, Z., Yalew, A., Shiferaw, Y., Alemu, A., Birhan, W., and Mathewose, B., 2013, Knowledge, attitude and practice towards voluntary counseling and testing among university students in North West Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 714. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-714.

[16].  Abebe, A., and Mitikie, G., 2009, Perception of high school students towards voluntary HIV counselling and testing, using health belief model in Butajira, SNNPR. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 23(2), 148-153. https://doi.org/ 10.4314/ejhd.v23i2.53232.

[17].  Desta, W. G., Sinishaw, M.A., and Bizuneh, K, D., 2017, Factors Affecting Utilization of Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing Services among Teachers in Awi Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. AIDS Research and Treatment.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9034282

[18].  Lalisa, C., Dejene, H., Yayehyirad, Y and Tesfaye, A., 2017, Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Voluntary HIV Testing and Counselling among Mizan High School Students Benchi Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia, Pimary Health Care, 7(4):286.

http://doi.org/10.4172/2167-1079.1000286.

[19].  Teklehaimanot, H. D., Teklehaimanot, A., Yohannes, M., and  Biratu, D., 2016, Factors influencing the uptake of voluntary HIV counseling and testing in rural Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 16(239).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2918-z.

[20].  Oladeji, L. T., 2016, Perception, Attitude and Willingness of Civil Servants Towards HIV Counseling and Testing in the Ministry of Education Secretariat Ibadan, Oyo State. Retrieved from http://adhlui.com.ui.edu.ng/handle/123456789/356. Accessed 19 March 2020.

[21].  Alabi, A. D., Oke, O. A.,  Adedokun, B. O., and Runsewe-Abiodun, T. I., 2018, Perception and Practice of HIV/AIDS Counseling and Testing Among Secondary School Adolescents in Ogun Waterside Local Government Area, Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria. Sage Journals; 38(3), 175-180.

[22].  Perdana, M. V., Demartoto, A., and Indarto, D., 2017, Effects of Predisposing, Enabling, and Reinforcing Factors on the Uptake of Voluntary Counselling and Testing among Female Sex Workers in Grobogan, Central Java. Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior, 2(3), 242-256. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.03.05.

[23].  Nubed, C., and Akoachere, J.T., 2016, Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HIV/AIDS among senior secondary school students in Fako Division, South West Region, Cameroon. BMC Public Health 16, 847 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3516-9.

Abstract:

References:

Abstract:

Background Prevalence of poor pregnancy outcomes with complications and maternal mortality account for 75% of maternal mortality resulting from the practice of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) who are not skilled sufficiently to detect high-risk pregnancies and birth complications early for referrals. This study was undertaken to understand the dynamics involved with timely complication-referral practices among TBAs in selected communities in Oyo State, Nigeria.

Methodology This cross-sectional survey utilized interviewer-administered 58-item validated questionnaire for data collection from 210 consenting TBAs recruited by multistage sampling technique across three senatorial districts of the State. Knowledge, perception of seriousness, susceptibility of pregnancy complications, perceived benefits of referral, Self-efficacy, attitudinal dispositions, reinforcing and enabling factors, and referral-practices were measured on 16-, 15-, 12-, 15-, 9-, 12- 12-, 15- and 18-point reference scales respectively. Data analysis reported means and standard deviations and test of associations to determine predictors of the outcome variable. All statistical tests were at 5% level of significance.

Results Study showed that 80% of respondents acquired their skills through apprenticeship training while mean scores for knowledge (4.1±0.25), perceived seriousness (4.34±0.30), perceived susceptibility (6.92±0.22), perceived benefits (9.42±0.25), self-efficacy (5.68±0.26), attitudinal dispositions (4.85±0.29), reinforcing (3.16±0.40) and enabling factors (3.86±0.18) and timely complication-referral practices (7.75±027) were all not satisfactory. Enabling factors most significantly predicted referral practices (R= 0.882; r²=0.778; p<0.001).

Conclusion All variables scores were poor. Enabling factors defining infrastructural resources and training most significantly predicted referral practices. The study recommends constant capacity-building to improve skills of TBAs to recognize high-risk pregnancy and initiate early referrals.

References:

[1].   Aborrigo, R., Allotey, P., Reidpath, D. (2015) The traditional healer in obstetric care: A persistent wasted opportunity in maternal health. Sci Med. 133, (56-59).

[2].   Abiodun, I. A., Uche, O., Akinyemi, A. A. (2014). Reshaping maternal services in Nigeria: Any need for spiritual care? J Global Health, 4(352).

[3].   Abdul-Munin, K. (2016) Village midwives and their changing roles in Brunei Darussalam: A qualitative study. Global Health Action, 29(73-81).

[4].   Abodunrin, O., Akande, T. M., Aderibigbe, S. (2010). Determinants of referral practices of clients by traditional birth attendants in ilorin, Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 4(76).

[5].   Adanna, C. C. (2019). The impact of monetary incentives on referrals by traditional birth attendants for postnatal care in Nigeria. BMC.

[6].   Adeniyi, F.F., Erhabor, S. I. (2015) Barriers to antyenatal care use in Nigeria: Evidences from non-users and implications for maternal health programming. Int J Global Health, 3(187).

[7].   Alkema, C. C. (2016). Global, regional and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990-2015 in the scenerio-based projections to 2030. The Lancet, 462-474.

[8].   Alkema, C. D. (2016). A systematic analysis by the UN maternal mortality estimation inter-agency group. The Lancet, 462 - 474.

[9].   Ayo, S. A. (2017). Intra-demographic birth risk assessment scheme and infant mortality in Nigeria. PMC, 3: 213-219.

[10].  Aschenaki, Z. K., Olivia, T., Daniel, G. S. (2018). Exploring barriers to the use of formal maternal health services and priority areas for action in sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia. BMC,32.

[11].  Bergstrom, G. (2001). Role of traditional birth attendants in reducing maternal mortality.

[12].  Bolanle, C. O., Fatima, M., Allen, O., Abare, G. (2014). Effect of performance-based incentives for traditional birth attendants on access to maternal and new born health-care facilities in Gombe State, Nigeria: A pilot study. The Lancet, 384(10).

[13].  Biswas, A., Dalal, K., Abdullah, A. (2016). Maternal complications in a geographically challenging and hard to reach district of Bangladesh: A qualitative study. The Lancet, 5(2417).

[14].  Biswas, A., Rondi, A. (2018). Conceptualization of maternal health. PMC, 7(365).

[15].  Bryne, A., Morgan, A. (2011). How the integration of traditional birth attendants with formal health systems can increase skilled birth attendance. J Obstet Gynecol, 115(2):127-34.

[16].  Bucher S, Konana, O., Edward Liechty, Ana Garces, Peter Gisore, Irene Marete, Constance Tenge, Evelyn Shipala, Linda Wright and Fabian Esamai (2016) Self-reported practices among traditional birth attendants surveyed in western Kenya: a descriptive study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 16:219 DOI 10.1186/s12884-016-1007-8Carol, S. C. (2014). Nutrition and Pregnancy . New Jersey: Humana press.

[17].  Chukwuma, C. M. (2019). The impact of monetary incentives on referrals by traditional birth attendants for postnatal care in Nigeria. BMC,3(375).

[18].  Crowe, S., Utley, M., Costello, A. P. (2012). How many births in Sub-saharan Africa and South Asia will not be attended by a skilled birth attendant between 2011-2018. BMC, 12(3)4.

[19].  Chalo, RN., Salihu, H., Nabukera, S., Zirabamuzale, C. (2005). Referral of high-risk pregnant mothers by trained traditional birth attendants in bulkue county, Mukono district, Uganda. J Gynaeco Obstet, 25(6):554-7.

[20].  CIA. (2015). Maternal mortality rate globally . World factbook.

[21].  CIT. (2019). Global decline of maternal mortality rate between 1990-2015 by Central intelligence, UN.

[22].  Ganle, J. (2015) Chasing out traditional birth attendants in Ghana: Implication for maternal and new born health. J Glob Health, 2015.

[23].  Jane, E. (2012) The geography of maternal mortality in Nigeria. CIA WorldFactbook, 1-10.

[24].  Hodginsa, S., D'Agostino, A. (2014) The quality coverage gap in antenatal care: Towards better measurement of effective coverage. Glob Health Sci, 2(173-81).

[25].  Imogie, A. E. (2002). Assessing the role of traditional birth attendants in health care delivery in Edo State, Nigeria. African journal of reproductive health, 6(2), 94-100.

[26].  Joseph, O. U., Charlotte, B. O., Emmanuel O. O., Anthony O. I. (2018). Factors associated with the use of traditional birth attendants in Nigeria: A secondary analysis of 2013 Nigeria national demography and health survey. J Obstet & Gynaeco, 16(2) 45-52.

[27].  Kitui, J. E., Vanghan, D., Dirk, B., Rachel, N., Susan, W., Stephen, N. (2017). Traditional birth attendant reorientation and mother packs incentives effect on health facility delivery uptake in Narok County, Kenya: An impact analysis. BMC, 125(4).

[28].  Kayombo, E. (2013, April). Impact of training traditional birth attendants on maternal mortality and morbidity in sub-saharan Africa. Tanzania Journal of health research, 15(2), 134-42.

[29].  Kyler, H. D.-M.-V. (2014). Global, regional and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990 - 2013; A systematic analysis for the global burden of the disease. The lancet , 2-5.

[30].  Kendal, T., Langer, A. (2015). Critical maternal health knowledge gaps in low and middle-income countries for the post. Reproductive health, 8(1-4).

[31].  Mavalankar, P. S. (2010). Density of doctors and Nurses/Midwives per 10,000 population, international comparison, selected countries; 2002 - 2009, ranked by density of physicians to population. Geneva: 2010.

[32].  Maheshwari, A., Stolberg, L., Bhattachaarya, S. (2007). Effect of overweight and obesity on assisted reproductive technology: A systematic review. J Community health, 13:15(433-444).

[33].  Ndidiamaka, A., Monica, R. (2017) Progresses and challenges of utilizing traditional birth attendants in maternal and child health in Nigeria. PMC, 6(2) 130-138.

[34].  Ofili, O. O. (2005). Assessment of the role of traditional birth attendants in maternal health care in oredo local government area, Edo state. African journal of reproductive health, 28.

[35].  Olufunke, E. M. (2008). Perception and utilization of traditional birth attendants by pregnant women attending primary health care clinics in a rural Local Government Area in Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Women's Health, 25 - 32.

[36].  Osain, M. W. (2011). The Nigeria health care system: Agreed for integrating adequate medical intelligence and surveillance systems. ResearchGate, 3(415).

[37].  Owen, M. (1983). The traditional birth attendant and the law WHO forum.

[38].  [38] Onikepe, O. O., Claire, G., Simon, L., Neil, P. (2014). Stake holder views on the incorporation of traditional birth attendants into the formal health systems of low and middle-income countries: A qualitative analysis of the HIFA and CHILD. BMC, 14(118).

[39].  Pyone, T., Adaji, S., Madaj, B., Woldetsadik, T., Van, B. (2014). Qualitative evaluations in somaliland and Nigeria suggest that monetary rewards to TBAs for referrals to skilled providers predict increase in the number of women of women per year that received care in health facilities. J Gynecol Obstetric, 127(1) 41-6.

[40].  Rabiatu, S. E. (2019). Causes and contributory factors of maternal mortality: Evidence from maternal and perinatal death surveillance and response in Ogun State, South West Nigeria. . BMC, 4-11.

[41].  Sipe, B. D. (2012). Traditional birth attendant training for improving health behaviors and maternal outcomes. Cochrane Library, 10(8), 1-3.

[42].  Miller, T., Helen, S. (2017). Establishing partnership with traditional birth attendants for improved maternal and new born health: A review of factors influencing implementation. BMC, 17 (365).

[43].  UNFPA., W. U. (2015). Global trends in maternal mortality; 1990-2015. Geneva: World Health Organization.

[44].  UNICEF. (2015). Trends in maternal: 1990 to 2015 survey. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

[45].  Urdel, P. C. (2018, January 19). Evolving role of traditional birth attendants in maternal health in post-conflict Africa; A qualitative study of Burundi and Northern Uganda. Sage open medicine, 6(3), 10.

[46].  WHO., W. B. (2015). Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization.

[47].  WHO., UN. (2015). Global strategy for women children's and adolescent’s health, 2016-2030, NewYork.

[48].  Wylie. (2017). Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care. Edinburgh: Churchill livingstone.

[49].  Wilmore, M., Rodger, D., Humphreys, S., Clifton, V., Dalton, J., Flabouris, M. (2015). How midwives tailor health information used in antenatal care. Midwifery, 31(1): 74-90.

[50].  Wilson, A., Gallos, I., Plana, N., Lissquer, D., khan, K., Zamora, J. (2011) Effectiveness of strategies incorporating training and support of traditional birth attendants on perinatal and maternal mortality: Meta-analysis. BMC, 3(343).

[51].  Yousuf, T. M. (2010). Revisiting the exclusion of traditional birth attendants from formal health systems in Ethiopia. Africa Medical and Reserch Foundation, 7 - 10.

Abstract:

Background: Suboptimal antiretroviral adherence remains a global concern in the care for HIV infected patients. It brings about complications in the management process of the disease. This study determined the attitude, perception and antiretroviral adherence level of HIV infected patients in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional study that utilized qualitative method of data collection. Purposive sampling was used to select two tertiary hospitals while gender and age bracket was used to select 62 patients that participated in the study. Focus group discussion (FGD) guide was used to obtained information from the participants. A total of eight FGD was conducted with at least seven participants in each group. All discussions were recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed.

Results: Majority (77%) of the participants were females and 80% were traders by occupation. Majority of the participants expressed concerns about the duration of antiretroviral medication while majority responded positively as regards the continuity of the drug even without any symptoms of sickness. Most of the participants perceived antiretroviral medication as beneficial and suboptimal adherence as a threat to wellbeing. Perceived barriers identified in this study include fear of disclosure, distance to health facility and hospital waiting time. Majority of the participants in this study had optimal adherence.

Conclusion: Optimal adherence in HIV care is essential. To achieve this, it is important that patients cultivate the right attitude and perception towards antiretroviral medication. Health promotion interventions that seeks to modify and reinforce patients’ attitude, perception and adherence pattern is therefore recommended.

References:

[1].   National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Federal Republic of Nigeria Global AIDS Response Country Progress Report, 2014, Date of access: 8/4/2020.

https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/country/documents/NGA_narrative_report_2014.pdf.

[2].   Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey Preliminary Findings, National Summary Sheet, 2019, Date of access: 14/3/2020. https://naca.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/NAIIS-PA-NATIONAL-FACTSHEET-FINAL.pdf.

[3].   Palmisano, L., and Vella, S., 2011, A brief history of antiretroviral therapy of HIV infection: success and challenges. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 47, 44-48.

[4].   Montoya, J. L., Wing, D., Knight, A., and Moore, D. J., 2015, Development of a Health intervention (iSTEP) to promote physical activity among people living with HIV. Journal of International Association of Providers of Aids care, 14(6), 471–5.

[5].   Kobin, A. B., and Sheth, N. U., 2011, Levels of adherence required for virologic suppression among newer antiretroviral medications. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 45, 372–379.

[6].   Bezabhe, W. M., Chalmers, L., Bereznicki, L. R., Peterson, G. M., Bimirew, M. A., and Kassie, D. M., 2014, Barriers and Facilitators of Adherence to Antiretroviral Drug Therapy and Retention in Care among Adult HIV-Positive Patients: A Qualitative Study from Ethiopia. Public Library of Sciences One, 9(5), e97353.

[7].   Iacob, S. A., Iacob, D. G., and Jugulete, G., 2017, Improving the Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy, a Difficult but Essential Task for a Successful HIV Treatment-Clinical Points of View and Practical Considerations. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 831.

[8].   Global Information and education on HIV and AIDS. Global HIV and AIDS Statistics, 2018. Date of access: 17/3/2020.

https://www.avert.org/global-hiv-and-aids-statistics.

[9].         Kaufman, M., Cornish, F., Zimmerman, R., and Johnson, B., 2014, Health Behavior Change Models for HIV Prevention and AIDS Care: Practical Recommendations for a Multi-Level Approach. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 66, S250-S258.

[10].     Lambert, V., and Lambert, C., 2013, Qualitative descriptive research: an acceptable design. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 16, 255–256.

[11].     Curioso, W. H., Kepka, D., Cabello, R., Segura, P., and Kurth, A., 2010, Understanding the facilitators and barriers of antiretroviral adherence in Peru: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 10(1), 13.

[12].     Chen, W., Shiu, C., Simoni, J., Fredriksen-Goldsen, K., Zhang, F., Starks, H., and Zhao, H., 2009, Attitudes toward Antiretroviral Therapy and Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Chinese HIV-Infected Patients. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 20(3), 203–217.

[13].     Hornschuh, S., Dietrich, J., Tshabalala, C., and Laher, F., 2017, Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence: Knowledge and Experiences among Adolescents and Young Adults in Soweto, South Africa. AIDS Research and Treatment, 8.

[14].     Azia, I. N., Mukumbang, F. C., Van Wyk, B., 2016, Barriers to adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a regional hospital in Vredenburg, Western Cape, South Africa. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, 17(1), a476.

[15].     Ankrah, N. A., Koster, E. S., Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. K., Arhinful, D. K., Agyepong, I. A., and Lartey, M., 2016, Facilitators and barriers to antiretroviral therapy adherence among adolescents in Ghana. Patient Preference and Adherence, 10, 329-337.

[16].     Kasumu, L. O., and Mobolanle, Balogun, 2014, Knowledge and attitude towards antiretroviral therapy and adherence pattern of HIV patients in southwest Nigeria. International Journal of Infectious Control, 10, 1-8.

[17].     Adeniyi, O. V., Ajayi, A. I., Ter Goon, D., Owolabi, E. O., Eboh, A., and Lambert, J, 2018, Factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral therapy among pregnant women in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. BMC Infectious Disease, 18, 175.

Abstract:

Background: An evaluation of the failures and successes of the Polio Vaccination campaign in the North West Region of Cameroon was carried out within the context of a Poliomyelitis epidemic and an upsurge of diseases of epidemic potential such as Measles and yellow fever in the North West Region and other Regions of Cameroon.

Objective: The main objective of this appraisal was to decipher the various factors, activities, omissions and commissions that constitute an impediment to the efforts of the Cameroon health authorities, her partners and stake-holders in their effort to contend and eradicate these debilitating and fatal diseases.

Purpose: To contribute in the building of a more efficient and effective vaccination programme for the immunization of Poliomyelitis in the North West Region of Cameroon in general and the Bamenda Health District in particular.

Methodology: This involved evaluation of the background of Poliomyelitis in Cameroon, the organization and implementation of vaccination programmes in Cameroon and its peculiarities in the North West Region, including eminent lapses. A SWOT analysis was also conducted.

Results: A substandard vaccination programme was revealed characterized by Twenty-four imported cases of wild polio registered in the North Region of Cameroon between 2003 and 2011. There exists a huge number of flaws and inadequacies in the vaccination and immunization programme in the North West Region, including poor management of vaccination resistance and refusals. This indicates a high risk of resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases.

Conclusion: The SWOT analysis and the recommendations that follow are believed to serve as lessons to other communities across Africa and beyond.

References:

[1].   Abraham T. (2012) Polio eradication: A complex end game. BMJ. 344: e2398. [PubMed].

[2].   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012) Progress toward interruption of wild poliovirus transmission-worldwide, January 2011-March 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 61:353–7. [PubMed].

[3].   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2011) Progress toward Global Polio Eradication - Africa, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012; 61:190–4. [PubMed].

[4].   Center for Disease Control. (2012) Update on Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006; 55:1093–7. [PubMed.

[5].   Global Polio Eradication Initiative. (2012) Polio this week-As of 13 June. 2012. [Last accessed on 2012, June 13]. Available from:

http://www.polioeradication.org/Dataandmonitoring/Poliothisweek.aspx.

[6].   Kaura G, Biswas T (2012). India reaches milestone of no cases of wild poliovirus for 12 months. BMJ. 2012;344: e1328. [PubMed].

[7].   Kew O. M., et al. Circulating Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses: Current State of Knowledge. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2004; 82:16–23. [PMC free article] [PubMed].

[8].   Republique du Cameroon, (2009), Strategie Sectorielle de Santé (2001-2015) Edition 2009; Yaoundé.

[9].   Republique du Cameroon, Group Technique Central (2000) Norms et Standards du Programme Elargi de Vaccination (PEV), MinSanté, PEV. 1776.

[10].     Staff reporter (2012) Over 1 m children deprived of polio drops in NWA. Pakistan Observer. Published 10^th April. 2012. [Last accessed on 2012 June 13]. Available from:

http://www.pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=149089.

[11].  Sutter, R. W., and O. M. Kew. (2004). "Poliovirus Vaccine-Live." In Vaccines, ed. S. A. Plotkin, and W. A. Orenstein, 651–705. Philadelphia: Saunders.

[12].  Taylor C. E., et al (1999). Ethical Dilemmas in Current Planning for Polio Eradication. American Journal of Public Health. 1997;87(6):922–25. [PMC free article] [PubMed].

[13].  World Health Organization (WHO), (2014) World Immunization Week 2015: Close the immunization gap Immunization coverage; 24-30 April 2015; Fact sheet N 378, Reviewed November 2014.

Abstract:

This study sought to assess the economic and wellbeing effects of Herdsmen attacks among Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Benue State, Nigeria. Six hundred and twenty-nine (male=305; female 324) internally displaced persons were used as sample. Their age range was between 18 and 65 years respectively with a mean age of 37.5. Instruments used for data collection were a 16-item questionnaire to assess the economic effects of herdsmen attacks on IDPs developed by the author and the Impact of Event Scale – Revised adopted to measure the effects of the herdsmen attacks on the wellbeing of IDPs in Benue State, Nigeria. The IES-R is a short set of 15 questions that can measure the amount of distress that you associate with a specific event with an internal consistency of alpha = .96. Data analysis involved the use of multiple regressions and Chi-square. The study revealed that victims of herdsmen attacks had lost livelihood sources, suffered economic hardship and become poorer due to the effect of these attacks on trading activities, farmlands and farm produce; they also suffered from anger, irritability, insomnia and constant reminders of the event. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the Government should provide seedlings and financial support to victims to restart livelihood activities as well as counseling services.

References:

[1].   Ajibefun, M. (2018). Social and Economic Effects of the Menace of Fulani Herdsmen Crises in Nigeria. Journal of Educational and Social Research. Article, E-ISSN 2240-0524.

https://doi.org/10.2478/jesr-2018-0024.

[2].   Akevi, J. (2014). Addressing the scourge of Fulani Herdsmen in Benue State, Eagle Reporters Journal.

[3].   Creamer, M., Bell, R. & Failla, S. (2003). Psychometric Properties of the Impact of Event Scale – Revised. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 41(12): 1489-96.

[4].   Edieya, (D). (2019). The Menace of Fulani Herdsmen Attack and Its Effects on the Socio-Economic Development of Nigeria. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3476374.

[5].   Gaibulloev, K. & Sandler, T. (2009). The impact of terrorism and conflicts on growth in Asia. Economics and Politics, 21, 359-383.

[6].   Horowitz, M., Wilner, N. & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209-218.

[7].   Hussain, D., & Sarma, R. P. (2016). Socio-economic and psychological effects of terrorist bomb blasts on the lives of survivors: An exploratory study on affected individuals. Intervention: Journal of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Conflict Affected Areas, 14(3), 189–199.

https://doi.org/10.1097/WTF.0000000000000121.

[8].   Iro, I. (1994). The Fulani Herding System, Washington, African Development Foundation. :6-12.

[9].   Naci, H & Ioannidis, P. A. J. (2015). "Evaluation of Wellness Determinants and Interventions by Citizen Scientists". JAMA. 314 (2): 121–2. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6160.

[10].  Nte, T. U. (2016). Fulani Herdsmen and Communal Conflicts: Climate Change as Precipitator. Journal of Political Science and Leadership Research Vol. 2 No.1.International Institute of Academic Research and Development.

[11].  Oluwasuji, C. O., Omodia, S. M., & Oyinloye, B. (2018). The political economy of the Fulani herdsmen activities and inter-ethno-religious relations in Nigeria’s forth republic: Issues and prospects. Saudi journal of humanities and social sciences.

[12].  Rubin, G. J., Brewin, C. R., Greenberg, N., Simpson, J., & Wessely, S. (2005). Psychological and behavioural reactions to the bombings in London on 7 July 2005: cross sectional survey of a representative sample of Londoners. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 331(7517). doi:10.1136/bmj.38583.728484.3A

[13].  Schuster, M., A., Stein, B., D., Jaycox, L., H., Collins, R., L., Marshall, G., N., Elliot, M., N., Zhou, A., J., Kanouse, D., E., Morrison, J., L. & Berry, S., H. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the Spetember 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345: 1507 – 1512.

[14].  Stewart, F. (2004). Development and Security. Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, CRISE.

[15].  Van Creveld, M. (1996) “In Wake of Terrorism, Modern Armies Prove to be Dinosaurs of Defense, New Perspectives Quarterly 13, No 4.

[16].  Vázquez, C., Pérez-Sales, P. & Matt, G. 2006. Post-traumatic stress reactions following the March 11, 2004 terrorists’ attacks in a Madrid community sample: a cautionary note about the measurement of psychological trauma. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9(1): 61–74.

[17].  Weiss, D.S., & Marmar, C.R. (1997). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J.P. Wilson & T.M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD.

Abstract:

Objective: This study sort to determine the levels of predisposing and need factors of pregnant women towards health-care seeking practice in Uvwie Local Government Area, Delta State.

Methodology: This study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey design guided by Anderson and Newman Health-Service Utilization Theory. A 46-item semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from four hundred and six pregnant women by multistage and simple random sampling technique, validated at Cronbach alpha 0.826. Data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23 to compute descriptive and inferential statistics which were statistically tested at a 5% level of significance.

Results: The respondents had a health literacy mean and standard deviation score of (24.6±6.5); their perceived health need mean and standard deviation score was (19.455±4.17) and their health-care seeking practice mean and standard deviation score was (11.73±3.34). It was noted that the respondents had low scores from the determinants of health-care seeking practice among pregnant women; health literacy and perceived health need has an effect on the outcome of adequate utilization of health services during pregnancy. Also, support from family and friends can be a contributing factor.

Conclusion: The health literacy and perceived health needs of the respondents was shown to be inadequate. High health literacy and perceived health need influences health-care seeking practice among pregnant women. Health promotion interventions to include health literacy improvement strategies and its importance in the awareness of first point-of-care from trained health personnel in their health communication and implementation programs.

References:

[1].   Raatikainen K., Heiskanen N., and Heinonen S. 2007. Under-attending free antenatal care is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. BMC Public Health. 2007; 7:268.

[2].   World Health Organization 2017. Maternal Health. Retrieved on November 15, 2019 from

https://www.who.int/maternal-health/en/index.html.

[3].   World Health Organization, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, and United Nations Population Fund, 2015. World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015. World Health Organization 2015.

[4].   Kassebaum, N., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Coggeshall, M., Shackelford, K. and Steiner, C., 2013. Global Regional and National Levels and Causes of Maternal Mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet, 384(9947), 980-1004.

[5].   United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, 2018. Antenatal care. Retrieved on November 15, 2019 from

[6].   https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/antenatal-care/index.html.

[7].   Egbuniwe, M. C., and Egboka, O. L., 2016. Health-seeking Behavior Amongst Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Primary Health Care Centres in Rural Communities of Nnewi North L.G.A., Anambra state. Journal of Research in Nursing and Midwifery, 5(1), 001-010.

[8].   World Health Organisation, 2014. Retrieved on November 22, 2019, from

https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/index.html.

[9].   Adewuyi, E., Auta, A., Khanal, V., Bamidele, O., Akuoko, C., Adefemi, K., and Zhao, Y., 2018. Prevalence and factors associated with underutilization of antenatal care services in Nigeria: A comparative study of rural and urban residences based on the 2013 Nigeria demographic and health survey. plosone, 13-21.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197324.

[10].  Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 2018. Abuja, Nigeria, (2018).

[11].  National Population Commission (Nigeria) and Inner-City Fund International: Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 2018. Abuja, Nigeria, (2018).

[12].  Ibekwe, P. C., 2010. Healthcare Problems in Developing Countries. Medical Practice and Review, 1(1), 9-11.

[13].  Kilfoyle, K. A., Vitko, M., O’Conor, R., and Bailey, S. C., 2016. Health Literacy and Women’s Reproductive Health: A Systematic Review. Journal of Women’s Health. 25(12), 1237–1255. https://doi:10.1089/jwh.2016.5810.

[14].  Filiz, E., 2015. The Relationship between Health Literacy Pregnancy and Perception of Health. Selçuk University, Health Science Institutions.

[15].  Ghanbari, S., Majlessi, F., Ghaffari, M., and Mahmoodi, M. M., 2012. Evaluation of the Health Literacy of Pregnant Women in Urban Health Centres of Shahid Beheshti Medical University. Daneshvar Medicine, 19, 1-12.

[16].  Kohan, S., Ghasemi, S., and Dodange, M. 2006. Associations between maternal health literacy and pregnancy outcomes. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 3(32), 33-42.

[17].  Sharma, S. K., and Vong-Ek, P., 2012. Perceptions and Care Seeking Behavior of Obstetric Complication in Thailand. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 38(2), 63-70.

[18]. Peprah, P., Abalo, E. M., Nyonyo, J., Okwei, R., Agyemang-Duah, W., and Amankwaa, G., 2018. Pregnant Women’s Perception and Attitudes toward Modern and Traditional Midwives and the Perceptional Impact on Health Seeking Behaviour and Status in Rural Ghana. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 8, 66-74. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2018.03.003.

Abstract:

Objective: This study sort to determine the knowledge, attitude, environmental factors and nutritional practice among expectant mothers attending antenatal clinics in selected hospital in Abeokuta, Ogun state.

Methodology: This study was a cross sectional survey design guided by behavioral theory that employed quantitative method of data collection. Multistage sampling was employed in this study. A 36 item semi-structured questionnaire validated at 0.75 Cronbach alpha was used. A total of 295 patients responded to the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at p< 0.05.

Results: Majority were married 217 (73.6%) and 90 (30.5%) of the respondents falls between age 30-34 years. The study revealed that many 167 (56.6%) of the respondents had fair knowledge of diet (13.64 ± 2.65), majority 219 (74.2%) had positive attitude towards nutritional practice (13.57 ± 3.97) and more than half 157 (53.2%) of the respondents were negatively influenced by environmental factors (14.22 ± 4.65). Also, 148 (50.2%) had good nutritional practice (14.09 ± 2.48). There was no significant relationship between knowledge and nutritional practice (r=0.107; p= 0.066) whereas there was a significant relationship between attitude and environmental factors (r=0.359; p=0.000) and (r=0.282; p=0.000) respectively.

Conclusion: Pregnancy is the most crucial nutritionally demanding period of every woman’s life. It is important for expectant mothers to maintain good nutritional practice so as to achieve optimal birth outcome. Therefore, appropriate health promotional intervention is highly recommended to modify expectant mothers’ attitude and environmental factors so as to achieve good nutritional practice.

References:

Abstract:

Despite increasing knowledge of potential benefits of research utilization in improving quality of healthcare management decision (HMDs) outcomes and practice, the use of research evidence by healthcare authorities continues to be a global concern. We examined the organizational contextual predictors of research utilization in management decisions of healthcare authorities in Arua district local government. The observational cross-sectional survey design was used, involving 225 questionnaires and nine key informant interviews, and the extent of influence of organizational contests was determined by estimation of predicted probabilities, and the corresponding odds ratios and coefficients using the binary logistic regression model. The results reveal that research utilization was significantly influenced by organizational context, whose overall predicted probability was 0.001 (p<0.05), with access to library (p=0.023), performance monitoring (p=0.029), information sharing (p=0.014) and participation in formal meetings (p=0.016) being significant predictors with fairly high odds ratios. These findings highlight the combined importance of performance monitoring, sharing information (social capital), access to library and participation in formal meetings (formal interaction) as significant predictors of increased research utilization. Even-though, sharing information showed strongest positive influence, which implies that workplace measures that promote sharing of information were about four times more likely to increase research uptake.

References:

[1].   Albert, M. A., Fretheim, A., & Maïga, D. (2007). Factors influencing the utilization of research findings by health policy-makers in a developing country: the selection of Mali’s essential medicines. Health Research Policy and Systems, 5 (1), 2.

[2].   Amanda, J. F., Dennis, F., Tara, J. S., Joseph, G.D., LeAnn, E.B., Shawn, C. O.& Bibhuti, K.S. (2009). The Challenges of Implementing Evidence Based Practice: Ethical Considerations in Practice, Education, Policy, and Research. Social Work and Society International Online Journal, 7 (2).

[3].   Amin, M. F. (2005). Social Science Research: Conceptions, methodology and Analysis. Makerere University, Kampala.

[4].   Barends, E., Rousseau, D. M., & Briner, R. B. (2014). Evidence Based Management: The Basic principles. Center for Evidence-Based Management.

[5].   Cummings, G. G., Estabrooks, C. A., Midodzi, W. K, Wallin, L. & Hayduk, L. (2007). Influence of organizational characteristics and context on research utilization. Nurs Res, 42 (8), 899-914.

[6].   Doran, D., Haynes, B. R., Estabrooks, C. A., Kushniruk, A., Dubrowski, A., Bajnok, I., … others. (2012). The role of organizational context and individual nurse characteristics in explaining variation in use of information technologies in evidence-based practice. Implement Sci, 7(122), 38.

[7].   Estabrooks, C (1999). Modeling the individual determinants of research utilization. West J Nurs Res, 21 (6), 758-772.

[8].   Estabrooks, C. A., Squires, J. E., Hayduk, L., Morgan, D., Cummings, G. G., Ginsburg, L., … Norton, P. G. (2015). The Influence of Organizational Context on Best Practice Use by Care Aides in Residential Long-Term Care Settings. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 16 (6), 537.e1–537.

[9].   Fincham, J. K. (2008). Response rates and responsiveness for surveys, standards and journals. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.

[10].  Fraser, I. & Clancy, C. M. (2007). Forward: Importance of adopting evidence-based management in healthcare.

https://www.ache.org/pubs/pdf_preface/Kovner_Foreword.pdf, date accessed; March 4, 2016.

[11].  Gujarati, D. (2004). Basic Econometrics (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

[12].  Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.

[13].  Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd ed.). New Age International Publishers.

[14].  Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E., Gallagher-Ford, L., & Kaplan, L. (2012). The state of evidence-based practice in US nurses: Critical implications for nurse leaders and educators. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 42(9), 410–417. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e3182664e0a.

[15].  Mugenda, O.., & Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approach. Nairobi, Kenya: Acts Press.

[16].  Nabyonga, J., Bataringaya-Wavamunno, J., Bakeera, S. K., & Criel, B. (2012). Do guidelines influence the implementation of health programs? - Uganda’s experience. BioMed Central, 7(98), 1–16.

[17].  Ongolo-Zogo, P., Lavis, J. N., Tomson, G., & Sewankambo, N. (2014). Climate for evidence informed health system policymaking in Cameroon and Uganda before and after the introduction of knowledge translation platforms: a structured review of governmental policy documents. BioMed Central, 13(2), 1–17.

[18].  Orem, J. N., Mafigiri, D. K., Marchal, B., Ssengooba, F., Macq, J., & Criel, B. (2012). Research, evidence and policymaking: the perspectives of policy actors on improving uptake of evidence in health policy development and implementation in Uganda. BMC Public Health, 12, 109.

[19].  Pfeffer, J., & Sulton. I, R. (2006). Decision-making: Evidenced-based Management. Harvard Business Review, 84 (1), 63-74. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2006/01/evidence-based-management.

[20].  Sackett, D. L., Straus, S. E., Richardson, W. S., Rosenberg, W., & Haynes, R. B. (2000). Evidence based medicine: How to practice and teach EBM (2nd ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone.

[21].  Sackett, D. L., Rosenberg, W. M. C., Gray, J. A. M., Haynes, R. B. & Richardson, W. S. (1996). Evidence Based Medicine: What It Is and What It Isn’t, in: British Medical Journal, 312, 71-72.

[22].  Squires, J. E., Estabrooks, C. A., Gustavsson, P., & Wallin, L. (2011). Individual determinants of research utilization by nurses: a systematic review update. Implementation Science, 6 (1), 1. http://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-1.

[23].  Squires, J. E., Hayduk, L., Hutchinson, A. M, et al. (2013). A protocol for advanced psycho-metric assessment surveys. Nurs Res Pract.

[24].  Swan, J., Clarke, A., Nicolini, D., Powell, J., Scarbrough, H., Roginski, C., … Taylor-Phillips, S. (2012). Evidence in Management Decisions (EMD)- Advancing Knowledge Utilization in Healthcare Management. National Institute for Health Research.

Abstract:

Background and aims: The relationship between alcohol use and non- communicable disease prevalence has puzzled researchers for many years. Alcohol use is widely practiced globally and is believed to be a major contributor to injuries, mortality and the burden of disease. This review updates knowledge on risk relations between dimensions of alcohol use and health outcomes such as; cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes and cancers.

Methods: Systematic review of reviews and meta- analyses on chronic health outcomes attributable to alcohol use. For dimensions of exposure: volume of alcohol use, alcohol concentration and patterns of drinking, in particular heavy drinking occasions were studied. In total, 89 reviews and meta-analyses were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline but 28 reviews published from 2016 onwards were included in the study.

Results: Most partly imputable illness classes showed monotonic relationships with volume of alcohol use: additional alcohol consumed posed a higher risk of disease or death. Exceptions were ischemic diseases and polygenic disease, with curvilinear relationships, and with beneficial effects of light to moderate drinking in people without heavy irregular drinking occasions. Biological pathways counsel a control of significant drinking occasions on further diseases; but, the lack of medical epidemiological studies measuring this dimension of alcohol use precluded an in-depth analysis.

Conclusions: Research confirms alcohol use as both a risk factor for non-communicable diseases and at the same time protective when taken in moderation. However, further epidemiological studies should emphasize assessment of Health outcomes based on the quantity, frequency and concentration of the alcoholic drink.

References:

[1].   Akinwale, O. P., Adeneye, A. K., Oyefara, J. O., Adejoh, P. E., Musa, Z. A., Oyedeji, K. S., … Adeneye, A. A. (2017).

[2].   Behavioral Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Three Most Populous Nigerian Urban Slums. Journal of Public Health in Developing Countries 3(1): 327-338. http://www.jphdc.org/ ISSN 2059-5409.

[3].   American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2018. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2018.

[4].   American Diabetes Association. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes. Sec.2.In Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2017. Diabetes Care 2017; 40 (Suppl. 1): S11–S24.

[5].   American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetesd2019. Diabetes Care 2019; 42 (Suppl. 1): S13–S28; https://doi.org/10.2337/dc19-S002.

[6].   Afshar, S. E., FitzGerald, J. M., Doyle-Waters, M. M., Sadatsafavi, M. (2016). The global economic. burden of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 20(1):11–23 Q 2016. The Union

http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.15.0472.

[7].   Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S.… Muntner, P. (2018). American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2018 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. Mar 20; 137(12): e67-e492. Doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558. Epub 2018 Jan 31.

[8].   Bertoglia, M. P., Gormaz, J.G., Libuy, M., Sanhueza, D., Gajardo, A., Srur, A., Wallbaum, M., & Erazo, M. (2017). The population impact of obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and tobacco and alcohol consumption on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes: Analysis of a health population survey in Chile, 2010. PLoSONE 12(5): e0178092.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0178092

[9].   Bray, F., Ferlay, J. M. E., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R. L., Torre, L. A., Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: Journal for clinicians; 68 (6) 394- 424. First published: 12 September 2018

https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492.

[10].  Bommer, C., Heesemann, E., lova, V. S., Manne-Goehler, J., Atun, P. R., Bärnighausen, T., Vollmer, S. (2017). The global economic burden of diabetes in adults aged 20–79 years: a cost-of-illness study. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology: 5 (6) 423-430.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30097-9.

[11].  Dabelea, D., Rewers, A., Stafford, J. M., Standiford, D. A., Lawrence, J. M., Saydah. (2014). Search for Diabetes in Youth Study Group: Trends in the prevalence of ketoacidosis at diabetes diagnosis: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Pediatrics, 133(4), e938–e945. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-2795.

[12].  Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

[13].  Grant, B. F., Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., Pickering, R. P., Kerridge, B. T., Ruan, W. J., … Hasin, D. S. (2017). Prevalence of 12- Month alcohol use, high-risk drinking, and DSM-IV alcohol use disorder in the United States, 2001-2002 to 2012-2013: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. JAMA psychiatry, 74(9), 911–923. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2161.

[14].  Holst, C., Becker, U., Jørgensen, M. E., Grønbæk, M., Tolstrup, J. S. (2017). Alcohol drinking patterns and risk of diabetes: a cohort study of 70,551 men and women from the general Danish population. Diabetologia 60:1941–1950: DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4359-3.

[15].  Insel, R. A., Dunne, J. L., Atkinson, M. A., Chiang, J. L., Dabelea, D., Gottlieb., … Ziegler, A. G. (2015). Staging Pre-symptomatic Type 1 Diabetes: A Scientific Statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1964–1974 | DOI: 10.2337/dc15-1419.

[16].  Joanna Kaluza, Holly R Harris, Anders Linden, Alicia Wolk. (2019). Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study of Men, American Journal of Epidemiology, 188 (5), 907– 916. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz020.

[17].  Kalla, A. V & Figueredo, M. (2017). Alcohol and cardiovascular disease in the geriatric population, Clinical Cardiology; 40:444–449. DOI: 10.1002/clc.22681.

[18].  Kaphalia, L. & Calhoun, W. J. alcoholic lung injury: metabolic, biochemical and immunological aspects. Toxicology letters 222(171-179): http://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.07.016.

[19].  Klatsky, A. L. (2015). Alcohol and cardiovascular diseases: where do we stand today? Review. Journal of internal medicine. Doi: 10.1111/joim.12390.

[20].  Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. (2009) The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med 6(7): e1000100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100010020.

[21].  Li, X., Yu, F., Zhou, Y., & He, J. (2016). Association between alcohol consumption and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:818–29. Printed in USA. 2016 American Society for Nutrition. Available on

https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article-abstract/103/3/818/4637587 accessed on 31 August 2019.

[22].  Ratna, A & Mandrekar, P. (2017). Alcohol and Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapies. Biomolecules, 7, 61; Doi: 10.3390/biom7030061. Available at https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules.

[23].  Rehm, J., Gerhard, E. G. M., Gerrit, G., Omer, S. M., Hasan, S. I., Svetlana, P., Charlotte, P., Michael… Paul, A. S. (2017). The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update. Addiction, 112, 968 –1001. doi: 10.1111/add.13757.

[24].  Siu, A. L., Domingo, K. B., Grossman, D. C., Davidson, K. W., EplingJr, J. W., García, F.A.R., … Pignone, M. P. (2016). Screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. US Preventive services Task Force; Recommendation statement. JAMA.2016; 315(13): 1372-1377.doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.2638.

[25].  Skyler, J. S., Bakris, G. L., Bonifacio, E., Darsow, T., Eckel, R. H., Groop, L., Ratner, R. E. (2017). Differentiation of diabetes by pathophysiology, natural history, and prognosis. Diabetes, 66(2), 241–255. Doi: 10.2337/db16-0806.

[26].  Taylor, A. E., Lu, F., Carslake, D., Hu, Z., Qian, Y., Liu, S., Smith, G. D. (2015). Exploring causal associations of alcohol with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors in a Chinese population using Mendelian randomization analysis. Scientific reports, 5, 14005. Doi: 10.1038/srep14005.

[27].  Vogelmeier, C. F., Criner, G. J., Martinez, F. J., Anzueto, A., Barnes, P. J., Bourbeau, J., … Agust, A. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report GOLD Executive Summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 195 (5) 557–582. Mar 1, 2017; DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201701-0218PP.

[28].  Voskoboinik, A., prabhu, S., Ling, L., Kalman, J. M., Kistler, P.M. (2016). Alcohol and atrial fibrillation. A sobering review. Journal of the American college of cardiology; 68 (23); ISSN 0735-1097/$36.00. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.074

[29].  World Health Organization, Global report on diabetes. (2016). 1. Diabetes Mellitus – epidemiology. 2. Diabetes Mellitus – prevention and control. 3. Diabetes, Gestational. 4. Chronic Disease. 5. Public Health. I. World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 156525 7 (NLM classification: WK 810). Available at http://www.who.int.

[30].  World Health Organization (2017). Chronic Disease and Health Promotion. STEP wise approach to surveillance (STEPS). Geneva World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory Data; Risk Factors [Internet]. 2017. Available at: http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/en/ [accessed 29 July 2019].

Abstract:

Background and aims. Adherence to healthful diet has been a challenge both in the developing and developed countries due to the changes in lifestyles, access to ready junk food, resource constraints, lack of adequate knowledge, poor regulatory approaches and culture, to mention but a few, making the world population more vulnerable to non- communicable diseases (NCDs). By implication, an unhealthy diet is an important factor for disability and death relative to the increasing global NCD burden. This review updates knowledge on the role and dimension of diet and health outcomes such as; cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and cancer.

Methods. A Systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses on chronic health outcomes attributable to dietary patterns were studied. In total, 141 reviews and meta-analyses were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline but 41 reviews published from 2016 onwards were included in the study.

Results. Consumption of a diet rich in animal fats, excessive energy, animal proteins, posed a higher risk or death due to NCDs. Alternatively, diets comprised of vegetables, fruits, nuts, low carbohydrates, low polyunsaturated fat, seafood, legumes, nuts, less meat, fish, and whole-grain were found to be protective for most NCDs. Conclusions. Research confirms diet to be both a risk factor (unhealthful diet) and at the same time protective (healthful diet) for NCDs. However, further epidemiological studies should emphasize the assessment of Health outcomes based on the quantity, frequency, concentration, synergistic interactions of various dietary nutrients.

References:

[1].   Adriouch, S., Lampuré, A., Nechba, A., Baudry, J., Assmann, K., Kesse-Guyot, E., … Fezeu, L. K. (2018). Prospective.

[2].   Association between Total and Specific Dietary Polyphenol Intakes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Nutrinet-Santé French Cohort. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1587; Doi: 10.3390/nu10111587.

[3].   A guide to implementation research in the prevention and control of non- communicable diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris. Accessed on 12^th January 2020.

A.   Akinwale, O. P., Adeneye, A. K., Oyefara, J. O., Adejoh, P. E., Musa, Z. A., Oyedeji, K. S., Sulyman, M. A., Adeneye, (2017). Behavioral Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Three Most Populous Nigerian Urban Slums. J Public Health Dev Ctries. 2017; 3(1): 327-338.

[4].   Allen L. N. (2017). Financing national non-communicable disease responses. Global health action, 10(1), 1326687. DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2017.1326687.

[5].   Barnard, N. D., editor. "Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." Nutrition Guide for Clinicians, 3rd ed., Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 2018.

www.nutritionguide.pcrm.org/nutritionguide/view/Nutrition_Guide_for_Clinicians/1342075/all/Chronic_Obstructive_Pulmonary_Disease.

[6].   Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S. , …..

[7].   Muntner, P (2018). American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2018 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. Mar 20; 137(12): e67-e492. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000558. Epub 2018 Jan.

[8].   Bertram, M., Banatvala, N., Kulikov, A., Belausteguigoitia, I., Sandoval, R., Hennis, A., … Tarlton, D. (2019). Using economic evidence to support policy decisions to fund interventions for non-communicable diseases. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 365, l1648. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l1648.

[9].   Billingsley, H. E., Carbone, S., Lavie, C. J. Review Dietary Fats, and Chronic Non- communicable Diseases. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1385; Doi: 10.3390/nu10101385.

[10].  Bray, F., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Siegel, R.L., Torre, L.A., and Jemal, A. (2018), Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 68: 394-424. DOI:10.3322/caac.21492.

[11].  Bruins, M. J., Dael, P. V., Eggersdorfer, M. (2019). The Role of Nutrients in Reducing the Risk for Non- communicable Diseases during Aging. Nutrients 2019, 11, 85; Doi: 10.3390/nu11010085.

[12].  Farouhi, N. G., Misra, A. Mohan, V., Taylor, R., Yancy, W. (2018). Dietary and nutritional approaches for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes; BMJ 2018; 361: k2234 Doi: 10.1136/bmj.k2234.

[13].  Frankenberg, A. D., Marina, A., Song, X., Callahan, H. S., Kratz, M., & Utzschneider, K. M. (2017). A high-fat, high-saturated fat diet decreases insulin sensitivity without changing intra-abdominal fat in weight-stable overweight and obese adults. European journal of nutrition, 56(1), 431–443. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1108-6.

[14].  Gebremariam, L. W., Aoyama, A., Kahsay, A. B., Hirakawa, Y., Chiang, C., Yatsuya, H., Matsuyama, A. (2018).

[15].  Perception and practice of ‘healthy’ diet in relation to non- communicable diseases among the urban and rural people in northern Ethiopia: a community-based qualitative study. J. Med. Sci. 80. 451–464, 2018 DOI: 10.18999/nagjms.80.4.451.

[16].  Greco, E. A., Lenzi, A., Migliaccio, S., & Gessani, S. (2019). Epigenetic Modifications Induced by Nutrients in Early Life Phases: Gender Differences in Metabolic Alteration in Adulthood. Frontiers in genetics, 10, 795. DOI:10.3389/fgene.2019.00795M.

[17].  Hazavehei, M. H., Shahabadi, S., Karami, M., Saidi, M. R., Bashiriyan, S., Mahdi-Akhgar, M., Hashemi, S. H. (2016).

[18].  The Effective Factors for Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Adults: A Need Assessment Study Based on the Trans-Theoretical Model. Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 8, No. 10; 2016 ISSN 1916-9736 E-ISSN 1916-9744. DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n10p203.

[19].  Hever, J. & Cronise, R. (2017). Plant-based nutrition for healthcare professionals: implementing diet as a primary modality in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease. J Geriatric Cardiol 2017; 14: 355-368. DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.05.012.

[20].  Lafortune, L., Martin, S., Kelly, S. K., Remes, O., Cowan, A. et al. (2016). Behavioral risk factors in mid-life associated with successful aging, disability, dementia, and frailty in later life: A rapid systematic review. PLoSONE11 (2): e0144405. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144405.

[21].  Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. (2009) The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration. PLoS Med 6(7): e1000100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100010020.

[22].  Liu, X., Chen, Z. (2017). The pathophysiological role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in lung diseases. J Transl Med 15, 207 (2017) Doi: 10.1186/s12967-017-1306-5.

[23].  McMacken & Shah. (2017). A plant-based- diet for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017 May; 14 (5): 342- 354. Doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2017.05.009.

[24].  Milani, A., Basirnejad, M., Shahbazi, S., & Bolhassani, A. (2017). Carotenoids: biochemistry, pharmacology, and treatment. REVIEW ARTICLE. British Journal of Pharmacology 174 1290–1324 1290. DOI: 10.1111/bph.13625.

[25].  Moreno, C., Poplawski, M., Mastaitis, J., Mobbs, C. (2017). Mechanisms by Which the Ketogenic Diet Reverses Obesity and Diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Int J 4(6): 00107. DOI: 10.15406/emij.2017.04.00107.

[26].  Mwangi, M., Nyanyau, L., Gichu, M., Kyobutungi, C., Kibachio, J. (2018). Dietary risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Kenya: findings of the STEPS survey, 2015. BMC Public Health 2018, 18 (Suppl 3):1218.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6060-y.

[27].  Olfert, M. D & Wattick, R. A. (2018). Vegetarian diets and the risk of diabetes: A review article. Curr DiabRep.2018 Sep 18; 18(11): 101.do: 10.1007/s11892-018-1070-9.

[28].  Phillips, C. M., Chen, L., Heude, B., Bernard, J. Y., Harvey, N. C., Duijts, L., … Hébert, J. R. (2019). Review Dietary Inflammatory Index and Non-Communicable Disease Risk: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 11, 1873; Doi: 10.3390/nu11081873.

[29].  Reboredo-Rodríguez, P., Varela-López, A., Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Gasparrini, M., Afrin, S., Cianciosi, D., … Giampieri, F. (2018). Phenolic Compounds Isolated from Olive Oil as Nutraceutical Tools for the Prevention and Management of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. Review; Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2305; Doi: 10.3390/ijms19082305.

[30].  Sami, W., Ansari, T., Butt, N. S., Hamid, M. R. A. (2017). Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. International Journal of Health Sciences Vol. 11, Issue 2 (April - June 2017). Available at ijhs.org.sa ISSN: 1658-3639. Accessed on 10^th January 2020.

[31].  Salas- Salvadό, J., Becerra- Tomάs, N., Papandreou, C., & Bullό, M. (2019). Dietary patterns emphasizing the consumption of plant foods in the management of type 2 diabetes: a narrative review. AdvNutr.2019Nov 1; 10(supplement_4): s320-s331. Doi: 1093/advances/nmy102.

[32].  Scoditti, E., Massaro, M., Garbarino, S., & Toraldo, D. M. (2019). Role of Diet in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Prevention and Treatment. Nutrients, 11(6), 1357. DOI: 10.3390/nu11061357.

[33].  Shannon. Stephan, B, C. M., Minihane, A., Mathers, J. C., & Siervo, M. (2018). Nitric Oxide Boosting Effects of the Mediterranean Diet: A Potential Mechanism of Action Oliver Advance Access publication. April 19, 2018. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2018, Vol. 73, No. 7, 902–904 DOI:10.1093/gerona/gly087.

[34].  Shivappa, N., Hebert, J. R., Rosato, V., Garavello, W., Serraino, D., & Vecchia, C. L. (2017). Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer in a large case-control study from Italy; Int. J. Cancer: 141, 471–479 (2017) V C 2017 UICC. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30711.

[35].  Siegel, R.L., Miller, K.D. and Jemal, A. (2018), Cancer statistics, 2018. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 68: 7-30. DOI:10.3322/caac.21442.

[36].  Tan, B. L., Norhaizan, M. E., Liew, W. P. (2018). Nutrients and Oxidative Stress: Friend or Foe? Review Article; Hindawi. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2018, Article ID 9719584, 24 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9719584.

[37].  Tang, G., Meng, X., Li, Y., Zhao, C., Liu, Q. & Li, H. (2017). Effects of Vegetables on Cardiovascular Diseases and Related Mechanisms; Nutrients 2017, 9, 857; Doi: 10.3390/nu9080857.

[38].  The U.S. Government and Global Non-communicable Disease Efforts: Available at, http://www.who.int/topics/noncommunicable_diseases/en/; WHO January 2019.

[39].  Thomson, N. C. (2018) Targeting oxidant-dependent mechanisms for the treatment of respiratory diseases and their comorbidities. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 40, pp. 1-8. (DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.11.013).

[40].  Tosti, V., Bertozzi, B., & Fontana, L. (2018). Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms. J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci, 2018, Vol. 73, No. 3, 318–326 DOI:10.1093/gerona/glx227.

[41].  Weickert, M., & Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2018). Impact of Dietary Fiber Consumption on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes; J Nutr 2018; 148:7–12; Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxx008.

[42].  World Health Organization (2017). Chronic Disease and Health Promotion. STEP wise approach to surveillance (STEPS). Geneva World Health Organization.

[43].  Zhao, C., Meng, X., Li, Y., Li, S., Liu, Q., Tang, G., and Li, H. (2017). Review Fruits for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2017, 9, 598; Doi: 10.3390/nu9060598.

[44].  Ziaei, S., & Halaby, R. (2018). Review Dietary Isoflavones and Breast Cancer Risk. Medicines 2017, 4, 18; Doi: 10.3390/medicines4020018.

Abstract:

Background: Physical activities and exercise play supportive role in preventing cardiovascular morbidity. Long-term exercise provides more health benefits. Contemporary society are plagued with increasing inactivity and obesity particularly among children and adolescents. Studies demonstrate benefits of moderate but consistent aerobic exercise on cardiovascular health, however roles of physical exercise on components of cardiovascular health CVH)-related parameters still remain unclear. This study investigated the effect of aerobic physical exercise on (CVH-related) parameters among in-school adolescents in Nepalgunj municipality, Banke, Nepal.